Brilliant Educational Secondary School Siphal,

Kathmandu

Viva Project File work

Submitted by Submitted to

Name: Dawa Tamang Department of Mass

Class: 12 Communication and

Journalism

Faculty: Humanities Brilliant Multiple Campus,

Siphal

Subject: Journalism And Mass Communication

6]lnlehg Go"h
PG8«f]O8 k|of]ustf{dfem 36\of] cfO{kmf]g
qm]h
>]hf >]i7, ef› !*, sf7df8f}+ .
PKkn ljZje/ ;jf{lws ?rfOPsf] k|ljlw sDkgL xf] . jf:tjdf PKknsf
x/]s pTkfbgsf] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df 5'§} nf]slk|otf 5 .
ljz]ifu/L :df6{kmf]g k|of]ustf{x¿n] PKknsf cfO{kmf]gdf rf;f] /fVg]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . PKknsf] pTkfbg cfO{kmf]g !# sf] l/lnh 8]6 glhlsFb}
ubf{ cg';Gwfg ;+:yf ;]n;]nn] Ps ;j]{If0f u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;j]{If0f cg';f/
cfO{kmf]g !@ sf] t'ngfdf o; jif{ cfpg nfu]sf] cfO{kmf]g !# k|lt
PG8«f]O8 k|of]ustf{x¿ sf] df]x 36]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
o;sf k5fl8 cfO{kmf]g !# df pknAw lkmr/x¿ sf/0f ePsf] ;j]{If0fn]
hgfPsf] 5 . lkmË/lk|G6 :Sofg/ / afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff;DaGwL lkmr/
nufotsf sf/0f PG8«f]O8 k|of]ustf{sf] cfsif{0f 36]sf] xf] . ;j]{If0fdf !
* jif{dflysf kfFr xhf/eGbf a9L PG8«f]O8 k|of]ustf{nfO{ PKknsf]
cfpFb} u/]sf] gofF pTkfbgsf af/]df wf/0ff /fVg elgPsf] lyof] . ;f]
cj;/df ljz]ifu/L cfO{kmf]g !# / PKknsf cfufdL k|8S6x¿sf ;fy}
PKknsf k|lt:kwL{sf af/]df pgLx¿sf] wf/0ff s:tf] 5 egL ;f]lwPsf]
lyof] . ;j]{If0fsf cg';f/ o; jif{ !*=# k|ltzt PG8«f]O8 k|of]ustf{dfq
cfO{kmf]g !# lng rfxG5g\ . hals utjif{ cfO{kmf]g !@ sf] l/lnh tfsf
##=! k|ltzt PG8«f]O8 k|of]ustf{x¿ cfO{kmf]g lsGg rfxGy] . ut
jif{sf] t'ngfdf of] !$=* n] sd xf] .
cfO{kmf]g !# l;l/h cGtu{t %=# OGrsf] cfO{kmf]g !# ldlg, ^=!
OGrsf] cfO{kmf]g !#, ^=! OGrs} cfO{kmf]g !# k|f] / ^=& OGrsf]
cfO{kmf]g !# k|f] DofS;dWo] #(=* k|ltzt PG8«f]O8 k|of]ustf{n]
cfO{kmf]g !# k|f] DofS;df ?lr /fv]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . #^=! k|ltztn]
cfO{kmf]g !# k|f] / !(=% k|ltztn] cfO{kmf]g !# df ?lr /fVbf eg] $=
% k|ltztn] dfq cfO{kmf]g !# ldlg ?rfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
#!=( k|ltztn] cfO{kmf]g !# df ePsf] lkmË/lk|G6 :Sofg/sf sf/0f
cfO{kmf]g !# lng grfx]sf] hgfPsf 5g\ . !^=& k|ltztn] cfO{cf]P;df
ePsf] lnld6]8 s:6dfOh];gsf sf/0f ?lr g/x]sf] hgfPsf 5g\ . !@=* k|
ltztn] cfO{cf]P;df ePsf] ;fO8 nf]8sf] c;'ljwf gx'gsf sf/0f ¿lr gePsf]
atfPsf 5g\ . !@=! k|ltztn] xf8{j]o/ l8hfOgdf c;Gt'li6 hgfPsf
5g\ . !)=$ k|ltztn] afn of}g b'j{\ojxf/ ;DaGwL ;fdu|
Lx¿ -;LP;PPd_ df x'g] :SoflgªnfO{ cfO{kmf]g !# df ?lr
gePsf] atfP .
;j]{If0fsf cg';f/, cfO{kmf]g !# lsGg rfxg] !$=& k|ltzt PG8«f]O8sf k|
of]ustf{n] PKkn jfrsf] l;l/h & df ?lr b]vfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L
^=@ k|ltztn] dfq t];|f] k':tfsf] -y8{ h]g]/];gsf]_ Po/kf]8\; lsGg ?lr
b]vfPsf 5g\ . cflwsfl/s ?kdf cfO{kmf]g !#, PKkn jfr & /
y8{ h]g]/];gsf] Po/kf]8{\; ;fj{hlgs x'g ca b'O{ xKtf dfq afFsL 5 . o;
jif{ cfO{kmf]gsf] l8hfOg cfzf ul/Ph:tf] gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

kmfOehL k/LIf0fsf nflu Pg;]nn] dfUof] cg'dlt

>]hf >]i7, ef› !(, @)&* sf7df8f}+ .
lghL If]qsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos Pg;]nn]
kmfOehL k/LIf0fsf nflu cg'dlt dfu u/]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] b"/;~rf/
If]qsf] lgofds lgsfo g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f;Fu cfkm"n] klg
kmfOehL k/LIf0fsf nflu cg'dlt kfpg' kg]{ eGb} kq k7fPsf] xf] .
o;cl3 ;/sf/n] g]kfndf kmfOehL ;]jf k/LIf0f ug]{ lg0f{o ub}{ g]kfn
6]lnsdnfO{ klxnf] r/0fdf cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . t/, To;a]nf
Pg;]nsf] ljifodf s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] lyPg .
;/sf/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos 6]lnsdnfO{ dfq} kmfOehL k/LIf0fsf nflu
cg'dlt lbg ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o lje]bsf/L ePsf] eGb} nfdf] ;dob]lv k|Zg p7\
b} cfPsf] lyof] . o;}aLr Pg;]nn] k|flws/0fnfO{ cfkm"n] klg
kmfOehL k/LIf0fsf] nflu cg'dlt kfpg' kg]{eGb} lgj]bg k7fPsf] 5 .
Pg;]nn] k7fPsf] pQm lgj]bgsf cfwf/df k|flws/0fn] /]l8of] lk|
mSj]G;L gLlt lgwf{/0f tyf afF8kmfF8 ;ldltdf kq k7fPsf] k|flws/0fsf
lgb]{zs cDa/ :yflktn] atfPsf 5g\ . /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L gLlt lgwf{/0f
tyf afF8kmfF8 ;ldlt ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqLsf] cWoIftf /x]sf] 5 .
h;df u[x, /Iff, ko{6g tyf gful/s p•og, ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw
dGqfnosf ;lrj, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf cWoIf ;b:osf] ?kdf /xG5g\ .
t/, xfn ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno dGqL laxLg x'Fbf pQm ljifodf
s'g} lg0f{o eg] x'g] ;s]sf] 5}g . pQm ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/];Fu} Pg;]nn]
kmfOehL k/LIf0fsf nflu cg'dlt k|fKt ug]{5 . To;sf nflu Pg;]nn]
lgofds lgsfodf kmfOehLsf] sfo{of]hgf eg] k|:t't ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
To;kZrft k|flws/0fn] kmfOehLnufot gofF k|ljlwsf] k/LIf0f;DaGwL
sfo{ljlwsf cfwf/df Pg;]nnfO{ kmfOehL k/LIf0fsf nflu cg'dlt k|bfg
ug]{5 .
o;cl3 k|flws/0fn] k|of]ustf{n] k/LIf0fe/ lgMz'Ns kmfOehL k|of]u
ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg;lxt kmfOehLnufot gofF k|ljlwsf] k/LIf0f;DaGwL
sfo{ljlw, @)&* kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{ljlwcg';f/ ;]jfk|bfosn] klxnf]
r/0fdf gofF k|ljlwsf] k/LIf0f ul/g] :yfg, k/LIf0fsf nflu cfjZos lk|
mSj]G;L, g]6js{ h8fg / ;~rfngsf] ;do tflnsf ;lxtsf] df]8fln6L
k|flws/0fdf k]; ug{' kg]{5 . ;fy} To:tf] gofF k|ljlwsf] k/LIf0f ubf{ u|
fdL0f / ;x/L b'j} If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . To;sf
cfwf/df k|flws/0fn] cWoog u/L :jLs[lt k|bfg ug]{5 . To;kZrft ;]jfk|
bfosn] cfjZos xf8{j]o/÷;ˆ6j]o/ cfoft tyf h8fgsf] sfd cl3
a9fpg ;Sg]5g\ . of] sfd k|flws/0faf6 :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/Psf] tLg dlxgfleq
;DkGg eO;Sg'kg]{ hgfOPsf] 5 . To;kZrft\ ;]jfk|bfosn] k/LIf0fsf nflu
s'n Ps jif{sf] ;do cjlw k|fKt ug]{5g\ . To;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ lk|
mSj]G;L ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ lgMz'Ns pknAw x'g]5 . eg], ;]jfk|bfosn]
klg pQm cjlwdf k|of]ustf{af6 s'g} z'Ns c;'n ug{ gkfpg] k|fjwfg
sfo{ljlwdf /flvPsf] 5 .

