Lesson 2.2 Languge of Sets

Chapter 2 Mathematical Language and Symbols
Lesson 2.2 The Language of Sets
Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math
Cebu Technological University,

Department of Mathematics and Statistics
M.J. Cuenco Ave. Cor. R. Palma St., Cebu City
October 11, 2020
Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Course Learning Outcomes
Discuss the language and symbols of mathematics
Intended Learning Outcomes

Discuss the language, symbols, and conventions of mathemat-
ics;
Explain the nature of mathematics as a language;
Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly; and
Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language

Introduction
The genus Enhydra is a group of sea otters. Sea otters are a keystone
species in the kelp forests. They eat many invertebrates such sea urchins
that eat too much of the kelp and eventually destroy it.
Biologist find it essential to classify the diversity of organisms into groups in
order to understand and identify their features, similarities and differences.
In this way, we find meaning to the complexity of life in this world.

The Language of Sets
Set Theory
A branch of mathematics that studies sets or the mathematical science
of the infinite. This was introduced by the German Mathematician Georg
Cantor(1845-1918).
Set
A set is a well-defined collection of objects;the objects are called the ele-
ments or members of the set. The symbol ∈ is used to denote than an
object is an element of a set, and the symbol ∈ / denotes that an object is
not an element of a set.

The Language of Sets
Example
Consider the set
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
We say that
5 ∈ A
and
8 ∈
/ A

Ways of Representing a Set
Roster Method/Tabulation method

In this method, the elements of the set are enumerated and separated by
a comma.
Rule Method/ Set Builder Notation

It is used to describe the elements or members of the set. The symbol is
written as {x|P(x)}

Ways of Representing a Set
Example
Roster Method
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
Rule Method
A = {x|x is a vowel in the English alphabet}
Example
Roster Method
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Rule Method
A = {x|x is an even number between 1 and 11}

Basic Number Sets
Real Numbers R-the set of all rational or irrational numbers.

Rational Numbers Q-the set of all terminating or repeating decimals.
1 2
, , 0.123, 12, −15, 2.55555, 1.47474747
2 5
Irrational Numbers Q0 -the set of all nonterminating, nonrepeating deci-

mals √ √
π, e, 2, 15, 1.234367...
Integers Z
{... − 2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
Whole Numbers W
{0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers N
{1, 2, 3, ...}

Roster Method
Example
Use the roster method to write each of the given sets.
The set of natural numbers less than 6
The solution set of x + 7 = −1
The set of negative integers greater than −5
Solution
The set of natural numbers is given by {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The solution set is {−8}
The set of negative integers is given by {−4, −3, −2, −1}

Rule Method
Example
Use rule to write the following sets.
The set of integers greater than -3
The set of whole numbers less than 1000
Solution
{x|x ∈ Z and x− > 3}
{x|x ∈ W and x < 100}

Sets
Cardinality of a Set
A cardinal number is the number of elements of any set A, denoted by
n(A)
Example
Consider the set
A = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28}
The cardinality of A is
n(A) = 7

Sets
Equivalent Sets
Two set which have the same number of cardinality, denoted by A ↔ B
Equal Sets
Two sets which have the same elements, denoted by A = B

Sets
Example
Consider the sets
A = {1, 3, 7, 10} B = {1, 2, 3, 4} C = {4, 4, 1, 2, 3}
The set A has four elements. The set B has also four elements. If we count
the number of elements in set C , we can assume that it has 5 elements.
However, the element ”4‘0 which appeared twice, shall be counted as one.
Hence, the set C has also four elements. We say that
A ↔ B, A ↔ C .
On the other hand, since the sets B and C have the same set of elements,
hence we also say that
B = C.

Sets
Null Set
A set which contains no elements, denoted by ∅ or {}
Universal Set
A universal set is a fixed set where all the sets under investigation will likely
be subsets denoted by U.
Example

Sets
Subset
A is a subset of B if and only if every element in A is also an element of
B, denoted by A ⊆ or ⊇.
Example
Consider the set
C = {1, 3, 5} and D = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
We say that
C ⊆D

Sets
Subset Relationships
A set is a subset of itself,that is,
A⊆A
A null set is a subset of any set, that is,
∅⊆A
The notation A * B is used to denote that A is not a subset of B. To show

that A is not a subset of B, it is necessary to find at least one element of
A that is not an element of B.

