(HL)

formula formal charge charge atom would have if all elements

:
an had the same
f) Vf--Be-NBE
:

electronegativity
values (i shared equally)
VE Valencee
:
Most stable Lewis structures is where DFC is closest to zero
BE bonding
: e

NBE non-bonding
:
e Ex draw 2 possible Lewis structure
.
for S02. One that obeys the octet rule
S one that does not obey
AFC FC max-FC min
=

expanded incomplete

De-5 El no of 2 :

(6x2) + 6 =
185

Do s oi
formal charge
f2() =
6 -

3 -

2 =
+ 1

f(()) =
6 -

2 -

4 =
0 O -
5 El
-
I + 1 · =
O overall

f((0B) 6 =
-

1 -
6 = -
1 charge of
coordinate molecule
Af =
1 -

(1) = +
2 covalent

F(() =
6 -

4 -
2 =
0

f)(0) =
0

! S or =
O overall
DF) =
0 · O G
charge of the molecule

Structure 2 is the most stable because AFC is closer to zero

Molecules/ions are more stable

Coordinate covalent bonds are
usually less stable I not preferred when there is even distribution

Ef) =
overall charge of molecule or ion
 Octet

formula ex .
2 possible lewis structures for BF s
does notobey
f) Vf-yBe-NBE
:
no .
of 3 +
(7X3) =
24

VE Valencee
:
-B -El incomplete IF 1 B -El ,
Lewis
BE bondinge
if ifla
:

NBE non-bonding
:
e

4
DF( F(max-F(min f((53-3-0 F((B) 3 0 1
= -

0
- -
= =
=

7 4
f((f) 2
=
- -
=
+ 1

f((H =
7 -
1 -

6 =
G

F((fzx) =
7 -
1 -
6 =
0

1fC =
0
AF) = 1 -

(1) = + 2
most stable
Octet
ex .
2 possible lewis structures for NCJ
does notobey
no .
of =
15e -

[in 51] [ -(5)

-

=
C -
one of these i =

elements accepted e
-

an O O
-

I
(more electronegative)
4 4
F(( 4 4 0
-2() 0
=
0 0
= - -
= -
=
-

f((n) 5 3 2 =
0
f((u) 5 2 4 =
1
= -

=
-
-
-
-

f)(s) =
6 -

1 - 6 =
)
f((x) 6 = -

2 4 -
=
0

Af( =
0 -

f)
=
G DF =
0 -

(1)

both have same DFC .

However structure 2 is the preffered
one since the negative charge is located on the more electronegative
element , which is N
example So 2
,
2- 1 2-

/ ·
,

I
I
O
-

of
·

Es jX
&
9

11
·

O I
Coordinate -
covalent -

2 coordinate covalent bonds no coordinate covalent bonds

1f) =
2 -

(1) =
+
3 DF) =

0 -

f) =
+
1

Number of bonds depends Gr number

on

H
/ Group 15 make may of 5 bonds
Group 16 make max of 6 bonds
Group 17 make max of 7 bonds

Questions

& Oxford p 178 Q 48 - So

.
.

& Cambridge p 150 .

importan↑ details covalent bond i
formation overlap of atomic orbitals to
definition form molecular Orbitals

overlap

head on SidewayS
Sigma bond (d) Pibond(π)

Sigma bond (c) : head on overlap of atomic orbitals

with e
density along internuclear axis

possibilities
+ 3

S S

& & ·
&
Pr P+

+
& ·
&
P +

all single bonds are sigma bonds

pi bond (i) sideways over lap of
:
parallel p
orbitals with e density above below the intermuleor axis

8 8 py
+

PY
&

G
88
PE
+ ·

D
PE
 Carbon makes 4 bonds

I bond is present in double triple bonds

·

-
-
single bond
-

- - double bond
-

-
-
o
triple bond

·
Section 12 DB

= 346 15.mol less than dole e

I bond is weaker than a

sigma bond since are above I below the
internuclear s not the axis , so forces of attraction are
axis
along
weaker s less E is required to break I bond

Pepl/Cout

umbrosepalsEsNi
the

· N = C -

C -

C = 0 : 7
e
B (T 5 :

H H

CH3COOH
5
·

(4
-

↑ I

H -
-

0 -

H0 :
7
I
His
S
i
:

i =
·

CHz (CH

H E
↑ ↓ :
C
H:
H -c - = C -

: : "
: :

H
H
I
·

CH3 CN
H -
C-C
=
!
·

Osi..
.

8
:
4 3
.

E
8
ge :g
F
·
i
-

* all bonds are identical in

length S strength

Resonance hybrid
g
(actual structure)
O - G

delocalization