SEM 101 PRELIMS

RESPIRATORY DISEASE normal functioning. This system guarantees

Respiratory diseases are a broad that our body obtains the oxygen it needs
category of health conditions that affect for energy and eliminates dangerous levels
the respiratory system, which includes the of carbon dioxide through the process of
organs involved in breathing such as the inhaling and exhaling, allowing the body to
lungs, bronchi, trachea, and diaphragm. continue remaining alive and healthy.
These diseases can range from mild, such
as the common cold, to severe, such as NOTES:
pneumonia or chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). Some
respiratory diseases are caused by
infections, such as tuberculosis, while
others may be triggered by environmental
factors like smoking, air pollution, or
allergies.

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE
➔ a group of advancing lung
conditions characterized by
progressive airflow limitation and
tissue damage, with chronic
bronchitis and emphysema as its
primary components.

RISK FACTORS

★ Age
★ Gender
★ Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
★ Childhood Respiratory Infections
Figure 1. The Respiratory system ★ Smoking
The respiratory system is the body's ★ Exposure to Air Pollution
apparatus for breathing, allowing ★ Occupational Exposure
individuals to take in oxygen from the air
and expel carbon dioxide. It is composed of
the lungs and a network of tubes such as
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
the trachea and bronchi. It is primarily
responsible for the provision of oxygen to
the different parts of the cells to ensure ★ Cough
★ Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)
★ Fatigue
SEM 101 PRELIMS

★ Hypoxemia
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
★ Clubbing of the fingers
★ Barrel Chest ➔ contagious bacterial infection
★ Cyanosis caused by Mycobacterium
★ Hypercapnia tuberculosis that primarily affects
★ Weight loss the lungs. TB spreads through the
inhalation of respiratory droplets
carrying the bacteria, released
MANAGEMENT (Diagnostic &
when an infected person coughs,
Laboratory)
sneezes, or talks.

★ Pulmonary Function Test

RISK FACTORS
(Spirometry)
★ Complete Blood Count
★ Arterial Blood Gas ★ Age
★ Chest X-ray ★ Genetic
★ CT Scan ★ Weakened immune system
★ Poor socioeconomic conditions
★ Smoking
MANAGEMENT (Medication)
★ Substance abuse
★ Stress
★ Fluticasone ★ Close contact with active TB case
★ Budesonide ★ Migration and travel

MANAGEMENT (Surgical) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

★ Bullectomy ★ Fever
★ Lung Volume Reduction ★ Night sweats
★ Lung Transplant ★ Weight loss
★ Hemoptysis
NOTES: ★ Cough

MANAGEMENT (Diagnostic &

Laboratory)

★ Tuberculin Skin Test/Mantoux Test

★ Sputum Smear Test
★ Chest X-ray
★ GeneXpert (Xpert MTB/RIF assay)
SEM 101 PRELIMS

★ Alcohol abuse
MANAGEMENT (Medication)
★ Inhalation of respiratory irritants
★ Influenza and viral infections
★ Rifampicin/Rifampin ★ malnutrition
★ Isoniazid
★ Pyrazinamide
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
★ Ethambutol

★ Fever
MANAGEMENT (Surgical)
★ Cough
★ Phlegm
★ Lung Decortication ★ Dyspnea
★ Pulmonary Resection ★ Crackles
★ Tube Thoracostomy ★ Hemoptysis
★ Tachypnea
NOTES: ★ Chest indrawing

MANAGEMENT (Laboratory and

Diagnostic Tests)

★ CBC
★ ABG
★ Chest x-ray
★ CT scan
PNEUMONIA ★ Bronchoscopy

➔ a serious respiratory infection

characterized by inflammation of MANAGEMENT (Medication)
the lungs air sacs, known as alveoli.
The most common form is bacterial ★ Azithromycin
pneumonia, primarily caused by ★ Ribavirin
Streptococcus pneumoniae, while
other pathogens like Haemophilus
MANAGEMENT (Surgical)
influenzae, Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, and various viruses
can also contribute to the infection. ★ Lobectomy
★ Chest tube drainage
RISK FACTORS
NOTES:

★ Age
★ Weakened immune system
★ Chronic illness
★ Smoking
SEM 101 PRELIMS

ASTHMA MANAGEMENT (Medication)

➔ a chronic respiratory condition
characterized by inflammation and ★ Albuterol Sulfate
narrowing of the airways, leading to ★ Dexamethasone
recurrent episodes of wheezing,
shortness of breath, chest tightness,
MANAGEMENT (Surgical)
and coughing.

★ Bronchial thermoplasty
RISK FACTORS
NOTES:
★ Age
★ Genetics
★ Present Allergies
★ Race
★ Diet
★ Sedentary lifestyle
★ Stress
★ Occupational exposure
★ Smoking
★ Obesity
★ Air pollution
LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS (LTB)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS ➔ a respiratory condition
predominantly affecting infants and
young children. It is characterized
★ Chest tightness
by inflammation of the upper
★ Shortness of breath
airway, specifically the larynx
★ Wheezing
(voice box), trachea (windpipe), and
★ Coughing
bronchi (large airways in the lungs).
★ Fatigue
This swelling leads to narrowing of
the airway below their vocal cords,
MANAGEMENT (Diagnostic & resulting in noisy and difficult
Laboratory) breathing.

★ Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide RISK FACTORS

(FeNO) Test
★ Spirometry
★ Gender
★ Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
★ Age (3 y.o)
Measurement
★ Immunocompromised
★ Methacholine Challenge Test
★ Exposure to viral infections
★ Sputum Eosinophil Count
(parainfluenza)
★
SEM 101 PRELIMS

★ Direct contact with the infected

BRONCHIOLITIS
person
★ Inciting viral infection
➔ a respiratory tract infection
primarily affecting infants and
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS young children, characterized by
inflammation and congestion in the
★ Fever bronchioles, the small airways of
★ Hoarseness of voice the lungs. It is most commonly
★ Inspiratory stridor caused by viral pathogens, with
★ Barking cough respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
★ Nasal flaring being the leading culprit, though
★ Chest wall indrawing other viruses such as adenovirus,
★ Tachypnea influenza, and rhinovirus can also
contribute.

MANAGEMENT (Laboratory and

Diagnostic Tests) RISK FACTORS

★ Chest X-ray ★ Age

★ Complete Blood Count ★ Respiratory syncytial virus
★ Human rhinovirus and
parainfluenza virus
MANAGEMENT (Medication) ★ Congenital heart disease and
chronic lung disease
★ Epinephrine Racemic ★ Smoke exposure
★ Salmeterol ★ Environmental factors
★ Dexamethasone
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
MANAGEMENT (Surgical)
★ Fever
★ Tracheostomy ★ Nasal Discharge
★ Inspiratory crackles
NOTES: ★ Nasal flaring
★ Nasal congestion
★ Tachypnea
★ Tracheal tug
★ Abdominal or belly breathing
★ Cough
SEM 101 PRELIMS

MANAGEMENT (Laboratory and

Diagnostic Tests)

★ Chest X-ray
★ Complete Blood Count (CBC)
★ Viral Testing

MANAGEMENT (Medication)

★ Ribavirin Aerosol
★ Albuterol Sulfate
★ Paracetamol
★ Cefixime
★ Nirsevimab

MANAGEMENT (Surgical)

★ Lung Transplant

NOTES: