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IT Era Midterm Lessons and Notes

Education (Liceo de Cagayan University)

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Living in the IT Era ● WiFi - uses radio waves to transmit wirelessly

information across a network.
● Wired communication - refers to the transmission
Chapter 2: Computers in Our Daily Life
of data over a wire-based communication
technology.
Key Terms ● Wireless communication - is a type of data
● AI - Artificial intelligence communication that is performed and delivered
● ASCII - American Standard Code for Information wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all
Interchange procedures and forms of connecting and
● ATM - Asynchronous transfer mode communicating between two or more devices using
● CAN -Campus area network a wireless Signal through wireless communication
● CPU - Central processing unit technologies and devices.
● GAN -Global area network
● HDMI - High-definition Multimedia Interface How Computers Work
● IoT - Internet of Things
` The basic parts of a computer are the central
● LAN - Local area network
processing unit (CPU), memory, a keyboard or other input
● MAN - Metropolitan area network
device, and a screen or other output device. How does a
● OS - Operating system
computer add or subtract, and how can its memory
● PAN - Personal area network
remember the answers it computes? A computer does not
● RPA - Robotic process automation
have a human brain inside but acts in many ways as though
● WAN -Wide area network
it does have a real one.
● Address bus - is used by the CPU to specify a
physical address for instructions, files, and other
However, while we understand human language,
devices within the computer system.
the computer can understand machine language. When a
● Application software - consists of programs that
person types on the computer's keyboard, the human brain
are designed to perform specific tasks for users.
identifies the letters, numbers, and characters combined to
● ASCII code - is a standard that assigns letters,
create words and sentences. But the computer does not
numbers, and other characters within the 256 slots
recognize letters as letters of the alphabet; it sees the letters
available in the 8-bit code.
as a series of 0's and 1's called the binary language.
● Binary number system - is a method of
representing numbers with 2 as its base and uses
Computer Number Systems
only the digits 0 and 1; each successive digit
Humans use the decimal number system-to count,
represents a power of 2.
measure, and compute. The decimal number system has ten
● Internet of Things (oT) - is the network of physical
digits, such as 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. A computer, on
objects or "things" embedded in electronics,
the other hand, can only understand two digits-a 0 and a 1.
software, sensors, and network connectivity,
These two numbers play an important role in the way
enabling these objects to collect and exchange
computers communicate with one another. This type of
data.
number system is called the binary number system, with the
● Local area network (LAN) - refers to a group of
prefix bi, which means 2.
computers and associated devices that share a
common communications line or wireless link to a
There are other types of number systems, such as
server.
the octal number system (from the prefix octa, meaning it
● Machine language - is the only language a
uses 8 digits) and the hexadecimal number system (hexa
computer is capable of understanding.
means 6; deci means 10 meaning it uses 16 digits to
● Number system - refers to the way of counting
represent its values). However, these special number
things.
systems are merely a way to bridge the computer's binary
● Octal number system - consists of eight digits
language to a somewhat understandable human (decimal)
from 0 to 7 and each digit position in this system
language since computer data can be complicated.
represents a power of 8.
● Personal area network (PAN) - is the
How Computers Interpret Data
interconnection of information technology devices
With the different types of number systems, it is
within the range of an individual person, normally
important to understand how computers interpret the letters
within the range of 10 meters.
on the keyboard through a series of 0's and 1's. This is
● Platform - hosts the application software installed
normally done through the number system conversion.
in the system.
Depending on the standard used, computer systems convert
● System bus - is a pathway composed of cables
characters from the keyboard and later display them on the
and connectors used to carry data between the
monitor. Refer to the following steps:
computer's peripheral devices.
1. From the keyboard, pressure pads are typically
● Universal Serial Bus (USB) - is a connection or
found underneath each key. Upon typing a letter,
interface that allows the computer to communicate
the pressure pad sends information to the CPU for
with system peripherals.
processing.
● Wide area network (WAN) - is a geographically
2. The information is then transmitted in the form of 0's
distributed private telecommunications network that
and l's using the ASCII code.
interconnects multiple local area networks (LANs).r

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3. The CPU determines what character has been
typed and sends the information to the computer
monitor, again in 0's and 1's.
4. The monitor displays the information in its
equivalent character, this time readable and
understandable by humans
Majority of computer systems use the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) for
converting characters into 0's and 1's. The ASCII code is a
7-bit code used to represent letters, numbers, and basic
special characters.
The uppercase characterA as seen on the left is
represented in ASCII as 0100 0001 in binary, 101 in octal, or
41 in hexadecimal system.
Notice how the characters are represented in
decimal, octal, and hexadecimal formats. Computer
programmers create programs so that computers can do
specific tasks. People who write programs are programmers.
Depending on the skills set of the programmer, a program
can be developed based on the programming language the
programmer is familiar with. Another term used for a program
is codes. Writing programs is called programming or coding.
