READING

Questions 1-4: T/ F/ NG
READING PASSAGE 1 1 Human skeletons
in Anyang tomb were identified as soldiers who were killed in the
Ancient Chinese Chariots war.
2When discovered,
A The Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty, according to the written records of the grave goods proved to be accurate.
traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow
River valley in the second millennium. 3 The Terracotta
Archaeological work at the Ruins of Yin (near Army was discovered by people lived who lived nearby, by chance.
modern-day Anyang), which has been identified as 4 The size of the
the last Shang capital, uncovered eleven major Yin King Tutankhamen's tomb is bigger than that of in Qin Emperors'
royal tombs and the foundations of palaces and tomb.
ritual sites, containing weapons of war and remains
from both animal and human sacrifices. Questions 5-10: Complete the gaps below with ONE WORD for
B The Tomb of Fu Hao is an archaeological site at each answer
Yinxu, the ruins of the ancient Shang Dynasty - The hub is made of wood from the tree
capital Yin, within the modern city of Anyang in
of 5 .
Henan Province, China. Discovered in 1976 ， it
- The room through the hub was to put tempering axle in which is
was identified as the final resting place of the
wrapped up by leather aiming to
queen and military general Fu Hao. The artifacts
unearthed within the grave included jade objects, retain 6 .
bone objects, bronze objects etc. These grave goods - The number of spokes varied from 18
are confirmed by the oracle texts, which constitute to 7 .
almost all of the first hand written record we - The shape of wheel resembles
possess of the Shang Dynasty. Below the corpse
was a small pit holding the remains of six a8 .
sacrificial dogs and along the edge lay the skeletons - Two 9 was used to
of human slaves, evidence of human sacrifice. strengthen the wheel.
C The Terracotta Army was discovered on 29 - Leather wrapped up the edge of the wheel aimed to
March 1974 to the east of Xian in Shaanxi. The
terracotta soldiers were accidentally discovered remain 10 .
when a group of local farmers was digging a well
during a drought around 1.6 km (1 mile) east of the Questions 11-13: Complete the gaps below with ONE WORD for
Qin Emperors tomb around at Mount Li (Lishan), a each answer
region riddled with underground springs and 11. What body part of horse was released the pressure from to the
watercourses. Experts currently place the entire shoulder?
number of soldiers at 8,000 — with 130 chariots
(130 cm long), 530 horses and 150 cavalry horses 12. What kind road surface did the researchers measure the speed of
helping to ward off any dangers in the afterlife. In the chariot?
contrast, the burial of Tutank Hamun yielded six
complete but dismantled chariots of unparalleled 13. What part of his afterlife palace was the Emperor Qin Shi Huang
richness and sophistication. Each was designed for buried in?
two people (90 cm long) and had its axle sawn
through to enable it to be brought along the narrow
corridor into the tomb.
D Excavation of ancient Chinese chariots has
confirmed the descriptions of them in the earliest
texts. Wheels were constructed from a variety of
woods: elm provided the hub, rose-wood the
spokes and oak the felloes. The hub was drilled
through to form an empty space into which the
tampering axle was fitted, the whole being covered
with leather to retain lubricating oil. Though the
number of spokes varied, a wheel by the fourth
century BC usually had eighteen to thirty-two of
them. Records show how elaborate was the testing
of each completed wheel: flotation and weighing
were regarded as the best measures of balance, but
even the empty spaces in the assembly were
checked with millet grains. One outstanding
constructional asset of the ancient Chinese wheel
was dishing. Dishing refers to the dish-like shape
of an advanced wooden wheel, which looks rather
like a flat cone. On occasion they chose to
strengthen a dished wheel with a pair of struts
running from rim to rim on each of the hub. As
these extra supports were inserted separately into
the felloes, they would have added even greater
strength to the wheel. Leather wrapped up the edge
of the wheel aimed to retain bronze.
E Within a millennium, however, Chinese chariot-
makers had developed a vehicle with shafts, the
precursor of the true carriage or cart. This design
did not make its appearance in Europe until the end
of the Roman Empire. Because the shafts curved
upwards, and the harness pressed against a horse's
shoulders, not his neck, the shaft chariot was
incredibly efficient. The halberd was also part of
chariot standard weaponry. This halberd usually
measured well over 3 metres in length, which
meant that a chariot warrior wielding it sideways
could strike down the charioteer in a passing
chariot. The speed of chariot which was tested on
the sand was quite fast. At speed these passes were
very dangerous for the crews of both chariots.