km'Nrf]sLnfO{ ;+/lIft If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{

;/sf/sf] tof/L
>]hf >]i7, ef› @), @)&* sf7df8f}+ .
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z cg';f/, ;/sf/n] km'Nrf]sLnfO{ ;+/lIft If]q
3f]if0ff ug]{ tof/L u/]sf] xf] . km'Nrf]sL / uf]bfj/L If]qsf] jftfj/0f;Fu
;DalGwt Ps d'2fdf ;jf]{Rrn] ^ jif{cl3 g} ;+/lIft If]q 3f]if0ff
ug{ cfb]z lbPsf] lyof]. # j}zfv, @)&@ sf] ;jf]{Rrsf] km};nfdf
elgPsf] 5, …km'Nrf]sL If]qnfO{ jftf/0f ;+/If0f If]q P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf !) -!_ cg';f/ cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq ;+/lIft If]q jf
cGo k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd cf/If jf lgs'~h jf hf]–hf] pko'Qm x'G5
3f]if0ff ug{' egL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno / jg tyf e"–;/+If0f dGqfnosf] gfpFdf
k/dfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .Ú
clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{, gf/fo0f a]naf;] / cfnf]s kf]v/]n nufotn]
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, pBf]u dGqfno,
jftfj/0f dGqfno, vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, jg ljefu / uf]bfj/L dfj{n
OG8li6«hnfO{ ljkIfL agfP/ ;jf]{Rrdf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf lyP. ;jf]{Rrsf]
cfb]z adf]lhd jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnon] km'Nrf]sLnfO{ ;+/lIft If]q
3f]if0ff ug]{ k|lqmof cl3 a9fPsf] dGqfnosf k|jQmf a'l4 kf}8]nn]
hfgsf/L lbP. dGqfnosf k|jQmf kf}8]nsf cg';f/, km'Nrf]sLsf] h+un k|
b]z ;/sf/ dftxt kg]{ ePsfn] ;xdlt dfluPsf] 5. t/, afudtL k|b]z
;/sf/n] ;xdlt glbPsfn] s'g} lg0f{o gePsf] kf}8]nn] atfP. “k|b]z ;/sf/n]
s'g} lg0f{o lbPsf] 5}g, 5nkmn rln/x]sf] 5,” kf}8]nn] lxdfnva/;Fu
eg].
;/sf/n] km'Nrf]sLnfO{ ;+/lIft If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ tof/L u/]kl5 ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3n] lj/f]w u/]sf] 5. dxf;+3sL cWoIf ef/tL kf7sn]
km'Nrf]sLsf] h+un jiff}{+b]lv ;d'bfon] ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf]
atfpFb} ;/sf/n] ;d'bfoaf6 vf];]/ ;+/lIft If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|of; u/]sf]
atfOg\. “;d'bfon] ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] h+unnfO{ lsg ;+/lIft If]q
3f]if0ff ug{'kof]{s<” kf7s k|Zg ub}{ elG5g\, “;d'bfonfO{
clwsf/ljxLg u/fpg] if8\oGq eO/x]sf] 5.”
jg dGqfnon] km'Nrf]sLnfO{ ;+/lIft If]q 3f]if0ffsf nflu ljleGg
kfFrj6f df]8]n tof/ u/]sf] 5. jg P]g, @)&^ -bkmf !%_ cg';f/, /fli6«o