Sets
Proper Subsets
Set A is a proper subset of set B, denoted by A ⊂ B, if every element of
A is an element of B, and A 6= B.
Example
To illustrate the difference between subsets and proper subsets, consider
the following two examples.
Let G = {Nadine, Kathryn} and H = {Nadine, Kathryn, Liza}. The
first set, G , is a subset of the second set, H, because every element
of G is an element of H. In addition, G is also a proper subset of S,
because G 6= S.
Let L = {Ironman, Superman} and V = {Superman, Ironman}. The
first set, L, is a subset of the second set, V ; however, L is not a
proper subset of V because T = V .

Sets
Power Set
A power set is a collection of all subsets of A. It is denoted by P(A).
The number of elements in the power set of A is 2n where n is the number

of elements of set A.
Example
Consider the sets M and N. The power sets P(M) and P(N) are given below.
The last two subsets: the set itself and the emptyset are automatically included
in the power set.
M = {a, b} → 22 = 4 subsets
P(M) = {{a}, {b}, {a, b}, ∅}
N = {a, b, c} → 23 = 8 subsets
P(N) = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}, ∅}

Set Operations
Union
The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B,is the set of all elements
which belong to A or B that is ,
A ∪ B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Intersection
The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B,is the set of all
elements which belong to both A and B that is ,
A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
. Note: A ∩ B = ∅ means A and B are disjoint.

Set Operations
Example
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {4, 6, 8}
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
A ∩ B = {4}

Set Operations
Complement
The complement of a set A ,denoted by Ac is the set of elements which
belong to the universal set U but which do not belong to A that is ,
Ac = {x|x ∈ U , x ∈
/ A}.
Difference
The difference of a set A and B,denoted by A \ B is the set of elements
which belong to A but which do not belong to B that is ,
A \ B = {x|x ∈ A , x ∈
/ B}.

Set Operations
Consider the sets
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {3, 4, 7, 9}
Find the following.

AC
BC
A\B
B \A
Solution
The elements of the universal set are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
From these, we exclude the elements of A, which are 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10. Thus
AC = {0, 3, 5, 7, 9}.

Set Operations
Solution
Excluding the elements of B from U,
B C = {0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 10}.
These are the elements that are found only in A and not in B. Thus,
A \ B = {1, 2, 6, 8, 10}
These are the elements that are found only in B and not in A. Thus,
B \ A = {3, 7, 9}

Set Operations
Cartesian Product
Let A and B be any two sets. The Cartesian product of A and B denoted
by A × B consists of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B
thus
A × B = {(a, b)|a ∈ A , b ∈ B}
.
Example
Consider the sets
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b}, C = {Pia, Mia, Sia}
A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
Find the following.
A×B
C ×B
Set Operations
Solution
A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
C × B = {(Pia, a), (Pia, b), (Mia, a), (Mia, b), (Sia, a), (Sia, b)}

Application
Venn Diagram
A Venn Diagram is a pictorial representation of sets by sets of points in
plane. The universal set U in the figure is represented by the interior while
the other sets are represented by disks drawn within the rectangle.

Application
Problem
There are students 200 who answered a survey in a university. They were
asked which of the following subjects they take this semester. In the
survey, 64 had taken mathematics course, 94 had taken chemistry course,
58 had taken physics course, 28 had taken mathematics and physics, 26
had taken chemistry and mathematics course, 22 had taken chemistry and
physics course, and 14 had taken all the three courses.
Find the number of students taking up
Math but not Chemistry or Physics (Math only)
Math and Physics but not Chemistry (Math and Physics only)
Chemistry and Physics but not Mathematics (Chemistry and
Physics only)
Find how many had taken one course only.
How many students are not taking any of the three subjects.