How Computers Communicate
Notice how the computer uses different ways to
connect to certain devices. The computer monitor uses a
wire to connect to the computer unit while the mouse
wirelessly connects to the laptop, etc. Depending on the
situation, computers use different connection methods to do
their tasks.
System bus
A computer system, on its own, communicates
through what is called a system bus. A system bus is a
pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry
data from a computer's peripheral devices-monitor,
keyboard, mouse, etc.-to the CPU and the main memory.
There are three types of buses: the data bus, address bus,
and control bus.
For example, how does the computer know that the printer
needs more ink? How does the mouse cursor move along
with the actual mouse? And how does the speaker produce
sound in time with the video displayed on the monitor
Data bus
A data bus can transfer data to and from the
memory of a computer, or into or out of the CPU. Examples
of pieces of information that traverse the data bus include
files transferred from a flash drive to the computer's hard
drive and a document sent to the printer for printing.
Address bus
The address bus is used by the CPU to specify a
physical address for instructions, files, and other devices
within the computer system. For example, in a given
computer unit, there are typically 6 to 8 USB ports. The
address bus is responsible for checking which of the USB
ports has a printer connected to it, along with the mouse,
keyboard, speakers, and, sometimes, even external drives.
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Control bus
A control bus is used by CPUs to communicate with
other devices within the computer system. As the address
bus carries the location of the data being sent and the data
bus carries the actual data being processed, the control bus
carries the commands or instructions from the CPU. It also
sends status signals from the devices, identifying if it is ready
or not. The typical read/write commands are identified
through the control bus. For example, if one tries to save a
file to a flash drive that is already removed from the
computer, the computer will notify the user with an error
message saying that the folder or drive where the file is
intended to be saved is no longer existing.o
This is because the original destination or location
can no longer be sent through the address bus because of
the disconnection. Therefore, the CPU sends a halt
instruction via the control bus, stopping the data to be sent
through the data bus, often seen as an error message
prompt.
The amount of data sent throughout the system bus
depends on the size of the bus. Latest computer systems
use a 64-bit bus; however, the majority still use a 32-bit
computing size for their computer systems. Take note,
however, that the mentioned computing size is on a
hardware level. Having an operating system or software
application that is 32-bit or 64-bit is different. Again, the
hardware is different from the software. It is advised that if
your computer hardware uses a 32-bit bus (hardware), use
only software programs running 32-bits. This is to avoid the
hardware from overheating. Imagine a 32-bit bus computer
working double time to make up for the excess 32-bits from a
64-bit application software. A 64-bit bus, on the other hand,
can process either a 32-bit or a 64-bit software application.
How Computers Connect to Other Computers
The next step in knowing how a computer is able to
connect to other devices is to understand how a computer
connects to another computer. Earlier, computer peripherals
using wired or wireless connections are mentioned. It is also
similar when a computer wants to connect to another
computer-with or without wires.
Computer Network Systems
Computers are able to communicate with one
another over networks. A computer network is an
interconnection of two or more computers. This
interconnection gives these computers the capability to share
information and resources. There are several types of
networks, mostly depending on the number of computers
in it, how they are used, and what type of technology is used
in its connectivity. Below are some of the computer network
systems:
● Personal area network (PAN) - is a type of
connection which is often limited to an individual
person and his or her personal devices. Normally,
these devices must be within the range of 10
meters with each other. For example, a person
traveling with a laptop, a smartphone, and a
portable printer could interconnect the devices
without having to plug anything in, using some form
of wireless technology.
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● Local area network (LAN) - is a connection in
which a group of computers and other devices,
such as network printers, share a common
communications line within a certain area such as a
building or a small campus. LANs are often found in
schools and offices to secure the organization's
information. This is done through a computer server
in which user's access may be restricted to avoid
unwanted users. For example, some schools use
LANs within their campuses so that students can
connect to the internet to do online research.
Students are required to login their information
(such as their student ID) to connect to the internet.
However, through the school's campus server,
restrictions to sites such as online games,
pornographic materials, and the like are
implemented. This means that students will not be
able to access these websites inside the campus.
● Wide area network (WAN) - may be less restrictive
than LAN as rules and policies may differ within its
coverage A WAN may be made of several LANs
and PANs. A WAN can also be made up of several
more WANs. This is why WAN is considered
synonymous to the internet.
Methods of Communication
There are many different types of connection media
that are used in contemporary society to connect computer
networks to one another. Connections are often categorized
generally into two-wired communication and wireless
communication.
● Wired communication
Different types of cables are used to connect to a
given network. There are coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables,
Ethernet cables, and traditional telephone lines. These will
be discussed at length in later chapters. This chapter
focuses on a stand- alone computer system and the types of
wired connections that are available.
