Electrical Power System Conrol

Power Generation
Operation, Control and Modeling
LFC Steady State

Prepared by
Dr Alaa Abdel Razek
1. Generation Control:

The primary purpose of generation control is to balance the system generation

against the system load and losses so that the desired frequency and terminal
voltage are maintained by the governor set points and field current control.
Figure 1 shows two basic controls of a steam turbine-generator: the voltage
regulator or Automatic Voltage Control AVC and Turbine-Governor Control or
Automatic Governor Control.
The primary purpose of the automatic generation control is to balance the
total system generation against load changing and losses. The load changing
causes the frequency to deviate from scheduled value. The high frequency
deviation leads to system collapse. Power system operation at lower frequency
affects the quality of power supply and not allowed because, when operating
frequency below certain percent (say 1-2%, some types of steam turbines
undergo excessive vibration in certain turbine rotor stages with resultant metal
fatigue and blades failure.

AGC
(Governor)
𝛽2 (𝐺2)Synchronous Generator
System)
Steam P1(G2)Rotor 𝛽1 (𝐺1)Stator

From Steam Generator

N
E
Steam T
Turbine W
O
R
Powe K
rExcit
AVC
To Condenser er
(Regulator
)
Fig. 1: Schematic shows two basic controls of a steam turbine-generator:
The voltage regulator or Automatic Voltage Control AVC and
Turbine-Governor Control or Automatic Governor Control

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2- Modes of Governor Operation:
In defining the modes of the governor operation, the normal speed is
considered as 100% speed and the full generator rating as 100%. There are two
modes of operation.

Speed
Measuring/Control

Speed
∑
Controller
Speed
Reference Control
Logic
Steam
Valve
Power
∑ Control
Power Controller
Reference

Power
Measuring/Control
Fig.1: Governor Controllers

2-1 Isochronous Operation:

The governor maintains a constant speed from no load to full load as shown
in Figure 2.

Frequency

Constant frequency against any load power

𝒇
𝑹

𝟐𝟓%𝑷𝑹 𝟓𝟎%𝑷𝑹 𝑷𝑹
PowerLoad
R Power
Fig.2: Isochronous Governor Curve

A prime mover and generator, operating in the isochroous mode can maintain the
desired output frequency regardless of load changes as load as the prime mover

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capacity is of exceeded. This mode is normally used in isolated systems or when
one generator is required to respond to the load changes.

2-2 Droop Mode Operation:

Speed droop is a decrease in speed or frequency proportional to load power
as shown in Figure 3, which is represented the frequency power steady state
operation:
∆𝑃𝐺 = −𝛽𝐺 ∙ ∆𝑓, 𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑃𝑐 = 0
Frequency

𝑃𝑅
𝑓0 = 𝛽𝑅
[𝑓 0 − 𝑓 𝑟 ]

Fig. 3: Droop Governor Curve PR Load Power

If the system is running at:

𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑟
and the load increased by ΔP1, then the frequency decreased by Δf1 as shown
in Figure 4 and the frequency with the new generation power will be
increased by Δf1.
Because the linear frequency power relation:
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑅 − ∆𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑅 + ∆𝑓1

𝑃𝑅 ∆𝑃1
𝑎𝑠 𝛽𝐺 = = 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜
𝑓𝑅 ∆𝑓1

𝑃𝑟
max 𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑟 +
𝛽𝐺

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 Frequency

𝑃𝑅
𝑓0 unit 𝑓 =
[ 0 −𝑓𝑟 ]
𝛽𝑅
Frequency𝑓1
∆𝑓1
𝑓𝑅

∆𝑷𝟏
𝜷𝑮 = −
∆𝒇𝟏
∆𝑃1

𝑃1 PR Load Power

Fig.4: Speed droop curve with change in power generation.

When desired to run at the rated frequency with the new generation power, by
changing the control power ΔPC by the value of ΔP1, which reduces the value of
speed set point f0 to another value f01 as shown with the Figure 5.

Frequency

𝑓01 ∆𝑃𝐶 = ∆𝑃1 → 𝑓0 reduced to 𝑓01

𝑓0

𝑓01

𝑓1
𝑓𝑅

𝑷𝟏
𝜷𝑮 =
𝒇𝟎𝟏 − 𝒇𝑹
∆𝑃1

PR Load Power
𝑃1
Fig. 5: using ΔPC, then reducing running new load at rated frequency

Note that: this decreasing in steam compensates the extra value in kinetic energy
due to load decreasing and speed is reduced.

