“건강한 환경 행복한 미래＂

Latest National and Local/City Monitoring

System in Republic of Korea

National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER)

Climate and Air Quality Research Department
Air Quality Research Division

Dr. Jin-Soo Choi

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Contents 01 Air Pollution Monitoring Network

Hazardous Air Pollutant

02 Monitoring Network (PAHs&VOCs)

Photochemical Air Pollutant

03 Monitoring Network (O3)

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01 Air Pollution Monitoring Network
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01 Air Pollution Monitoring Network in Korea

▪ Implementation of Air Pollution Monitoring Network to

1
understand the air quality in Korea(1973)
Background
‘86
Asian ‘88
Game Olympic

▪ Periodical re-establishment of an operational plan

<Annual TSP Conc. in Seoul, Korea>
2 since the basic scheme of air quality in Korea, 1989
Operational
Scheme * History :
1989.Apr(1991~1996), 1999.Apr(2000~2005), 2005.Apr(2006~2010),
2010.Dec(2011~2015), 2016.Jan(2016~2020), 2020.Dec(2021~2025)

PM10

▪ Arrangement of operating guideline for Air Pollution

3
Monitoring Network in 1991
PM2.5 Operating
▪ Revising guidance depending on change of
Guidance
monitoring network
<Annual Particulate Matter(PM10, PM2.5)
Conc. in Seoul, Korea>
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01 Air Pollution Monitoring Network Operating System

Final confirmation of
1st confirmation of measurement results
measurement results
• maintenance and operation -
• maintenance and local National Institute of Comprehensive analysis and
operation government Environmental evaluation of air pollution
• local government measurement results
network Research • Create annual and monthly
reports

• General management
of air pollution
monitoring network
• Secure budget and
support .

1st confirmation of 1st confirmation of

measurement results measurement results
Metropolitan Air Korea
• maintenance and operation • maintenance and operation
• local government network Environment Environment • Airkorea&NAMIS system
Agency Corporation operation
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01 Air Pollution Monitoring Network – Current Status

<National Monitoring Network>

Air Pollution Monitoring Network(2021~2025)

Long-range
General air Emission Special air
transported
quality surveillance quality
monitoring monitoring monitoring
components
network network network monitoring
network

Urban
Roadside
Urban

Rural

National Background

Roadside

Harbor

Hazardous air pollutant

Heavy metal

Acid precipitation

Photochemical air pollutant

Atmosphere

PM-2.5 components

Intensive monitoring
National background
Rural
Harbor
Vessel realm
Acid precipitation
Heavy metal
Hazardous air pollutant
Photochemical air pollutant
Atmosphere
PM-2.5 components
Intensivemonitoring

473 42 10 49 43 66 42 18 1 42 8 Total 794 points

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01 PM2.5 Quality Control and Equivalence Evaluation

1) Type Approval
The country sets the performance standards
for measuring equipment and approves the
type (first time, accreditation period 10
years)

2) Inspection
Periodically inspect whether the structure
and performance of the measuring device
are maintained (1 year)

3) Equivalent Test
Compare Continuous Particulate
Monitor(PM2.5, PM10) to National Reference
Method(NRM)
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01 National Reference Method(NRM) Operating Procedure

NRM
NRM Retroactivity Maintenance by comparing
with NRM and Class I Sampler
Sampler 1 time/ year

Class I
Retroactivity Maintenance by
Working Reference Method comparing with qualified Class I and
other Class I Samplers
< Particulate Matter
Equivalence Evaluation Criteria>
Sampler Sampler ≥ 10 days/year
Item Criteria Range

Class II Slope 0.9~1.1

Retroactivity Maintenance by PM2.5
comparing with qualified Class I Intercept -2.25~2.25
Monitor Monitor Monitor and Class II Sampler
Slope 0.9~1.1
PM2.5 : ≥ 23 days/2years PM10
Intercept -5.00~5.00
PM10 : ≥ 14 days/2years
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01 Equivalence Evaluation Procedure