● Wireless communication
Wireless communications transmission, satellite
communication, cellular transmission, and radio transmission
such as WiFi connectivity. Wireless technologies differ
hugely from one another, but the most popular types are
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (EEE), a professional technical
association with members all across the globe, identified
standard 802.11 for Wi-Fi and 802.15 for Bluetooth include
microwave in the wireless standards.
● Wi-Fi
W-FI uses radio waves to wirelessly across a
network. Wi-Fi's signals are transmitted in frequencies of
between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz (GHz), which are higher than
radio and TV signals to avoid interference. Wi-Fi is often
used in schools, companies, and business establishments,
among others. This is to provide network connections to
multiple users without the need for cables. Majority of Wi-Fi
users use mobile devices, such as tablets, laptops, and
smartphones to connect via an access point or Wi-Fi hotspot.
● Bluetooth
Bluetooth uses radio waves to connect to other
devices. The connection via Bluetooth is called pairing. Once
paired, devices are able to send and receive information
provided they are within a given range which is typically 10
meters.
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How Humans Communicate with Computers
Reading a long string of O's and 1's can be very
confusing and taxing. As such, people who invented the
computer identified two areas in computer systems-computer
hardware and computer software. Through computer
software, humans are able to "communicate" with the
computer.
Computer Software
The computer software is a combination of
instructions, data, and programs that the computer needs in
order to do a specific task. Another term used for computer
software is computer programs. Everything the computer
does can basically be controlled through these programs.
Programs are a set of codes or instructions which are usually
designed or written by computer programmers using a
specific programming language. The most common type of
programming language used by programmers is called
object-oriented programming. This programming language
includes Microsoft's C# (pronounced as 'see-sharp'), Sun
Microsystem's Java, and an open-source programming
language, PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor).
Programmers have developed two types of
computer software-the system software and application
software.
People might be more familiar with the application
software as most of the day-to-day tasks done in front of a
computer involve the use of application programs (e.g.,
typing a school assignment using Microsoft Word, editing a
photo using Adobe Photoshop, browsing through Facebook
using Google Chrome, or listening to music using Apple's
iTunes). The system software also called an operating
system (OS) is the most important software running on a
computer since it manages the computer's memory and
instructions and has the ability to control all the connected
hardware and installed software applications.
The OS allows a person to interact with the
computer-from the hardware components and peripherals to
all the installed software applications and files one has
stored on the computer.
The interaction can occur in two ways:
1. By using a command-line operating system (e.g.,
DOS) in which the computer responds according to
the text command that is typed
2. With a graphical user interface (GUI) operating
system (eg, Windows) such as pictures and buttons
through mouse clicks and keyboard entries
System Platforms
Desktop systems differ from mobile systems in
terms of how each platform treats the application software
installed in the system. A desktop or a laptop computer
usually needs an application program to run a certain
application on it, or possibly, multiple ones at the same time.
A typical example is that of a web browser capable of
running multiple web sites with different 'applications" all at
the same time. In this scenario, Google Chrome is open as
the user waits for an email from a friend via Gmail, while
another browser tab has YouTube open as he or she
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watches video tutorials. Another browser tab with Wikipedia
open is possible as the user is also researching on different
computer peripherals. All of these websites are accessed
using a single web browser. A web browser is considered to
be an application software. However, this scenario is typically
played within a desktop platform.
With today's trend leaning towards mobility, more
and more mobile devices are now capable of doing things
which typical desktop computers can do. This is why
companies that develop smartphones, for example, have
identified specific system software and application software
for these mobile devices (Hope, 2017).
Using a smartphone in accessing the same
websites is a different experience. Instead of using a web
browser to access all three web sites, mobile applications
are used. Mobile applications have the capacity to run
directly on top of the operating system without using web
browsers. Facebook, Youlube, and Gmail are typical
examples of desktop applications that have mobile
counterparts.
System Software
Two of the most popular desktop system software
or OS nowadays are Microsoft's Windows and Apple's
macOS. In mobile devices, Apple uses iOS for their devices'
system software But while Microsoft is- also using Windows
for their mobile devices' operating system, it is not the
leading mobile OS in the world, compared to its desktop
counterpart. According to the International Data Corporation
(IDC), the most popular mobile operating system as of 2016
is Android OS, acquiring 85% of the global market (LDC,
2017).
Applications Software
The table below identifies the different types of
application programs and their corresponding software that
are available in the market.
Online Applications Software
As previously discussed, application software
consists of programs that are designed to perform specific
tasks for users specific application software products, called
software packages, are available from different vendors.
Usually, these software packages cost money although a lot
of application software is now being made available for free.
Often called shareware, freeware, or public-domain software,
this software can be downloaded for free but usually with
fewer capabilities compared to the ones sold.