jgsf] s'g} efu tyf ;DalGwt e"–kl/lw If]qnfO{ ;Ldf+sg u/L /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o b[li6sf]0fn] jftfj/0fLo, kfl/l:yltsLo j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts
dxQ\jsf], hnfwf/ ;+/If0fsf] lx;fan] ;+j]bgzLn b]lvPsf] If]qnfO{ jg ;
+/If0f If]qsf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5. dGqfnon] klxnf]
df]8]nsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ lnPsf] 5. To:t}, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f If]qsf ¿kdf klg
km'Nrf]sLnfO{ ;+/lIft If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ csf]{ df]8]n tof/ u/]sf] 5 .
 z]o/ahf/ ;'wfg{ dfu ub}{ nufgLstf{ cfGbf]lnt,
3]/] /fi6« a}+s
>]hf >]i7, @! ebf}, sf7df8f}+
k'FhLahf/ ;'wf/ ;+3if{ ;ld{ftn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+s 3]/fp ub}{ k|
bz{g u/]sf] 5 . k'FhLahf/ 36fpg] u/L df}l›s gLlt NofPsf] eGb} ;
+3if{ ;ldltn] df]6/;Ofsn of{f]nL;lxt k|bz{g ub}{ ueg{/ dxfk|;fb
clwsf/Lsf] /fhLgfdf klg dfu]sf] 5 . /fi6« a}+ssf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs tyf
k|jQmf b]js'df/ 9sfnnnfO{ e]6]/ ;ldltn] ljleGg dfu /fVb} 1fkg kq klg
a'emfPsf] 5 .
nufgLstf{sf] Ps ;d"xn] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdf lgodg Pj+ ;'k/Lj]If0f
ug]{ ;+:yfn] k'FhLahf/nfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ ljleGg ultljlwx?
u/]sf] eGb} lj/f]w z'? u/]sf] xf] .
;DalGwt lgsfo / kbdf cfl;g JolQmx?af6 k|bz{g x'g] x'g] pbflzgtf,
u}/fhDd]jf/Lkgf / ;du| nufgLstf{sf] dgf]efj ljk/Ltdf cfpg] ljeGg gLlt
tyf sfo{qmdsf] lj?4df cfGbf]ng yflnPsf] ;+3if{ ;ldltsf cWoIf
/fds[i0f 9sfnn] atfPsf 5g\ .
k'FhL ahf/sf] cl:tTj g} w/fkdf kfg]{ u/L ljleGg ;do ;dodf lgof]lht ?
kdf tof/ ul/Psf gLlt sfo{qmd / sfo{gLltx?n] ;du| k'FhLahf/ cufl8 a9\
g glbPsf] eGb} ;ldltn] ueg{/ clwsf/Lsf] /fhLgfdf dfu u/]sf] 5 . ljutdf
ufl/Psf] cfGbf]ngsf] dd{nfO{ a'em]/ Tolta]nf k|:t't ul/Psf] %*
a'Fb] ;xdltnfO{ cIf/z kfngf ug{ ;ldltn] dfu u/]sf] 5 . ;DklQsf] xsdfly
k|xf/ uf/ g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] dflh{g k|s[ltsf] shf{df $ s/f]8 / !@
s/f]8sf] l;df nufPsf] ;ldltsf] cf/f]k 5 . df}l›s gLltdfkm{t ;du| k'FhL
ahf/sf] ljsf;sf] afws ag]sf] eGb} of] Joj:yf t'?Gt vf/]h ug{ ;ldltn] dfu
u/]sf] 5 .
n3'ljQ sDkgLx?n] l/hj{ /fVg'kg]{ cg'lrt / cJojxfl/s Joj:yfnfO{ tTsfn
vf/]h ug{, c;n shf{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ tTsfn ;+zf]wg u/L ! k|ltzt
g} sfod ug{ / a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfx?af6 z]o/ lwtf]df k|jfx x'g] dflh{g
