‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪ ٦٣٦-٣٢٤‬ﻡ(‬

‫∗‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻤﻠﺨـﺹ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ )‪٦٣٦-٣٢٤‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻨﻭﻋﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ )ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺎ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٣‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺠﻭﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﻭ‪‬ﻋﺕ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﺘﺎﺭﻴـﺦ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪٦٣٦-٣٢٤‬ﻡ"‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌـﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪١٩٩٣‬ﻡ()‪.(٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ – ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ – ﻤﻭﺠﺯﹰﺍ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ – ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ -‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ )‪٦٣٦ – ٣٢٤‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺩ – ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل – ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﺴﺘل ﻤﻥ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻨﻭﻗﺸﺕ ﻭﺃﺠﻴﺯﺕ ﺒﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ‪.٢٠٠٨/١٢/٢٤‬‬
‫* ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪٢٠٠٨/١١/٢٤‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ‪٢٠٠٩/٥/٢٦‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎ ﺸﻤﺎﻻ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ(‬
‫ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﻏﺭﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺤﺎﻥ ﺸﺭﻗ ﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Fiema, Economics Administration and :‬‬
‫‪Demography of Late Roman and Byzantine Southern Transjordan, Unpublished Doctoral‬‬
‫‪Dissertation, University of Utah, USA, 1991, p.16.‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺇﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﺎﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل‪.‬‬

‫© ‪ ٢٠٠٩‬ﻋﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪/‬ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪- ١-‬‬

‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﺍﺠﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ )ﺕ ‪٢٠٧‬ﻫـ‪٨٢٢/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ )ﺕ ‪٢١٨‬ﻫـ‪٨٣٣/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ )ﺕ ‪٢٧٩‬ﻫـ‪٨٩٢/‬ﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻟﻠﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ )‪٢٨٤‬ﻫـ‪٨٩٧/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺭﺴل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺭﻱ)ﺕ ‪ ٣١٠‬ﻫـ‪٩٢٢/‬ﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺇﺴﺤﻕ )ﺕ ‪١٥١‬ﻫـ‪٧٦٨ /‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺇﺴﺤﻕ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻋﺭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺏ ﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ()‪ ،(٣‬ﻗﻀﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺇﺴﺤﻕ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ)‪ ،(٤‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻨﻘﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺒﻥ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ )ﺕ ‪ ٢١٨‬ﻫـ‪٨١٣/‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺴﻼﻡ ﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ)‪ ،(٥‬ﻓﺭﻭﺓ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺍﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻭل‬
‫)ﺹ( ﻭﻗﺘﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻗﺎل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺇﺴﺤﻕ‪ ":‬ﻭﺒﻌﺙ ﻓﺭﻭﺓ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺍﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﺭﻭﻡ)‪ ، (٦‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺒﺈﺴﻼﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﺩﻯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﻐﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ )ﺹ( ﺭﺴﻭ ﹰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،٢‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،١٩٩٣ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .٢٥‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺇﺴﺤﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻘﻁﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﻴﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺇﺴﻨﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٥‬‬
‫ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻤﺩﺍﻨﻲ "ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺠﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺠﺒﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺓ ﻭﺃﻴﻠﺔ"‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻤﺩﺍﻨﻲ )ﺕ‪٣٣٤‬ﻫـ‪٩٤٦/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫)‪(٥‬‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪) ،‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﻭﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ ،٢٠٠١ ،‬ﺹ‪ .٢٧٣‬ﻭﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻁﺨﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺒﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل‪" :‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻭ ﺃﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻟﻴﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺤﺼﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺓ" ﺍﻷﺼﻁﺨﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺒﻥ ﺇﺴﺤﻕ‬
‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ )ﺕ ‪٣٤٦‬ﻫـ‪٩٧٥/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻙ‪) ،‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺎل(‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪١٩٦١ ،‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ .٦٥‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺠﻤﻪ "ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻩ ﻨﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﺀ" ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻱ )ﺕ‪٦٢٦‬ﻫـ‪١٢٢٨/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٥‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪١٩٨٦ ،‬ﻡ ﺹ ‪ ،١٥٣‬ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺸﻴﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻁﻼﻗﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻭﻗﺘﻬﻡ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﻤﻭﺯل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻭﻴﺱ‪ ،‬ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺭﻤﺴﻴﺱ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ .٩‬ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺭﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪،٢٠٠٢ ،‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.٣٦١‬‬
‫ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ "ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺼﻔﺭ" ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺼﻔﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺹ ﺒﻥ ﺇﺴﺤﻕ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ )ﺕ‪٣٤٦‬ﻫـ‪٩٥٧/‬ﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻤـﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺫﻫـﺏ ﻭﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭ‪) ،‬ﺩﻗﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺃﺴﻌﺩ ﺩﺍﻏﺭ(‪٤ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻟﺱ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪١٩٦٥ ،‬ﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ‪.٣٠٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻫﻡ ﻭﻟﺩ ﺼﻭﻓﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺴﺭﺍﺌﻴﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺼﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺼﻔﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻨﻔﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻴﺹ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ‬

‫‪- ٢-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﻴﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ")‪ .(٧‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺇﺴﺤﻕ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ)‪ ،(٨‬ﻗﺎل‪" :‬ﺜﻡ ﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻡ‪ ...‬ﺜﻡ ﻤﻀﻭﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺯﻟﻭﺍ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺭﻗل ﻗﺩ ﻨﺯل ﻤﺂﺏ)‪ (٩‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﺄﻗﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻴﻨﺯﻟﻭﻥ ﺭﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻏﻠﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ )ﺕ‪٦٣٠‬ﻫـ‪١٢٣٢/‬ﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪١٠ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪ ،١٩٦٦ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ‪ .٣٢٤‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺭﻱ ﻋﺩﻱ ﺒﻥ ﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻨـﻭ ﺍﻷﺼﻔـﺭ ﺍﻟﻜـﺭﺍﻡ ﻤﻠـﻭﻙ ﺍﻟـﺭﻭﻡ ﻟـﻡ ﻴﺒـﻕ ﻤﻨﻬـﻡ ﻤﺫﻜــﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.٣٠٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭل ﺍﷲ ﻋﺯ ﻭﺠل "ﺍﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﻏﻠﺒﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﻠﺒﻬﻡ ﺴﻴﻐﻠﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻀﻊ ﺴﻨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﷲ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻴﻭﻤﺌﺫ ﻴﻔﺭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻤﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻴﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ " ﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ‪.(٥ -١) :‬‬
‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ )ﺕ‪٢١٣‬ﻫـ‪٨٣٣/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٤‬ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﻀﺒﻁ ﻁﻪ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺭﺅﻑ ﺴﻌﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴل‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪١٩٨٧ ،‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ ‪.٣٧١‬‬
‫ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻁﺨﺭﻱ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﻭل‪" :‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻏﺭﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻭﺸﺭﻗﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺘﻴﻪ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺇﺴﺭﺍﺌﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺨﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻠﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﺙ ﻭﻤﺭﻋﺵ"‪ .‬ﺍﻷﺼﻁﺨﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ .٤٣‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺴﻤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻼﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺠﺴﺭ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺩ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻤﻠﺠﺄ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Smith, G.A. The Historical Geography of the Holy Land, New York, A.C. Armstrong :‬‬
‫‪and Son, 1966, p.6.‬‬
‫ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻗﺭﻯ ﻤﺂﺏ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل‪" :‬ﻭﻤﺂﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻨﺎﺏ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺜﻡ ﻗﺒﺭ‬ ‫)‪(٨‬‬
‫ﺠﻌﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺤﻪ"‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﻲ)ﺕ‪٣٨٠‬ﻫـ‪٩٩٠/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻁ‪ ،٢‬ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺭﻴل‪ ،١٩٦٧ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٧٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ "ﻤﺅﺘﺔ ﺒﻀﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻪ ﻭﺇﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﻌﺙ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ ﻋﺎﻡ)‪ ٨‬ﻫـ‪٦٢٩/‬ﻡ(‪ "...‬ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﻱ)ﺕ‪٤٨٧‬ﻫـ‪١٠٩٤/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺠﻡ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ‪) ،‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪.‬ﺕ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ ،٤‬ﺹ ‪ ،١١٧٢‬ﻭﻗﺎل ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ‪" :‬ﻤﺅﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻡ ﺜﻡ ﻭﺍﻭ ﻤﻬﻤﻭﺯﺓ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴل ﻤﺅﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺘﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻭﻑ " ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ ،٦‬ﺹ‪.١٨٦‬‬
‫ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﺭﺩﺍﺫﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل‪" :‬ﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻭﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺴﻬل ﺍﻟﻐﻭﻁﺔ‪ ...‬ﻭﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺂﺏ‬ ‫)‪(٩‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﺒﺎل" ‪ .‬ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﻋﺒﻴﺩﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﺭﺩﺍﺫﺒﺔ )ﺕ‪٢٨٠‬ﻫـ‪٨٩٢/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺭﻴل‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺩﻥ‪ ،١٩٦٧ ،‬ﺹ‪ .٧٧‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺂﺏ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺯ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺴﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‬
‫‪ ،١٧٨‬ﻭﻗﺎل ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ "ﻤﺂﺏ‪ :‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻤﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻭﻴﺎﺀ‪ ...‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﺀ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ ،٥‬ﺹ ‪ .٣١‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﺎﺒﻴﻭﺱ )‪ (Eusebius‬ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺃﺭﻴﻭﺒﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬
‫)‪ (Areopolis‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﻜﻴﻐﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ ،١٣١‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ ﻤﺤﺼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻭﺘﻴﺘﻴﺎ ﺩﻴﻐﻨﻴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪Notitia Dignitatum accedunt Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae et Latercula Provinciarum, O.‬‬
‫‪Seeck, (Ed), 1876, Reprinted in Frankfurt, Minerva, p.83.‬‬

‫‪- ٣-‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻠﺘﻴﻥ)‪.(١٠‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐـﺎﺯﻱ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗـﺩﻱ)ﺕ ‪٢٠٧‬ﻫـ‪ ٨٢٢/‬ﻡ( ﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪١٢٩‬ﻫـ‪٧٤٤ /‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻴﻭﺥ ﻋﺼﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻠﻤﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺩ ﺴﻔﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺨﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻤﻌﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺩﻱ)‪ .(١١‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩﻱ‪" :‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻏﺭﺒﻬﺎ")‪ .(١٢‬ﻭﻴﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺈﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ‬
‫)ﺹ( ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﺴﺎﺌﻠﻪ)‪.(١٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻏﺯﻭﺓ ﺘﺒﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ‪" :‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ)‪ – (١٤‬ﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ ‪ -‬ﻴﻘﺩﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﻤﻙ)‪ (١٥‬ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺨل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ")‪.(١٦‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻏﺯﻭﺓ ﺘﺒﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ "ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﻤﺔ)‪ (١٧‬ﻭﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺘﻴﻤﺎﺀ)‪ (١٨‬ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺨﺎﻓﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ )ﺹ( ﻟﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺴﻠﻤﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩﻡ ﻴﺤﻨﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺭﺅﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ )ﺹ( ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻠﻙ‬

‫ﺍﺒﻥ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ ‪.٢٣٢‬‬ ‫)‪(١٠‬‬

‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺒﻲ )ﺕ‪٧٤٨‬ﻫـ‪١٣٧٤/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺴﻴﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،‬ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪،٩‬‬ ‫)‪(١١‬‬
‫‪ ،١٩٩٣‬ﺝ‪ ،٧‬ﺹ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭل ﺍﺸﺘﺒﺎﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫)‪(١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ )ﻤﺤﺭﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ‪ ،١٩٧٩ ،‬ﺹ‪.٦٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٦٦‬‬ ‫)‪(١٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ ﺘﺭﺩ "ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ" ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﻗﻁ ﻴﺭﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﺎﻤﺔ ﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪(١٤‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺸﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺸﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺘﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺫﺘﻪ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺭﻡ )ﺕ‪٧١١‬ﻫـ‪١٣١١/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪١٦ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪ ،١٩٦٨ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٥‬ﺹ‪ .٢١٠‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺤﻤﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ ﻫﻡ ﺃﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﺤﻤﺎﺭﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺞ‪ ،١٩٨٠ ،٧‬ﺹ‪.١٦٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻤﻙ‪ :‬ﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﻤﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺽ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫)‪(١٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺒﻴﺩﻱ )ﺕ‪١٢٠٥‬ﻫـ‪١٧٩٠/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﻭﺱ ﻤـﻥ ﺠﻭﺍﻫـﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻤـﻭﺱ‪) ،‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ‪ ،١٩٦٥ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٣‬ﺹ‪.٢٥‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ )ﺕ‪٢٠٧‬ﻫـ‪٨٢٢/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻱ‪٣ ،‬ﺝ‪) ،‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﺩﻥ ﺠﻭﻨﺱ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻜﺴﻔﻭﺭﺩ‪ ،١٩٦٦ ،‬ﺝ‪،١‬‬ ‫)‪(١٦‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.٣٩٧‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﻊ )‪ (Adumatu‬ﻏﺭﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻜﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺨﻀﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫)‪(١٧‬‬
‫ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪Peters,F, The Nabataeans in the Hawran, Journal of the American Oriental ،‬‬
‫‪Society, 97, 1977, pp. 263-277.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﺘﻴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﻜﻡ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺘﺒﻭﻙ‪ ٣٠٠ ،‬ﻜﻡ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻏﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻑ‪ ١٥٠ ،‬ﻜﻡ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺠﺎﺀ ﺃﻭل ﺫﻜﺭ ﻟﺘﻴﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻵﺸﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻼﺕ ﺒﻼﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ )‪٧٣٤-٧٤٥‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﻋﺎﻡ‪٧٣٤‬‬
‫ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺘﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻏﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،١‬ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ‪ ،١٩٩٤ ،‬ﺹ‪.٦٧‬‬