F The advantages offered by the new chariots were
not entirely missed. They could see how there were
literally the warring states, whose conflicts lasted
down the Qin unification of China. Qin Shi Huang
was buried in the most opulent tomb complex ever
constructed in China, a sprawling, city-size
collection of underground caverns containing
everything the emperor would need for the afterlife.
Even a collection of terracotta armies called Terra-
Cotta Warriors was buried in it. The ancient
Chinese, along with many cultures including
ancient Egyptians, believed that items and even
people buried with a person could be taken with
him to the afterlife.

Questions 14-19: Which paragraph contains the following information? Write A-G next
READING to 14-19:

19. one project on a river that

PASSAGE 2 benefits three nations
14. a new approach carried out in
Keep the Water Away the UK
A
Last winter's floods on the rivers of 15. the reason why twisty path and
central Europe were among the dykes failed
worst since the Middle Ages, and as 16. illustration of an alternative plan
winter storms return, the spectre of in LA which seems much unrealistic
floods is returning too. Just weeks 17. traditional way of tackling flood
ago, the river Rhone in south-east
France burst its banks, driving 18. efforts made in Netherlands and
15,000 people from their homes, and Germany
worse could be on the way.
Traditionally, river engineers have Questions 20-23: T/ F/ NG
gone for Plan A: get rid of the water 20.In the ancient times, the people
fast, draining it off the land and in Europe made their efforts to improve the river banks, but the flood was not
down to the sea in tall-sided rivers stopped.
re-engineered as high-performance
drains. But however big they dug 21.Flood makes river shorter than it
city drains, however wide and used to be, which means faster speed and more damage to the constructions on flood
straight they made the rivers, and plain.
however high they built the banks, 22.The new approach in the UK is
the floods kept coming back to taunt better than that in Austria.
them, from the Mississippi to the
23. At least 300,000 people left
Danube. Arid when the floods came,
from Netherlands in 1995.
they seemed to be worse than ever.
No wonder engineers are turning to Questions 20-23: Fill in the gaps with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
Plan B: sap the water's destructive UK's Environment Agency carried out one innovative approach: a wetland is
strength by dispersing it into fields, generated not far from the city
forgotten lakes, flood plains and
aquifers. of 24. to protect it from
B flooding, 25. suggested that cities
Back in the days when rivers took a should be porous, and Berlin set a good example. Another city devastated by heavy
more tortuous path to the sea, flood
waters lost impetus and volume storms casually is 26. , though
while meandering across flood government pours billions of dollars each year in order to solve the problem.
plains and idling through wetlands
and inland deltas. But today the
water tends to have an unimpeded
journey to the sea. And this means
that when it rains in the uplands, the
water comes down all at once.
Worse, whenever we close off more
flood plains, the river's flow farther
downstream becomes more violent
and uncontrollable. Dykes are only
as good as their weakest link—-and
the water will unerringly find it. By
trying to turn the complex hydrology
of rivers into the simple mechanics
of a water pipe, engineers have often
created danger where they promised
safety, and intensified the floods
they meant to end. Take the Rhine,
Europe's most engineered river. For
two centuries, German engineers
have erased its backwaters and cut it
off from its flood plain.
C
Today, the river has lost 7 percent of
its original length and runs up to a
third faster. When it rains hard in the
Alps, the peak flows from several
tributaries coincide in the main river,
where once they arrived separately.
And with four-fifths of the lower
Rhine's flood plain barricaded off,
the waters rise ever higher. The
result is more frequent flooding that
does ever-greater damage to the
homes, offices and roads that sit on
the flood plain. Much the same has
happened in the US on the mighty
Mississippi, which drains the world's
second largest river catchment into
the Gulf of Mexico.
D
The European Union is trying to
improve rain forecasts and more
accurately model how intense rains
swell rivers. That may help cities
prepare, but it won't stop the floods.
To do that, say hydrologists, you
need a new approach to engineering
not just rivers, but the whole
landscape. The UK's Environment
Agency -which has been granted an
extra £150 million a year to spend in
the wake of floods in 2000 that cost
the country £1 billion- puts it like
this: “The focus is now on working
with the forces of nature. Towering
concrete walks are out, and new
wetlands : are in.” To help keep
London's feet dry, the agency is
breaking the Thames's banks
upstream and reflooding 10 square
kilometres of ancient flood plain at
Otmoor outside Oxford. Nearer to
London it has spent £100 million
creating new wetlands and a relief
channel across 16 kilometres of
flood plain to protect the town of
Maidenhead, as well as the ancient
playing fields of Eton College. And
near the south coast, the agency is
digging out channels to reconnect
old meanders on the river Cuckmere
in East Sussex that were cut off by
flood banks 150 years ago.
E
The same is taking place on a much
grander scale in Austria, in one of
Europe's largest river restorations to
date. Engineers are regenerating
flood plains along 60 kilometres of
the river Drava as it exits the Alps.
They are also widening the river bed
and channelling it back into
abandoned meanders, oxbow lakes
and backwaters overhung with
willows. The engineers calculate that
the restored flood plain can now
store up to 10 million cubic metres
of flood waters and slow storm
surges coming out of the Alps by
more than an hour, protecting towns
as far downstream as Slovenia and
Croatia.
F
“Rivers have to be allowed to take
more space. They have to be turned
from flood-chutes into flood-
foilers,” says Nienhuis. And the
Dutch, for whom preventing floods
is a matter of survival, have gone
furthest. A nation built largely on
drained marshes and seabed had the
fright of its life in 1993 when the
Rhine almost overwhelmed it. The
same happened again in 1995, when
a quarter of a million people were
evacuated from the Netherlands. But
a new breed of “soft engineers”
wants our cities to become porous,
and Berlin is their shining example.
Since reunification, the city's
massive redevelopment has been
governed by tough new rules to
prevent its drains becoming
overloaded after heavy rains. Harald
Kraft, an architect working in the
city, says: “We now see rainwater as
a resource to be kept rather than got
rid of at great cost.” A good
illustration is the giant Potsdamer
Platz, a huge new commercial
redevelopment by Daimler Chrysler
in the heart of the city.
G
Los Angeles has spent billions of
dollars digging huge drains and
concreting river beds to carry away
the water from occasional intense
storms. The latest plan is to spend a
cool $280 million raising the
concrete walls on the Los Angeles
river by another 2 metres. Yet many
communities still flood regularly.
Meanwhile this desert city is
shipping in water from hundreds of
kilometres away in northern
California and from the Colorado
river in Arizona to fill its taps and
swimming pools, and irrigate its
green spaces. It all sounds like bad
planning. “In LA we receive half the
water we need in rainfall, and we
throw it away. Then we spend
hundreds of millions to import
water,” says Andy Lipkis, an LA
environmentalist, along with citizen
groups like Friends of the Los
Angeles River and Unpaved LA,
want to beat the urban flood hazard
and fill the taps by holding onto the
city's flood water. And it's not just a
pipe dream. The authorities this year
launched a $100 million scheme to
road-test the porous city in one
flood-hit community in Sun Valley.
The plan is to catch the rain that falls
on thousands of driveways, parking
lots and rooftops in the valley. Trees
will soak up water from parking lots.
Homes and public buildings will
capture roof water to irrigate gardens
and parks. And road drains will
empty into old gravel pits and other
leaky places that should recharge the
city's underground water reserves.
Result: less flooding and more water
for the city. Plan B says every city
should be porous, every river should
have room to flood naturally and
every coastline should be left to
build its own defences. It sounds
expensive and utopian, until you
realise how much we spend trying to
drain cities and protect our watery
margins -and how bad we are at it.

Questions 27-31: A/B/C OR D

READING PASSAGE 3 27 According to the
passage, what are we told about the study of motivation?
Motivating Drives A. The theory of motivating employees is starting to catch attention in
Scientists have been researching the way to get organizations in recent years.
employees motivated for many years. This B. It is very important for managers to know how to motivate their
research in a relational study which builds the subordinates because it is related to the salary of employees.
fundamental and comprehensive model for study.
This is especially true when the business goal is
to turn unmotivated teams into productive ones.
But their researchers have limitations. It is like
studying the movements of car without taking out
the engine.
Motivation is what drives people to succeed and
plays a vital role in enhancing an organizational
development. It is important to study the
motivation of employees because it is related to
the emotion and behavior of employees. Recent
studies show there are four drives for motivation.
They are the drive to acquire, the drive to bond,
the drive to comprehend and the drive to defend.