As such, online application software is now
introduced with the improved internet speed being made
available to consumers. There are various products available
including software tools that were previously identified only
as computer applications
Office productivity tools such as Microsoft Office
Suite were only available offline, but now, Microsoft has
developed Microsoft Office 365 which has been made
available to students and teachers for free via their Office
365 Education. Numerous web and mobile applications are
also made available to users which oftentimes feature the
same functionalities as the offline version. Google introduced
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its online applications capable of doing the same thing as
Microsoft's Office Suite. Google Docs, Google Sheets, and
Google Slides are the online counterparts of MS Word,
Excel, and PowerPoint, respectively.
Other online productivity tools are also available for
organizations, such as data collection and analysis,
especially for those in the marketing industry, PCMag.com
has listed down available online survey engines for 2017 and
analyzed the top contenders. Included in the list are Zoho
Survey, Survey Gizmo, Campaign Monitor GetFeedback,
Checkbox Survey Fluid Surveys, SurveyMonkey, WorldApp
KeySurvey, Outside Software eSurveysPro, SoGoSurvey,
and SurveyPlanet. SurveyGizmo is the Editors' Choice
getting a 4.5 rating and is said to be best for small to midsize
businesses (Schindler, 2017). Not only can an organization
easily disseminate its survey questions to its clients, but data
trends and analysis are also automatically done by the tool,
providing faster results.
Tomsguide.com has also listed applications
available in the App Store and Google Play that can increase
productivity, improve efficiency, and provide convenience
Below are just some of the apps on their list:
1. Any.do- a scheduler and reminder notification app
2. Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and PowerPoint -
available for free download in both Android and iOS
3. WPS Office another office productivity suite that
does the same as Microsoft's Word, Excel, and
PowerPoint
4. Adobe Acrobat Reader - a PDF reader and
annotation app which lets you view and sign PDF
forms
5. Microsoft Outlook for reading emails, managing
dorm contacts, and calendar
6. Newton Mail - for accessing all email accounts in
one "unified inbox"
7. Forge-a mobile drawing app that allows the user to
create sketches and edit photos
Lastly, people who have no IT background can now
create their own blogs and websites through online tools
which provide web hosting and web content management.
They do not need to learn programming languages, although
some knowledge in programming will be an advantage to
further customize the web layout.
Wix.com and WordPress.com are two of the most
popular website creation tools available online. Both tools
offer blogging and website content management system
(CMS). Users do no need to be programmers due to the
simple and easy-to-use design of the CMS.
How Computers Impact Everyday Life
The advent of technologies, specifically the
development of information and communications technology
has changed the lives of people. Computers, for example,
permeate everyday life as they are used in various fields-in
schools, malls, and hospitals, among others. The following
areas show how computers have made such an impact.
Education
Today, most elementary and secondary schools
(public and private) and higher education institutions (HEIs)
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have computers in their classrooms. ICT in general has
made things convenient and efficient for teachers, students,
researchers, and school administrators.
With the use of computers, teachers can do
research and enhance their teaching materials. They can join
online forums and conferences and gain new ideas and learn
from the latest research findings and trends.
Students use computers with internet access as
one of their entrance tools. They can communicate and
collaborate with their peers while working in their own
homes.
School administrators use computers for
administrative work to ensure that the entire operation of the
school runs proficiently. An access to all school documents is
made easy and always available with the use of a so-called
server.
Electronic learning (e-learning) is the newest
teaching methodology in which students and teachers can
communicate and collaborate with each other through online
discussion of their lessons, activities, and examinations.
Such examples are Blackboard, Edmodo, Moodle, etc.
Banking
The computer has made all banking transactions
around the world easier and more secure. It manipulates the
entire banking system as it includes 24-hour electronic
banking services. The services include:
● Automated teller machine (ATM)
● Cheque deposit
● Electronic fund transfer
● Direct deposit
● Pay by phone system
● Personal computer banking/internet banking
Workforce Industry
Workers, researchers, and administrators benefit
from ICT. Computers are used to expedite production
planning and control systems, to support chain management,
and to facilitate product design in the industrial sector.
Machines that are fully computer operated are now used.
Researchers use computers to gather and analyze data for
hypothetical reference while administrators use computers to
manage the entire operations of the plant or factory to detect
or anticipate explicit errors or deficiencies that transpire in
the process. Some of the large industrial companies that
implement ICT include Toyota Philippines, Honda
Philippines, and San Miguel Corporation.
However, the use of ICT can be perceived as a
threat to assembly-line and factory workers as robots or
machines take over their jobs.
Electronic Commerce
Electronic commerce or simply C-commerce helps
boost the economy. With computers, internet, and shared
software as the main tools needed, buying and selling
activities are made easier, more efficient, and faster.
Customers, sellers, and suppliers all benefit from the
capabilities of ICT. Some of the known e-commerce markets
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are Zalora, Lazada, Shope, Metrodeal, Takatack, Amazon,
OLX.ph, AirBnB, Booking.com, Agoda.com and many others.