■ Test procedure of PM2.5 continuous monitor

Linear Regression Result Slope Intercept

Sampler 1.04 -0.59
Upper 1.10 2.25
Criteria
Lower 0.90 -2.25
QA/QC (PASS/FAIL) PASS PASS
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01 Continuous monitor QA/QC Protocol

■ Air pollution standard testing method

▪ Collocated sampling with Gravimetric method at least 3 days/month

Frequency Contents Tolerance

Pump muffler cleaning

1 time/6 month
Check smart heater

Check pressure sensor ± 10 mmHg

Cleaning and replace Internal

debris filter
1 time/year
zero filter test during 72 hr

Check membrane span foil

Beta detector count rate 600,000 ∼ 1,000,000

3 μg/m3 over effective data needed
Collocated sample CV Less than 10%
3day/month
 Hazardous Air Pollutant
02 Monitoring Network (PAHs&VOCs)
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02 Hazardous Air Pollutants Monitoring Network

■ Operational purpose
○ Use of basic data to establish reduction measures for specific air pollutants by identifying the pollution levels of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are harmful to the human body, such as benzene and toluene, in the
air in urban areas or near industrial complexes

○ Produces basic air pollution data necessary to evaluate whether or not the Atmospheric environment standards have been achieved by
measuring the concentration of benzene air quality

■ Measurement list
type 측정주기
Measurement
1. Benzene, 2. Toluene, 3. Ethylbenzene, 4. m,p-xylene, 5. Styrene, 6. o-xylene, s twice a
Passive
VOCs 7. Chloroform, 8. Methylchloroform, 9. Trichloroethylene, 10. Tetrachloroethylene, 11. 1,1- month

(16type) dichloroethane, 12. Carbontetrachloride, 13. 1,3-butadiene, (8 times/day)

Continuity
14. Dichloromethane, 15. Vinyl chloride, 16. 1,2-Dichloroethane PID ECD automatic
(2 hr)

1. Benzo[a]anthracene, 2. Chrysene, 3. Benzo[b]fluoranthene,

4. Benzo[k]fluoranthene, 5. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, 6. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene,
PAHs Twice a month
7. Benzo[a]pyrene, 8. Naphthalene, 9. Acenaphthylene, 10. Acenaphthene,
(16type) (24hours/times)
11. Fluorene, 12. Phenanthrene, 13. Athracene, 14. Fluoranthene, 15. Pyrene,
16. Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
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02 High-Volume Air Sampler for PAHs Sample Collection

<Installation> <Analysis procedure>

 Hazardous Air Pollutants Measuring network +Pride

02 VOCs automatic measurement system(GC/ECD-PID)

GC/ECD-PID

☯ Installation (Unity/ Air-server –xr with Agilent GC / ECD-PID)

GAS
▪ Carrier Gas (N2) -> about 30 psi
▪ Purge Gas (Air) -> about 45~60 psi
▪ Naflon dryer (N2) -> about 100~200 psi

TD
Gas PID ECD
TD GC

PID

ECD
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02 VOCs & PAHs - Current Status

<Gyeonggi Province PAHs Conc. Distribution
in 2012 (Feb~Nov)>
Annual Conc. Distribution of Main VOCs(BTEX)
in 2019

*BTEX: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene

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02 Hazardous Air Pollutants Monitoring Network – QA/QC

■ PAHs quality control
○ Method Detection Limit(MDL) : Conducted quarterly by measuring more than 7 times in a row(for B[a]P, MDL is less than or equal to 0.2 ng)

○ Analysis precision : 3 or more measurements of 2 ng/uL standard solution, The test results show that the standard deviation of the peak retention
time(RT) and AREA is within +10 %, Implemented quarterly

○ Linear : The test result correlation coefficient is 0.98 or more, Monthly before measurement

○ Laboratory Method Blank(LMB) : Same as on-site sample analysis method, Analyze like a sample

○ PAHs measurement cycle : Measure PAHs twice a month(1 time/day) => Measure every 6 days(1 time/day) [to be implemented in 2023]