‫‪- ٤-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺃﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻗﺒل ﻤﻌﻪ ﺃﻫل ﺠﺭﺒﺎﺀ)‪ (١٩‬ﻭﺃﺫﺭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺘﻭﻩ ﻓﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﻡ ﻓﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﹰﺎ")‪.(٢٠‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺴﻌﺩ )ﺕ‪ ٢٣٠‬ﻫـ‪٨٤٥/‬ﻡ( ﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪١٦٨‬ﻫـ‪٧٨٤ /‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺘﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪٢٠٧‬ﻫـ‪٨٢٣/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺯﻤﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻘﺏ ﺒـ "ﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ")‪ .(٢١‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺘل ﻤﺒﻌﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ )ﺹ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﺒﺼﺭﻯ)‪ ،(٢٢‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻟﻐﺯﻭﺓ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺯﻭﻟﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻫﺭﻗل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺂﺏ)‪ .(٢٣‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺴﻼﻡ ﻓﺭﻭﺓ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺍﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺘﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ)‪ .(٢٤‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻠﺢ ﻤﻠﻙ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻴﺤﻨﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺭﺅﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﺒﺘﺒﻭﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻜﺘـﺎﺏ ﻓﺘـﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻷﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﻼﺫﺭﻱ)ﺕ ‪٢٧٩‬ﻫـ‪٨٩٢/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒل‬
‫ﻴﻨﻘﺩﻫﺎ)‪،(٢٥‬ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﻴل" "ﻭﻴﻘﺎل")‪ (٢٦‬ﻭﻴﺜﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻪ "ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺏ –‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ – ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻓﺘﻭﺤﻬﺎ ﺼﻠﺤﹰﺎ ﻭﻋﻨﻭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ )ﺹ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺎﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ‪ ..،‬ﻭﻻ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻨﻪ)‪." (٢٧‬‬

‫ﻗﺎل ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﻱ )ﺕ ‪ ٤٨٧‬ﻫـ‪١٠٩٤/‬ﻡ( "ﺠﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﺒﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻡ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﻤﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﻅ ﺘﺄﻨﻴﺙ ﺃﺠﺭﺏ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(١٩‬‬
‫ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺫﺭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺘﻰ ﺃﻫل ﺠﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﺫﺭﺡ ﺒﺠﺯﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ )ﺹ( ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺘﺒﻭﻙ ﻓﺄﻋﻁﻭﻩ ﺇﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻜﺘﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻬﻡ ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ )ﺹ( ﻜﺘﺎﺒﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ‪ .٢٧٤‬ﻭﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻱ )ﺕ ‪٦٢٦‬ﻫـ‪١٢٢٨/‬ﻡ(‬
‫ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻪ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﺘﺄﻨﻴﺙ ﺍﻷﺠﺭﺏ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺠﺒﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺓ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺓ(‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺫﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ ﻭﺃﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ ‪.١١٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺝ ﺹ‪.٦٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،١‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪:‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،١٩٨١ ،‬ﺹ‪.٦٧‬‬ ‫)‪(٢١‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﹸﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻲ ﺭﺏ‬ ‫)‪(٢٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻴل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ )‪١٠٦-٧١/٧٠‬ﻡ( ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺒﺼﺭﻯ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺘﻌﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٠٦‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻬﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺴﻜﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٠٦‬ﻡ "ﺒﺼﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺠﺎﻨﻴﺔ" ‪Bowersock,G, A Report on Arabia Provincia, Journal of‬‬
‫‪ Roman Studies, 61,1971, p.232.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ )‪.(Legio III Cyrenaica‬‬
‫‪Bowersock,G, Roman Arabia, Harvard University Press,1983 p.73.‬‬
‫ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻌﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ )‪٢٣٠‬ﻫـ‪٨٤٤/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ‪٩ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٣‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪١٩٥٧ ،‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ‪.١٣٠-١٢٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ‪ ،١٢٥‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﺓ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺍﻤﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫)‪(٢٤‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ‪ ،١٢٥‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ‪.٢٥٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٤٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٥‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺒﻥ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ )ﺕ‪٢٧٩‬ﻫـ‪٨٩٢/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺸﺭﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪٣ ،١‬ﺝ‪) ،‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺴﻬﻴل ﺯﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻴﺎﺽ‬ ‫)‪(٢٦‬‬
‫ﺯﺭﻜﻠﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪ ١٩٩٦ ،‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٣‬ﺹ‪.٦٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.١٤‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٧‬‬

‫‪- ٥-‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺩﻭﻡ ﻴﺤﻨﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺭﺅﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺒﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ "ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﻭﺃﻋﻁﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺔ")‪ .(٢٨‬ﻭﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل‬
‫)ﺹ( ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻴﺤﻨﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺭﺅﺒﺔ "ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻌل ﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﺄﺭﻀ ِﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻠﻎ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺜﻼﺙ‬
‫ﻤﺌﺔ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ")‪.(٢٩‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻡ ﺒـ "ﺃﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺸﺭﺍﻑ"‪ ،‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻨﺎﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﻜل ﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ)‪ ،(٣٠‬ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﻔﻭﻴﺔ)‪ .(٣١‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺙ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﺒﻌﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ )ﺹ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺒﺼﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻴﺩ ﺸﺭﺤﺒﻴل ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻗﺘﻠﻪ ﺍﺸﺘﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ )ﺹ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺄﺩﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﺴﻨﻪ ﺁﺨﺫﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺜﺄﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺙ)‪.(٣٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻷﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ )ﺕ‪٢٨٤‬ﻫـ‪٨٩٧/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ)‪ ،(٣٣‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺒﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺨﺭﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻠﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺨﺘﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭل ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻪ ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻪ‪" :‬ﻓﺘﺭﻜﻨﺎﻫﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻁﻴﺭ( ﻷﻥ ﻤﺫﻫﺒﻨﺎ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻜل ﻤﺘﺸﺒﻊ")‪.(٣٤‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻜﻨﺕ ﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻟﺨﻡ ﻭﺠﺫﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺒﻠﻘﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺎل ﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺁل ﺠﻔﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ")‪ .(٣٥‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ ﺫﻫﺎﺏ ﺃﺴﻘﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻴﺤﻨﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺭﺅﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﻓﻲ ﺘﺒﻭﻙ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺘ ِﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "‪ ...‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﻡ")‪ ،(٣٦‬ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﻷﻫل ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﺫﺭﺡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺒﻥ ﺠﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ )ﺕ‪٢٧٩‬ﻫـ‪٨٩٢/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫)‪(٢٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪١٩٧٨ ،‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٥٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٦١‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٤٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٠‬‬
‫ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.٢٤٤‬‬ ‫)‪(٣١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻨﺴﺎﺏ‪. ،‬ﺹ‪.٤٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٤٤‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٣‬‬
‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻴﻌﻘﻭﺏ ﺇﺴﺤﻕ ﺒﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ )ﺕ‪٢٨٤‬ﻫـ‪٨٩٧/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ‪٢ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٤‬‬
‫‪١٩٦٠‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ‪.١٥٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ‪.١٥٣‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ‪.١٢٦‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٦‬‬

‫‪- ٦-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺭﺴل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺠﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ )ﺕ‪٣١٠‬ﻫـ‪٨٢٣/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻗﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ)‪ ،(٣٧‬ﻓﺼﺎﺤﺒﻪ ﺇﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﺼﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﺯﻤﺎﻨﻪ)‪،(٣٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﺤﺘﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ )‪٣٠٢‬ﻫـ‪٩١٤/‬ﻡ()‪.(٣٩‬‬
‫ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻋﻘﺩﻩ ﻴﺤﻨﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺭﺅﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﺒﺘﺒﻭﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ )ﺤﺎﻜﻡ( ﺃﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل‪" :‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ )ﺹ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺒﻭﻙ ﺃﺘﺎﻩ ﻴﺤﻨﺔ ﺒﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺅﺒﺔ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ")‪ .(٤٠‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺴﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻏﺯﻭﺓ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺯﻭل ﻗﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﻠﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺯﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺂﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺌﺔ ﺃﻟﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﻀﻤﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺭﺒﺔ)‪ ،(٤١‬ﻤﻥ ﻟﺨﻡ ﻭﺠﺫﺍﻡ ﻭﺒﻠﻘﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻬﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺒﻠﻲ)‪.(٤٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻟﻌﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ )ﺕ ‪٣٤٦‬ﻫـ‪٩٥٧/‬ﻡ( ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻭﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺤﻼﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ)‪ .(٤٣‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺏ‪ ،‬ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺨﺼﺹ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺫ ﻤﻭﻟﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﺤﺘﻰ ﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻴﻊ ﺴﻨﺔ )‪٣٤٥‬ﻫـ‪٩٥٦ /‬ﻡ( )‪ .(٤٤‬ﻭﻴﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺴﻘﻑ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻴﺤﻨﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺭﺅﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩﻭﻤﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﺒﺘﺒﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ(‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ)‪.(٤٥‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﻲ )ﺕ ‪٣٨٠‬ﻫـ‪٩٩٠/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﻱ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ)‪ ،(٤٦‬ﺍﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٤٧‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٧‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٤٧‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٨‬‬
‫ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ‪ ،٢٦١‬ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٤٨‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٩‬‬
‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺠﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ)ﺕ‪٣١٠‬ﻫـ‪٩٢٢/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺭﺴل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪١٠ ،٤‬ﺝ‪) ،‬ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫)‪(٤٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ ،١٩٧٩ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ‪.٣٥٦‬‬
‫ﻴﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﺭﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻡ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻨﺼﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼﺭﺤﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬ ‫)‪(٤١‬‬
‫ﻫﻡ ﻗﺒﺎﺌل ﻗﻀﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺒﻬﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺒﻠﻘﻴﻥ ﻭﻜﻠﺏ ﻭﻏﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺎﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٣‬ﺹ‪ ،١٠٧‬ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻘﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﺴﻡ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺭﺒﺔ" ﻤﻥ ﻟﺨﻡ ﻭﺠﺫﺍﻡ ﻭﺒﻠﻘﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٣‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٠٧‬ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ "ﻤﺴﺘﻌﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻡ ﻭﺠﺫﺍﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ" ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺫﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٦٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ ‪.٥٩٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ ‪.١٦٤-١٣٠‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٣‬‬
‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ )ﺕ‪٣٤٦‬ﻫـ‪٩٥٧/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺨﻴﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪،١٩٦٥ ،‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٤‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.٢٧٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٧٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٤‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،١٩٨٠ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٤‬ﺹ‪.٢٥٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٦‬‬

‫‪- ٧-‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﺴﻌﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻩ)‪ ،(٤٧‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ "ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺴﻴﻡ" ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺼﻨﹼﻔﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ)‪ ،(٤٨‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻔﻪ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻴﻘﻭل‪" :‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻡ ﺃﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻟﻡ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﻩ )ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ( ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻁﺌﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻭﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ")‪ .(٤٩‬ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻴﺤﺩ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺫﻜﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻴﻘﻭل‪" :‬ﻭﻤﺂﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺒل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻨﺎﺏ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺅﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺘﺔ ﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪(٥٠‬‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺜﻡ ﻗﺒﺭ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺤﻪ" ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺭ ﻴﻘﻭل‪" :‬ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺓ ﻓﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻗﺼﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺼﻐﺭ ﻭﻤﺩﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺂﺏ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﺒﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﺫﺭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻠﺔ )ﺃﻴﻠﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﺩﻴﻥ")‪ ،(٥١‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻜﺄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺫﺭﺡ")‪.(٥٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﻷﺒﻲ ﻋﺒﻴﺩﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻟﺴﻲ)ﺕ‪٤٨٧‬ﻫـ‪١٠٨٥ /‬ﻡ( ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻭﻤـﺅﺭﺥ‪ ،‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴـﻥ ﺃﻨﺠﺒﺘﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻟﺱ)‪ .(٥٣‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﻱ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻬﺎ)‪ .(٥٤‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ "ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺠﻡ" ﺃﻭل ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﺒﻲ)‪ ،(٥٥‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺒﻘﻭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ)‪.(٥٦‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ – ﻜﻐﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺎ – ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺫﺭﺡ ﻴﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﻭل‪" :‬ﺃﺫﺭﺡ ﺒﺤﺎﺀ ﻤﻬﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺃﺫﺭﻉ‪ :‬ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ...‬ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﻘل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﺯل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺫﺭﺡ ﻭﻨﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﻨﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﺭﺡ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺕ ﺼﻠﺤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻬﺩ ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺔ‪ ،(٥٧)"...‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻴﻘﻭل‪:‬‬
‫"ﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﺒﻨﺕ ﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٩١‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٧‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٩٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺴﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٤‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺴﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.١٧٨‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.١٥٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٥١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪.١٧٩- ١٧٨‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٩٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٩٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٩٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٩٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.١٣١- ١٣٠‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٧‬‬