Customers or clients use computers to
communicate with sellers. This method can save time and
cost as consumers do not have to go physically to any
outlets or department stores. Suppliers, on the other hand,
use computers in keeping track of their transactions which
include the monitoring of inventory.
Hospitals
The use of computers in hospitals offers many
benefits to both doctors and patients. Hospitals are creating
patients' databases of health records, treatment records, and
medical records. Also, with the help of ICT, doctors use
computers and various medical applications not only for
research advancement but also for faster diagnosis of
patients' illnesses. Through computing and monitoring
technologies, tests administered in hospitals such as blood
test, urine test, brain testing, ultrasound, echocardiography,
complete blood count (CBC), mammography, bone density
study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-rays, and bou
scanning, among others are made possible. With the
development of databases and other applications, ICTs
prevent medical ero in particular and improve the efficiency
of the health system in general.
Chapter Key Points
● The computer understands machine language, but
it does not recognize letters as letters of the
alphabet. It sees letters as a series of 0's and l's
called binary language.
● Computers understand one another through the
binary number system which represents numbers
with 2 as its base and uses only the digits 0 and 1.
Other number systems are octal number system
and hexadecimal number system.
● Computers use different connection methods (e.g.,
system bus, data bus, address bus, and control
bus) to do their tasks.
● A computer network is an interconnection of two or
more computers that gives these computers the
capability to share information and resources. Some
of the computer network Systems are personal area
network (PAN), local area network (LAN), and wide
area network (WAN).
● Computer network connections are categorized into
wired communication and wireless communication.
● The computer software is a combination of
instructions, data, and programs that the computer
needs in order to do a specific task. Through
computer software, humans are able to
"communicate" with computers.
● As computers permeate everyday life, they have
made an impact to education, banking, workforce
industry, electronic commerce, and hospitals,
among others.
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Chapter 3: The Internet and World Wide Web
Key Terms:
● ANSI - American National Standards Institute
● CPU - Central processing unit
● DNS - Domain name system
● GUI - Graphical user interface
● HTML - Hypertext markup language
● HTTP - Hypertext transfer protocol
● ISO - International Organization for Standardization
● OOP - Object-oriented programming
● OS - Operating system
● Perl - Practical extraction and reporting language
● PHP - Hypertext preprocessor
● SQL - Structured query language
● WISP - Wireless internet service provider
● WMA - Windows media audio
● WW - World Wide Web
● XML- Extensible markup language
● Android OS - is Gogle's open and free software
stack that includes an operating system,
middleware, and key applications for use on mobile
devICes such as smartphones.
● Assembly language - is used primarily for direct
hardware manipulation and direct access to
specialized processor and instructions. It is also
used to address critical performance issues.
● Blog website - is an intormal wcbsite consisting of
time-stamped articles, or posts, in a diary or journal
format, commonly listed in reverse chronological
order.
● C programming language - is a general-purpose,
imperative programming language developed in the
early '70s; C is the oldest and most widely used
language, providing the building blocks for other
popular languages.
● C sharp (C#) - is a programming language based
on C++ and Java that helps developers create XML
web services and Microsoft's NET-connected
applications for Windows operating systems and the
internet.
● Cable modem - provides high-speed internet
connections through the cable television network.
This service costs about twice as much as dial-up
acess.
● Chat room - is a location on an internet server that
permits users to chat with each other
● Chat - is a real-time typed conversation that takes
place on a computer or mobile device.
● Computer programming language -15 a language
used to write computer programs; it involves a
computer that performs some kind of computation
or algorithm, and possibly controls external devices
such as printers, disk drives, etc.
● C++ programming language - is an
intermediate-level language with object-oriented
programming features, originaly designed to
enhance the C language.
● Database - is a collection of data used for
automated systems.
● Dial-up access - takes place when the modem in
the compule, uses a standard telephone line to
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connect to the internet, Jt is easy yet an expensive
way for users to connect to the internet
● Domain name - is the text version of an IP addres.
Figure 34 shows an IP address and its associated
domain name.
● Domain name system (DNS) - is the method that
the internet uses to store domain names and their
corresponding IP addresses,
● High-level language - is a programming language
such as C Fortran, or Pascal that enables a
programmer to write programs that are more or less
independent of a particular type of computer.
● Hypertext preprocessor (PHP) - is a server-side
interpreted scripting language. It was designed for
creating dynamic web pages and other web pages
that effectively work with databases.
● Internet - is a worldwide collection of networks that
links millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals.
● Internet2- is a not-for-profit networking consortium
in the U.S. which aims to improve the internet, such
as relieving bottlenecks in the current architecture.
● Interpreter - is a computer program that directly
executes, i.e, performs instructions written in a
programming or scripting language, without
previously compiling them into a machine language
program.
● Java programming language - is a programming
language that was first introduced to the public in
1995 and is widely used to create internet
applications and other software programs.
● Low-level language - is a programming language
that provides little or no abstraction from a
computer's instruction se little or no abstraction
architecture.