■ VOCs quality control

○ Background test : When analyzing the blank sample of the system, the detection concentration of each substance is 0.05 ppb or less, Quarterly
inspection or replacement of major parts

○ Linear : After the calibration curve is drawn up every week(Minimum 3~5 point), the expected concentration of each substance must be within the range
of the calibration curve, and the correlation coefficient must be 0.98 or more

○ Reproducibility : Working standard analysis with the intermediate concentration level used to create the weekly calibration curve, Variation of individual
substance residence time ±0.1 minutes, Relative Percent Difference(RPD) ±20 %

○ Method Detection Limit(MDL) : Conducted in accordance with the US EPA estimation method at the time of quarterly inspection or replacement of major
parts(40 CFR136 Part B), MDL=t(n-1, 0.99)×S (Measure the concentration of the analyte that is expected to be approximately the detection limit at least 7
times, Use concentrations below 1)

○ VOCs measurement cycle : (Passive) Measurements twice a month(8 time/day) => Measure every 6 days [to be implemented in 2023],

(automatic) continuity(1 hr, 2 hr)

03 Photochemical Assessment
Monitoring Stations (O3)

03 Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations
■ Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations(PAMs)
▪ PAMs has been operated to monitor and collect the data
of VOCs, which are ozone precursor substances as well
as harmful to the human body
▪ PAMs is helpful to not only monitor those substances also
reserve the data which come up with the effective
countermeasures
FID
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1) Location selection
- High Conc. O3 generated region among
metropolitan areas in Korea
- High Conc. O3 generated region among
less than a half million populations area
or industrial area emitted lots of VOCs
2) 4 Types of monitoring stations
- Type 1 Station：National Background
Region
- Type 2 Station：Region which has Largest
emission of ozone precursor substances
- Type 3 Station ：Region which has
possibilities of highest ozone conc. can
be occurred.
- Type 4 Station ：Region which has not
effected by ozone and its precursor
substances
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03 Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations – QA/QC

부적격시
Index QA/QC Procedure Criteria Period
조치사항
Temp. measurement at the
Temperature 10-25℃ Once a week Control the Temp.
station
Condition of
Depending on the instrument Depending on the Depending on the
Environment measurement
manual instrument manual
Once a week
instrument manual
instruments
Condition of sample Depending on the instrument Depending on the Depending on the
Once a week
line manual instrument manual instrument manual
1) Repeat
1)PLOT+BP-1≤2ppbV or Twice a year 2) Leak Check
Using High purity nitrogen, BKG 20ppbC (Additional Check-up
Background Test 3) Cleaning Check
test 2)Each Components when the main part
is replaced) 4) Sample Trap
Peak≤2ppbC
Conditioning
1) Repeat
Preparation of standard mix gas Twice a year 2) Redrawing the
Correlation coefficient (Additional Check-up
Linearity (1,5,10ppb) calibration curve
≥0.995 when the main part
3 point Calibration is replaced) using new standard
Measurement gas

RT: ±0.5 min 1) Repeat

Accuracy, Precision,
% Recovery: 80-120% 2) Redrawing the
Resolution Check the Each components’ RT
RPD%: ±20% (Daytime Once a week calibration curve
(Qualitative/Quantitati and the Accuracy/ Precision of
interval, twice continual using new standard
ve Assessment) Propane& Benzene
analysis) gas

Following the USA EPA MDL Twice a year

(Additional Check-up
Detection Limit Method MDL=t(n-1, 0.99)×S when the main part
Repeat
(40 CFR136 Part B) is replaced)
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03 Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations – O3

■ Comparison of Ozone Standard ■ Distribution of overtime and non-achievement rate
nationwide of ozone standards
8-hr Avg. 1-hr Avg.

Korea 0.06ppm 0.1ppm

USA(EPA) 0.08ppm -

EU 120ug/m3 -

WHO 100ug/m3 -

<1-hour Standard>

479 points
(2020)

<8-hour standard>
Thank you for your attention.

reconjs@korea.kr

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