‫‪- ٨-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ")‪ .(٥٨‬ﻭﻟﻠﺒﻜﺭﻱ ﻤﺼﻨﹼﻑ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ "ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻙ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ)‪ ،(٥٩‬ﻭﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻴﻔﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ "ﺃﻥ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻫﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ )ﺹ(‬
‫ﺒﻐﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺒﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻴﺨﺒﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﺄﻤﺎﻨﻬﻡ)‪."(٦٠‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻌﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺴﺎﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻤﺸﻘﻲ )ﺕ ‪٥٧١‬ﻫـ‪١١٧٦/‬ﻡ( ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻭﺭﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ )‪٤٤٩‬ﻫـ‪١١٠٥/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﻲ ﺒﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ)‪ .(٦١‬ﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺴﺎﻜﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺎل‪" :‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﺩﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﻤﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪ ....‬ﻓﺈﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ .(٦٢)"...‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺴﺎﻜﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ "ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺒﻭﻙ ﻟﻘﻴﻪ ﻭﻓﺩ ﺃﺫﺭﺡ ﻭﻭﻓﺩ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺔ)‪ "(٦٣‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺴﺎﻜﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻓﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ)‪ .(٦٤‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺴﺎﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻗﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل )ﺹ( ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺫﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺭﺒﺎﺀ)‪.(٦٥‬‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴـﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪(٦٦‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻭﻥ ﻟﻺﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜل ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﻻﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻟﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻷﺒﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻴﻴﻥ)‪ ،(٦٧‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺸﻬﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ)‪ .(٦٨‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.٢١٧ – ٢١٦‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺴﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٩٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.٤٢١ -٤٢٠‬‬ ‫)‪(٦٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٤‬ﺹ‪.٢٣٠‬‬ ‫)‪(٦١‬‬
‫ﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺴﺎﻜﺭ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.٤١٣‬‬ ‫)‪(٦٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.٣٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٦٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.٣٣‬‬ ‫)‪(٦٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.٣٣‬‬ ‫)‪(٦٥‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﻴﻰ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.١٥-١٤‬‬ ‫)‪(٦٦‬‬
‫ﺭﻨﺴﻴﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﺘﻴﻔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﺠﺎﻭﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪:‬ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ‪١٩٩٣ ،‬ﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪(٦٧‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.٢٩٥‬‬
‫)‪Kelso, I, Ammianus Marcellinus and Procopius of Caesarea, the Eastern Campaigns of Julian (٦٨‬‬
‫‪and Justinian, 4th and 6th Centuries A.D, Dalhousie University, 1998, p.9.‬‬

‫‪- ٩-‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻜﺘﹼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ)‪ ،(٦٩‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻻ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﺒﺈﺴﻬﺎﺏ)‪ ،(٧٠‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭ‪‬ﺨﻭﻥ ﺒﺈﻗﺒﺎﻟﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺃﺴﻼﻓﻬﻡ ﻭﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻫﻴﺭﻭﺩﻭﺕ )‪ ،(٧١)(Herodotus‬ﻭﺜﻴﻭﻗﻴﺩﻴﺩﺱ‬
‫)‪.(٧٢)(Thucydides‬‬

‫ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻫـﻡ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺎﺩﺭ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻴﻠﻴﻨﻭﺱ )‪ ،(Ammianus Marcellinus‬ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ)‪ ،(٧٣‬ﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ)‪ (٧٤‬ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٣٠‬ﻡ( ﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٧٥‬ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪٣٩٢‬ﻡ()‪ .(٧٦‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺭ‪‬ﺥ ﻟﻬﺎ)‪ ، (٧٧‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﺎﺒﻁﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻁﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤ ٍﻭ ﻗﻭﻱ)‪ ،(٧٨‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ )‪٣٦٣ – ٣٦١) (Julian‬ﻡ( ﻓﻲ ﺤﻤﻠﺘﻪ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺱ)‪ .(٧٩‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺇﺤﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ‪ ،٦٦١-٦٠٠‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫)‪(٦٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٣٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٣٠‬‬ ‫)‪(٧٠‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺭﻭﺩﻭﺕ )‪ ٤٢٥ – ٤٨٥‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﺇﻏﺭﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ ﻟﻘﺏ ﺒﺄﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ‪٩‬‬ ‫)‪(٧١‬‬
‫ﻜﺘﺏ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﹸﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻴﺸﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎل ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﻁﻴﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻨﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻑ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ‪ ،١٩٩٢ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٤‬‬
‫ﺜﻴﻭﻗﻴﺩﻴﺩﺱ )‪ ٣٩٥ – ٤٦٠‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺒﻴﻨﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫)‪(٧٢‬‬
‫ﺃﺜﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﺇﺴﺒﺎﺭﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻏﺭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺃﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪Kelso, Ammianus, p.7-8. .‬‬
‫)‪Kelso, Ammianus, p.VI. (٧٣‬‬
‫)‪ (٧٤‬ﺒﺎﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Αντιόχεια‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻏﺭﺒﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺴﻠﻴﻘﻭﺱ ﻨﻴﻜﺎﺘﻭﺭ ﺘﺨﻠﻴﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻟﺫﻜﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻩ ﺃﻨﻁﻭﺨﻴﻭﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ ٣٠٧‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﺍﺤﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ ٦٤‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺩ‪‬ﺕ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺭﻭﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ‪Downey, G, A History of Antioch in Syria: from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest, 1961,‬‬
‫‪pp.5-3.‬‬
‫)‪ (٧٥‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣١‬‬
‫‪Clark,C. The Text Tradition of Ammianus Marcellinus,Yale Unversity, 1971, p.1.‬‬ ‫)‪(٧٦‬‬
‫)‪Kelso, Ammianus, p.VI. (٧٧‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.91. (٧٨‬‬
‫)‪ (٧٩‬ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﻜﻤﺕ ﺒﻼﺩ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﻴﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺇﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﻋﻴﺕ ﺤﻘﺎ ﻓﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺤﻜﻡ ﻗﻭﺭﺵ )‪ ٥٣٠ -٥٥٠‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﺴﻡ )‪ (Persia‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﺸﻌﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺒﺜﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺇﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪Elton, .(Persis‬‬
‫‪D, The History of Iran, Greenwood Press, Published Westport, 2001, pp.44-45.‬‬

‫‪- ١٠-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ)‪.(٨٠‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ِﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ)‪ ،(٨١‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺼﻘل ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺸﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ)‪ .(٨٢‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﻜﻨﺘ ‪‬ﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﺭﺘ ِﻪ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻤﻼﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ)‪ .(٨٣‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺏ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻭﺭﻉ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻨﻘﺩﻩ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻴﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﺌﺩ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻱ ﻤﺘﻬﻭﺭ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺼﻑ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻨﺔ)‪.(٨٤‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٦٣‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺘﻔﺭﻍ‬
‫ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﻪ )‪ (٨٥)(Res Gestae‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻜﻤل ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٩٣‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺅﺭﺥ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﻤﻥ)‪٣٧٨-٩٦‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ‪" :‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻨﻴﺭﻓﺎ‬
‫)‪ (Nerva‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺱ )‪.(٨٦)(Valence‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ )‪ (٣١‬ﺠﺯﺀﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ )‪ (١٣‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ)‪ ،(٨٧‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ )‪(١٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ )‪ (٢٥‬ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٥٣‬ﻡ(؛ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )‪ (١٧‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ )‪٣٦١ – ٣٣٧) (Constantius II‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﺩﺭﻨﺔ )‪ (٨٨)(Adrianople‬ﻭﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺱ )‪ (Valens‬ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٧٨‬ﻡ()‪ .(٨٩‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ‬

‫)‪Alvarez, P, The Impact of Rhetoric and Education on the Res Gestae of Ammianus (٨٠‬‬
‫‪Marcellinus, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.2006, p.3.‬‬
‫)‪ (٨١‬ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﺘﺎﺴﻴﺘﻭﺱ )‪ (Tacitus‬ﻭﺜﻴﻭﻗﻴﺩﻴﺩﺱ )‪ (Thucydides‬ﻭﻟﻴﻔﻲ )‪ ،(Livy‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Kelso, Ammianus, p.5. :‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.5. (٨٢‬‬
‫)‪ Ibid, p.6 (٨٣‬ﺸﻐل ﺃﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ "‪ "Protchores Domesticus‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻺﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻘﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺱ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Ammianus, M, Res Gestea, 3rd, 3 Vols, :‬‬
‫‪J.C. Rolfe, (Ed), (1935, 1939), Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1956, 16.10.21.‬‬
‫)‪ Hammond, N, The Greater Roman Historians, Speculum, 23 (4), 1948, pp. 710-713 (٨٤‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ‪.٢٣١‬‬
‫)‪ ،"Res Gestae" (٨٥‬ﺍﺼﻁﻼﺡ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ "ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘ ‪‬ﻡ ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ" ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻤﺭﺍﺩﻓﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Historia‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ "ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ"‪ .‬ﻴﺤﻴﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻁﻔﻲ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻭﻫﺎﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‬
‫)ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻤﺞ‪ ،١‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺭﻤﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ١٩-١٥ ،‬ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻭل ‪،١٩٨٣‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.١٣‬‬
‫)‪Ammianus, Res Gestae, 31.16.9. (٨٦‬‬
‫)‪ (٨٧‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٩٦‬ﻡ( ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٥٣‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Kelso, Ammianus, P.5 :‬‬
‫)‪ (٨٨‬ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٩‬ﺁﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٧٨‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺩﺭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺯﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻘﺘل ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺱ‪Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th .‬‬
‫"‪edit., 29 Vols, University of Chicago, Chicago,1989," Vol 1, "Adrianople‬‬
‫)‪ Kelso, Ammianus, p.5 (٨٩‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ "‪ "Res Gestae‬ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Ibid, p.9. :‬‬

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‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺘﺎﺴﺘﻴﻭﺱ )‪ (Tactius‬ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻜﺎﺘﻪ)‪ (٩٠‬ﻗﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ)‪ ،(٩١‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒ ِﻪ ﻴﻜﻤل ﻤﺎ ﺒﺩﺃﻩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ)‪ .(٩٢‬ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻪ "ﺇﻨﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻲ ﺃﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻗﻔﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺤﺎﺒﺎﺓ ﻷﺤﺩ")‪.(٩٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺤﺭﺹ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻴﻠﻴﻨﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ –‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ‪ -‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻌﺘﺭﻀﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ)‪ ،(٩٤‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ )‪ ،(Saracens‬ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻁﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﻡ ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺯ)‪ .(٩٥‬ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺭﺏ‬
‫)ﺸﺨﺼﻴﹰﺎ( ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ – ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ – ﺠﻨﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺱ)‪ ،(٩٦‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﺩﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺠﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ)‪.(٩٧‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ "‪" "Res Gestae‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ" ﺠﺎﺀ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ)‪ .(٩٨‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻗﺎل‪" :‬ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ }ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ{ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺍﻀﻴﻬﻡ ﺨﺼﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻠﻴﺌﺔ )ﻤﺭﺼﻌﺔ( ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﻓﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﻀﺩ ﻏﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ")‪.(٩٩‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻴﻤﺔ – ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻔﻬﺎ – ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫ﺒﺼﺭﻯ ﻭﺠﺭﺍﺴﻴﺎ )ﺠﺭﺵ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ )ﻋﻤ‪‬ﺎﻥ(‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺼﻨﺔ ﺒﺄﺴﻭﺍﺭ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻀﺩ‬

‫)‪ (٩٠‬ﺍﺴﻤﻪ ﻜﻭﺭﻨﻠﻴﻭﺱ ﺘﺎﺴﺘﻴﻭﺱ )‪١١٧-٥٦ (Cornelius Tacitus‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ )‪،(Historia‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪١٠٠‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺤﻜﻡ )‪ (٤‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ‪Encyclopedia Britannica,"Tacitus". ،‬‬
‫)‪Thompson, A ,The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus, Cambridge, 1947, p.17. (٩١‬‬
‫)‪Ibid,p.18. (٩٢‬‬
‫)‪Ammianus, Res Gestae, 15.1.1. (٩٣‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, 15.1.1, 14.4.2. (٩٤‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, 14.4.2 (٩٥‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, I, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks, (٩٦‬‬
‫‪1984, p.239.‬‬
‫‪Ibid, p.239.‬‬ ‫)‪(٩٧‬‬
‫)‪Sundwall, G, Ammianus Geograhicus, The American Journal of Philology, 117 (4) 1996, p.619 (٩٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻴﻠﻴﻨﻭﺱ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Ammianus, Res Gestae, 14.8.13; Shahid, Byzantium 1984, p.242. (٩٩‬‬

‫‪- ١٢-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻭﻴﺔ)‪.(١٠٠‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻔﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻭل‪" :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻻ‬
‫ﻨﺭﻏﺏ ﺃﺒﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺼﺩﺍﻗﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻋﺩﻭﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﺫﺭﻋﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺨﺭﺠﻭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﺍ‬
‫ل ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﺤﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺯﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺘﻠﻤﺢ ﻓﺭﻴﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋ ٍ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺴﺒﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ")‪ .(١٠١‬ﻭﻴﺼﻑ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻜﺎﻟﺯﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻭل‪" :‬ﺇﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘل ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺨﺫﻭﻥ ﺯﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤ ٍﻭ ﻤﺅﻗﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﻘﺩ ﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻤﺅﻗﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ)‪ ،(١٠٢‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ ﺭﻤﺤﹰﺎ ﻭﺨﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﻜﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﺫﻟﻙ")‪ ،(١٠٣‬ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺩﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺩ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ)‪ ،(١٠٤‬ﻭﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ )‪ .(١٠٥)(Arebes beati‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ( ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻤﺱ ﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻤﺹ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ)‪.(١٠٦‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ )‪ (The History of the Church‬ﻟﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ )‪ ،(Socrates‬ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﻨﺔ )‪٣٨٠‬ﻡ()‪ (١٠٧‬ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ )‪٤٣٩‬ﻡ()‪ .(١٠٨‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻋﺎﺼﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﺠﺒﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﺎﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺼﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺸﺠﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ)‪ .(١٠٩‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﺒﺩﺃﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻴﻭﺴﺎﺒﻴﻭﺱ)‪ ،(١١٠‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻫﺎ‬