● Netiquette - refers to the etiquette guidelines that
govern behavior when communicating on the
internet.
● Operating system - manages the computer's
memory and processes, as well as al of its software
applications and hardware, it also allows one to
communicate with the computer without knowing
how to speak the computer's language.
● Program - refers to a set of instructions and
operations for a computer to perform or do certain
tasks.
● Programmer - is a person who writes computer
programs.
● Programming language - is a formal computer
language that is designed to create instructions for
the computer.
● System software - comprises device drivers, OS,
servers, and software components. Programming
software helps in writing programs through tools
such as editors, linkers, debuggers, and
compilers/interpreters, among others.
● Web browser - is the tool used to access the
internet.
● Web community - is a website that gathers a
specific group of people with similar interests or
relationships.
● Web hosting - provides the technologies and
services needed for the website or web page to be
viewed via the internet.
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● Web page - is a document that contains text,
graphics, audio (sound), and/or video accessible
through the internet.
● Web publishing - is the process of publishing
original content on the internet. The process
includes building and uploading websites, updating
the associated web pages, and posting content to
these web pages online.
● Web server - is a system that delivers requested
web pages to thecomputer.
● Website - is a collection of related web pages and
associated terms, such as documents and pictures,
stored in a web server.
● WiFi - is a network that uses radio signals to
provide internet connections to wireless computers
and devices.
● Wiki website - is a collaborative website that alows
users to create, add to, modify, or delete the
website content via their web browser
● Wireless internet service provider (WISP) - is a
company that provides wireless internet access to
users with wireless modems or web-enabled mobile
devices, such as smartphones and personal digital
assistants (PDAs).
● Wizard - is an automated assistant that helps
complete a task by asking questions and then
performs actions based on the answers
● Word processor - allows the user to write a letter,
design a fîye and create other types of documents.
● World Wide Web (WWW) - consists of a worldwide
collection of electronic documents.
The Internet
The Internet (capitalized as in Internet when it tirst
came into widespread use) is defined as a worldwide
network connectin to a million of computers via dedicated
routers and servers When computers are connected to the
internet, end-users coul start sending and receiving different
types of information. These types of information can be sent
and received via electronic mails (emails), text or video chats
and/or conferencing, and computer programs, among others
Now, most telephone companies all over the world also
function as internet service providers. In the Philippines, the
PLDT, Inc. (formerly known as Philippine Long Distance
Telephone Company) is the largest network company; Smart
Communications, Inc. and Digitel Mobile Philippines, Inc
(commercially known as Sun Cellular) are collaborating with
PLDT while Globe Telecom has acquired Bayan
Telecommunications (commonly known as BayanTel or
Bayan). These telecommunication companies use
high-speed fiber-optic cables to transmit data. But no one
actually owns "the Internet." Large internet service providers
own infrastructure through which internet is delivered.
Today, according to the 2018 Global Digital suite of reports
from We Are Social and Hootsuite, there are more than 4
bilion people anywhere in the world connecting to the
internet for various reasons. Some of the uses are illustrated
in Figure 3.1.
The Internet: Then and Now
Even though today's internet bears little
resemblance to its forebear of almost 50 years ago, it still
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functions in basically the same way. The internet has evolved
into something different from the special-purpose,
restricted-use network its planners originally envisioned it to
be (Norton, 2012).
The Internet started from the Advanced Research Projects
Agency's Wide Area Network which is called the ARPANET.
This was established by the U.S. Department of Defense in
the 1960s so that the military's research unit could
collaborate or partner with business and government
laboratories.
Afterward, other universities and U.S. institutions were
connected to ARPANET that resulted in the growth of
ARPANET different from everyone's expectations. ARPANE
then attained the name of "Internet."
The advancement of hypertext-based technology known as
World Wide Web, WWW, or just simply as the Web has
provided the channels for displaying text, graphics,
animations, etc. Its other features of enabling easy search
and offering navigation too prompted the interners
unpredictable worldwide growth.
The Internet2 Environment: Future Empowerment
Internet2 is a not-for-profit networking consortium
founded in 1996 by 34 university research institutions in the
U.S. It provides a collaborative environment where U.S.
research and educati0 education organizations work together
and develop advanced technologies and innovative solutions
such as telemedicine, digital libraries, and virtual laboratories
to assist education, research, and community development.
Internet2 manages the Internet2 Network, a next-generation
optical and internet protocol network that is capable of
delivering enhanced network services and is better, faster,
and more efficient than the typical internet or broadband
connections. Internet2 maintains a secure network testing
and research environment. It began operating the Internet2
DCN (dynamic circuit network) an advanced technology that
allows user-based allocation of data circuits over the
fiber-optic network.
As of May 2016, this community comprises 317 U.s. higher
education institutions, 81 corporations, 64 affiliates and
affiliate members, 43 regional and state education networks,
and more than 65 national research and education
networking partners representing over 100 countries.