Application
Note
For three events A, B, and C , we have the number of elements related to
:
A only
n(A) − [n(A ∩ B) + n(A ∩ C ) − n(A ∩ B ∩ C )]
B only
n(B) − [n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C ) − n(A ∩ B ∩ C )]
C only
n(C ) − [n(B ∩ C ) + n(A ∩ C ) − n(A ∩ B ∩ C )]

Application
Note
For three events A, B, and C , we have the number of elements related to :
Both A and B
n(A ∩ B)
Both A and B only
n(A ∩ B) − n(A ∩ B ∩ C )
Both B and C
n(B ∩ C )
Both B and C only
n(B ∩ C ) − n(A ∩ B ∩ C )
Both A and C
n(A ∩ C )
Both B and C only
n(A ∩ C ) − n(A ∩ B ∩ C )

Application
Solution
First, we create a Venn dia-
gram based on the given prob-
lem. Place 14 in the intersec-
tion of the three circles since
this is the number of students
who had taken all the three
courses.
Next, place 28 in the inter-
section of mathematics and
physics. Do this also for the
other two intersections.
Lastly, place 64, 94 and 58 in
the outer circles since these
values denote the number
of students who had taken
mathematics, chemistry, and
physics respectively.

Application
Solution
Now we solve for the number of stu-
dents who had taken two courses
only.
Math and Physics only
28 − 14 = 14
Math and Chemistry only
26 − 14 = 12
Physics and Chemistry only
22 − 14 = 8

Application
Solution
We replace the values inside the in-
tersections with the answers that we
have obtained
Math and Physics only
28 − 14 = 14
Math and Chemistry only
26 − 14 = 12
Physics and Chemistry only
22 − 14 = 8

Application
Solution
We now solve for the number of stu-
dents who had taken one course only.
Math only
64 − (14 + 12 + 14) = 24
Chemistry only
94 − (14 + 12 + 8) = 60
Physics only
58 − (14 + 14 + 8) = 22

Application
Solution
Replace the values inside the outer
circles with the answers that we have
obtained.
Math only
64 − (14 + 12 + 14) = 24
Chemistry only
94 − (14 + 12 + 8) = 60
Physics only
58 − (14 + 14 + 8) = 22

Application
Solution
So we can now answer the first ques-
tion. These are the number of stu-
dents who had taken the following
Math but not Chemistry or
Physics (Math only) is 24
Math and Physics but not
Chemistry (Math and Physics
only) is 14
Chemistry and Physics but not
Mathematics(Chemistry and
Physics only) is 8

Application
Solution
For the second question, we consider
the following
To find the the total number of
students taking up one course
only, we simply do the following:
Math only+ Chemistry only +
Physics only
24 + 60 + 22 = 106

Application
Solution
For the last question, we need to find the
number of students not taking any of the
three subjects. However, we don’t know
yet the number of students who take up
the three subjects.
The total number of students who
take up the courses in the survey
is
24+12+60+8+22+14+14 = 154

Application
Solution
Since there are 200 students being
surveyed, the number of students
who are not taking any of the three
subjects is
200 − 154 = 46.
This also means that 46 is placed

outside the three circles in the
Venn diagram.

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Chapter 2 Mathematical Language and Symbols

Lesson 2.2 The Language of Sets

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math

Cebu Technological University,

October 11, 2020

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Intended Learning Outcomes

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Roster Method/Tabulation method

Rule Method/ Set Builder Notation

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

A = {x|x is a vowel in the English alphabet}

A = {x|x is an even number between 1 and 11}

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Real Numbers R-the set of all rational or irrational numbers.

Irrational Numbers Q0 -the set of all nonterminating, nonrepeating deci-

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

A = {1, 3, 7, 10} B = {1, 2, 3, 4} C = {4, 4, 1, 2, 3}

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

C = {1, 3, 5} and D = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

A null set is a subset of any set, that is,

The notation A * B is used to denote that A is not a subset of B. To show

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

The number of elements in the power set of A is 2n where n is the number

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

. Note: A ∩ B = ∅ means A and B are disjoint.

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Consider the sets

U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {3, 4, 7, 9}

Find the following.

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b}, C = {Pia, Mia, Sia}

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

n(A) − [n(A ∩ B) + n(A ∩ C ) − n(A ∩ B ∩ C )]

n(B) − [n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C ) − n(A ∩ B ∩ C )]

n(C ) − [n(B ∩ C ) + n(A ∩ C ) − n(A ∩ B ∩ C )]

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Math and Chemistry only

Physics and Chemistry only

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Math and Chemistry only

Physics and Chemistry only

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an

Wilson D. Castañeda Jr., MS Math Chapter 2 Mathematical Language an