‫)‪Ibid, 14.8.13 (١٠٠‬‬

‫)‪Ibid, 14.4.1. (١٠١‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٢‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﺯﻭﺠﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻠﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺤﺔ ‪ Ammianus, Res Gestae, 14.4.5‬ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻘل ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻁﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺵ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, 14.4.4 (١٠٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٤‬ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Suri‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻫﻴﺭﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻏﺭﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺼﻭل ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺸﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﺄﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺜﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻵﺸﻭﺭﻴﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٤٠‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, 22.15.26. (١٠٥‬‬
‫)‪ Ibid, 14.8.7; 14.8.8; 14.8.9; 14.8.10; 14.8.11 (١٠٦‬ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٧‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣٢‬‬
‫)‪Chesnut,G, The First Christian Historian, Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen and Evagrius, 2end (١٠٨‬‬
‫‪Edition, Mercer University Press,1977, p.176.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٩‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٣٢‬‬
‫)‪Socrates, The History of the Church, trans. By, A. C. Zenos, London, Samuel Bagster and (١١٠‬‬

‫‪- ١٣-‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ)‪ .(١١١‬ﺘﻜ ‪‬ﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ )‪٣٠٦‬ﻡ(؛ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل )‪٣٣٧ – ٣٠٦) (Constantinus I‬ﻡ( ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٣٩‬ﻡ( )‪٤٣٩ – ٤٠٨) (Theodosius II‬ﻡ()‪ .(١١٢‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺤ ٍﻭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻴﻭﺴﺎﺒﻴﻭﺱ)‪.(١١٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻏﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺎﻟﻨﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺭﻜﺎﺩﻴﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ)‪.(١١٤‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻔﻪ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ)‪ ،(١١٥‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻓﻘﺎل‪" :‬ﺇﻨﻲ ﺃﺴﺠل ﻤﺎ ﺃﺭﺍﻩ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺃﺴﻤﻌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺃﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﺴﻤﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺒل ﺃﺘﻭﺜﹼﻕ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﹼﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ)‪.(١١٦‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ)‪ – (١١٧‬ﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ)‪ –(١١٨‬ﻭﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ)‪،(١١٩‬‬

‫‪Sons,1980, I.I.I .‬‬

‫)‪ Rohrbacher, D, The Historian of Late Antiquity, London, Routledge, 2002 p.109 (١١١‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺴﻬل؛ ﻟﺘﻌﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ‪Socrates, The History, 6.6.1. .‬‬
‫)‪Rohrbacher, The Historians, p.109. (١١٢‬‬
‫)‪Ibid,p.110. (١١٣‬‬
‫)‪Rohrbacher, The Historians, pp.109-112. (١١٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٥‬ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪Rohrbacher, The Historians, .‬‬
‫‪p.109.‬‬
‫)‪Socrates, The History. 6.1.1. (١١٦‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٧‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻤﻠﻙ ﻻ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻨﻭﺥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪٣٧٥‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺨﻠﻔﺘﻪ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺵ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٧٦‬ﻡ( ﻭﺃﻟﻐﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻭﺠﻬﺎ ‪ -‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻼﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ – ﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻟﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .١٢٢‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻋﺭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ )‪(Măvia‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Shahid, I, Byzantium and the Arabs :‬‬
‫‪ in the Fifth Century, Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks,1989, p.195‬ﻭﻴﻭﺭﺩ ﺩﻟﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻪ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺤﺎﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﻲ ﺴﻴﺩ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻁﻲ ﺍﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ‪ Ibid. p.195.‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻭ‪‬ﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﺨﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻠﻜﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺴﻨﺔ )‪٣٦٠‬ﻡ(‪Ibid, p.14. .‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٨‬ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Sarakenoi‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )‪ (Saracni‬ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪Graf, D, The Saracens and the .‬‬
‫‪Defense of the Arabian Frontier, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 229,‬‬
‫‪ 1978, p.14.‬ﻭﻫﺫ ِﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﺭﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻠﻴﻨﻴﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺴﻜﻴﻨﺘﺎﻱ‬
‫)‪ (Scenitae‬ﺃﻱ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻡ‪ Ammianus, Res Gestae, 14.8.5.‬ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻘﺏ ﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓ ﹰﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻠﻨﺴﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻨ ‪‬ﻪ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ‪Shahid, Rome and .‬‬
‫‪the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs, Washington, D.C.,‬‬

‫‪- ١٤-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺜﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﻀﺩﻫﻡ‪ .‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﻬﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻬﺒﻬﺎ)‪ ،(١٢٠‬ﻭﻤﻬﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺱ)‪.(١٢١‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ )‪ (The History of the Church‬ﻟﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ )‪ ،(١٢٢)(Sozomin‬ﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺜﻠﻴﺎ )‪ (١٢٣) (Bethelia‬ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٨٠‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٤٨‬ﻡ( ﺃﻭ )‪٤٤٩‬ﻡ( ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ)‪ .(١٢٤‬ﺩﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻏﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ)‪ ،(١٢٥‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺒ ﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺤﺎل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺠل ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ)‪ ،(١٢٦‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻸﺴﻑ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺨﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻑ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٢٣‬ﻡ( ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫)‪٤٣٦‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﻔﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ)‪ ،(١٢٧‬ﻭﺃﻫﺩﺍﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫)‪ ٣٩ – ٤٠٨‬ﻡ()‪ .(١٢٨‬ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻀﻁﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺤﻭ‪‬ل ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ)‪ ،(١٢٩‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻼ‪" :‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﻤﺕ ﺒﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻜل ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﺌ ﹰ‬

‫‪ Dumbarton Oaks,1984,p.29‬ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﺎﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﻟﻔﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻭﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﻤﺎﻋﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺍﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴل ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‪ Ibid,p.279.‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺩﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﻏﺭﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻓﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺜﻤﻭﺩ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻟﻔﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪ (Sharikat‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻘﻠﺒﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺸﺭﻜﺕ )‪ (šrkt‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﺭﺍﺴﻴﻥ‪Graf, The .‬‬
‫‪Saracens and the Defense, p.15.‬‬
‫)‪Socrates, The History, 4.36. (١١٩‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, 4.36. (١٢٠‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.147. (١٢١‬‬
‫‪Rohrbacherm, The‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٢٢‬ﺍﺴﻤﻪ ﺴﺎﻻﻤﻴﻨﻭﺱ ﻫﺭﻤﻴﺎﺱ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ )‪ ،(Salaiminus Hermias Sozomin‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Historians, p.117.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٣‬ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺯﺩﺤﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ‪Sozomin, The History of the Church, trans. By, C.D. Hartranft, In A Select Library of .‬‬
‫‪ ،Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, ML, W.M. Eerdmans,1979, 5.15.14‬ﺃﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﺜﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻌﻨﻲ"ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺩ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﻟﻬﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Ibid, 5.15.14 :‬‬
‫)‪Rohrbacher, The Historian, p.117. (١٢٤‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p. 115 (١٢٥‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p. 116 (١٢٦‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٧‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٨‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣٣‬‬
‫)‪ Rohrbacher, The Historian, p.110. (١٢٩‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻘﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺜﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺴﻭﺯﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺩﻩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻭﻫﻭﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺭﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻫﺏ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺱ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Sozomen, The History, 5.15.14.‬‬

‫‪- ١٥-‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺃﻗﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺸﻤل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺴﻤﻌﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺭﻓﺘﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺘﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻤﻌﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﻴﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺠﻤﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ‬
‫)‪(١٣٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺯﺓ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﻥ"‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺤﻀﺭﻭﺍ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻨﻴﻘﻴﺎ)‪ ،(١٣١‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﻗﻌﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﻋﻤﻭﺍ‬
‫ﺃﺭﻴﻭﺱ)‪ (١٣٢‬ﻭﻴﺼﺤﺢ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻭﻗﻌﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻭﺍ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺃﺭﻴﻭﺱ)‪ .(١٣٣‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻟﻘﺎﺌﻪ ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻫﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺏ ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ)‪ (١٣٤‬ﻭﻴﻔﺼ‪‬ل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﻫﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻘﻭل‪:‬‬
‫"ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻜﺎﻫﻥ")‪ ،(١٣٥‬ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺜﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤل‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻰ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺭﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ)‪ .(١٣٦‬ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬
‫)‪ (Arabia‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﺭ‪‬ﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ)‪.(١٣٧‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﻭﺍ ﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺒﺩﻫﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ)‪ .(١٣٨‬ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻨﺼ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺒﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺘﻨﺼ‪‬ﺭ ﺸﻴﺦ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ "ﺯﻗﻭﻡ" ﺒﻔﻀل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﻙ ﻴﻘﻭل "ﺇﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﻭل" )‪ (λεγεται‬ﺃﻭ "ﻫﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻟﻭﻥ"‬

‫)‪Ibid, 1.1.13. (١٣٠‬‬

‫)‪ (١٣١‬ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻨﻴﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻨﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٢٥‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺩﻋﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﺩﺩ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻴﻭﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ)‪ (٣١٨‬ﺃﺴﻘﻔﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D, with‬‬
‫‪an Account of the Principle Sects and Heresies, Henry W(Edit), 2005, Vol 3, p.121.‬‬
‫)‪Sozomen, The History, 1.8.31. (١٣٢‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, 1.21.2 (١٣٣‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.178. (١٣٤‬‬
‫)‪Socrates, The History, 7.19.14-15. (١٣٥‬‬
‫)‪ Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.178. (١٣٦‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﻫﺒﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺩﻭﻟﻴﺱ )‪،(Abdaleus‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺒﻭﺱ )‪Ibid, p.179 ،(Abbos‬‬
‫)‪Ibid. P.178. (١٣٧‬‬
‫)‪Sozomen, The History,VII.15. (١٣٨‬‬

‫‪- ١٦-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫)‪ ،(ϕααι‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ)‪.(١٣٩‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ )‪ (Historia‬ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻲ )‪ (Malchus of Philadelphia‬ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ)‪ (١٤٠‬ﺃﺼﻠﻪ – ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺠﺢ – ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ)‪ ،(١٤١‬ﻗﻀﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ)‪ .(١٤٢‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﻭﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ)‪ ،(١٤٣‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻴﻥ)‪ (١٤٤‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻴﺎﻨﺘﻪ )ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ()‪ .(١٤٥‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺘﺒﺕ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ)‪،(١٤٦‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻸﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻘﺭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺯﻴﻨﻭ )‪-٤٧٤) (Zeno‬‬
‫‪٤٩١‬ﻡ()‪ ،(١٤٧‬ﻭﻟﻸﺴﻑ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻨﺘﻑ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل )‪٣٣٧ – ٣٠٦‬ﻡ( ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺃﻨﺴﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﺱ )‪(Anastaasius‬؛ ﺃﻱ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٩٦‬ﻡ()‪ ،(١٤٨‬ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺯﻋﻴﻡ ﻋﺭﺒﻲ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻤﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺱ )ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻗﻴﺱ( )‪ ،(١٤٩)(Amorkesos‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻺﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ)‪ ،(١٥٠‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻭﺘﺎﺒﺔ )‪ ،(١٥١)(Iotabe‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1984,p.277. (١٣٩‬‬

‫)‪Baldwin,B, Malchus of Philadelphia, Dumbarton Oaks Papers ,31,1977, p.89. (١٤٠‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989,p.535. (١٤١‬‬
‫)‪Baldwin, Malchus,p. 89. (١٤٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٣‬ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ )ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Φιλαδέλφεια‬ﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺒﻁﻠﻴﻤﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﻭﺱ ‪٢٤٦-٢٨١‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻲ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﻼﻙ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪١٠٦‬ﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻓﻘﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﹰﺍ ﻷﺒﺭﺸﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‪ /‬ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،١‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ‪٢٠٠٧ ،‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪،٢٧‬‬
‫‪.٥٧‬‬
‫)‪Baldwin, Malchus, p.95. (١٤٤‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.95. (١٤٥‬‬
‫)‪ ,p.92. Ibid, (١٤٦‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺃﻭﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﻭﺭﺱ )‪Ibid, .(Olympiodorus‬‬
‫‪p.92‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p. 89. (١٤٧‬‬
‫)‪Baldwin, Malchus, p. 89. (١٤٨‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٩‬ﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺱ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﻠﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٢١‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.68. (١٥٠‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥١‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻀﺎﺌﻕ ﺘﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺩﺨل ﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭل ﺫﻜﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻘﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪- ١٧-‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺍﺘﺨﺫﻭﻫﺎ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﹰﺍ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ)‪ ،(١٥٢‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺱ ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﻴﻌﺘﺭﻓﻭﺍ ﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﻭﺍ ﻤﻌﻪ)‪ .(١٥٣‬ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻓﺎﻭﻀﻪ ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻟﻴﻭ ﺍﻷﻭل )‪٤٧٤ – ٤٥٧) (Leo I‬ﻡ()‪،(١٥٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﻟﻘﺏ ﻋﺎﻤل "ﻓﻴﻼﺭﺥ" )‪ ،(١٥٥)(Phylarchos‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻁﻤﻭﺡ ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻴﻭﺘﺎﺒﺔ)‪ ،(١٥٦‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺃﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﻻ ﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺤﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺏ)‪ ،(١٥٧‬ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺎﻟﻜﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻟﻠﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺼﻔﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﺍﺒﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﻪ ﻨﻘﺩﻩ ﻟﻺﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻟﻴﻭ ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻱ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺒﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ)‪.(١٥٨‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ )‪ (The History of the Church‬ﻟﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺭﺸﻲ ‪(Theodoret of‬‬
‫)‪ ،Cyrrhus‬ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ)‪ ،(١٥٩‬ﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٩٣‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٦٦‬ﻡ()‪ ،(١٦٠‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪Mayerson, Ph, The Island of Iotabe in the Byzantine Sources: A Reprise, Bulletin of the American‬‬
‫‪Schools of Oriental Research,287, pp.1-4.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, pp.1-4. (١٥٢‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.6. (١٥٣‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, pp.71-72. (١٥٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥٥‬ﻓﻴﻼﺭﺥ )‪ (Φύλαρχος‬ﻟﻘﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺼﻠﻪ ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺭﺩﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ )‪ ،(tribunus‬ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ – ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ – ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﺎﻟﻑ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،Shahid, Rome and Arabs, p.31.‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ‪ ،Shahid, Byzantium 1984, 515.‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺜﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺯﻭﺩﺕ ﺒﻪ ﻜل ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ‪Ibid, p.515. ،‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.63. (١٥٦‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥٧‬ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺘﻘﻊ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻴﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻲ ﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺽ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ :‬ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻴﺎﺯﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ ،١٩٧٤ ،‬ﺹ‪.٢٩‬‬
‫‪ Encyclopaedia Britannica,Vol.7. p.243‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻥ ﻋﺩ‪‬ﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﻼﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻴﺴﺎﻨﺎ )ﻋﻭﺠﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻴﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﺒﻴﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺭﻨﺏ )ﻤﻤﻔﻴﺱ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٥‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.530. (١٥٨‬‬
‫)‪Ibid,p.530. (١٥٩‬‬
‫)‪Davis,W, Reading in Ancient History: Illustrated Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vol, (١٦٠‬‬
‫‪Boston,1913, pp.298-300.‬‬