The Philippines, via the Philippine Research, Education and
Government Information Network (PREGINET), is among the
international peers reachable via Trans-Eurasia Information
Network (TEIN), one of the Internet2's peering relationships.
Just in August 2017, a national training course on nuclear
neurology was held in which nationwide webcast among
hospitals was made possible through the high-speed
connectivity provided by PREGINET and the video
conference server hosted locally at the Department of
Science and Technology-Advanced Science and Technology
Institute (DOST-ASTI). By supporting telemedicine or
telehealth in the country, this information infrastructure,
therefore, enables Philippine hospitals to keep abreast of
new medical diagnostics and world-class treatment options
without having to travel abroad.
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Internet Today: Still Growing
Today, the internet connects thousands of networks
and billions of users around the world. The number of
internet users of January 2018 is 4.021 billion which means
that more than are half of the world's population is now
online as revealed by We Are Social and Hootsuite in their
2018 Global Digital suite of reports. Despite this huge
number, the internet has no central ownership It means that
no single person or group controls the network. Although
there are several organizations (such as The Internet Society
and the World Wide Web Consortium) that propose
standards for internet-related technologies and guidelines for
its appropriate use, these organizations almost universally
support the internet's openness and lack of centralized
control.
As a result, the internet is open to anyone who can access it.
If one can use a computer and if the computer is connected
to the internet, he or she is free not only to use the resources
posted by others, but also to create resources of his or her
own; that is, the internet user can publish documents on the
World Wide Web, exchange email messages with other
users, and perform many other tasks.
Jobs the Internet Can Do
Internet users may wonder about the jobs that the
internet can do. However, there is only one simple job that
the internet does, and it is to move, transfer, or assign
computerized information from one place to another. This
information can be in the form of text documents, images,
audio, video, and software programs, among others. All this
information is known as data. The internet can handle
different kinds of information and assist people to perform
various jobs -from the simple tasks of handling of emai,
searching on websites, and sending chat messages to the
more sophisticated function of creating websites and
programming possible through various software programs.
How Data Travels the Internet
Data and information are transferred around the
world through wired or wireless transmission media. In the
Philippines, the transmission media that make up the internet
backbone allow information or data exchanges between
networks at several locations across the country, such as La
Union in the northern part, and Batangas, Cavite, and Davao
down south. The high- speed equipment in these sites
functions similarly to a highway interchange. Data is
transferred from one network to another until it reaches its
final destination (see Figure 3.4).
Much of internet runs on the ordinary public telephone
network. However, there is a big difference between how a
telephone call works and how the internet carries data. For
example, friend A gives friend B a telephone call; the
telephone then opens a direct connection (also known as the
circuit) between friend A's home and friend B's home. In this
scenario, a direct line can be pictured out, running along
miles of cable, from friend A's telephone to friend B's
telephone. As long as the two friends are over the telephone,
that connection or circuit stays open between the two
telephones. This method of linking the telephones together
1S is called circuit switching.
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Circuit switching is one of the most common schemes
utilized to build a communications network, such as the case
of ordinary telephone calls. Circuit switching, however, is
inefficient because if you stay connected with your friend or
relative over the phone al the time, the circuit is still
connected, and is, therefore, blocking other people from
using it. A traditional dial-up connection to the net, in which a
computer dials a telephone number to reac the internet
service provider, uses circuit switching. This appears
inefficient because browsing the internet and using the
telephone at the same time are not possible.
As time goes by, technologies are improved and developed a
well. Most data that moves over the internet in an entirely
different way is called packet switching. This is a mode of
transmission in which the message 1s Droken into smaller
parts (called packets which are sent independently, and then
reassemble at the ultimate destination. Suppose an email
from the Philippines is sent to someone in South Korea,
Singapore, Thailand, China, Italy, the U.S. and other
countries. Instead of having a knotty circuit between the
home in the Philippines and those in the mentioned
countries, and sending the email in one go, the email is
"broken" into tiny pieces (happens at the back of the
system). Theoretically, these packets are assigned their
ultimate destination. travel via different routes, and when
they reach their definitive destination, these packets will then
reassemble to make the email message one and complete.
Compared to circuit switching, packet switching, therefore, is
much more efficient. A permanent connection is not
necessary between the two places communicating, which
avoids blocking the entire chunk of the network each time a
message is sent. The table below shows the differences
between circuit switching and packet switching.
What Computers Do on the Internet
Computers do different jobs on the internet. Some
computers work like electronic filing cabinets that store
information and send it when clients request so. These are
called servers.
A server is a computer that is designed to process requests
for data and delivers data to other client computers a local
network or the internet. A client is a computer or device that
gets information from a server. Any computer running with
special software can function as a server, and servers have
different roles to play. A computer that holds the user
accounts computer accounts, organizational units, and
application services is called the Active Directory Domain
Services (AD DS). Another machine that helps the Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is a server that
configures IPv4 and IPv6 addresses specifically in giving
names to each IP address up to its root recognition which is
called domain name system (DNS) server. Another machine
that holds and manages documents is known as the file
server while the other one that holds users email services
and Web services is referred to as Web Server. A device that
connects printers to client computers through the internet is
called a print server. It accepts print jobs from tne
computers, queues these jobs, and sends them to the
appropriate printers.
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Besides clients and servers, the internet is made up of
hardware device designed to receive, analyze, and send
incoming packets to another network. This is called router.
Having several computer devices both at home and in
school, you probably have a router that connects all of your
devices to the internet. The router can be compared to a
simple mailbox placed at theht of a street and which
represents your single point or worldwide network.
The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (Www) is referred to as the
collection of public websites that are connected to the
internet worldwide, together with the client computers which
include personal computers, laptops, iPads, and cellular
phones that access its content.
Web Technologies
The WWW is considered to be one of the
applications in the internet and computer networks. This is
based on three fundamental technologies that are said to be
part of the WWW development:
● Hypertext markup language (HTML) - is a
standard markup language used for creating web
pages. HTML is classified as the set of markup
symbols or codes appended in a file intended for
presentation on a World Wide Web browser page
● Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) - is classified
as the set of standards allowing users of the World
Wide Web to interchange information seen on web
pages. Port 80 is the standard port for HTTP
connections.
● Web servers and web browsers - is a software
application for recovering, presenting, and
navigating information resources on the World Wide
Web. There are different browser applications that
are currently used in the WWW such as Microsoft
Edge, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Safari, and more.
The World Wide Web Today
Last March 12, 2017, WWw turned 28 years, a
milestone that recalls the invention of the wwW which has
changed humanity forever, and developed a new virtual
world within a generation.
According to W3Counter, a free unit counter that offers
website analytics, Chrome is the most used web browser
with (60.6% share) as of March 2018. Among other web
browsers in the list are Safari (15.4%), Internet Explorer and
Edge (7.6%), Firefox (7.2%%), and Opera (2.9%6).
Searching for Information on the Web
A website is maintained by its owner, called a web
administrator. The owner can modify the website content as
well add new information in it. However, no single
organization controls additions, deletions, and changes to all
websites. 1n means there is no single repository for all the
websites around the internet. Several companies, however,
maintain organizational directories of websites to help people
find information ab specific topics (Shelly, Cashma, &
Vermaat, 2011).
There are two mainly managed search tools that people use
in locating information on the web: subject directories and
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search engines. Subject directories are developed and
maintained by human editors and not by electronic spiders or
robots that are used to fetch web pages automatically. A
search engine, on the other hand, uses small programs
called spiders or bots (like Googlebot, Yahoo Slurp, and
MSNbot) that polish the internet, follow links, and return
information to the search engine's indicator. If you enter a
phrase with spaces between the words in the search text,
most search engines return links to pages that include all of
the words. There are several techniques that can be used to
improve web searches such as:
● Using specific words and placing the most important
terms first in the search text or phrase
● Using quotation marks to create exact phrases
helps the search engine find what it is looking for by
using the exact sequence of words
● Listing all possible 'spellings, for example,
organization and organisation
In addition to searching for web pages, many search engines
allow searching for images, news articles, and various
reports in different formats
One of the most popular search engines now is Google.
Below is an overview of some of the most useful Google
search tricks released in 2016, from basic tips to new
features.
1. .Use quotes to search for an exact phrase- By
typing in double-quotes (") at the start and end for a
certain word or phrase, Google will provide the
exact word or phrasing you need.
2. Use an asterisk within quotes to specify unknown or
variable words the asterisk symbol (") will provide
possibilities. It is helpful, for example, if you are
trying to determine a song from its lyrics, but you
forgot some of the words or if you are trying to
complete a sentence, but could not remember what
it was.
3. Use the minus sign to eliminate results containing
certain words - While the asterisk gives you
possibilities, minus sign (-) eliminates results of
certain words. Just type the minus sign prior to the
word you do not want to include in the search.
4. Search websites for keywords - You can specify
certain content, format, or files you want Google to
search to provide. For instance, if you want to
specifically search for PDF files regarding a certain
topic, simply type the keyword PDF followed by a
colon symbol () and the topic yOu are searching for
5. Compare using "vs" - By using the "vs" or "versus"
between two words you want to compare, Google
will provide an in-depth analysis of the two words,
such as pointing out similarities and differences.
6. Use "DEFINE:" to search for the meaning of words
slang included The "DEFINE:" keyword provides a
dictionary definition of a word. Also, you will be able
to see etymology and a graph of its use over time.
7. Search images using images - Using your mobile
device's camera, you can search for images online
by going to Google Images, activating your camera
phone, and taking a picture of the image you are
searching for. Google will provide you with similar
images on the w