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 𝑃1
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑓01 = 𝑓𝑟 +
𝛽𝐺

3- Generation units in parallel:

3-1 Generation unit in speed droop mode is connected in parallel to another in
isochronous mode in operation:
The isochronous unit is known as the swing machine. Now the droop machine
will run at the frequency (speed) of the isochronous unit. The power output of the
droop machine is determined by its speed set point as shown in Figure 6.

Frequency

Also called Swing Machine

Droop unit
𝑓01
Isochronous unit
𝑓𝑅

−∆𝑃𝐿
+∆𝑃𝐿

P1
Isochronous unit Power Droop unit Power

Total Load Power

Any increase or decrease in load power taken from Isochronous unit

Fig.6: F-P Curve for Droop Unit in Parallel with Isochronous Unit

Any increasing or decreasing in load power is taken from Isochronous unit. If we

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Need to load the droop unit by changing the speed changer as shown in Figure 7.

Frequency

𝑓03 Droop unit

𝑓02
Isochronous 𝑓01
𝑓𝑅 𝑓𝑅

P1 P2P1 P3
Isochronous unit Droop unit

Fig. 7: When load the droop unit by change the speed set point

Now the droop machine will run at the frequency (speed) of the isochronous unit.
The power output of the droop machine is determined by its speed set point,
speed droop and the grid frequency.

If now the load is increased, the power of the swing machine will increase to meet
the increased load while the power of the droop machine would remain
unchanged (since its speed set point is not changed), (Figure 6).

If we wish to change the portion of the load met by the droop machine, we need
to change its speed setting, (Figure 7).

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3-1 Generation units in speed droop mode is connected in parallel:
Consider two generation units connected in parallel with different droop
characteristics as shown in Figure 8.

Frequency 𝜷𝑹 (𝑮𝟏) Frequency 𝜷𝑹 (𝑮𝟐)

𝑓01
𝑓02

𝑓𝑅
∆𝒇
𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤

∆𝑃2−𝐺1 ∆𝑃2−𝐺2

P1 (G1) P2(G1) PR(G1) P1(G2) P2(G2) PR(G2)

𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑷𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝑷𝟐

Fig. 8: Two with different droop characteristics

Assume that the load power is PL1 and each units supplies P1(G1) and P1(G2) as the
load power equals:

𝑃𝐿1 = 𝑃1 (𝐺1) + 𝑃1 (𝐺2) 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑅

If now the load increases by an amount ΔP2, the generation units slow down and
these increasing of load will supplied from each generation units according to its
droop characteristics [β1(G1) and β2(G)] as the following:

𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐹𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝛽𝑇 = 𝛽𝐺1 + 𝛽𝐺2

Then, the frequency drops due to load power increasing by ΔP2 equals:
∆𝑃2 ∆𝑃2−𝐺1 ∆𝑃2−𝐺2
∆𝑓 = − , 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 ∆𝑓 = − =−
𝛽𝑇 𝛽𝐺1 𝛽𝐺2
𝛽𝐺1 𝛽𝐺2
∆𝑃2−𝐺1 = ∙ ∆𝑃2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑃2−𝐺2 = ∙ ∆𝑃2
𝛽𝑇 𝛽𝑇

𝑎𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝐿2 = 𝑃2−𝐺1 + ∆𝑃2−𝐺2 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑

Page 8 of 17
Total generation power by each generation units are:

𝑃2−𝐺1 = 𝑃1−𝐺1 + ∆𝑃2−𝐺1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2−𝐺2 = 𝑃1−𝐺2 + ∆𝑃2−𝐺2

Important notes, when then droop characteristic machines are working in

parallel:

A- To adjust the real power sharing between generators without changing fsys
simultaneously increases the governor set points on one generator while
decreasing the governor set points on the other. The machine whose
governor set point was increased will assume more of the load.
B- To adjust fsys without changing the real power sharing, simultaneously
increase or decrease both generators' governor set points.

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Example 1:

One generation unit rated 500 MW, 50Hz and its droop in power frequency
response βG = 200MW/HZ. Plot frequency – power curve.

The Solution:

If the machine is loaded by full load, then maximum no load frequency equals:
𝑃𝑅 500
𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑅 + = 50 + = 52.5 𝐻𝑧
𝛽𝐺 200
Frequency

𝑓0 =52.5Hz

𝑓𝑅 = 50𝐻𝑧

PR=500MW Load Power

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Example 2:

Two generation units rated 500MW and 250MW, 50Hz and its droop in power
frequency response βG = 200MW/HZ and 100MW/Hz. If working in parallel and
the load power will be sharing by their FP response. Find the following
requirements:

2-1 Determine max no load frequency for each unit and the no load frequency
when paralleled.

2-2 From no load applied 350MW, determine the generation power by each unit
and the load frequency.