‫‪- ١٨-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫)‪٤٣٢‬ﻡ( ﻋ‪‬ﻴﻥ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﺃﺴﻘﻔﹰﺎ ﻟﻘﻭﺭﺵ)‪ ،(١٦١‬ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻓﺴﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٣١‬ﻡ()‪ ،(١٦٢‬ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻘﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٥١‬ﻡ()‪ ،(١٦٣‬ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ)‪ ،(١٦٤‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ)‪ ،(١٦٥‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺭ‪‬ﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺴﻬ‪‬ﻠﺕ ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ)‪ .(١٦٦‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ – ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ – ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻌل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ)‪ .(١٦٧‬ﻋﺎﻟﺞ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ )‪٣٢٥‬ﻡ( ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻥ ﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ ﻭﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ؛ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫)‪٤٢٩‬ﻡ()‪ (١٦٨‬ﻭﻫﻲ – ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ – ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﻁﺎﻫﺎ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅ ‪‬ﺭﺨﹶﻴ ِ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﺘﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ)‪ ،(١٦٩‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺩ‪‬ﻩ ﺃﻗل ﺸﺄﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﺭﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‬

‫)‪ (١٦١‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪٧٠‬ﻜﻡ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻏﺭﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﺒﺭﺸﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﺭﺵ ﻤﺘﺎﺨﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺒﺭﺸﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅـﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ibid, p.300.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٢‬ﻋﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺴﺱ )‪ (Έφεσος‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﻀﻭل ﻋﺎﻡ)‪٤٣١‬ﻡ( ﺒﺩﻋﻭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫)‪٤٥٠-٤٠٨) (Theodosius II‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻟﺤل ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻨﺴﻁﻭﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻜﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﻤﺭﻴﻡ "ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ" ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻌﺩ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺴﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺃﻡ ﻴﺴﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻴﺴﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ –‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ‪ ،-‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪The Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert C. Broderick (Edit), Oxford,1990 "Ephesus". :‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٣‬ﻋﻘﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺨﻠﻘﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٤٥١‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻗﻴﺵ‪ ،‬ﺭﻨﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ ﻭﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،١‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٢٤‬‬
‫)‪Heisler,J, Grant or Apostolic Bee: A Translation and Commentary on Theodoret's, The Florida (١٦٤‬‬
‫‪State University, 2006,p.4.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.5. (١٦٥‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.3. (١٦٦‬‬
‫)‪Ashkelony, B, Encountering the Sacred: The Debate on Christian Pilgrimage in Late (١٦٧‬‬
‫‪Antiquity,2005, p.184.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٨‬ﻟﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ )‪ (Historia Religiosa‬ﺃﻟﻔﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ)‪٤٤٤‬ﻡ( – ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ – ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻫﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻬﻡ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.148‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪Theodoret, The History of the Church, Trans: B. Jackson, In A Select Library of Nicene and Post-‬‬
‫‪Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Second Series, P. Schaff and H. Wace, (Eds),1953, IV.25.‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.148. (١٦٩‬‬

‫‪- ١٩-‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ)‪ .(١٧٠‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻫﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ)‪ ،(١٧١‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﻤﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺱ )‪،(Valens‬‬
‫ﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻭﻴﺔ)‪ ،(١٧٢‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﺭﻴﻭﺱ )‪ (Arius‬ﻭﺃﺴﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﺘﺭﻴﻭﺱ )‪ (Asterius‬ﺸﺎﺭﻜﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻀﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﺩﻴﻜﺎ )‪ (Sardica‬ﻋﺎﻡ)‪٣٤٣‬ﻡ( )‪ ،(١٧٣‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﻡ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻫﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﻋﻭﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺸﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ)‪ ،(١٧٤‬ﻭﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻔﻴﻥ؛ ﺁﺭﻴﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺴﺘﺭﻴﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺤﻀﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﺴﻘﻑ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﻤﺎﻜﺭﻴﻭﺱ )‪ ،(Macarius‬ﻭﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﺭﻓﻀﻭﺍ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ)‪.(١٧٥‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ )‪ (History of the Wars‬ﻟﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺼﺎﺭﻱ )‪ ،(Caesarea‬ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺼﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ)‪ ،(١٧٦‬ﻭﻟﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ)‪٥٦٢ – ٥٠٧/٤٩٠‬ﻡ()‪ ،(١٧٧‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻴﻠﻴﻨﻭﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻋﺼﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺭﺨﻪ)‪ ،(١٧٨‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻤﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤل ﻤﺩﺭﺴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺒﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ) ‪٥٢٧‬ﻡ( ﺃﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺒﻠﻴﺯﺍﺭﻴﻭﺱ )‪ (١٧٩)(Belisarius‬ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ)‪ ،(١٨٠‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺼﻁﺤﺒﻪ ﺒﻠﻴﺯﺍﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺨﻼل ﺤﻤﻼﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻼﺩ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺇﻓﺭﻴﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ)‪ ،(١٨١‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺒﻴﻠﻴﺯﺍﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻀل ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺼﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ‬

‫)‪Ibid, p.139. (١٧٠‬‬

‫)‪Theodoret, The History,IV, 12-15. (١٧١‬‬
‫)‪ ،Ibid, IV.12-15. (١٧٢‬ﺃﻋﻠﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘﻪ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﻋﺩ‪‬ﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﻴﻭﺴﺎﺒﻴﻭﺱ )‪ ،(Eusebius‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﻤﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻭﺱ )‪ ،(Meletius‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺍﻗﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Ibid, IV.12-15 :‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٣‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻨﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﺭﺩﻴﻜﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ "ﺼﻭﻓﻴﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺎﺭﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺤﻀﺭﻭﺍ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ‪ ١٧٠‬ﺃﺴﻘﻔﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺘ ‪‬ﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ١١‬ﺃﺴﻘﻔ ﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺭﻴﻭﺴﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Encyclopedia Britannica ,"Sardica" :‬‬
‫)‪Theodoret, The History, II. 6. (١٧٤‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, II. 6. (١٧٥‬‬
‫)‪ ،Kelso, Ammianus, p.VI (١٧٦‬ﻴﺼﻔﻪ ﺭﻨﺴﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻅﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﻨﺴﻴﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪٢٩٥‬‬
‫)‪Sickle, Procopius, pp.79-80 (١٧٧‬‬
‫)‪Kelso, Ammianus,p.VI. (١٧٨‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٩‬ﻗﺎﺌﺩ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ‪"Belisarius, " .‬‬
‫‪Encyclopedia Britannica‬‬
‫)‪Procopius, History of the Wars, 7 Vols, London, Harvard University Press,1914, 1.1.3 (١٨٠‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨١‬ﻴﺤﻴﻰ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣١‬‬

‫‪- ٢٠-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ)‪.(١٨٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺒﺎﺀ)‪ ،(١٨٣‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺃﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭ‪‬ﻟﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٥٠‬ﻡ()‪ ،(١٨٤‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺃﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺩﺍل )ﺍﻟﻭﻨﺩﺍل( ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ )‪٥٣٢‬ﻡ( ﻭ)‪٥٤٦‬ﻡ()‪ ،(١٨٥‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ )‪٥٣٦‬ﻡ( ﻭ‬
‫)‪٥٥٢‬ﻡ()‪ ،(١٨٦‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٥٤‬ﻡ()‪.(١٨٧‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻭﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻭﺘﺎﺒﺔ )‪ (Iotabe‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ)‪،(١٨٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻭﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻟﻑ ﺴﺘﺎﺩﻴﺎ )‪ .(١٨٩)(Stadia‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺙ ﺒﻥ ﺠﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺨﺎﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻭﻥ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٣١‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻭ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺭﺙ ﻫﺯﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(١٩٠)(Callinicum‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺙ ﺒﻥ ﺠﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﺤﻅﻭﻅﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺤﺕ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ)‪ ،(١٩١‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺒﺎ ﻜﺭﺏ )‪ - (Abochorabos‬ﺃﺥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺙ‬
‫ﺒﻥ ﺠﺒﻠﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃﻋﻠﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻟﻘﺏ ﻓﻴﻼﺭﺥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ)‪ ،(١٩٢‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ‬
‫ﻜﺭﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻨﺨﻴل ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺯ ﻟﻺﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ)‪.(١٩٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﱠﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺒﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻱ )‪،(١٩٤)(The Secret History‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬

‫)‪Kelso, Ammianus, p.VI. (١٨٢‬‬

‫)‪ ،Procopius, History, 1.1.3. XII.24 (١٨٣‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺜﻴﻭﻗﻴﺩﻴﺩﺱ )‪(Thucydides‬‬
‫ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣٤‬‬
‫)‪Procopius, History, I-II. (١٨٤‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, III-IIII. (١٨٥‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, V-VII. (١٨٦‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, VIII. (١٨٧‬‬
‫)‪Fiema, Economics, p.177. (١٨٨‬‬
‫)‪ (Stadia) ،Ibid, p.194 (١٨٩‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎ )‪ (Stadium‬ﺃﻭ)‪ ،(Stade‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Charles, J, Latin English – Dictionary, Funk and Wagnalls, New York,1957,p.143.‬‬
‫)‪Procopius, History, 1.17.47. (١٩٠‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, 1.17.47. (١٩١‬‬
‫)‪Fiema, Economics, p.204. (١٩٢‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.205. (١٩٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩٤‬ﺴﻤﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻨﻴﻜﺩﻭﺘﺎ )‪(Anecdota‬؛ ﺃﻱ "ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘ ‪‬ﻡ‬

‫‪- ٢١-‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪٥٢٧‬ﻡ( ﻭﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ )‪٥٥٣‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍ‬
‫)‪ ،(Theodora‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺤﺎﻁﺕ ﺒﻬﻤﺎ)‪ (١٩٥‬ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺭﻀﺎﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ "ﺸﻴﻁﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻨﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻱ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ")‪ ،(١٩٦‬ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺯﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ)‪ ،(١٩٧‬ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺃﻨﻁﻭﻨﻴﻨﺎ )‪(Antonina‬‬
‫ﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺒﻠﻴﺯﺍﺭﻴﻭﺱ)‪ ،(١٩٨‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻥ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻱ)‪.(١٩٩‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٣٣‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺘﺴﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Limitanei‬ﻭﺘﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺴﺎﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺤﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪" ،‬ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺩ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﺩﻭﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻗﺎﺕ")‪ ،(٢٠٠‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻜﺩﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﺒﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺒل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺯ ﻭﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻀﺒﻁ‬
‫ﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻓل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ)‪ ،(٢٠١‬ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﺎ ﺃﺫﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﻤﺔ)‪ .(٢٠٢‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ‪ -‬ﻤﺜل ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ‪ -‬ﻴﻨﺘﻘﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺒﺭﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻬﻤﻭﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ )‪ ،(٢٠٣)(John Malales‬ﻭﻟﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٩٠‬ﻡ( ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺯﻴﻨﻭ )‪ ٤٩١-٤٧٤) (Zeno‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٧٨‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٠٤‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺸﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ‪Croke, B, Procopius "Secret History": Rethinking the .‬‬
‫‪Date, Greek, Romans and Byzantine Studies.42,2005, pp.405-431.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.410. (١٩٥‬‬
‫)‪Procopius, The Secret History, trans. By, Richard Atwater, Chicago, University of Michigan (١٩٦‬‬
‫‪Press,1961, 1.1.‬‬
‫)‪Croke, Procopius, pp.405-431. (١٩٧‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, pp.405-431. (١٩٨‬‬
‫)‪Procopius, The Secret, 1.1.5. (١٩٩‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, 24.12-14. (٢٠٠‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٠١‬ﻗﺎﻗﻴﺵ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٢‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٠٢‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٢٢‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٠٣‬ﻋﺭﻑ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﺒﺄﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﻁﺎﻜﻲ ﻭﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻴﺘﺭ )‪(Rhetor‬؛ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﻎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Marasco, Greek and Roman Historiography in Late :‬‬
‫‪Antiquity, Fourth to Sixth Century A.D, Brill Leiden, 2003, p.105.‬‬
‫)‪Kazhdan, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, New York, Oxford University Press ,1991, (٢٠٤‬‬

