Copyright © 2020 Waleed Elsafoury

Control Plane

CS Plane PS Plane

MM and CM GMM NAS

L3

RRC

RLC
L2 AS
MAC

L1 PHYSICAL
Physical layer
• Modulation & De-modulation
• FEC
• Error detection
• Spreading and De-spreading

• Radio characteristics
measurements and indication to
higher layers

PHYSICAL
MAC layer
• Mapping between logical channels
and transport channels

• Error correction BEC

• Priority handling between logical

channels of one UE

• Priority handling between UEs

MAC

PHYSICAL
RLC layer
• Segmentation
• Assembly
• Rate matching

RLC

MAC

PHYSICAL
RRC layer
• Broadcast of System Information
• Paging command
• Establishment, maintenance and
release of Uu Connection
• Establishment, maintenance and
RRC
release of Iub link

• Ciphering RLC

• Handover decision and type MAC

PHYSICAL
NAS layer
CS Plane PS Plane
• Core routing
MM and CM GMM NAS
• Mobility management L3

• Area update
RRC
• Registration
• Detach RLC

• Security management L2 AS

• Authentication MAC

L1 PHYSICAL
Speech coding • Analog to digital & compression

Channel coding • Error detection and correction

Interleaving • Randomization of errors

Bit Mapping • Converts logical 0,1 to -1,+1

Channelization • Multiply by OVSF codes

scrambling • Multiply by Gold codes

Modulation • BPSK & QPSK modulation

 CRC • Error detection

• Error correction
Convolutional
• For low rate

• Error correction
Turbo
• For high rate
• CRC Algorithms
 0, 8, 12, 16, or 24 parity bits (determined by upper layers)

 g(CRC24) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1

 g(CRC16) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1

 g(CRC12) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1

 g(CRC8) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1
 Xk

Zk

Data In
Rate = X Xk D D D

M
U
X
Turbo Data Out
Z’k
Interleaver

D D D
 Transmitter
Interleaving
Matrix
Original Data Samples Interleaved Data Samples
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9
4 5 6
7 8 9

RF
Transmission Path

Receiver
De-
Interleaving
Interleaved Data Samples Matrix De-Interleaved Data Samples To Viterbi
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 decoder
4 5 6
Errors Clustered 7 8 9 Errors Distributed
 Before
0, 1, 2, 3, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , (RC - 1)
Interleaving

Write Data 0 1 m C-1

into Matrix C C+1 C+m 2C-1
Row-wise • • --- • --- •
• • --- • --- •
(R-1)C (R-1)(C+1) (R-1)(C+m) RC-1

Permute C0 C1 --- Cm --- CC-1

Matrix
Columns

0 m 1 C-1
Read Data C C+m C+1 2C-1
from Matrix • • • •
Column-wise • • • •
(R-1)C (R-1)(C+m) (R-1)(C+1) RC-1

C0 Cm C1 CF-1
After
Interleaving 0, C, … , (R-1)C , m, C+m, … (R-1)(C+m) , … , 1, C+1 , (R-1)(C+1), .., C-1 , 2C-1 , … RC-1
sin^2(x) = 1/2 - 1/2 cos(2x)
cos^2(x) = 1/2 + 1/2 cos(2x)