Exercise 17 Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.

PL 3 Apply the understanding of differentiation to perform simple tasks.

Example 17 3 2
1 Given the equation of a curve is y = x – 22. Find
2
Given the equation of a curve is y = 7x – x 2. 3 2
Diberi persamaan lengkung ialah y =x – 22.Cari
Find 2
dy dy
Diberi persamaan lengkung ialah y = 7x – x2. (a) at point P(4, 2),/ pada titik P(4, 2),
dx dx
Cari
dy (b) the equation of the tangent to the curve at
(a) at point P(2, 10),/ dy pada titik P(2, 10), point P,
dx dx
persamaan tangen kepada lengkung pada titik P,
(b) the equation of the tangent to the curve at (c) the equation of the normal to the curve at
point P, point P.
persamaan tangen kepada lengkung pada titik P, persamaan normal kepada lengkung pada titik P.
(c) the equation of the normal to the curve at
point P. 3
persamaan normal kepada lengkung pada titik P. (a) y = 2 x2 – 22
dy
= 3x
Solution dx
dy
(a) y = 7x – x 2 When x = 4, = 3(4)
dx
dy = 12
= 7 – 2x
dx
dy
When/Apabila x = 2, = 7 – 2(2) (b) Gradient of the tangent = 12
dx
=3 Equation of the tangent,
y – 2 = 12(x – 4)
(b) Gradient of the tangent/ Kecerunan tangen = 3
Equation of the tangent/ Persamaan tangen, y – 2 = 12x – 48
y – 10 = 3(x – 2) y = 12x – 46
y – 10 = 3x – 6
y = 3x + 4 1
(c) Gradient of the normal = –
1 12
(c) Gradient of the normal/ Kecerunan normal = – Equation of the normal,
3
Equation of the normal/ Persamaan normal, 1
y – 2 = – 12 (x – 4)
1
y – 10 = – (x – 2) 12y – 24 = –x + 4
3
3y – 30 = –x + 2 12y = –x + 28
3y = –x + 32

2 Given the equation of a curve is y = (2x – 3)3. Find

Diberi persamaan lengkung ialah y = (2x – 3)3. Cari
dy
(a) at point P(2, 1),/ dy pada titik P(2, 1),
dx dx
(b) the equation of the tangent to the curve at point P,
persamaan tangen kepada lengkung pada titik P,
(c) the equation of the normal to the curve at point P.
persamaan normal kepada lengkung pada titik P.

(a) y = (2x – 3)3 (b) Gradient of the tangent = 6

dy Equation of the tangent,
= 3(2x – 3)2 × 2
dx y – 1 = 6(x – 2)
= 6(2x – 3)2 y – 1 = 6x – 12
dy y = 6x – 11
When x = 2, = 6[2(2) – 3]2
dx
=6
1
(c) Gradient of the normal = –
6
Equation of the normal,
1
y – 1 = – (x – 2)
6
6y – 6 = –x + 2
6y = –x + 8

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 6
3 Given the equation of a curve is y = + 8. Find
x
6
Diberi persamaan lengkung ialah y =+ 8. Cari
x
dy
(a) at point P(–2, 5),/ dy pada titik P(–2, 5),
dx dx
(b) the equation of the tangent to the curve at point P,
persamaan tangen kepada lengkung pada titik P,
(c) the equation of the normal to the curve at point P,
persamaan normal kepada lengkung pada titik P.

6
(a) y= x +8 (c) Gradient of the normal,
1 2
dy 6 =– =
dx
=– 2
x
dy 6
– ( )
3
2
3

When x = –2, =–
dx (–2)2
6 Equation of the normal,
=– 2
4 y – 5 = [x – (–2)]
3 3
=– 3(y – 5) = 2(x + 2)
2
3y – 15 = 2x + 4
3 3y = 2x + 19
(b) Gradient of the tangent = –
2
Equation of the tangent,
PAK-21
3
y – 5 = – [x – (–2)]
ACTIVITY

2
2(y – 5) = –3(x + 2)
2y – 10 = –3x – 6
2y = –3x + 4

PAK-21 Gallery Walk

Steps/ Langkah-langkah:
1 Teacher provides a set of questions involving tangent and normal to the curve on coloured cards.
Guru menyediakan beberapa set soalan melibatkan tangen dan normal kepada lengkung pada kad berwarna.

2 Students perform this activity in groups of three students. A coloured card is randomly selected for each group.
Murid melakukan aktiviti ini secara berkumpulan yang terdiri daripada tiga orang murid. Satu kad berwarna dipilih secara rawak
bagi setiap kumpulan.

3 Each group is required to answer all questions on the selected card. Write each answer on a mahjung paper.
Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki menjawab semua soalan yang terdapat pada kad yang dipilih. Tulis setiap jawapan pada kertas
mahjung.

4 The group work of each group is posted on the class’s notice board. Students are required to stand next to their
group work.
Hasil kerja setiap kumpulan ditampal pada papan kenyataan kelas. Murid-murid dikehendaki berdiri di sebelah hasil kerja
masing-masing.
5 A group is required to move to each group to evaluate the work of other groups. Once completed, other groups
need to do the same.
Satu kumpulan dikehendaki bergerak ke setiap kumpulan bagi menilai hasil kerja kumpulan yang lain. Setelah selesai, kumpulan
lain perlu melakukan langkah yang sama.

6 Teacher holds a discussion with students to enhance their understanding about solving problems involving tangent
and normal.
Guru mengadakan perbincangan dengan murid untuk menambahkan kefahaman mereka mengenai penyelesaian masalah
melibatkan tangen dan normal.

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 Smart Tip
Turning points/ Titik pusingan The tangents to the curve y = f(x) at its turning points P and Q are parallel to
dy
the x-axis, therefore = 0.
dx
Maximum point
Titik maksimum y Tangen bagi lengkung y = f(x) pada titik pusingan P dan Q adalah selari dengan paksi-x,
dy
dy maka = 0.
=0 P dx
dx
To determine the coordinates of the turning point:
Menentukan koordinat titik pusingan:
x dy
0 1 Find/Cari .
dx
dy
=0 dy
Q dx 2 Solve = 0 to obtain the coordinates of the turning points.
dx
Minimum point dy
Selesaikan = 0 untuk memperoleh koordinat titik pusingan.
Titik minimum dx

y
Remember/ Ingat:
dy
=0
dx The maximum and minimum points are the highest and the
lowest points at certain region of the curve respectively.
dy Titik maksimum dan titik minimum masing-masing ialah titik tertinggi
dy dy >0
>0 <0 dx dan terendah kawasan tertentu bagi lengkung itu.
dx dx
dy
=0
dx
x
0

Two methods to determine the maximum and minimum points:

Dua kaedah untuk menentukan titik maksimum dan titik minimum:

d2y d2y
1 Second derivative method, /Kaedah terbitan kedua, dx2 .
dx2
d2y
(a) For maximum point, the value of 2 is negative.
dx
d2y
Bagi titik maksimum, nilai dx2 ialah negatif.

d2y
(b) For minimum point, the value of is positive.
dx2
d2y
Bagi titik minimum, nilai dx2 ialah positif.

2 Tabulating and sketching the curve/Penjadualan dan lakaran lengkung.

dy
(a) For maximum point, the value of changes from positive to negative through 0 as x increases from left to right.
dx
dy
Bagi titik maksimum, nilai berubah dari positif ke negatif melalui 0 apabila x bertambah dari kiri ke kanan.
dx
dy
(b) For minimum point, the value of changes from negative to positive through 0 as x increases from left to right.
dx
dy
Bagi titik minimum, nilai berubah dari negatif ke positif melalui 0 apabila x bertambah dari kiri ke kanan.
dx

Remember/ Ingat:
dy
Turning point/Titik pusingan: = 0.
dx
dy d2y
At maximum point/Pada titik maksimum: = 0, 2 < 0.
dx dx

dy d2y
At minimum point/Pada titik minimum: = 0, 2 > 0.
dx dx

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 Exercise 18 Determine the turning point for each of the following.
Tentukan titik pusingan bagi setiap yang berikut.
PL 3 Apply the understanding of differentiation to perform simple tasks.

Example 18

y = 2x3 − 6x2 − 18x + 9 Alternative Method

Solution x = –1, y = 2(–1)3 – 6(–1)2 – 18(–1) + 9

y = 2x3 − 6x2 − 18x + 9 = 19
x = 3, y = 2(3)3 – 6(3)2 – 18(3) + 9
dy = –45
= 6x2 − 12x − 18
dx
Tabulating and curve sketching
At turning points, Penjadualan dan lakaran lengkung
Pada titik pusingan, dy
dy dx = 6x – 12x – 18
2

= 0, 6x2 − 12x − 18 = 0
dx x = –1,
PAK-21 ÷6, x2 − 2x − 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x – 3) = 0 x = –2 x=0
VIDEO

x = –1
x + 1 = 0 or/atau x − 3 = 0 (x < –1) (x > –1)
x = –1 x=3
x = –1, y = 2(–1)3 − 6(–1)2 − 18(–1) + 9 y = 6(–2)2 – 12(–2) – 18 y = 6(0)2 – 12(0) – 18
0
= 30 = –18
= 19
x = 3, y = 2(3)3 − 6(3)2 − 18(3) + 9
+ 0 –
= –45

Using second derivative method,

Menggunakan kaedah terbitan kedua,
d2y
dx2 = 12x − 12 Curve/Lengkung:
d2y Maximum point/Titik maksimum: (–1, 19)
x = –1, dx2 = 12(–1) − 12 = –24 < 0
x = 3,
y has a maximum value at x = –1
y mempunyai nilai maksimum di x = –1
x=2 x=4
d2y x=3
(x < 3) (x > 3)
x = 3, dx2 = 12(3) − 12 = 24 > 0
y has a minimum value at x = 3 y = 6(2)2 – 12(2) – 18 y = (4)2 – 12(4) – 18
y mempunyai nilai minimum di x = 3 0
= –18 = 30

Maximum point/Titik maksimum: (–1, 19) – 0 +

Minimum point/Titik minimum: (3, –45)

Video
Curve/Lengkung:
Scan or visit https://youtu.be/cXxW6mHhVXY Minimum point/Titik minimum: (3, −45)
to watch a video on how to find maximum
and minimum turning points.
For educational purposes only

1 y = 6x − x2 + 7

y = 6x − x2 + 7 d2y
dx2 = –2 < 0
dy
= 6 − 2x y has a maximum value at x = 3
dx
dy
=0 y = 6(3) − (3)2 + 7
dx
= 16
6 − 2x = 0
–2x = –6 The turning point is a maximum point (3, 16)
x=3

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 1 3 8
2 y= x − x2 − 15x + 6 3 y = 2x +
3 x

1 8
y = 3 x3 − x2 − 15x + 6 y = 2x +
x
dy dy 8
= x2 − 2x − 15 =2− 2
dx dx x
At turning points, At turning points,
dy dy
=0 =0
dx dx
8
x2 − 2x − 15 = 0 2− 2 =0
x
(x + 3)(x − 5) = 0
2x2 − 8 = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
x2 − 4 = 0
x = –3 x=5
(x + 2)(x − 2) = 0
dy2
x = –2 or x = 2
dx2 = 2x − 2
d2y d2y 16
x = –3, dx2 = 2(–3) − 2 dx2 = x3
= –8 < 0 d2y 16
x = –2, dx2 =
y has a maximum value at x = –3 (–2)3
1 = –2 < 0
y = 3 (–3)3 − (–3)2 − 15(–3) + 6 y has a maximum value at x = –2
= 33 8
y = 2(–2) +
d2y (–2)
x = 5, dx2 = 2(5) − 2 = –8
= 8>0 d2y 16
x = 2, dx2 = 3
y has a minimum value at x = 5 (2)
1 = 2>0
y = 3 (5)3 − (5)2 − 15(5) + 6 y has a minimum value at x = 2
1
= –52 8
3 y = 2(2) +
(2)
Maximum point: (–3, 33) =8
1
Minimum point: (5, – 52 3 ) Maximum point: (–2, –8)
Minimum point: (2, 8)

1
4 y=5– − 4x
x

y = 5 − x–1 − 4x d2y 1 d2y –2

dx2 = –2x
–3 When x = – , 2 = = 16 > 0
2 dx 1
 
3
dy –2 –
= x–2 − 4 = 3 2
dx x
1 1
= 2 −4 1 d2y –2 y has a minimum point at x = –
x When x = 2 , dx2 = = –16 < 0 2
1 3 1 1
2  y=5−
1
 
–4 –
2
At turning points,
1  
–
2
dy y has a maximum point at x = =9
=0 2
dx 1 1
1
y=5−
1
−4 
2 Maximum point:  12 , 1
x2
−4=0  
2
=1 1
1 − 4x2 = 0 
Minimum point: – , 9
2 
4x − 1 = 0
2

(2x − 1)(2x + 1) = 0
1 1
x = 2 or x = –
2

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