‫‪- ٢٢-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺠﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ )‪٥٧٨-٥٦٥) (Justinus II‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ)‪ ،(٢٠٥‬ﻋﻤل‬
‫ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٣٠‬ﻡ( ﺃﻭ )‪٥٤٠‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٢٠٦‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٢٠٧‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺤﻅ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺘﻪ)‪.(٢٠٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺄﻟﻔﺕ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ )‪ (The Chronicle‬ﻤﻥ ‪ ١٨‬ﺠﺯﺀﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺁﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ )‪٥٦٥-٥٥٧‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٠٩‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻜﺘﻤل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻓﺎﺘﻪ)‪ ،(٢١٠‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﻟﻴل ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻜﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﻜﺯ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺭﺍﺩﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ)‪ ،(٢١١‬ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ‬
‫ﺭﻜﺯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺘﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ)‪.(٢١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻼﺴﻔﺔ)‪ ،(٢١٣‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ)‪ ،(٢١٤‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻸﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪Vol.II,p.1274.‬‬
‫)‪ ،Ibid, Vol.II,P.1274 (٢٠٥‬ﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ " ‪ " mll‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ "ﻗﺎل" ﺃﻭ "ﺘﻜﻠﻡ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ "‪ "Rhetor‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ‬
‫"‪The Catholic Encyclopedia,"Malales‬‬
‫)‪Marasco, Greek and Roman, p.497. (٢٠٦‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.498. (٢٠٧‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.503. (٢٠٨‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٠٩‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٣٦‬‬
‫)‪ (٢١٠‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٣٦‬‬
‫)‪Marasco, Greek and Roman, p.500. (٢١١‬‬
‫)‪ (٢١٢‬ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ؛ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺩﻭﻤﺘﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٩٦-٨١‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻷﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ؛ ‪ Malales, The Chronicle, XI‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺘﺭﺍﺠﺎﻥ‬
‫‪١١٧-٩٦‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻫﺩﺭﻴﺎﻥ ‪١٣٨-١١٧‬ﻡ‪Malales, J, The Chronicle of John Malalas, trans. By, ،‬‬
‫‪E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys and R. Scott, Melbourne, Australian Association for Byzantine Studies,‬‬
‫‪1986, VII.‬‬
‫)‪ ،Marasco, Greek and Roman, p.497 (٢١٣‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻴﺴﺘﺎﺜﻴﻭﺱ )‪ (Eustathius‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺅﺭﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺭﻤﻭﺠﻨﺱ )‪ (Hermogenes‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺱ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﻲ )‪٥٢٩‬ﻡ( ﻭ)‪٥٣٣‬ﻡ(‪Ibid, p.550 .‬‬
‫)‪Marasco, Greek and Roman, p.519 . (٢١٤‬‬

‫‪- ٢٣-‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪" :‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ"‪" ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ")‪.(٢١٥‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻹﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻭﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ)‪ ،(٢١٦‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺃﻨﺴﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﺱ )‪٥١٨-٤٩١) (Anastasius‬ﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل )‪٥٢٧-٥١٨‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻟﻡ ﺘﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻠﻘﺏ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺒﻌﺎﺩ)‪ ،(٢١٧‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻴﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺌﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪ :‬ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺇﺴﺜﻤﻴﻭﺱ )‪ (John Isthemus‬ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻭﺭ)‪ ،(٢١٨‬ﻭﻤﺎﺭ)‪ (Mare‬ﺃﺴﻘﻑ ﺃﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ )ﺩﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻜﺭ()‪.(٢١٩‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ )‪ (The History of the Church‬ﻹﻴﻔﺎﻏﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻻﺴﺘﻲ ‪(Evagrius‬‬
‫)‪ ،Scholasticus‬ﻭﻟﺩ ﺇﻓﺎﻏﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﻤﺎﺓ )‪ ،(٢٢٠)(Epiphania‬ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫)‪٥٣٧/٥٣٦‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٢١‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﺏ )‪ (Scholasticus‬ﻭﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺎﻤﻴﹰﺎ)‪ ،(٢٢٢‬ﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٩٤‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٢٣‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺇﻴﻔﺎﻏﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻴﻭﺴﺎﺒﻴﻭﺱ ﻭﺴﻘﺭﺍﻁ ﻭﺴﻭﺯﻭﻤﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭﻴﺕ)‪ ،(٢٢٤‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﺇﻴﻔﺎﻏﺎﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻏﻁﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻓﺴﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٣١‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ )‪٥٩٤‬ﻡ( ﻤﻥ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻭﺭﻴﺱ ‪(٢٢٥)Maurice‬؛ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪(١٦٣‬ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻴﻔﺎﻏﺭﻴﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٢٢٦‬ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻴﻔﺎﻏﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﹰﺎ ﻹﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻴﻴﻥ‬

‫)‪Ibid, p.518. (٢١٥‬‬

‫)‪Malales, The Chronicle, XVI, 5:222. (٢١٦‬‬
‫)‪Fiema, Economics, p.201. (٢١٧‬‬
‫)‪Malales, The Chronicle, XVI, 5:222. (٢١٨‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, XVI, 5.222. (٢١٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٢٠‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ )‪ (٢٠٠‬ﻜﻡ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‪ ،‬ﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻗﻴﻴﻥ )ﺃﺒﻴﻔﺎﻨﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺨﻀﻌﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٦٤‬‬
‫ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٣٩٥/٣٩٤‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Downey, A History of :‬‬
‫‪Antioch, p.39.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٢١‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٣٣‬‬
‫)‪The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Evagrius" (٢٢٢‬‬
‫)‪Chesnut, The First Christian, p. 215. (٢٢٣‬‬
‫)‪Vasilavs, History of Byzantine, p.134. (٢٢٤‬‬
‫)‪Chesnut, The First Christian, p. 215. (٢٢٥‬‬
‫)‪ ،Ibid, p.215. (٢٢٦‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻴﻔﺎﻏﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﹶﻴﻥ ﺤﻤﻭ ‪‬ﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺴﻁﺎﻁﻴﻭﺱ‬
‫)‪ (Eustatius‬ﻭﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ )‪ (John‬ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.٣٣‬‬

‫‪- ٢٤-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﻓﻼﻓﻴﻥ )‪ (Flavian‬ﻭﻨﻔﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ)‪ ،(٢٢٧‬ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴﻭﺱ ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٤٨‬ﻡ( ﻀﺩ ﺃﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﺱ ﺃﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻼﻓﻴﻥ)‪ ،(٢٢٨‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺇﻴﻔﺎﻏﺭﻴﻭﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ)‪.(٢٢٩‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺤﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺅﺭﺥ ﺜﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨـﺱ )‪ ،(Theophanes‬ﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٧٥٢‬ﻡ)‪ ،(٢٣٠‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ )‪٧٧٥-٧٤١‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٣١‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺠﻭﺭﺝ ﺴﻨﻘﻠﻭﺱ )‪) (George Syncellus‬ﺕ ‪٨١٠‬ﻡ( ﺃﻜﻤل ﺜﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺠﻭﺭﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ‪٢٨٤‬ﻡ )ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻴﻭﻜﻠﺸﻴﺎﻥ( ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٨١٣‬ﻡ)‪.(٢٣٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺜﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﺱ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭل‪ ،‬ﻴﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻟﻁﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺜﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻟﻬﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻭﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٩٨‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻗﺘﺎل ﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﺠﺒﻠﺔ)‪ ،(٢٣٣‬ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺜﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ "ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ")‪ .(٢٣٤‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٥٠٢‬ﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺜﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻬﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺩﻱ ﻤﻌﺩﻱ ﻜﺭﺏ )ﺃﺨﻭ ﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺩﻱ( ﻟﻠﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ)‪ ،(٢٣٥‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ "ﺍﻨﻘﺽ ﻜﺎﻟﺭﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻐﻨﺎﺌﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻭﺱ)ﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﻓﻠﺴﻴﻁﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻘﺒﻪ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺩﻭ")‪ .(٢٣٦‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺜﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﻼﻗﺎﺓ ﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬

‫)‪Evagrius, The History, VIII, 32,p.131. (٢٢٧‬‬

‫)‪Ibid, VIII, 32 ,p.131. (٢٢٨‬‬
‫)‪Chesnut, G, The First Christian, p. 214. (٢٢٩‬‬
‫)‪Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edit., 29 Vols, University of Chicago, Chicago, 1989, (٢٣٠‬‬
‫‪“Theophanes”.‬‬
‫)‪Hodgkin,Th, The Chronology of Theophanes in the Eighth Century, The English Historical (٢٣١‬‬
‫‪Review, 13, 1898, 284.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٢‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٣٧‬‬
‫)‪Theophanes, Chronographia, trans. By: Cyril Mango and Roger Scott, Clarendon Press, Oxford, (٢٣٣‬‬
‫‪1997, 1.141 .‬‬
‫‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.63.‬‬
‫)‪Theophanes, Chronographia,1.141. (٢٣٤‬‬
‫)‪ Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.129. (٢٣٥‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻀﻤﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺠﻭﻨﺯ‪ ،‬ﺃ‪ .‬ﻫـ ‪.‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺩﻥ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ،١‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻕ‪ ،١٩٨٧ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٧٣‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٦‬ﺒﻴﻐﻭﻟﻴﻔﺴﻜﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١٦٩‬‬

‫‪- ٢٥-‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٨‬ﻫـ‪٦٢٩/‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭ)ﻨﺎﺌﺏ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻫﺭﻗل( "ﺤﺸﺩ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ")‪(٢٣٧‬؛ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﻘﺼﺩ‬
‫ﺜﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻲ )‪ (foederati‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻏﺯﻭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺅﺘﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ)‪ .(٢٣٨‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺜﻴﻭﻓﺎﻨﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺨﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺎﺠﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﻴﺵ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺘﺎﺒﺔ )‪ ،(Koutabes‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺨﺒﺭﻩ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻬﻬﻡ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﻷﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺫﺭ)‪ .(٢٣٩‬ﻭﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ ﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﻑ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢٤٠‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ )‪ (Ecclesiastical History‬ﻟﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺴﻭﺴﻲ )‪،(John of Ephesus‬‬
‫ﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺩ )ﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻜﺭ()‪ ،(٢٤١‬ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ)‪٥٠٧‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٤٢‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٢٩‬ﻡ( ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺸﻤﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ)‪ ،(٢٤٣‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻋﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻜﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٤٢‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻀﻁﺭ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ)‪ (٢٤٤‬ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪٥٨٦‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٤٥‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺴﻭﺴﻲ ﺒﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻋﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺭﺴل ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺩﺒﻠﻭﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ)‪ .(٢٤٦‬ﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ‬

‫)‪Theophanes, Chronographia, p.515. (٢٣٧‬‬

‫)‪ (٢٣٨‬ﺍﺒﻥ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٢‬ﺹ‪ ،٣٧٥‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٣‬ﺹ‪٣٧.‬‬
‫)‪Theophanes, Chronographia, p.355-356. (٢٣٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤٠‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻬﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻠﻤﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻁﻨﺕ ﺃﺭﺠﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻼل ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺏ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅ "ﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ" ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻠﻤﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻭل ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٣٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤١‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻜﺭ‪ ،‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻔﺎﻑ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﺴﻡ )ﺃﻤﺩ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ٦٦‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٣٥٩‬ﻡ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺴﻲ ﺸﺎﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻤﻴﺎﻨﻭﺱ ﻤﺎﺭﺴﻴﻠﻴﻨﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺒﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪The Catholic Encyclopedia, "John of Ephesus". (٢٤٢‬‬
‫)‪Wright, A, A Short History of Syriac Literature, London,1894, pp.102-107. (٢٤٣‬‬
‫)‪Encyclopedia Britannica "John of Ephesus " (٢٤٤‬‬
‫)‪The Catholic Encyclopaedia," John of Ephesus" (٢٤٥‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤٦‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٤٢‬‬

‫‪- ٢٦-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٢٤٧‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻟﻴﻭﺱ ﻗﻴﺼﺭ )‪ (Julius Caeser‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٨٨‬ﻡ( ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ)‪(٢٤٨‬؛ ﹸﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻭ‪‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺤﺩ‪‬ﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ )‪٤٥٠-٤٠٨‬ﻡ( ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻌﺔ )‪٥٢٥‬ﻡ( ﻤﻥ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺠﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل )‪٥٢٧-٥١٨‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٤٩‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺎﻁﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ)‪.(٢٥٠‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺴﻭﺴﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻨﻔﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﻤﺎﺭ )‪ (Mare‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺴﻘﻔﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ "ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﺒﻌﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻕ )ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺒل ﺒﻪ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ")‪ ،(٢٥١‬ﻭﻟﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺴﻭﺴﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻡ ﺒـ "ﺘﺭﺍﺠﻡ ﻗﺩﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ" ‪(Lives of‬‬
‫)‪ the Eastern Saints‬ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺼﺹ ﺯﻫﺎﺩ ﻭﻨﺴﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﺸﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﻤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻡ ﺃﻨﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻴﻥ)‪ ،(٢٥٢‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻓﺭﻍ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﻟﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ ٥٦٩‬ﻡ()‪ .(٢٥٣‬ﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﺃﻤﺩ ﻁﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻔﻴﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٢١‬ﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻔﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ)‪ ،(٢٥٤‬ﻭﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻤﺎﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺩ )ﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻜﺭ( ﺘ ‪‬ﻡ ﻨﻔﻴﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻗﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻡ ﺘﻭﻤﺎ )‪ (Thomas‬ﻭﺇﺴﻁﻔﺎﻥ )‪ ،(٢٥٥)(Stephen‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﺯﻋﺠﹰﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﻤﺩﻴﻴﻥ)‪ .(٢٥٦‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺘ ‪‬ﻡ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ)‪.(٢٥٧‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ‬