The Drive to Acquire
The drive to acquire must be met to optimize the
acquire aspect as well as the achievement
element. Thus the way that outstanding
performance is recognized, the type of perks that
is provided to polish the career path. But
sometimes a written letter of appreciation
generates more motivation than a thousand dollar
check, which can serve as the invisible power to
boost business engagement. Successful
organizations and leaders not only need to focus
on the optimization of physical reward but also
on moving other levers within the organization
that can drive motivation.
The Drive to Bond
The drive to bond is also key to driving
motivation. There are many kinds of bonds
C. The goal of employee motivation is to increase the profit of
organizations.
D. Researchers have tended to be too theoretical to their study.
28 What can be
inferred from the passage about the study of people's drives?
A. Satisfying employee's drives will result in employee's outstanding
performance.
B. Satisfying employee's drives will negatively affect their emotions.
C. Satisfying employees' drives can increase companies' productions.
D. Satisfying employees' drives can positively lead to the change of
behavior.
29 According to
paragraph three, in order to optimize employees' performance, are
needed.
A. Financial incentive and recognition
B. Drive to acquire and achievement element
C. Outstanding performance and recognition.
D. Career fulfilment and a thousand dollar check
30 According to
paragraph five, how does “the drive to comprehend” help employees
perform better?
A. It can help employees better understand the development of their
organizations.
B. It can help employees feel their task in meaningful to their
companies.
C. It can help employees set higher goals.
between people, like friendship, family. In
company, employees also want to be an essential
part of company. They want to belong to the
company. Employees will be motivated if they
find personal belonging to the company. In the
meantime, the most commitment will be achieved
by the employee on condition that the force of
motivation within the employee affects the
direction, intensity and persistence of decision
and behavior in company.
The Drive to Comprehend
The drive to comprehend motivates many
employees to higher performance. For years, it
has been known that setting stretch goals can
greatly impact performance. Organizations need
to ensure that the various job roles provide
employees with simulation that challenges them
or allow them to grow. Employees don't want to
do meaningless things or monotonous job. If the
job didn't provide them with personal meaning
and fulfillment, they will leave the company.
The Drive to Defend
The drive to defend is often the hardest lever to
pull. This drive manifests itself as a quest to
create and promote justice, fairness, and the
ability to express ourselves freely. The
organizational lever for this basic human
motivator is resource allocation. This drive is also
met through an employee feeling connection to a
company. If their companies are merged with
D. It can provide employees with repetitive tasks.
31 According to
paragraph six, which of following is true about “drive to defend”?
A. Organizational resource is the most difficult to allocate.
B. It is as difficult to implement as the drive to comprehend.
C. Employees think it is very important to voice their own opinions.
D. Employees think it is very important to connect with a merged
corporation.
Questions 32-34: Which THREE of the following statements are true
of study of drives?
ANSWER:
;
;
A. If employees get an opportunity of training and development
program, their motivation will be enhanced.
B. Employees will be motivated if they feel belonged to the company.
C. Employees will worry if their company is sold.
D. If employees' motivation in very low, companies should find a way to
increase their salary as their first priority.
E. If employees find their work lacking challenging, they will leave the
company.
F. If employees' working goals are complied with organizational
objectives, their motivation will be reinforced.
Questions 35-40: Y/N/NG
35Increasing pay can
another, they will show worries. lead to the high work motivation.
Two studies have been done to find the relations 36Local companies
between the four drives and motivation. The benefit more from global companies through the study.
article based on two studies was finally published
in Harvard Business Review. Most authors' 37Employees achieve
arguments have laid emphasis on four-drive the most commitment if their drive to comprehend is met.
theory and actual investigations. Using the results 38The employees in
of the surveys which executed with employees former company presented unusual attitude toward the merging of two
from Fortune 500 companies and other two global companies.
businesses (P company and H company), the
article mentions about how independent drives 39The two studies are
influence employees' behavior and how done to analyze the relationship between the natural drives and the
organizational levers boost employee motivation. attitude of employees.
The studies show that the drive to bond is most 40Rewarding system
related to fulfilling commitment, while the drive cause the company to lose profit.
to comprehend is most related to how much effort
employees spend on works. The drive to acquire
can be satisfied by a rewarding system which ties
rewards to performances, and gives the best
people opportunities for advancement. For drive
to defend, a study on the merging of P company
and H company shows that employees in former
company show an unusual cooperating attitude.
The key to successfully motivate employees is to
meet all drives. Each of these drives is important
if we are to understand employee motivation.
These four drives, while not necessarily the only
human drives, are the ones that are central to
unified understanding of modern human life.