2-3 If the system power is corrected to 50Hz, describe how it is working and
determine the new no load frequency for each unit.

The Solution:

Answer 2-1:

Maximum no load frequency is determined when the generation unit is loaded by

its rated power at 50Hz, then:
𝑃𝑟
max 𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑟 +
𝛽𝐺

The no load frequency for each unit equals:

500 250
max 𝑓0−𝐺1 = 50 + = 52.5 𝐻𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 max 𝑓0−𝐺2 = 50 + = 52.5 𝐻𝑧
200 100
As the max no load frequency for each unit equals 52.5 Hz, then possible there
are paralleled at this frequency as shown. The Figure shows each unit is loaded by
its rating at 50Hz:

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 Frequency
= 100𝑀𝑊/𝐻𝑧𝛽𝐺2 𝛽𝐺1 = 250𝑀𝑊/𝐻𝑧
= 52.5𝐻𝑧 max 𝑓0 = 100𝑀𝑊/𝐻𝑧
= 52.5𝐻𝑧

𝑓𝑟 = 50𝐻𝑧

PR(G2) =250MW PR(G1) =500MW

Answer 2-2:

If the system is loaded by 350 MW, then each unit will be sharing by its FP
response as the following:

𝛽𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝛽𝐺1 + 𝛽𝐺2 = 250 + 100 = 350 𝑀𝑊 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑧

𝛽𝐺𝑛
𝑃𝐺𝑛 = ∙ 𝑃 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝛽𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝐿

250 100
𝑃𝐺1 = x350 = 250𝑀𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝐺2 = x350 = 100𝑀𝑊
350 350
As the units are working in parallel at no load with no load frequency 52.5Hz and
the units are loaded by 350MA, then the drop frequency equal:

∆𝑃𝐿 350
∆𝑓 = − =− = −1𝐻𝑧, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝛽𝑠𝑦𝑠 350

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑓0 + ∆𝑓 = 52.5 − 1 = 51.5𝐻𝑧

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 Frequency
𝛽𝐺2 = 100𝑀𝑊/𝐻𝑧 𝛽𝐺1 = 250𝑀𝑊/𝐻𝑧
max 𝑓0 = 52.5𝐻𝑧

𝑓𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 51.5𝐻𝑧

= 100𝑀𝑊𝑃𝐺1 𝑃𝐺2 = 250𝑀𝑊

Answer 2-3: = 100𝑀𝑊

To adjust fsys to 50Hz without changing the real power sharing, simultaneously
decrease both generators' governor set points f0.

Frequency
𝛽𝐺2 𝛽𝐺1 = 250𝑀𝑊/𝐻𝑧
max 𝑓0

𝑓01 = 𝑓02 = 51𝐻𝑧

𝑓𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 50𝐻𝑧

𝑃𝐺1 𝑃𝐺2 = 250𝑀𝑊

𝑃𝐺𝑛
𝑓0𝑛 = 𝑓𝑟 + →
𝛽𝐺𝑛
100 250
𝑓01 = 50 + = 51 𝐻𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓02 = 50 + = 51𝐻𝑧
100 250

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Case studies:
1- Start the contingency analysis on the example 3 and show us the security corrections.
2- The system frequency is 50Hz and consider three machine A, B, C with rating 500MW,
300MW, 250MW operating in parallel. Let the A machine operates in isochronous mode
and machines B and C operate in droop mode. If the total load equals 600MW. Assume
that the set point of the governors B and C are adjust their outputs are 250MW and
150MW respectively. Therefore, the machine A is loaded by 200MW.
Discuss the following case:
2-1 If the addition load is beyond 300MW.
2-2 If the reduction in load is 200MW.

Page 14 of 17
Problems:
1- Tow prime mover generator sets are paralleled. The frequency is 50 Hz on full load. Plot the
speed droop characteristics and comment on the load sharing if one generator A has a
rating of 500 MW, 250MW/Hz and another B has a rating 300 MW, 150MW/Hz.

2- The frequency of a 100 MW generator sets drops by 25MW/Hz from no-load to full load. If
the generation unit loaded by the full load at rated frequency 50Hz, find a change in power
output if the frequency drops by 0.1 Hz.

3- Two identical 50Hz prime mover generator sets have drop characteristics with 200MW/Hz
and 150MW/Hz, respectively. They share in initial of 100 MW equally, operating at nominal
frequency. If now there is an increase of 35 MW in the load, how would the additional load
be shared?

4- Two 50Hz prime mover generator sets operate in parallel to supply a load of 400 MW. The
capacities of the units are 200 MW, 100MW/Hz and 500 MW, 250MW/Hz. Their governors
are adjusted so that the frequency is 100% on full load. Calculate the load supplied by each
unit and the frequency at this load.

5- Tow prime mover generator sets rated 200 MW, 100MW/Hz and 400 MW, 200MW/Hz are
operating in parallel. The speed set points are such that the sets operate at 50 Hz when
sharing the full load of 600 MW in proportion to their ratings.
5-1 If the load reduces to 400 MW, how is it shared? and at what frequency will system
operate?
-2 If now the speed changers are reset so that the load of 400 MW is shared at 50 Hz in
proportion to their rating. What are the no-load frequencies?

6- The generating stations A and B have full load capacities of 200 MW and 75 MW
respectively. The loads on bus bars A and B are 75 MW and 30 MW respectively. Another
station C has full load capacity 25 MW is connected between them. Determine the load
taken by the station C and indicate the direction in which the energy is flowing. The FP
response of stations A, B and C are 100, 35, 15 MW/Hz respectively.

7- Two prime mover generator sets rated 120 MW, 60MW/Hz and 250 MW, 140MW/Hz are
operating in parallel. The speed settings are such that the units operate at 50Hz on full load
output. Determine:
7-1 The load taken by each unit for a total load of 200 MW and the system frequency.
7-2 Explain how to correct the system frequency to be 50Hz and determine the speed
setting for each set.

8- Two turbo alternators, each is controlled by drop speed governors with frequency response
and 50Hz rated frequency:
G1 rated for 100 MW and β1 = 50MW/Hz and G2 rated for 250 MW and β1 =
250MW/Hz.

Page 15 of 17
 A. They are connected in parallel to share a load of 300 MW. Determine the load
shared by each machine.
B. If the system frequency should be running at 50Hz with this load by which value of
power the turbine to be ordered and determine the new no-load frequency for
each generator.

9- Two generators of ratings 500 MW and 200 MW are feeding a system. The frequency is
50Hz and each generator is operating at half rating. The system loads increase by 140 MW
because of its frequency drops to 49.5Hz. What should be the value of system power-
frequency response.

10- Four turbine-generator set of rating as per below table are feeding a load.
Gen Set # G1 G2 G3 G4
Rating [MW] 400 300 250 250
β Power Frequency response [MW/Hz] 800 600 500 500
If the load power is 600MW, 50Hz, answer the following:
(a) Determine the power sharing per each generator and no-load frequency.
(b) for the same load, when generator 2 has switched out, the generator power meter for
each one is reading as the following table:
Gen Set # G1 G2 G3 G4
Reading delivering Power [MW] 265.2 zero 165.75 165.75
Explain why the total reading power is not equal 600MW. Determine the load frequency
and the load power frequency response.
(c) In case (b) let the generator 1 responsible to keep the load frequency at rated value,
determine the power sharing per each generator and no-load frequency.

11- 50 Hz power system required maximum frequency drop 0.5 Hz. Power planning results
recommended three generators rated 500, 300 and 200MW, which are operating in parallel
feeding energy into the system. Determine the frequency-response for each generation unit
to sharing the load in proportion to their rating.

Page 16 of 17
References:

1. "Power System Operation and Control", K. Nisha - Kaston Books Publishers, March, 204.
2. "Power System Operation and Control", Dr. B.R.GUPTA and Er. Vandana Singhal, S. Chand
Publishers, 2014.
3. "Power System Analysis Operation and Control", Abhijit Chakrabarti and Sunita Halder, PHI
Publishers, 2012.
4. "Generation of Electrical Energy", Dr. B.R. GUPTA, S. Chand Publishers, 2012.
9. "Power System Stability and Control", PRABHA KUNDUR, TaTa Mc-Graw Hill Publishers,
1993.
10. "Power Generation Operation and Control", Allen J. Wood and Bruce F. Wollwnberg,
Wiley-india Publishers, 2007.
11."Electrical Power Systems", C. L. Wadhwa, New Age International Publishers, 2009.
12. "Electrical Power System", Ashfaq Husain, CBS Publishers, 2002.
5. "Electric Machinery", Chaston. A. N., Reston Publishers, 1986.
6. "Electric Machines and Power System", Del Toro. V ,Prentice-Hall Publishers, 1985.
7. " Electric Machinery", Fitzgerald. A. E., and C. Kingsley Jr., New York, McGraw-Hill
Publishers, 1990.
8. "Electric Machinery and Transformers", Kosow, Irving L. , Prentice-Hall Publishers, 1972.
9. "Electric Energy System Theory - An Introduction", Olle.I.Elgerd, TaTa Mc-Graw Hill
Publishers, 2003.
10."Power Generation Handbook", Mc-Graw-Hill, 2004

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