‫)‪ (٢٤٧‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٤٢‬‬

‫)‪ (٢٤٨‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٤٢‬‬
‫)‪The Catholic Encyclopaedia," John of Ephesus". (٢٤٩‬‬
‫)‪Wright, A Short History,p.108. (٢٥٠‬‬
‫)‪John of Ephesus, Ecclesiastical History, trans. By, R. Payne Smith, Oxford University Press, 1960, (٢٥١‬‬
‫‪XIII,188.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥٢‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٤٢‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥٣‬ﻋﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼل‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،١‬ﺹ‪.٦٤‬‬
‫)‪John of Ephesus, Lives of the Eastern Saints, Syriac text edited and trans, E.W. Books, Patrologia (٢٥٤‬‬
‫‪Orientals, Vol. XVII, Paris, Firmin- Didot,1923,XIII,188.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, XII, 188. (٢٥٥‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, XIII, 188. (٢٥٦‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, XIII, 190. (٢٥٧‬‬

‫‪- ٢٧-‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻘﻴﻭﻱ "ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﻭﺴﻲ" )‪ ،(John of Nikiu‬ﺃﺴﻘﻑ ﻗﺒﻁﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺩ – ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ‬
‫– ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪٦٤١‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٥٨‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٦٩٦‬ﻡ(‬
‫ﻻ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﺯل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺴﺅﻭ ﹰ‬
‫)‪(٢٥٩‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺼﺒﻪ ﻜﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻟﻸﺩﻴﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺘﻪ )‪ (The Chronicle‬ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٦٩٦‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﺞ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻟﻤﺼﺭ )‪٦٤١‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٦٠‬ﻭﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻁﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٢٦١‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﻩ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﻤﻠﻼﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺘﻪ)‪(٢٦٢‬؛ ﺇﺫ ﻋﺎﻟﺞ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻟﻤﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﻀﺏ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻠﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻗﺒﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ)‪.(٢٦٣‬‬
‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻘﻭﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺇﻨﺴﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭل )‪ ٥١٨-٤٩١‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل )‪٥٢٧-٥١٨‬ﻡ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯﹰﺍ ﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﺍﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ)‪ ،(٢٦٤‬ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ‬
‫ﻓﻼﻓﻴﺎﻥ )‪ (Flavian‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﺭﻙ ﺃﻨﻁﺎﻜﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٢٦٥‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﻓﻼﻓﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﺴﻁﻭﺭﻴﹰﺎ )‪ ،(٢٦٦)(Nestorian‬ﻭﻨﻔﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ)‪.(٢٦٧‬‬

‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴـ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻭﺵ‬

‫ﺘﹸﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ )‪-٣٢٤‬‬
‫‪٦٣٤‬ﻡ( ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ؛ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪The Catholic Encyclopedia," John of Nikiu ". (٢٥٨‬‬

‫)‪Brooks,R, The Chronicle of John of Nikiu, "Review Article", The English Historical Review, 32 (٢٥٩‬‬
‫‪(127), 1917, pp.429-430.‬‬
‫)‪John of Nikiu, The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu, Trans from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text by (٢٦٠‬‬
‫‪R. H. Charles, London, Williams and Novgate,1961, XII.I.‬‬
‫)‪Brooks, The Chronicle of John of Nikiu, p.429. (٢٦١‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٦٢‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٤٧‬‬
‫)‪John of Nikiu, The Chronicle, CXII.1. (٢٦٣‬‬
‫)‪Fiema, Economics, p. 201. (٢٦٤‬‬
‫)‪John of Nikiu, The Chronicle, LXXXIX, 55. (٢٦٥‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٦٦‬ﺘﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﻨﺴﻁﻭﺭ" ﺒﻁﺭﻴﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪٤٥٠-٣٨١‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺅﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻫﺏ ﺒﺎﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻗﻴﺵ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٢٤‬‬
‫)‪John of Nikiu, The Chronicle, LXXXIX, 55. (٢٦٧‬‬

‫‪- ٢٨-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺯﻋﺕ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺏ ﻭﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻴﻴﻥ؛ ﺇﺫ ‪‬ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ)‪ ،(٢٦٨‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺒﻘﺼﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻀﻡ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺫﻜﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪" :‬ﺩﻜﻴﺭ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻴﺔ "ﺸﻠﻡ"‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﺔ "ﺒﺭﻴﻙ")‪ .(٢٦٩‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻨﻘﺸﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻠﺘﺤﻘﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺍﻓل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻓل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻴﺔ )‪.(٢٧٠‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺎﻥ )‪ (Phaeno‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻘﺵ ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٨٨/٥٨٧‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻴﺫﻜﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﺴﻘﻑ ﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺭ )‪ .(٢٧١)(Theodore‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﺸﻴﻥ ﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Arepolis‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ‪‬ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٥٩٨/٥٩٧‬ﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻟﺯﺍل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﻴﻭﺤﻨﺎ )‪ .(٢٧٢)(John‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺔ)‪ ،(٢٧٣‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﻴﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ)‪.(٢٧٤‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺒﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺒل ﺭﻡ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ ﻋ‪‬ﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺅﺭﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪٣٥٠-٣٠٠‬ﻡ()‪ .(٢٧٥‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻘﺵ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ‬

‫)‪ (٢٦٨‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻗﺼﺭﻭﺍﺕ )ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻟﺘﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ( ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺠﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺠﺎﺓ )ﻴﻘﻊ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻓﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺒﺩ‬
‫ﻨﺒﻁﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻫﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜل‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.١١‬‬
‫)‪Rothenberg, B, An Archaeological Survey of South Sinai, Palestine Exploration (٢٦٩‬‬
‫‪Quarterly,102,1970,pp.19-29.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid,p.24. (٢٧٠‬‬
‫)‪Schick, R, The Settlement Pattern of Southern Jordan: The Nature of the Evidence, In: King. G. R. (٢٧١‬‬
‫‪D and Cameron. A (Ed). The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East; Land Use and Settlement‬‬
‫‪Patterns,, 2, Princeton, The Darwin Press,1994, p.142.‬‬
‫)‪Zayadine, F, Deux Inscriptions Grecques de Rabbat Moab (Areopolis), Annual of the Department (٢٧٢‬‬
‫‪of Antiquities of Jordan,16,1971,pp.71-7.‬‬
‫)‪Schick, The Settlement Pattern,p.142. (٢٧٣‬‬
‫)‪Zayadine, Deux Inscriptions,pp.71-72. (٢٧٤‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٧٥‬ﻁﻴﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻴﺭﻤﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺞ ‪.١١٦٨-١١٣٧ ،٦‬‬

‫‪- ٢٩-‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻀﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺓ ﻴﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٤٦‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻴﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﺴﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﻴﺎﺴﻭﻥ )‪ .(٢٧٦)(Jason‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﺵ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻲ‬
‫)ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ( ﻴﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥١٧/٥١٦‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﻴﺒﺎﺘﺭﻭﺱ )‪ ،(Antipatros‬ﻭﻭﺍﻟﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ)‪ .(٢٧٧‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﺅﺭﺥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ )‪٥٦٥-٥٢٧‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ)‪ .(٢٧٨‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ – ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ‪ -‬ﻨﻘﺵ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒـﻊ ‪(Beer‬‬
‫)‪ ،(٢٧٩)Sheba‬ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬
‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ)‪ .(٢٨٠‬ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٥٣٦‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٨١‬ﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺨﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﻬﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺒﺩﻓﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﹰﺎ)‪ .(٢٨٢‬ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺫﻜﺭ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺫﺭﺡ )‪ (Adora‬ﻤﻘﺩ‪‬ﺭﹰﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ،(٢٨٣)(solidi) ٦٥‬ﻭﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (Aura‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﻤﺒﻠﻎ ‪، (solidi) ٤٣‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫)‪Brünnow. R. E and A. von Domaszewski (1904-1909), Die Provincia Arabia auf Grund Zweier (٢٧٦‬‬
‫‪in den jahre 1897 und 1898 unternommenen reisen und der Berichte fruherer Reisender,‬‬
‫‪Strassburg, Trubner.p.345.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid,p.350. (٢٧٧‬‬
‫)‪Croke. B and Crow. J., Procopius and Dara, Journal of Roman Studies ,73,1983,pp.143-159. (٢٧٨‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٧٩‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺭﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻭﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ )ﺍﻹﺼﺤﺎﺡ ‪ (٢١‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ "ﻜﺒﺌﺭ ﺤﻔﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ"‪.‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺄﺩﺒﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Avi-Yonah,M, The Holy Land from the Persian to the Arab Conquest (536 B.C to A.D 640),‬‬
‫‪Michigan, Barker Book House,1977 ,p.169.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٨٠‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻟﺕ )‪ (Alt‬ﺒﺘﺭﻗﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻤﻥ ‪ ،(٤-)١‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺸﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﻌﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )‪ (Palestine Tertia‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻓﻴﺫﻜﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ‪(Palestina‬‬
‫)‪ Prima‬ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Palestina Salutirs‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Mayarson,Ph, The Beersheba Edict, Zeitschrift für :‬‬
‫‪Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 64,1986 pp.141-148.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.142. (٢٨١‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, pp.139-142. (٢٨٢‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٨٣‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻻﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺼﻜﺕ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٣٠٩‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ )‪(Aureus‬‬
‫ﻜﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺼﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺩﻴﻭﻜﻠﺸﻴﺎﻥ ‪٣٠٥-٢٨٤‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ )‪ (Solidus‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺴﻁﻨﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ ١/٧٢‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻭﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫)ﺃﻱ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٤,٥‬ﻏﺭﺍﻡ(‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Kazhdan, A, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, New York, Oxford, :‬‬
‫‪University Press, III, 1991, p.156.‬‬

‫‪- ٣٠-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺜﺎ )‪ (Robatha‬ﻭﺘﺩﻓﻊ ‪ .(٢٨٤)(solidi) ٤٢‬ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻏﺭﻨﺩل )‪ ،(٢٨٥)(Arindela‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻭﻟﻸﺴﻑ ﻻ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻴﻥ)‪ ،(٢٨٦‬ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻟﺕ )‪ (Alt‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻸﺴﻑ ﻓﻘﺩﺕ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ)‪.(٢٨٧‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺵ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻡ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ)‪.(٢٨٨‬‬

‫ﺴﺎﺩﺴﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻭﺘﻴﺘﻴﺎ ﺩﻴﻐﻨﻴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻭﻡ )‪(Notitia Dignitatum‬‬

‫ﺘﹸﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪٤٠٨‬ﻡ(؛ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻬﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﺩﻴﻭﺱ )‪٤٠٨-٣٩٥) (Arcadius‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٢٨٩‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺼﺏ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ؛ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٢٩٠‬ﺒﺩﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺒﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ)‪ .(٢٩١‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﺌﺤﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ)‪ .(٢٩٢‬ﻭﺘﺯﻭﺩﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﺎﺭﻜﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٩٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻭﺘﻴﺘﻴﺎ ﺩﻴﻐﻨﻴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻭﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺇﺴﻬﺎﻡ‬

‫)‪Mayarson, The Beersheba Edict,p.143 . (٢٨٤‬‬

‫)‪ (٢٨٥‬ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ )‪ ،(Arindela‬ﻭﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻭﺘﻴﺘﻴﺎ ﺩﻴﻐﻨﻴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ )‪ ،(Cohors II Galatarum‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﹰﺍ ﻷﺴﻘﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻘﺎﻴﺎ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‪Walmsley, A. .‬‬
‫‪Gharandal in Jibal, First Season Report, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 32,‬‬
‫‪1994,p.434.‬‬
‫)‪Mayarson, The Beersheba Edict,p.143. (٢٨٦‬‬
‫)‪Fiema, Economics, p.246. (٢٨٧‬‬
‫)‪Mayarson, The Beersheba Edict, p.143. (٢٨٨‬‬
‫)‪ Shahid, Rome and the Arabs, p.51 (٢٨٩‬ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989,pp.459-474.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٩٠‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻨﻘﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﺸﺎﻤﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺩﻥ‪ :‬ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ‪ ،١٩٨٩ ،‬ﺹ‪.٢٠٦‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٩١‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪٢٠٦‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٩٢‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٢٠٦‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Rome and the Arabs, p.51. (٢٩٣‬‬

‫‪- ٣١-‬‬
 ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻴﻴﻥ)‪،(٢٩٤‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ)‪ .(٢٩٥‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺩ‪‬ﺓ؛ ﻓﺄﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ )‪ ،(Arab‬ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﺍﺴﻨﺔ )‪ (Saracen‬ﻭﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ)‪ .(٢٩٦‬ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻤﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺭﻤﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪ (Sagittarii‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﺔ)‪.(٢٩٧)(Equites‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻥ )‪ ،(Indigenae‬ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ – ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ ﺸﻬﻴﺩ – ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ )‪ .(٢٩٨)(dux‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺙ‪/‬ﺭﻭﺒﺎﺜﺎ )‪ ،(٢٩٩)(Ruwath‬ﻭﻗﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺡ )‪ ،(٣٠٠)(Toloha‬ﻭﻗﺼﺭ ﻓﻴﻔﺎ )‪ ،(٣٠١)(el-Fayfa‬ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ)‪،(٣٠٢‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻏﺭﻨﺩل )‪ ،(٣٠٣)(Arindela‬ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬

‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1984, p.485. (٢٩٤‬‬

‫)‪Ibid, p.485. (٢٩٥‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Rome and the Arabs, p.52. (٢٩٦‬‬
‫)‪Shahid, Byzantium 1989, p.461. (٢٩٧‬‬
‫)‪ (dux) ،Ibid, p.461. (٢٩٨‬ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻻﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ‪Charles, Latin – English .‬‬
‫‪Dicitonary, p.73.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٩٩‬ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﻭﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺭﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ .٢٠٢‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻁﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻵﺩﻭﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻭﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒـ)‪ ،(Equites Sagittarii Indigenae Robathae‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Nottitia Dignittum, Or.37.27.‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺭﻭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻁﺨﺭﻱ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ "ﺒﻠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺏ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ"‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺼﻁﺨﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٥٨‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٠٠‬ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ )‪ (Toloha‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ ٨‬ﻜﻡ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ )‪ .(Ala Constaniana‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Millar, F, The Roman Near East 31BC-AD :‬‬
‫‪ 337, London, Harvard University Press ,1993, p.188.‬ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )‪ (Ala‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )‪ (cohorts‬ﻓﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﺭﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ ‪Ibid, p.189.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٠١‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺄﺩﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻭﻗﻌﺎ ﻨﺒﻁﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻲ‪Fiema, Economics, p.135. .‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.135. (٣٠٢‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٠٣‬ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻪ‪" :‬ﺠﺒﺎل ﻭﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺭﻨﺩل )ﻏﺭﻨﺩل( ﻭﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻏﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﻘﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ"‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻌﻘﻭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ .٣٢٦‬ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﺒﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‪" ،‬ﻋﺭﻨﺩل" ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻓﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﺭﻤﻭﻙ"‪ .‬ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،٤‬ﺹ‪.١١١‬‬

‫‪- ٣٢-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫)‪ (٣٠٤)Galatarum Cohors (Secunda‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ – ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰﺎ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Calamona‬ﺒﺌﺭ ﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ )‪ ،(٣٠٥)(Bir Madhkure‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫)‪ ،(٣٠٦)(Cohors Prima Equitata‬ﻭﻻ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻗﺔ )‪ ،(Zadocatha‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻜﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ‪(eguites‬‬
‫)‪ ،promoti indigenae‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﺎﻜﻡ )‪ (dux‬ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ)‪.(٣٠٧‬‬

‫ﺴﺎﺒﻌﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺒﺭﺩﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﺭﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪١٩٩٣‬ﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ)‪ ،(٣٠٨‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ )‪ (١٥٢‬ﻟﻔﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺘﺒﺕ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻨﺼﻭﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﻔﺤﻤﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻴﻕ ﺸ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺌﻑ)‪ ،(٣٠٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﻲ ‪٥٣٧‬ﻡ ﻭ‪٥٩٣‬ﻡ)‪.(٣١٠‬‬

‫)‪Millar, The Roman Near, p.188. (٣٠٤‬‬

‫)‪ (٣٠٥‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺒﺌﺭ ﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺌﺭ ﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪King, .‬‬
‫‪G. C. Lenzen, A. Newhall, D. Deemer, and G. Rollefson, Survey of Byzantine and Islamic Sites in‬‬
‫‪Jordan, Third Preliminary Report 1982 The Wadi Arabah, Annual of the Department of‬‬
‫‪ Antiquities of Jordan, 33, 1989, p.205‬ﺘﹸﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻏﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﻘﺎﻴﺎ ﻟﺤﺼﻥ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻱ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻴﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺩل ﺒﻘﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ )ﻜﺎﻟﺤﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻁﺎﻥ ﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪Ibid, p.206. .‬‬
‫)‪Fiema, Economics,p.296. (٣٠٦‬‬
‫)‪Fiema, Z, Military Architecture and the Defense "System" of Roman-Byzantine Southern Jordan- A (٣٠٧‬‬
‫‪Critical Appraisal of Current Interpretations, Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan,‬‬
‫‪5, 1995, p.261-269.‬‬
‫)‪Frösén, J, Arjava, A and Lehtinen, M., Fiema, Z, The Petra Papyri I, Amman, American Center of (٣٠٨‬‬
‫‪Oriental Research, 2002, p.6.‬‬
‫‪ Ibid, p.11.‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﻘﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤ ٍﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Koenen, L, The Carbonized Archive from Petra, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 9, 1996, pp.177- (٣٠٩‬‬
‫‪ 188.‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻤﺨﻁﻭﻁﺎﺕ ﻗﻤﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺨﺯﻨﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻨﻴﺴﺎﻨﺎ )ﻋﻭﺠﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻴﺭ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٣٥‬ﻡ‪Frösén, Arjava, and .‬‬
‫‪ Lehtinen,The Petra Papyri I, p.9‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﻔﻅﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ ﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺼﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪Peterman, G, Discovery of Papyri in Petra, Biblical Archaeologist. 57 (1), 1994, p.55.‬‬

‫‪- ٣٣-‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻭﺸﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺨﺎﺭﺠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺭﺍﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺒﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺸﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺭﻭﺽ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺭﺍﺽٍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺯﺍﻉ ﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ)‪ .(٣١١‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺠﻭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﻀﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺫﺭﺡ‬
‫)‪ .(٣١٢)(Augustopolis‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﻱ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ)‪ .(٣١٣‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (١٠‬ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻭﺯﺓ)‪ ،(٣١٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﻐل ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻁل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻭﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺕ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ – ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺘﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﻜﺎﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺌﻑ‪،‬ﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻐل ﻤﻴﺎﻫﻪ ﻟﺴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ)‪ .(٣١٥‬ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺸﻬﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻓل ﻭﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﹰﺍ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪١٠٦‬ﻡ)‪ ،(٣١٦‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﺎﺌﻑ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ )‪ (٦‬ﻭ)‪ (٦٧‬ﻭ)‪ (٦٩‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ‬
‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺎﺯﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻘﺏ "ﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺭﺓ ﺇﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﺩﺭﻴﺎﻥ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ")‪.(٣١٧‬‬

‫)‪Ibid, p.55. (٣١٠‬‬

‫)‪Fiema, Z, Late-Antique Petra and its Hinterland: Recent Research and New Interpretations, In: N. (٣١١‬‬
‫‪Humphrey. J. H. Portsmouth (Ed), The Roman and Byzantine Near East, Rhode Island, 2002,‬‬
‫‪p.208.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.208. (٣١٢‬‬
‫)‪Frösén, Arjava and Lehtinen, Fiema, The Petra Papyri I, pp.7-9. (٣١٣‬‬
‫)‪Koenen, The Carbonized Archive, p.177-188. (٣١٤‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.187. (٣١٥‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.187. (٣١٦‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.188. (٣١٧‬‬

‫‪- ٣٤-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫)‪(٣١٨‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻤﻨـﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺨﺭﻴﻁـﺔ ﻤﺄﺩﺒـﺎ‬
‫ﺘﹸﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺄﺩﺒﺎ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٨٩٦‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻤﺤﻁﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺠﻭﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺯﻭ‪‬ﺩﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤ ٍﻭ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺠﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﺱ ﺠﻭﺭﺝ )‪ ،(St. George‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ‪ ١٥٧‬ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻴﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ)‪.(٣١٩‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻨﺔ ﺒـ "ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺄﺩﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ")‪ .(٣٢٠‬ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﺘﻨﻴﺎﻥ )‪٥٦٥-٥٢٧‬ﻡ()‪ ،(٣٢١‬ﻭﺘﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل)‪ .(٣٢٢‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻭﻤﺴﺘﻴﻜﻭﻥ )‪ (Onomasticon‬ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﺎﺒﻴﻭﺱ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﺎﺒﻴﻭﺱ)‪ .(٣٢٣‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺒﻭﺘﻨﺠﺭ )‪ ،(The Tabula Peutingeriana‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ)‪ .(٣٢٤‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (٣١٨‬ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﻤﺄﺩﺒﺎ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢١‬ﻭ‪ ،٣٠‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻭﺝ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٠٦‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﺄﺩﺒﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‪Donner, H, The Mosaic Map of :‬‬
‫‪ Madaba, An Introctury Guide, Kok Pharos Publishing House, Kampen, 1992, p.175‬ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺄﺩﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Leah Di Segni, The Onomastikon of Eusebius and the Madaba Map. Cited 23 :‬‬
‫‪January, 2007. Online: http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/ mad/articles/DiSegniOnomasticon.html‬‬
‫)‪Freeman, Roman Period, In: MacDonald. Burton, Adams. Russell and Bienkowski. Piotr (Ed), The (٣١٩‬‬
‫‪Archaeology of Jordan, Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 2001, p.435.‬‬
‫)‪Donner, The Mosaic Map of Madaba, p.175. (٣٢٠‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٢١‬ﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺄﺩﺒﺎ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪٦٠٠‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Wilkinson, John, Jerusalem Pilgrims :‬‬
‫‪before the Crusades, Ariel Publishing House, Jerusalem,1977,p.7‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٢٢‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪Donner, The Mosaic‬‬
‫‪Map of Madaba, p.178.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.180. (٣٢٣‬‬
‫)‪Di Segni, The Onomastikon of Eusebius, p.2. (٣٢٤‬‬

‫‪- ٣٥-‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻭﻴ‪‬ﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺄﺩﺒﺎ)‪.(٣٢٥‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ)‪.(٣٢٦‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ)‪ .(٣٢٧‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺯﻏﺭ )ﻏﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ )‪(Zared‬؛ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻟﻠﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٦٥‬ﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﻟﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻏﺭ )ﻏﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ()‪.(٣٢٨‬‬

‫ﺘﺎﺴﻌـﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺭﺤـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺯﺍﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ )ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ( ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺒﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ﻗﻠﻴل ﺠﺩﺍ)‪ ،(٣٢٩‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺩ ‪‬ﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﻡ ﺭﺤﻠﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭ‪‬ﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺤﻠﺘﻪ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﺸﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻭﻥ ﻴﺤﺠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺴﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻭﻟﻤﺴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺍﻗﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻭﺨﻁﻭﺍﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﺘﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺒﻴﺎﺀ")‪.(٣٣٠‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل ﻋﻥ ﺭﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴﻭﺱ )‪) (Theodosius‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭ‪‬ﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺤﻠﺘﻪ ﻗﺒل ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٥١٨‬ﻡ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﺼﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺏ( ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺴﺒﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺠﺒل ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ)‪.(٣٣١‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻨﻁﻭﻨﻨﻴﻭﺱ )‪) (Blessed Antoninus‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭ‪‬ﻥ ﺭﺤﻠﺘﻪ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪٥٧٠‬ﻡ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ)‪ ،(٣٣٢‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ‬

‫)‪Donner, The Mosaic Map of Madaba, p.178. (٣٢٥‬‬

‫)‪Di Segni, The Onomastikon of Eusebius,p.5. (٣٢٦‬‬
‫)‪. Di Segni, The Onomastikon of Eusebius,p.5 (٣٢٧‬‬
‫)‪Graf, The Via Nova Traiana in Arabia Petraea, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14, 1995, p.141- (٣٢٨‬‬
‫‪168.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٢٩‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺇﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺯﺍﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪١٠٩٩-٣٨٥‬ﻡ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻭﻟﻸﺴﻑ ﻀﺎﻋﺕ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‪Wilkinson, Jerusalem :‬‬
‫‪Pilgrims, p.2.‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.37. (٣٣٠‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.70. (٣٣١‬‬
‫)‪Ibid, p.19. (٣٣٢‬‬

‫‪- ٣٦-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﹼﺩ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺒل)‪ .(٣٣٣‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺯﻏﺭ )ﻏﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ()‪.(٣٣٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻋﺭﻀﻪ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻭﻤﺩﻭ‪‬ﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺘﹸﻌ ‪‬ﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﺩﻴﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺫﻜﺭ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ؛ ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻌ ‪‬ﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻗﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﺭﻨﺩل‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺩﻟﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻜﺸﻔﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺴﻜﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴﺘﺴﻼﻡ ﺃﻫﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻲ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﺃﻴﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﺫﺭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺸﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺩل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﻟﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻀﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺏ ﻭﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻤﺒﺭﺍﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺍﻨﺊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺯﻨﻁﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Ibid, p.88. (٣٣٣‬‬

‫)‪Ibid, p.82. (٣٣٤‬‬

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‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ...‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬

The Historical Sources of Studying the History of

the Southern Part of Jordan during the Byzantine Period
(324-636 DD)

Mohammad Al-Nasrat and Salameh Al-Nuaimat*

ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on the various historical sources that were concerned with
the history of the southern part of Jordan during the Byzantine Period (324 -
636 AD). While the paper shows the importance of the Islamic sources such as
biographies, geography books and conquest books, it discusses some of the
Byzantine and Syriac historical sources. The paper discuses and clarifies the
importance of the inscriptions that have been discovered in many places in the
southern part of Jordan, the Byzantine Military documents in addition to the
papyri that were discovered in Petra in 1993. These sources, inscriptions,
documents and papyri help reveal economic conditions in Petra and the
surrounding areas.
Keywords: Byzantine Period, Southern Jordan, Islamic Sources.

* Dept. of History, Faculty of Art, University of Jordan.

Received on 24/11/2008 and accepted for publication on 26/5/2009.

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