k|s[ltsf] shf{df tf]lsPsf] ljBdfg ;dofjlwnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L !@) lbgsf]
cf};t d"No sfod ug{ dfu u/]sf] 5 . nufgLstf{n] n3'ljQ sDkgLx?n]
ljt/0f ug]{ nfef+zdf nufOPsf] Sofk x6fpg / k|f]lehlgÍsf] Joj:yf
kl/dfh{g ug{ klg dfu u/]sf 5g\ .
/]l8of] Go"h
;z:q k|x/Lsf] kf]zfs vl/bdf s/f]8f}+ 3f]6fnf
>]hf >]i7, ef› @@ @)&* sf7df8f}+ .
;z:q k|x/L ansf] kf]zfs vl/bdf s/f]8f}+ 3f]6fnf ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] %* cf}F k|ltj]bgdf o; jif{leq ePsf kf]zfs vl/b k|
lqmof / clgoldttfsf] ljifodf Jofks 3f]6fnf ePsf] kfOPsf] xf].
dxfn]vfsf cg';f/ of] jif{ sfof{no ;fdfg, lhk, a'6, r':tf, l:nlkª Aofu,
p2f/ ;fdu|Lnufot ljleGg #^ j6f af]nkq / lznjGbL dfWodaf6 vl/b
ul/Psf] 5 .
tL dfn;fdfgx? vl/b ug{ %% s/f]8 @$ nfv, (& xhf/ ?k}ofF vr{ ePsf]
5 . h;dWo] #@ j6f eg] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ g} ;fdfg k|fKt ePsf]
dxfn]vfn] hgfPsf] 5 . o:t}, r':tf, ˆn]lShan l;+un df:6/ ck/];G; pks/0f,
pgL h;L{, Dof6«]; ;d]t ul/ !@ s/f]8 &* nfv ^% xhf/ d'No a/fa/sf]
dfn;fdfg ck"lt{ ePsf] 5}g . ;z:qn] vl/b u/]sf] pQm ;fdfg ;Demf}tf
cg';f/ geO{ u'0f:t/lxg ePsf] ;d]t kfOPsf] atfOPsf] 5 .
af]nkq tyf lznaGbLsf] dfWodaf6 !# k|sf/sf kf]zfs vl/bsf nflu #^
s/f]8 !^ nfv ^$ xhf/ ?k}ofFsf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . t/, pQm /sdn]
vl/b u/]sf ;fdu|L u'0f:t/df c;kmn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To:t} #
vl/b ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] ;fdfg clxn];Dd klg pknAw gePsf] dxfn]vfn]
atfPsf] 5 . lgodfjnL cg';f/ ;z:q k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] lgodfg';f/ kfpg'kg]
{ kf]zfs ;d]t kfPsf 5}gg\ . jif{df @ hf]/ r':tf, kL6L h'Qf jif{df ! hf]/,
pgL sDan @ jif{df @ yfgnufot ;fdfg ;z:q sd{rf/Ln] kfPsf 5}gg\ .
dxfn]vfsf cg';f/ ljut tLg jif{df b/aGbL cg';f/ ljt/0f ug{'kg]{ ;fdfg ;d]t
nfvf}{sf] ;+Vofdf sd{rf/Ln] kfPsf 5}gg\ . h;df ! nfv &^ xhf/ ( ;o ^*
yfg tof/L r':tf, Ps nfv * xhf/ # ;o *% yfg h'Qf, #* xhf/ ^ ;o !@ hf]/
l8Pd a'6, #$ xhf/ ( ;o %^ yfg kfs{ Hofs]6 / * k|sf/sf % nfv #) xhf/
kl/df0fsf] ;fdfg cem} gk'u ePsf] dxfn]vfn] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 .
ljut # jif{b]lv ;z:q k|x/Ldf z}n]G› vgfn k|x/L k|d'v cfO{hLkL 5g\ .
vgfns} nfk/afxLsf sf/0f zt{ cg';f/sf] ;fdu|L k|x/L sd{rf/Ln]
gkfPsf] ;z:q k|x/Lsf] pRr ;|f]tn] hgfPsf] 5. ;z:q k|x/Ln] lgodfjnL
@)&@ cg';f/ ljleGg $& k|sf/sf kf]zfs tyf ;fdfg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .