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Solutions to Exercises in Chapter 8
Exercises With Answers in Text

Laplace Transform Definition
1. Starting with the definition of the Laplace transform,
find the Laplace transforms of these signals.
(a) ()
x t = et u t ()
¥ ¥ ¥
X s = ( ) ò x (t ) e - st
dt = t
()
- st - ( s-1) t
ò e u t e dt = ò e dt
-¥ -¥ 0
¥
é e- ( s-1) t ù é 1 ù
()
X s =ê ú = ê0 - ú=
1
, Re s = s > 1 ()
êë - s - (
1 )
úû0- êë - s - 1 úû s - 1 ( )
(b) () (
x t = e2t cos 200p t u -t )( )
¥ ¥
e j200p t + e- j200p t - st
0
( ) ò x (t ) e
X s = - st
dt = 2t
(
ò e cos 200p t u -t e dt =
- st
) ( ) òe
2t
2
e dt
-¥ -¥ -¥
X s =() 1 - ( s- 2- j 200p ) t
òe
2 -¥
+e (
- s- 2+ j 200 p ) t
dt
1é e ( )
e( )
0
- s- 2- j200 p t - s- 2+ j200 p t ù
()
X s = ê + ú
(
2 êë - s - 2 - j200p - s - 2 + j200p ) ( ) úû-¥
1é ù
()
X s = ê-
1
-
1
ú , Re s = s < 2
2 ë s - 2 - j200p s - 2 + j200p û
()
Solutions 8-1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
s-2
()
X s =- ()
, Re s = s < 2
( s - 2) + ( 200p )
2 2
(c) ()
x t = ramp t ()
¥ ¥ ¥
( ) ò x (t ) e
X s = - st
dt = ()
ò ramp t e dt = ò te dt
- st - st
-¥ -¥ 0
Using
eax
ò xe dx =
ax
a2
(
ax - 1 )
¥
é -st ù
e
()
X s =ê ( ) 1
-st - 1 ú = 2 , Re s = s > 0 ()
ê -s 2
ë ( ) ú
û0
s
(d) ()
x t = tet u t()
¥ ¥ ¥
( ) ò x (t ) e
X s = - st
dt = t
() - st - ( s-1) t
ò te u t e dt = ò te dt
-¥ -¥ 0
¥
é - ( s-1)t ù
()
X s =ê
e
(( ) )
- s -1 t -1 ú =
1
, Re s = s > 1 ()
ê
( ( )) ú
( )
2 2
êë - s - 1 úû0 s - 1
Existence of the Laplace Transform
Direct-Form II System Realization
2. Draw Direct-Form-II system diagrams of the systems with these transfer functions.
(a) H s = () 1
s +1
( ) = 1 Þ X s = sY s + Y s Þ sY s = X s - Y s
Y s
X ( s) s + 1
() () () () () ()
Solutions 8-2
X(s) + -
s-1
Y(s)
s+3
(b) ()
H s =4
s + 10
( ) = Y ( s) Y ( s) = 1 4 s + 3
Y s
()
H s = 1
X ( s ) X ( s ) Y ( s ) s + 10
( )
1
( )= 1
Y1 s ( ) = 4 s+3
Y s
X ( s ) s + 10 Y ( s)
( )
1
() ()
s Y1 s = X s - 10 Y1 s () () () ()
Y s = 4s Y1 s + 12 Y1 s
4 +
X(s) + - Y(s)
+
s-1
10 12
Forward and Inverse Laplace Transforms
3. Using the complex-frequency-shifting property, find and graph the inverse Laplace
transform of
()
X s =
1
+
1
, s > -3 .
( ) (
s + j4 + 3 s - j4 + 3 )
Solutions 8-3
and
() () ( ) ()
x t = é e ( ) + e ( ) ù u t = e-3t e- j 4t + e j 4t u t = 2e-3t cos 4t u t
ë
- 3+ j 4 t - 3- j 4 t
û ( ) ()
x(t)
2
t
-0.1 2
-2
4. Using the time-scaling property, find the Laplace transforms of these signals.
(a) () ( )
x t = d 4t
(b) () ( )
x t = u 4t
5. Using the convolution in time property, find the Laplace transforms of these
signals and graph the signals versus time.
(a) () () ()
x t = e-t u t * u t
Solutions 8-4
Therefore
() () (
e-t u t * u t = 1- e-t u t ) ()
x(t)
1
t
-1 5
(b) () (
x t = e-t sin 20p t u t * u -t ) () ( )
20p 1 20p 1 As + B
- =- +
( s + 1) + ( 20p ) s ( ) (
s s + 1 2 + 20p) ( )
2 2 2 2
1+ 20p
Multiplying through by s and letting s approach infinity,
20p 20p
0=- + AÞ A=
( ) ( )
2 2
1+ 20p 1+ 20p
20p
s+ B
( )
2
20p 1 20p 1 1+ 20p
- =- +
( s + 1) + ( 20p ) s ( ) ( ) (
s s + 1 2 + 20p 2 )
2 2 2
1+ 20p
Now, letting s = 1 and solving for B,

40p
B=
( )
2
1+ 20p
Solutions 8-5
é ù
20p s+2
()
X s = ê- 1 + ú , -1< s < 0
ê s ( ) ( ) ( ) ú
2 2 2
1+ 20p ë s + 1 + 20p û
é ù
20p s +1 20p
()
X s = ê- 1 + +
1 ú , -1< s < 0
( ) ê s s + 1 2 + 20p
( ) ( ) (
20p s + 1 + 20p ú) ( )
2 2 2 2
1+ 20p ë û
20p é ù
()
x t = ( )
ê u -t + e cos 20p t u t +
-t 1 -t
( ) ()
e sin 20p t u t ú ( ) ()
( ) p
2
1+ 20p ë 20 û
20p ìï é sin 20p t ù üï ( )

()
x t = ( )
íu -t - e êcos 20p t +
-t
( )
úu t ý ()
( ) êë 20p úû
2
1+ 20p ïî ïþ
x(t)
0.02
t
-1 5
-0.02
(c) () (
x t = 8cos p t / 2 u t * éë u t - u t - 1 ùû ) () () ( )
æ 1 e-s ö 1- e- s p /2
()
X s =8 2 ç
- ÷
s
= 8 =8
2
(1- e ) -s
(
s2 + p / 2 è s s ø ) ( ) p ( )
2 2
s2 + p / 2 s + p /2
2
16 é æp ö ù
x t = () p ë
( ) ()
êsin p t / 2 u t - sin ç t - 1 ÷ u t - 1 ú
è2 ø
( ) ( )
û
x(t)
10
t
-1 8
-10
Solutions 8-6
(d) () ( ) () () ( )
x t = 8cos 2p t u t * éë u t - u t - 1 ùû
æ 1 e- s ö 1- e- s 2p
()
X s =8
s
çs- s ÷ =8 2 =8
1
(
1- e-s )
( ) è ø ( ) 2p ( )
2 2 2
s + 2p
2
s + 2p s + 2p
2
()
x t =
4é
pë
( ) () ( ( )) ( )
sin 2p t u t - sin 2p t - 1 u t - 1 ù
û
After time, t = 1, the solution is zero.
x(t)
2
t
-1 4
-2
6. A system impulse response h(t ) has a unilateral Laplace transform,

s(s - 4 )
H(s ) = .
(s + 3)( s- 2)
(a) What is the region of convergence for H(s)? Re( s) = s > 2
(b) Could the CTFT of h(t ) be found directly from H(s)? No
If not, why not? The region of convergence does not contain the  axis.
7. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of these functions.
()
X s =
24
, s >0
( )
(a)
s s+8
3 -3
()
X s = +
s s+8
() ( ) ()
x t = 3 1- e-8t u t
(b) ()
X s = 2
20
s + 4s + 3
, s < -3
Solutions 8-7
X s =() 20
=
10
-
10
( )( )
s +1 s + 3 s +1 s + 3
() (
x t = 10 e-3t - e-t u -t )( )
(c) ()
X s =
5
s2 + 6s + 73
, s > -3
X s =() 5
=
5 8
( s + 3) ( )
2
+ 64 8 s + 3 2 + 64
() ( )
x t = 5 / 8 e-3t sin 8t u t ( ) ()
Alternate Solution:
Using the complex frequency shifting property, let s ® s - 3. Then
() ( ) ( ) ()
e3t x t = 5 / 8 sin 8t u t Þ x t = 5 / 8 e-3t sin 8t u t () ( ) ( ) ()
()
X s =
10
, s >0
( )
(d)
s s2 + 6s + 73
Bs + C
()
X s =
10
=
10 / 73
+
é
( ù
) s ( )
2 2
s s + 3 + 64 s + 3 + 64
êë úû
In
10 10 / 73 Bs + C
= +
é
( ù
) s ( )
2 2
s s + 3 + 64 s + 3 + 64
êë úû
multiply through by s and then let s approach infinity. Then
Solutions 8-8
0 = 10 / 73+ B Þ B = -10 / 73 .
To find C let s = 1 in
10 10 / 73 -10s / 73 + C
= +
é
( ù
) s ( )
2 2
s s + 3 + 64 s + 3 + 64
êë úû
yielding
10 10 -10 / 73 + C 60
= + ÞC = - .
80 73 80 73
Then
é ù é ù
s+6 s+3
()
X s =
10 ê 1
- ú = 10 ê 1 - -
3 8 ú
( ) (
73 ê s s + 3 2 + 64 ú 73 ê s s + 3 2 + 64 8 s + 3 2 + 64 ú
ë û ë û ) ( )
and
() ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( )) ( )
x t = 10 / 73 é1- e-3t cos 8t + 3 / 8 sin 8t ù u t
ë û
or, using
æ æ Böö
()
Acos x + Bsin x = () A2 + B2 cos ç x - tan -1 ç ÷ ÷
è è Aø ø
() ( )
x t = 10 / 73 é1- 73 / 64e-3t cos 8t - 0.3588 ù u t
ë û ( ) ()
Alternate Solution:
X s =() 10
=
10
(
s s + 6s + 73
2
) êë(
s é s + 3 + 64 ù
2
úû)
Using the complex frequency shifting property, let s ® s - 3. Then
Multiply through by s and let s approach infinity.
A = -10 / 73
Then let s = 0 and solve for B.
Solutions 8-9
B = -0.411.
e3t x ( t ) = éë0.137e3t - 0.137 cos (8t ) - 0.0514sin (8t ) ùû u ( t )
(
x ( t ) = 0.137 é1- e-3t cos (8t ) + 0.375sin (8t ) ù u ( t )
ë û )
()
X s =
4
, s >0
( )
(e)
s2 s2 + 6s + 73
A B Cs + D
()
X s =
4
= + +
(
s s + 6s + 73
2 2
) s2 s s2 + 6s + 73
Using the “cover up” method, A = 4 / 73 @ 0.0548 . Using
1 d é ù
ú = é -4 s2 + 6s + 73 2s2 + 6 ù = -( ) ( )
4 -2 24
B= ê @ -0.0045
(
1! ds ê s + 6s + 73
ë
2
ú
û s®0 )ê
ë ú
û s®0 73
2
( )
Cs + D
()
X s = 2 2
4 4 / 73 24 / 732
= 2 - + 2
s s + 6s + 73( s s )
s + 6s + 73
Multiply through by s and let s approach infinity,
24
0=- + C Þ C = 24 / 732 @ 0.0045
( 73)
2
4 / 73 24 / 732 24s / 732 + D

()
X s =
4
= - +
(
s2 s2 + 6s + 73 ) s2 s (
2
s + 3 + 64 )
Then let s = 1.
Solutions 8-10
4 4 24 24 / 732 + D 21464 148
= - + Þ D = 4- =- = -0.0278
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
80 73 73 80 73 73
é ù
4 / 73 24 / 732 24s / 732 - 148 / 732 s - 37 / 6 ú
()
X s = - + =
1 ê 292 24
- + 24
s2 s s 2 + 6s + 73 73 êë s s ( )
s + 3 + 64 úû ( )
2 2 2
é æ öù
s+3
()
X s =
1 ê 292 24
- + 24 ç -
55 8
÷ú
( )
73 êê s s ( )
çè s + 3 2 + 64 48 s + 3 2 + 64 ÷ø ú ( )
2 2
ë úû
1 é æ öù
()
x t = 2 ê
55
( )
292t - 24 + 24e-3t ç cos 8t - sin 8t ÷ ú u t ( ) ()
( )
73 ë è 48 øû
(f) ()
X s =
2s
s + 2s + 13
2
, s < -1
é ù
s s +1
()
X s =2 = 2ê -
1 12 ú
( ) (
ê s + 1 + 12
)
12 s + 1 + 12 ú ( )
2 2 2
s + 1 + 12 ë û
() (
x t = 2e-t éê 1 / 12 sin
ë ) ( 12t ) - cos( 12t )ùúû u (-t )
s
(g) ()
X s =
s+3
, s > -3
()
X s = 1-
3
s+3
() ()
Þ x t = d t - 3e-3t u t ()
s
(h) ()
X s =
s + 4s + 4
2
, s > -2
s s -2
()
X s = = = +
1
s 2 + 4s + 4 s + 2 ( ) ( s + 2) s+2
2 2
Solutions 8-11
Using ,
() (
x t = -2te-2t + e-2t u t = e-2t 1- 2t u t ) () ( ) ()
Alternate Solution:
Using , and the differentiation property
()
X s =
s
Þx t = () d -2t
( ( )) ( ) () (
te u t = te-2t d t + -2te-2t + e-2t u t ) ()
( s + 2) dt
2
() (
x t = e-2t 1- 2t u t . Check. ) ()
s2
(i) ()
X s =
s - 4s + 4
2
, s <2
s2 4s - 4 s -1
X s = () = 1+ 2 = 1+ 4
s - 4s + 4 s - 4s + 4 ( )
2 2
s-2
é ù
()
X s = 1+ 4 ê
1
+
1 ú
() () (
Þ x t = d t - 4 te2t + e2t u -t = d t - 4e2t t + 1 u -t) ( ) () ( ) ( )
ê s-2
( ) s - 2ú
2
ë û
(j) ()
X s =
10s
s4 + 4s2 + 4
, s > -2
()
X s =
10s
=
10s
(s ) (s - j 2 ) (s + j 2 )
2 2 2
2
+2
- j10 2 / 8 j10 2 / 8
()
X s = +
0
+ +
0
(s - j 2 ) s- j 2
(s + j 2 ) s+ j 2
2 2
Using
Solutions 8-12
()
X s =
j5 2 / 4
-
j5 2 / 4
Þx t = () j5 2 - j
te ( 2t
- te j 2t
) u (t )
( ) ( )
2 2
4
s+ j 2 s- j 2
() (
x t = - j5 2 / 4 t e j )( 2t
- e- j 2t
) u (t ) = (5 / 2 ) t sin ( 2t ) u (t )
8. Using the initial and final value theorems, find the initial and final values (if
possible) of the signals whose Laplace transforms are these functions.
Initial Value Theorem

( )
g 0+ = lim sG s
s®¥
()
Final Value Theorem
t®¥
()
limg t = lim sG s
s®0
() ()
, if limg t exists
t®¥
(a) ()
X s =
10
s+8
, s > -8 , One pole in open LHP
( )
x 0+ = lim s
s®¥
10
s+8
= 10
t®¥
()
limx t = lim s
s®0
10
s+8
=0
and the limit exists because the only pole of X s = () 10

s+8
is in the
open LHP
s+3
(b) ()
X s = , s > -3 , Poles at -3 ± j2
( s + 3)
2
+4
s+3
( )
x 0+ = lim s =1
( s + 3)
2
s®¥
+4
Solutions 8-13
s+3
()
limx t = lim s =0
( s + 3)
2
t®¥ s®0
+4
and the limit exists because both poles are in the open LHP.
s
(c) ()
X s = 2
s +4
, s >0 , Poles at ± j2
( )
x 0+ = lim s
s®¥
s
s2 + 4
=1
Final-value theorem does not apply because there are two poles on
the w axis
(d) ()
X s =
10s
s + 10s + 300
2
, s < -5 , Poles at -5 ± j16.583
The initial and final value theorems do not apply because x t does not ()
equal zero for all t < 0.
()
X s =
8
, s > 0 , Poles at 0 and -20
( )
(e)
s s + 20
( )
x 0+ = lim s
s®¥
(
8
s s + 20
=0
)
()
limx t = lim s
8
=
2
t®¥ s®0
(
s s + 20 5 )
()
X s =
8
, s > 0 , Double pole at zero.
( )
(f)
s s + 20
2
( )
x 0+ = lim s
s®¥
8
(
s s + 20
2
=0
)
Final-value theorem does not apply because of the double pole at zero
s-3
X ( s) =
s ( s + 5)
(g)
Solutions 8-14
s-3
( )
x 0+ = lim s
s®¥ s ( s + 5)
=1
s-3
t®¥
()
Final Value , lim x t = lim s X s = s
s®0
() s ( s + 5)
3
= - = -0.6
5
s2 + 7
(h) X ( s) =
s2 + 4
Initial value theorem does not apply because x t () has an impulse at t = 0 .
Final value theorem does Not Apply , Two poles on w axis.
s2 + 2s + 3
9. A system has a transfer function H s = () . Its impulse response is h ( t )
s2 + s +1
and its unit step response is h -1 ( t ) . Find the final values of each of them.
s2 + 2s + 3
lim h ( t ) = lim s H ( s ) = lim s =0
t®¥ s®0 s®0 s2 + s +1
1 s2 + 2s + 3
lim h -1 ( t ) = lim s H -1 ( s ) = lim s ´ =3
t®¥ s®0 s®0 s s2 + s +1
b2 s 2 + b1s + b0 - st0
10. Find the numerical values of the literal constants in the form e
a2 s 2 + a1s + a0
of the bilateral Laplace transforms of these functions.
(a) 3e-8(t-1) u ( t -1)
(b) 4 cos ( 32p t ) u ( t )
(c) 4et+2 sin ( 32p ( t + 2 )) u ( t + 2 )
Solutions 8-15
11. ()
Let the function x t be defined by ()
. x t can be
written as the sum of three functions, two of which are causal sinusoids.
(a) What is the third function?
The fraction is improper in s. Synthetically dividing,
(
s s+5 ) = 1+ 5s - 16 = 1+ 5 s
-4 2
4
s + 16
2
s + 16
2
s + 16
2
s + 16
The third function is an impulse.
(b) What is the cyclic frequency of the causal sinusoids?
The radian frequency is 4 radians/s. Therefore the cyclic frequency is

4 / 2p = 0.637 Hz .
s ( s - 1)
12. A system has a transfer function, H ( s ) = , which can be expanded in
( s + 2)( s + a)
B C 3
partial fractions in the form, H ( s ) = A + + . If a ¹ 2 and B = , find
s+2 s+a 2
the values of a, A and C.
s ( s - 1) s2 - s
H( s) = = 2
( s + 2 ) ( s + a ) s + ( 2 + a ) s + 2a
Sythetically dividing the numerator by the denominator,
s 2 + ( 2 + a ) s + 2a s 2 - s
1
Þ H ( s) = 1 -
( 3 + a ) s + 2a
( s + 2)( s + a)
s 2 + ( 2 + a ) s + 2a
- ( 3 + a ) s - 2a
Solutions 8-16
æ -6 ( 3 + a ) ( -a ) + 2a ö -6 1+ a
ç ( -a + 2 ) ÷ a
H( s) = 1 - ç -2 + a + ÷ = 1+ 2 - a + 2-a
ç s+2 s+a ÷ s+2 s+a
çè ÷ø
A =1
3 -6
B= = Þ 6 - 3a = -12 Þ a = 6
2 2-a
1+ a 1+ 6 21
a =C Þ6 = C Þ C = - = -10.5
2-a 2-6 2
H( s) = 1 -
( 3 + 6 ) s + 2 ( 6 ) = 1 - 9s + 12
( s + 2)( s + 6) ( s + 2)( s + 6)
æ 3 21 ö 3 21
-
ç 2 ÷
H ( s) = 1 - ç + 2 = 1+ 2 - 2 Check.
s + 2 s + 6÷ s+2 s+6
çè ÷ø
a=6 A=1 C = -10.5
13. Find the numerical values of the literal constants.
(a)
6 2 b
(b) = +
( s + 4) ( s + a ) s+4 s+ a
Solutions 8-17
6 6 6 6
6
= -4 + a + -a + 4 = a - 4 + 4 - a
( s + 4) ( s + a ) s + 4 s + a s + 4 s + a
6 6
2 b a - 4 4 - a Þ 6 = 2 and 6 = b
+ = +
s+4 s+ a s+4 s+a a-4 4- a
6
=2Þa=7
a-4
6
= b = -2
4-7
6 2 -2
= + Check.
( s + 4) ( s + 7 ) s+4 s+7
(c)
A= 4 , B= 9 , a = 3
(d)
(e)
Solutions 8-18
A = 3 , B = 6 , C = -9
(f)
A = -1/3 , B = 4/9 , b = 3
(g)
A = 0.0074 a = 2 b = 4 c = 68 d = -3
(h)
Unilateral Laplace Transform Integral
14. Starting with the definition of the unilateral Laplace transform,
Solutions 8-19
,
find the Laplace transforms of these signals.
(a) ()
x t = e-t u t ()
¥ ¥ ¥
( ) ò x (t ) e
X s = -st
()
dt = ò e-t u t e- st dt = ò e ( ) dt
- s+1 t
0- 0- 0-
¥
é e- ( s+1) t ù é 1 ù
()
X s =ê ú = ê0 - ú=
1
, s >1
êë - s + 1 (
úû0- êë -)s + 1 úû s + 1 ( )
(b) () (
x t = e2t cos 200p t u t ) ()
¥ ¥ ¥
e j200p t + e- j200p t -st
( ) ò x (t ) e
X s = -st
( ) ()
dt = ò e2t cos 200p t u t e- st dt = ò e2t
2
e dt
0- 0- 0-
()
X s =
1 - ( s- 2- j 200p ) t
2 0ò-
e +e (
- s- 2+ j 200 p ) t
dt
¥
1é e ( )
e( ) ù
- s- 2- j200 p t - s- 2+ j200 p t
()
X s = ê + ú
(
2 êë - s - 2 - j200p - s - 2 + j200p ) ( ) úû0-
1é ù
()
X s = ê
1
+
1
ú , Re s = s > 2
2 ë s - 2 - j200p s - 2 + j200p û
()
s-2
X s =() , Re s = s > 2()
( s - 2) + ( 200p )
2 2
(c) () ( )
x t =u t+4
¥ ¥ ¥
X ( s) = ò x ( t ) e -st
( )
dt = ò u t + 4 e- st dt = ò e- st dt
0- 0- 0-
Solutions 8-20
¥
é e- st ù
()
X s =ê
1
ú = , s >0
ë -s û0- s
(d) () ( )
x t =u t-4
¥ ¥ ¥
X ( s) = ò x ( t ) e -st
( )
dt = ò u t - 4 e- st dt = ò e- st dt
0- 0- 4
¥
é e- st ù e-4s
()
X s =ê ú = , s >0
ë -s û 4 s
Solving Differential Equations
15. Using the differentiation properties of the unilateral Laplace transform write the
Laplace transform of the differential equation
() ()
x¢¢ t - 2 x¢ t + 4 x t = u t () ()
æd ö
() ( )
s 2 X s - s x 0- - ç
è dt
x t ÷ ( ( ))
ø t =0-
() ( )
- 2 éë s X s - x 0- ùû + 4 X s =
1
s
()
16. Using the unilateral Laplace transform, solve these differential equations for t ³ 0.
(a) () () ()
x¢ t + 10 x t = u t , ( )
x 0- = 1
() ( )
s X s - x 0- + 10 X s = () 1
s
1/ s +1 s +1
()
X s = =
s + 10 s s + 10 ( )
1+ 9e-10t
X s =() 1 / 10 9 / 10
s
+
s + 10
Þx t =
10
()u t ()
( )
Checking initial conditions, x 0+ = 1, which agrees with the initial
condition, x 0 ( ) = 1. For this system and this excitation the response
-
cannot change instantaneously.
Solutions 8-21
éd ù
(b) () ()
x¢¢ t - 2 x¢ t + 4 x t = u t , () () ( )
x 0- = 0 , ê x t ú
ë dt ût =0-
=4 ()
éd ù
() ( )
s 2 X s - s x 0- - ê x t ú
ë dt ût =0-
( ( ))
- 2s X s - 2 x 0- + 4 X s = 1 / s () ( ) ()
()
s2 X s - 4 - 2s X s + 4 X s = 1 / s () ()
1/ s + 4 1 4s + 1 1 4s + 1
()
X s = = 2 =
s - 2s + 4 s s - 2s + 4 s s - 1 2 + 3 ( )
2
Bs + C
X s =() 1/ 4
+
s ( )
2
s -1 + 3
In the equality,
1 4s + 1 1/ 4 Bs + C
= +
(
s s -1 2 + 3 s ) ( )
2
s -1 + 3
multiply through by s and let s approach infinity yielding
0 = 1/ 4 + B Þ B = -1/ 4 .
Then
5 1 -1 / 4 + C 27
= + ÞC =
3 4 3 6
æ ö æ ö
1 / 4 -s / 4 + 27 / 6 1 1 s - 18 s -1
()
X s = + = ç -
1 1
÷= ç - +
17 3
÷
s ( ) 4 ç s s - 1 + 3÷ 4 ç s s - 1 + 3( ) ÷ø ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
s -1 + 3 è ø è 3 s - 1 + 3
( ) ( )(
x t = 1 / 4 1- et cos ( 3t ) + (17 / 3) e sin ( 3t )) u (t )
t
d
dt
( ( )) ( ) (
x t = 1/ 4 3et sin ( 3t ) - e cos( 3t ) + (17 / 3) éêë
t
3et cos ( 3t ) + e sin ( 3t )ùúû) u (t )
t
d
dt
( ( )) (
x t = et / 4 )(( 20 / 3) sin ( 3t ) + 16cos ( 3t )) u (t )
Solutions 8-22
éd ù
ë dt
( ( ))
ê x t ú
ût =0+
= 4 . Check.
(c) () () ( ) ()
x¢ t + 2 x t = sin 2p t u t , ( )
x 0- = -4
2p
() ( )
s X s - x 0- + 2 X s = ()
( )
2
s + 2p
2
2p
()
X s = -
4
( s + 2) ( s + ( 2p ) ) s+2
2 2
2p
( )
2
4 + 2p Bs + C
()
X s = + -
4
s+2 ( ) s+2
2
s + 2p
2
In
2p
( )
2
2p 4 + 2p Bs + C
= +
( s + 2) ( s + ( 2p ) ) s+2 ( )
2
s + 2p
2 2 2
multiply through by s and let s approach infinity
2p 2p
0= + BÞB=-
( ) ( )
2 2
4 + 2p 4 + 2p
In
2p 2p
- s+C
( ) ( )
2 2
2p 4 + 2p 4 + 2p
= +
( s + 2) ( s + ( 2p ) ) s+2 s + ( 2p )
2 2 2
2
let s = 1 and solve for C,
Solutions 8-23
2p 2p
- +C
( ) ( )
2 2
2p 4 + 2p 4 + 2p
= +
(
3 1+ 2p( ))
2
3 1 + ( 2p )
2
4p
C=
( )
2
4 + 2p
2p 2p 4p
- s+
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
4 + 2p 4 + 2p 4 + 2p
()
X s = + -
4
s+2 ( ) s+2
2
s + 2p
2
æ ö
2p 2p s - 4p
()
X s =
1
ç - ÷-
4
( )
4 + 2p çè s + 2 s + 2p ÷ø s + 2 ( )
2 2 2
æ ö
2p s 2p
()
X s =
1
ç - 2p +2 ÷-
4
( )
4 + 2p çè s + 2 ( ) ( )
s2 + 2p ÷ø s + 2
2 2 2
s2 + 2p
( )
é 2p e-2t - 2p cos 2p t + 2sin 2p t ù
( )
()
x t =ê - 4e -2t ú
u t ()
ê
( ) ú
2
ë 4 + 2p û
( )
x 0+ = -4 . Check.
17. Write the differential equations describing the systems in Figure E-17 and find and
graph the indicated responses.
Solutions 8-24
(a) () () ()
x t = u t , y t is the response, y 0- = 0 ( )
x(t) ò y(t)
(b) ( ) ()
v 0- = 10 , v t is the response
+
R = 1 kW C = 1 mF v(t)
-
Figure E-17
(a) () ()
y¢ t = x t - 4 y t ()
() () ()
y¢ t + 4 y t = x t
() () ()
y¢ t + 4 y t = u t
() ( )
s Y s - y 0- + 4 Y s = 1 / s()
1æ1 1 ö
()
Y s =
1
= ç -
(
s s+4 )
4 è s s + 4 ÷ø
( ) ( )( ) ()
y t = 1 / 4 1- e-4t u t , t > 0
( ) ( )
y 0+ = 0 = y 0- . Check.
The solution is continuous at t = 0 because, if it were not the discontinuity

would cause an impulse on the LHS of the equation which could not be
equated to the step excitation on the RHS.
Solutions 8-25
x(t)
0.25
t
1
( )=0
v t
(b) ()
C v¢ t +
R
V s ()
() ( )
C éë s V s - v 0- ùû +
R
=0
()
V s =
10C
sC + 1 / R
= 10
1
s + 1 / RC
() () ()
v t = 10e-t / RC u t = 10e-1000t u t , t > 0
( ) ( )
v 0+ = 10 = v 0- . Check.
The solution is continuous at t = 0 because the capacitor voltage cannot

change instantaneously.
x(t)
10
t
0.004
Pole-Zero Diagrams and Frequency Response
Exercises Without Answers in Text

Laplace Transform Definition
Region of Convergence
18. Find the regions of convergence of the Laplace transforms of the following
functions.
Solutions 8-26
(a) 3e2t u ( t ) ROC is s > 2
(b) -10et /2 u ( -t ) ROC is s <1/ 2
(c) 10e2t u ( t ) ROC is s > 2
(d) 5d ( 3t -1) ROC is all s
(e) éë - (1/ 2 ) + ( 3 / 2 ) e-2t ùû u ( t ) ROC is s > 0
(f) (1/ 2) u ( -t ) + ( 3 / 2) e-2t u (t ) ROC is -2 < s < 0
(g) -5e2t u ( t ) + 7e-t u ( t ) ROC is s > 2
(h) d ( t ) - 2e-2t u ( t ) ROC is s > -2
Existence of the Laplace Transform
19. Graph the pole-zero plot and region of convergence (if it exists) for these signals.
w [s]
ROC
(a) () ( )
x t = e-t u -t - e-4t u t () s = -4 s = -1
s
(b) () ( )
x t = e-2t u -t - et u t () No ROC
Solutions 8-27
Direct-Form II System Realization
20. Draw Direct-Form-II system diagrams of the systems with these transfer functions.
s2 + 8
(a) H(s) = 10
s3 + 3s2 + 7s + 22
s Y1 (s) = X( s) - 3s Y1(s) - 7sY1( s) - 22 Y1( s)

3 2
Y(s) = 10s Y1 (s) + 80 Y1 (s)

2
X(s) + -
s-1
+ 3 10 +
Y(s)
+ +
s-1
+ 7
+
22
s-1 80
s + 20
(b) H(s) = 10
(s + 4)( s + 8)( s + 14)
s + 20
H(s) = 10
s3 + 26s2 + 200s + 448
s Y1 (s) = X( s) - 26s Y1(s) - 200sY1(s) - 448 Y1( s)

3 2
Y(s) = 10sY1(s) + 200 Y1(s)
Solutions 8-28
1
X(s) + -
s-1
+ 26
+
s-1
+ 200 10 +
Y(s)
+ +
448
s-1 200
21. Fill in the blanks in the block diagram in Figure E-21 with numbers for a system
7s 2
whose transfer function is H ( s ) = .
s(s + 4)
1 7
+
X(s) + - Y(s)
+
4 s -1
0
+ +
+ +
0 s -1
0
Figure E-21
Forward and Inverse Laplace Transforms
22. Using a table of Laplace transforms and the properties find the Laplace transforms
of the following functions.
(a) () ( ( )) ( )
g t = 5sin 2p t - 1 u t - 1
Linearity
Solutions 8-29
Time Shifting
(b) () ( )( )
g t = 5sin 2p t u t - 1
( ) ( ( ))
sin 2p t = sin 2p t - 1
Therefore
(c) () ( ) (
g t = 2cos 10p t cos 100p t u t ) ()
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
cos 10p t cos 100p t = 1 / 2 éëcos 10p t - 100p t + cos 10p t + 100p t ùû )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cos 10p t cos 100p t = 1 / 2 éëcos -90p t + cos 110p t ùû
( ) ( ) () ( ) ( ) ()
2cos 10p t cos 100p t u t = éëcos 90p t + cos 110p t ùû u t
(d) ()
g t =
d
dt
((
u t-2 ))
Time Shifting
Time Differentiation
(e) ()
g t = ò u t dt ()
0-
Solutions 8-30
Integration
d æ - t -2t ö
(f) ()
g t =
dt çè
5e ( ø
)
u t -t ÷ , t > 0
Time Shifting
Linearity
Time Differentiation Once
(g) () (
g t = 2e-5t cos 10p t u t ) ()
Linearity
(h) () (
x t = 5sin p t - p / 8 u -t )( )
() (( )) ( ) ( )
x t = 5sin p t - 1 / 8 u -t = 5 / j2 é e ( ) - e ( ) ù u -t
ë
jp t -1/8 - jp t -1/8
û ( )
() ( ) ( )
x t = 5 / j2 éë e jp t e- jp /8 - e- jp t e jp /8 ùû u -t
Solutions 8-31
5 é e- jp /8 e jp /8 ù 5 - s + jp e (
- jp /8
)
+ s - jp e jp /8 ( )
()
X s = ê - +
j2 ë s - jp s + jp û j2
ú =
s2 + p 2
, s <0
()
X s =
5 -s e (
- jp /8
) (
- e jp /8 - jp e- jp /8 + e jp /8
=
) (
5 j2sin p / 8 s - j2p cos p / 8 )
, s <0
( )
j2 s +p
2 2
j2 s2 + p 2
( )
sin p / 8 s - p cos p / 8 ( )
()
X s =5
s +p
2 2
, s <0
23. Given find the Laplace transforms of
(a) ( )
g 2t
Time Scaling
(b)
d
dt
( ( ))
g t
Time Differentiation Once
(c) (
g t-4 )
Time Shifting
(d) () ()
g t *g t
Time-domain Convolution
Solutions 8-32
24. Find the time-domain functions that are the inverse Laplace transforms of these
functions. Then, using the initial and final value theorems verify that they agree
with the time-domain functions.
(a) ()
G s =
4s
, s > -3
( )(
s+3 s+8 )
-12 / 5 32 / 5
()
G s =
s+3
+
s+8
, s > -3
() ( ( )
g t = - 12 / 5 e-3t + 32 / 5 e-8t u t ( ) ) ()
() (( )
limg t = lim é - 12 / 5 e-3t + 32 / 5 e-8t u t ù = 0
t®¥ t ®¥ ë û ( ) ) ()
lim sG s = lim+ () 4s 2
= 0 , Check.
s®0+ s®0 s+3 s+8 ( )( )
() (( )
limg t = lim+ é - 12 / 5 e-3t + 32 / 5 e-8t u t ù = 4
t®0+ t®0 ë û ( ) ) ()
lim sG s = lim() 4s 2
= 4 , Check.
s®¥ s®¥
( s+3 s+8 )( )
()
G s =
4
, s > -3
( s + 3) ( s + 8)
(b)
G ( s) =
4/5 4/5
- , s > -3
s+3 s+8
g ( t ) = ( 4 / 5) ( e - e ) u ( t )
-3t -8t
limg ( t ) = lim éë( 4 / 5) ( e - e ) u ( t ) ùû = 0

-3t -8t
t®¥ t ®¥
lim sG s = lim+() 4s
= 0 , Check.
s®0+ ( s + 3) ( s + 8)
s®0
limg ( t ) = lim éë( 4 / 5) ( e - e ) u ( t ) ùû = 0

-3t -8t
t®0+ t®0+
lim sG s = lim () 4s
= 0 , Check.
s®¥ s®¥
( s+3 s+8 )( )
Solutions 8-33
s
(c) ()
G s =
s + 2s + 2
2
, s > -1
s s +1
()
G s = = -
1
, s > -1
( s + 1) ( s + 1) ( s + 1)
2 2 2
+1 +1 +1
() ()
g t = e-t éëcos t - sin t ùû u t () ()
Alternate Inverse:
(1- j ) / 2 + (1+ j ) / 2
G s = () s + (1+ j ) s + (1- j )
( ) (((1- j ) / 2) e (
g t = )
- 1+ j t
(( ) )
+ 1+ j / 2 e ( ) u t
- 1- j t
) ()
() ( ()
g t = e-t cos t - sin t u t ( )) ( )
() ( ()
limg t = lim é e-t cos t - sin t u t ù = 0
t®¥ t®¥ ë û ( )) ( )
s
()
2
lim sG s = lim+ 2 = 0 , Check.
s®0+ s®0 s + 2s + 2
() ( ()
limg t = lim+ é e-t cos t - sin t u t ù = 1
t®0+ t®0 ë û ( )) ( )
s
()
2
lim sG s = lim = 1 , Check.
s®¥ s®¥ s + 2s + 2
2
e-2s
(d) ()
G s =
s + 2s + 2
2
, s > -1
e-2s
G s = ()
, s > -1
( )
2
s +1 +1
()
g t = éë e-t sin t u t ùû () ()
t®t - 2
= e ( ) sin t - 2 u t - 2
- t -2
( ) ( )
Alternate Inverse:
é -1 / j2 1 / j2 ù
()
G s = e-2s ê + ú , s > -1
(
êë s + 1+ j s + 1- j ) ( ) úû
Solutions 8-34
() ( ) (
g t = e ( ) sin t - 2 u t - 2
- t -2
)
() ( ) (
limg t = lim é e ( ) sin t - 2 u t - 2 ù = 0
t®¥ t®¥ ë
- t-2
û )
e-2s s
s®0+
()
lim sG s = lim+ 2
s®0 s + 2s + 2
= 0 , Check.
() ( ) (
limg t = lim+ é e ( ) sin t - 2 u t - 2 ù = 0
t®0+ t ®0 ë
- t-2
û )
e-2s s
s®¥
()
lim sG s = lim
s®¥ s + 2s + 2
2
= 0 , Check.
25. Given find the inverse Laplace transforms of
(a) ( )
G s/3 , s <4
Using with a = 3
( ) ( )
3e12t u -3t = 3e12t u -t
(b) ( ) (
G s-2 +G s+2 , s <4 )
s-Domain Shifting
s-Domain Shifting
Linearity
(c) ()
G s /s , s <4
Solutions 8-35
Integration
26. Given the Laplace-transform pair and the fact that
g ( t ) is continuous at t = 0 , complete the following Laplace-transform pairs.
(a)
3s 2 ( s + 5 )
( )
g 0 + = lim =3
(
s®¥ ( s - 2 ) s 2 + 2s + 8
)
(b)
27. For each time domain function in the column on the left find its Laplace transform
in the column on the right. (It may or may not be there.)
Solutions 8-36
e-1
1. e ( ) u ( t - 1)
-3 t-1
A
s+3
e2-s
2. e ( ) u ( t - 1)
- 3t+1
B
s+3
e-3-s
3. e-t/3-1 u ( t - 1) C
s+3
e4-s
4. e-3t u ( t - 1) D
s + 1/ 3
e( )
- s+1/3
5. e-t/3 u ( t - 1) E
s + 1/ 3
e- s
6. e ( ) u ( t )
- 3t+1
F
s+3
28. A causal signal x t () s

has a Laplace transform X s =
s4 - 16
()
. If
() ( ) ()
y t = 5x 3t , Y s can be expressed in the form Y s = 4
As
s - a4
()
. What
are the numerical values of A and a?
s/3 s s
()
Y s = 5´
1
=
5
=
405
=
45s
( )
3 s / 3 4 - 16 9 s4 / 81 - 16 9 s4 - 1296 s4 - 64
A = 45 , a = 6
Solutions 8-37
29. Find the numerical values of the literal constants.
(a)
Synthetically dividing the numerator by the denominator,
15s +12 é 16 1 ù
H ( s ) = 3- = 3- ê - ú
s + 5s + 4 ë s + 4 s +1 û
2
h ( t ) = 3d ( t ) - éë16e-4t - e-t ùû u ( t )
(b)
-5
The partial-fraction expansion is H s = () +
5
. Therefore
( s +1) s +1
2
h ( t ) = 5e-t (1- t ) u ( t ) .
(c)
A = 20p , a = 0 , b = 100p 2
Formatted: Not Raised by / Lowered by
(d)
A = 7 , a = 0 , b = 16 , c = -1/ 4

(e)
Solutions 8-38
(f)
(g)
A = 3 , B = -27 , b = 3 , C = 6 , c = 1
(h)
A = 1/8=0.125 , B = -1/64=-0.01562 , C = 1/64=0.01562 , c = 8
Solutions 8-39
(i)
A = 10 , B = 1 , tb = 3 , C = -1 , D = 1 , d = -1 , td = 3 , te = 3
or
A = 1 , B = 10 , tb = 3 , C = -10 , D = 10 , d = -1 , td = 3 , te = 3
(j)
2 ( s - 3) -6 / 5 16 / 25 -16 / 25
= 2 + +
s2 ( s + 5) s s s+5
K1 = -1.2 K 2 = 0.64 K 3 = -0.64
a=0 b=0 c = -5
(k)
A = 4 , a = 3 and b = 18
(l)
( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( )
3e-2t cos 8t - 24 u t - 3 = 3e-6e ( ) cos 8 t - 3 u t - 3
-2 t -3
Solutions 8-40
A = 0.0074 a = 2 b = 4 c = 68 d = -3
30. Find the numerical values of the constants K 0 , K1 , K 2 , p1 and p2 .
s2 + 3 K1 K2
= K0 + +
3s + s + 9
2
s - p1
s - p2
K 0 = 1/3 K1 = -0.0556-j0.0054 p1 = - 0.1667+j1.724
K 2 = -0.0556+j0.0054 p2 = - 0.1667-j1.724
s2 + 3 1 s/3 1 s/9
= - = -
3s + s + 9 3 3s2 + s + 9 3 s2 + s / 3 + 3
2
s2 + 3 1 æ 0.0556 + j0.0054 0.0556 - j0.0054 ö

= -ç +
3s + s + 9 3 è s + 0.1667 - j1.724 s + 0.1667 + j1.724 ÷ø
2
31. Given that find the function g ( t ) .
Using and multiplication-convolution duality
32. Given that find the function g ( t ) .
Using and multiplication-convolution duality
Solutions 8-41
Solution of Differential Equations
33. Write the differential equations describing the systems in Figure E-33 and find and
graph the indicated responses.
x(t) + -
x ( t ) = u ( t ) , y ( t ) is the response
2
ò
+
(a)
éd ù
( )
y 0 - = -5 , ê ( )
y ( t ) ú = 10 +
ë dt ût=0-
10
ò
y(t)
is ( t ) = u ( t ) , v ( t ) is the response
No initial energy storage
R = 2 kW
i(t) 1
(b) +
i s(t) C1 = 3 m F R 2 = 1 kW C 2 = 1 m F v(t)
is ( t ) = cos ( 2000p t ) , v ( t ) is the response

No initial energy storage
R = 2 kW
(c) i(t) 1
+
i s(t) C1 = 3 m F R 2 = 1 kW C 2 = 1 m F v(t)
-
Figure E-33
(a) () () ( ()
y¢¢ t = x t - 2 y¢ t + 10 y t ( ))
() ()
y¢¢ t + 2 y¢ t + 10 y t = x t () ()
éd ù
() ( )
s 2 Y s - s y 0- - ê y t ú
ë dt ût =0-
( ( )) () ( )
+ 2 éë s Y s - y 0- ùû + 10 Y s = 1 / s ()
Solutions 8-42
() ()
s2 Y s + 5s - 10 + 2s Y s + 10 + 10 Y s = 1 / s ()
() ()
s2 Y s + 2s Y s + 10 Y s = 1 / s - 5s ()
1 / s - 5s
Y s =() =
1 1- 5s2
s2 + 2s + 10 s s + 1 2 + 9( )
Bs + C
Y s =() 1 / 10
+
s ( )
2
s +1 + 9
In
1 1- 5s2 1 / 10 Bs + C
= +
(
s s +1 + 9 s ) ( )
2 2
s +1 + 9
multiply through by s and let s approach infinity yielding
-5 = 1/ 10 + B Þ B = -51/ 10 .
Then in
1 1- 5s2 1 / 10 -51s / 10 + C
= +
(
s s +1 2 + 9 s) ( )
2
s +1 + 9
let s be one and solve for C, C = -1/ 5 .
æ ö
1 / 10 -51s / 10 - 1 / 5 1 1 51s + 2
()
Y s = + = ç - ÷
s ( )
10 ç s s + 1 2 + 9 ÷ ( )
2
s +1 + 9 è ø
æ ö
s +1
()
Y s =
1 1
ç - 51 +
49 3
÷
10 ç s (
s + 1 + 9 3 s + 1 + 9 ÷ø ) ( )
2 2
è
() ( ){ ( ) (
y t = 1 / 10 1- e-t éë51cos 3t - 49 / 3 sin 3t ùû u t , t > 0 ) ( )} ()
( )
y 0+ = -5 = y 0- . Check. ( )
Solutions 8-43
( ( )
é -51 -3e-t sin 3t - e-t cos 3t ù ( ))
d
( ( )) (
y t = 1 / 10 ê ) ú , t >0
dt ( )( ( )
ê + 49 / 3 3e-t cos 3t - e-t sin 3t ú
ë û ( ))
éd ù éd ù
ë
( ( ))
ê y t ú
dt ût =0 +
= 10 = ê y t ú
ë dt
( ( ))
ût =0-
, t > 0 . Check.
Both the response and its first derivative must be continuous in response to a
step excitation because of the double integration between excitation and
response.
y(t)
5
t
4
-5
(b)
Combining equations,
é ()
v t ù ìï é v ¢ t ù üï()
() ()
is t - êC2 v ¢ t + ()
ú = C1 í v¢ t + êC2 v ¢¢ t +
R2 úû
() úR ý
R2 úû 1 ï
êë ïî êë þ
or
() ( ( ) ) () ()
R1 R2C1C2 v¢¢ t + R2C2 + R2 + R1 C1 v¢ t + v t = R2 is t ()
() ( ( ) ) ()
R1 R2C1C2s2 V s + R2C2 + R2 + R1 C1 s V s + V s = R2 / s ()
R2
()
V s =
( ( ) )
s é R1 R2C1C2 s2 + R2C2 + R2 + R1 C1 s + 1ù
ë û
Solutions 8-44
()
V s =
1
R1C1C2 é 2 é 1
1
R + R2 ù ù
1
s ês + ê + 1 ús + ú
êë R C
ë 1 1 R R C
1 2 2 û
R R C C
1 2 1 2ú
û
1.667 ´ 108
()
V s =
(
s s2 + 1667s + 1.667 ´ 105 )
1.667 ´ 108
()
V s = =
1000
+
73.52
-
1073.52
(
s s + 1560 s + 106.8)( s s + )
1560 s + 106.8
() (
v t = 1000 + 73.52e-1560t - 1073.52e-106.8t u t ) ()
( )
v 0+ = 0 . Check
(
ì -1560 ´ 73.52e-1560t + 106.8 ´ 1073.52e-106.8t u t ü ) ()
d
( ( ))
ï
v t =í
ï
ý
dt (
ïî+ 1000 + 73.52e
-1560t
- 1073.52e -106.8t
d t ïþ ) ()
éd ù
ê v t ú
ë dt
( ( ))
ût =0+
= 0 . Check.
x(t)
1000
t
0.04
(c) From part (b)
() ( ( ) ) () ()
R1 R2C1C2 v¢¢ t + R2C2 + R2 + R1 C1 v¢ t + v t = R2 is t ()
() ( (
R1 R2C1C2 s2 V s + R2C2 + R2 + R1 C1 s V s + V s = R2 ) ) () () s
( )
2
s + 2000p
2
Solutions 8-45
R2 s
()
V s =
êë ( úû ë 1 2 1 2 )
é s2 + 2000p ù é R R C C s2 + R C + R + R C s + 1ù
2
2 2 2 1 1 û ( ( ) )
s
()
V s =
1
R1C1C2 é 2 2 é é 1 R + R2 ù ù
ëê ûú êë
(
s + 2000p ù ê s2 + ê
R C
+ 1
R R C
)
ús +
R R
1
C C
ú
ë 1 1 1 2 2 û 1 2 1 2ú
û
1.667 ´ 108 s
()
V s =
(s 2
+ 3.948 ´ 107 s2 + 1667s + 1.667 ´ 105 )( )
Expanding in partial fractions,
3.96s - 6626
()
V s =- +
4.269
-
0.3104
( ) s + 1560 s + 106.84
2
s + 2000p
2
s 2000p
()
V s = -3.96 +
6626
+
4.269
-
0.3104
( ) 2000p s2 + 2000p ( ) s + 1560 s + 106.84
2 2
s + 2000p
2
() ( ) (
v t = éë -3.96cos 2000p t + 1.054sin 2000p t + 4.269e-1560t - 0.3104e-106.84t ùû u t ) ()
( )
v 0+ = 0 . Check.
(
ì é 2000p ´ 3.96sin 2000p t + 2000p ´ 1.054 cos 2000p t
ïê
) ( )ùú u ( t )üï
ï êë -1560 ´ 4.269e-1560t + 106.84 ´ 0.3104e-106.84t úû ï
d
( ( ))
v t =í ý
dt (
ï é -3.96 cos 2000p t + 1.054 sin 2000p t ù
úd t
) ( ) () ï
ï+ ê -1560t ï
ïî êë +4.269e - 0.3104e-106.84t úû ïþ
éd ù
ê v t ú
ë dt ût =0+
( ( ))
= 0 . Check.
Solutions 8-46
x(t)
5
t
0.01
-5
Pole-Zero Diagrams and Frequency Response
34. Draw pole-zero diagrams of these transfer functions.
(All pole-zero diagrams at the end.)
(s + 3)(s - 1) s
(a) H(s ) = (b) H(s) =
s(s + 2)( s + 6) s2 + s + 1
s( s + 10)
(c) H(s ) = (Pole-zero cancellation at s = -10.)
s2 + 11s + 10
1
(d) H(s) =
(s +1)( s2 + 1.618s + 1)(s2 + 0.618s +1)
w w
(a) (b) 1
- +j
2 2
3
1
s s
-6 -3 -2 1 -1
1 3
- -j
2 2 -1
w w
(c) (d) 1
s s
-10 -1 -2 -1
-1
35. In Figure E-35 are some pole-zero plots of transfer functions of systems of the
general form in which A = 1, the z’s are the zeros and
the p’s are the poles. Answer the following questions.
Solutions 8-47
A B C
6 w [s] 6
w [s]
6
w [s]
4 4 4
2 2 2
0 s 0 s 0 s
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
D E F
6 w [s] 6 w [s] 6 w [s]
4 4 4
2 2 2
0 s0 s 0 s
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Figure E-35
(a) Which one(s) have a magnitude frequency response that is non-zero at

w = 0 ? A,D,E,F The ones which do not have a zero at zero.
(b) Which one(s) have a magnitude frequency response that is non-zero as

w ® ¥? A,F The ones which have an equal number of finite poles and
zeros.
(c) There are two which have a bandpass frequency response (zero at zero and
zero at infinity). Which one is more underdamped (higher Q)? C
B and C are both bandpass. The poles in C are closer to the w axis.
(d) Which one has a magnitude frequency response whose shape is closest to
being a bandstop filter? F To be a bandstop filter there must be zeros on
the w axis. None of these filters has zeros on the w axis but F has two
complex conjugate zeros near the w axis.
(e) Which one(s) have a magnitude frequency response that approaches

K / w 6 at very high frequencies (K is a constant)? E To have this kind of
response there must be 6 more finite poles than finite zeros. Only E has
that quality.
(f) Which one has a magnitude frequency response that is constant ? A For a
constant magnitude response the number of finite zeros and poles must be
the same and the vector lengths from them to the w axis must always be
the same for a matched pair of a zero and a pole.
Solutions 8-48
Signals and Systems Analysis Using Transform Methods and MATLAB 3rd Edition Roberts Solution
(g) Which one has a magnitude frequency response whose shape is closest to
an ideal lowpass filter? D A is all pass. B and C are bandpass. E is not
easily classified but it has a peaked response near 4 radians/s and is
therefore not a good approximation to a lowpass filter. F is almost a
bandstop filter.
(h) Which one(s) have a phase frequency response that is discontinuous at

w = 0 ? B,C To have a discontinuous phase at w = 0 , there must be a
zero at zero.
36. For each of the pole-zero plots in Figure E-36 determine whether the frequency
response is that of a practical lowpass, bandpass, highpass or bandstop filter.
w w
[s] [s]
(a) (b)
s s
w w
[s] [s]
(c) (d)
3
s s
Figure E-36
(a) Highpass , (b) Lowpass , (c) Bandstop
(d) Bandpass
Solutions 8-49
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chickens eating when you don’t talk. The noises make you nervous. I
should think anything would get by, even if you talked about the
weather. Otherwise it seems just like machinery at work. Rather
messy machinery, too.”
Baron seized an oar. “Perhaps when people are thoughtful, or
possibly troubled, it is a mark of good taste not to try to draw them
into a conversation.” He said this airily, as if it could not possibly
apply to the present occasion.
“A very good idea!” admitted Bonnie May, quite obviously playing the
part of one who makes of conversation a fine art. “But isn’t it also
true that people who are troubled ought to hide it, for the sake of
others, and not be a sort of—oh, a wet blanket?”
The elder Baron’s eyes twinkled in a small, hidden way, and Flora
tried to smile. There was something quite hopefully audacious in the
child’s behavior.
But Mrs. Baron stiffened and stared. “Good gracious!” she
exclaimed. After which she stirred her coffee with so much vigor that
a little of it ran over into the saucer, and even the spotless table-cloth
was menaced.
Baron undertook a somewhat sterner strategy. He felt that he really
must not permit the guest to add to her offenses against his mother.
“It might be sensible not to talk too much until a closer acquaintance
is formed,” he suggested with something of finality in his tone.
But Bonnie May was not to be checked. “A very good thought, too,”
she admitted, “but you can’t get better acquainted without
exchanging ideas—and of course talking is the only way.”
Baron leaned back in his chair with a movement resembling a
collapse. Hadn’t Thornburg said something about a white elephant?
“Wouldn’t it be fine if everybody wore a badge, or something, so that
you would know just how they wanted to be taken?” A meticulous
enthusiasm was becoming apparent. Mrs. Baron was sitting very
erect—a sophisticated, scornful audience, as she seemed to Bonnie
May.
“Absurd!” was Baron’s comment.
“Well, I don’t know. You pretty near know without any badges. You
can tell the—the mixers, and the highbrows. I mean when they are
the real thing—people worth while. I would know you for a mixer
easy enough. I don’t mean careless, you know; but willing to loosen
up a little if people went at you in the right way. And Flora would be a
mixer, too—a nice, friendly mixer, as long as people behaved.” Here
she turned with a heroic, friendly appeal to Mrs. Baron. “And Mrs.
Baron would be one of the fine, sure-enough highbrows.”
“I think,” began Mrs. Baron, suddenly possessed of an ominous
calm; but the guest made an earnest plea.
“Oh, please let me finish!” she begged.
“Very well,” said Mrs. Baron, “you may—finish.”
“You know I understand about your part in that entertainment this
morning. You don’t belong in that crowd. It’s like the queen who
kissed the soldier. She was high enough up to do it and get away
with it.” She placed her elbows on the table and beamed upon Mrs.
Baron with a look so sweetly taunting, and so obviously conciliatory,
that the others dared to hope the very audacity of it would succeed.
“Now don’t deny,” she continued, shaking an accusing finger at Mrs.
Baron and smiling angelically, “that you’re just a nice, sure-enough,
first-class highbrow!”
It was done with such innocent intention, and with so much skill, that
all the members of Mrs. Baron’s family turned their faces toward her
smilingly, appealingly, inquiringly.
But alas! Mrs. Baron failed to rise to the occasion. She was being
ridiculed—by a child!—and her children and her husband were
countenancing the outrage. Her composure vanished again.
She pushed her chair back from the table angrily. Her napkin fell to
the floor; she grasped the edge of the table with both hands and
stared at Bonnie May in a towering rage.
“You little wretch!” she cried. “You impudent, ungrateful little wretch!
You—you brand from the burning!”
She hurried from the room. In her blind anger she bumped her
shoulder against the door as she went out, the little accident robbing
her exit of the last vestige of dignity.
Bonnie May was horrified, crushed. She sat, pale and appalled, her
eyes fixed on the doorway through which Mrs. Baron had vanished.
Then she brought her hands together sharply and uttered a single
word:
“Hoo-ray!”
Every member of the family was electrified.
“Father!” expostulated Flora.
“Victor!” exclaimed the elder Baron.
And Baron, shaking his head sadly, murmured:
“Bonnie May! Bonnie May!”
CHAPTER X
THE WHITE ELEPHANT
Mrs. Baron “took to her room,” as the saying is. For an hour or
more she might have been, to all intents and purposes, in some far
country.
She left an awed silence behind her.
“If you’ll excuse me, I think I’ll go and talk to Mrs. Shepard a while,”
said Bonnie May, not without significance. The atmosphere had
become too rarefied for her. She was turning from an inimical clan.
She was obeying that undying instinct which impelled the cavemen
of old to get their backs toward a wall.
Baron, Sr., prepared to go out. He turned to Victor and Flora as he
took his leave, and his whole being twinkled quietly. He seemed to
be saying: “Don’t ask me!”
Flora stole up to her mother’s room. She tapped at the door
affectionately—if one can tap at a door affectionately.
A voice muffled by pillows was heard. “Making hay,” it seemed to
say. Flora frowned in perplexity. Then her brow cleared and she
smiled wistfully. “Oh!” she interpreted, “‘Go away.’”
She went to Victor again.
“I suppose she’ll have to go,” she said, almost in a whisper.
“Oh, yes, certainly; yes, she’ll have to go,” agreed Victor firmly.
“And yet I can’t say it’s her fault.”
“You might say it’s her misfortune.”
“Yes.... Isn’t she—wonderful!”
“Oh, well, if two people simply can’t understand each other, that’s all
there is to it.”
“But she understands. She just talks too much. She won’t realize that
she’s only a child.”
“Oh, what’s the use!” exclaimed Baron. He thrust his hands into his
pockets and strolled through the house, up into the library.
He took down a copy of “Diana of the Crossways,” and opened it at
random, staring darkly at words which the late Mr. Meredith never
wrote:
“Why couldn’t she have made allowances? Why couldn’t she have
overlooked things which plainly weren’t meant to be the least
offensive?”
Obscurities, perhaps, but what does one expect of Meredith?
He meditated long and dejectedly. And then he heard his mother in
the sitting-room.
He put aside his book and assumed a light, untroubled air. “Better
have it out now,” he reflected, as he opened the door and went into
the sitting-room.
“Where is the Queen of Sheba?” asked Mrs. Baron.
Baron dropped into a chair. “You know I’m awfully sorry, mother,” he
said. There was a singular lack of real repentance in his tone.
“I don’t doubt that. Still, you might have taken me into your
confidence before you brought that little limb of Satan into the house.
I never heard of such a child. Never.”
“But you know what the circumstances were——”
“Don’t go into that again. I know that you brought her here, and that
there wasn’t any excuse for such a foolish action.”
“But, mother!” Baron’s face was heavy with perplexity. “She’s such a
little thing! She hasn’t got anybody to turn to when she’s in trouble.
My goodness! I think she’s done nobly—not whimpering once since
she came into the house. She’s probably—rattled! How would you or
I behave if we were in her shoes?”
Mrs. Baron’s eyebrows steadily mounted. “The point is, we’re not in
the slightest degree responsible for her. I want to know how we’re
going to get rid of her.”
Baron had taken a chair directly in front of his mother. Now he arose
and paced the floor. When he spoke his tone was crisp almost to
sharpness.
“It isn’t any more difficult now than it was yesterday,” he said. “I can
turn her over to the police.”
Something in his manner startled his mother. She flushed quickly.
“That’s just like you,” she protested. “What do you suppose people
would say if we turned a motherless child over to the police? You
ought to see that you’ve forced a responsibility on me!”
“Well, I should think it would be a question of what your own
conscience says. As for ‘people,’ I don’t see why anybody need
know anything about it.”
“And the newspapers and everything? Of course they would—
everything.”
“I could ask Thornburg to take her. He offered to help. I have an idea
he’d be only too glad to have her.”
“The theatre man—yes. And he’d dress her up in a fancy-ball
costume, and encourage her in her brazen ways, and she’d be
utterly shameless by the time she got to be a young woman.”
Baron sat down again with decision. “Mother, don’t!” he exclaimed.
“Thornburg isn’t that kind at all. He’d—he’d probably try to get at her
point of view now and then, and he might allow her to have certain
liberties. I think he’s broad enough to want her to be good without
insisting upon her being miserable!”
“Victor Baron!” warned his mother, and then she added with
decision: “Then you’d better get him to take her—and the sooner the
better.”
“That will be all right. To-morrow. I’ll call on him at his office to-
morrow. I’ve never met his family. I’d consider it an intrusion to go to
his house to-day, whether he did or not.”
This, of course, was spoken disagreeably, and Mrs. Baron resented
it. “You’re very obliging, I’m sure,” she said. “But after what I’ve gone
through I’ve no doubt I can wait until to-morrow.”
“No, it’s not that she has disappointed me,” responded Baron to a
question by Thornburg the next morning.
They were sitting in the manager’s office, and Baron had realized too
late that he should have waited until after luncheon, or for some
other more auspicious occasion, to have a confidential talk with
Thornburg. There were frequent interruptions, and the manager had
his mind upon the complicated business of amusement purveying,
rather than upon the welfare of a waif who, as he conceived it, had
become the hobby of a somewhat eccentric young man. A special
rehearsal was in progress in the theatre, and the voice of the stage-
manager, lifted in anger, occasionally reached them. It was a warm
morning, and many doors were open.
“The fact is,” Baron resumed, “I didn’t foresee the—the
complications. My mother has taken them into account, and it’s her
decision, rather than mine, that we ought to give her up.”
Thornburg turned hurriedly to examine, and then to approve, the
underline for a gorgeous poster of highly impressionistic design,
which one of his employees had placed before him. When he turned
to Baron again he presented the appearance of one who has lost the
thread of a conversation.
“We were saying—oh, yes. You’ve got enough of—of what’s her
name. Well, what’s your impression of her, now that you’ve had time
to look her over?”
“I haven’t changed my mind at all. I like her.”
“The family made a row?”
Baron answered evasively. “It isn’t quite a question of liking. It’s
something like trying to keep a canary in a suitcase, or putting a
lamb or a kitten into harness.”
Thornburg smiled. “Tell me just how she fails to square with the—the
domestic virtues,” he said.
“Her way of saying things—her views—she is so wholly
unconventional,” said Baron haltingly. “She doesn’t stand in awe of
her superiors. She expresses her ideas with—well, with perfect
liberty. You know children aren’t supposed to be like that. At least my
mother takes that view of the case.”
He so plainly had little or no sympathy with the argument he made
that Thornburg looked at him keenly.
“I see. She scratches the paint off!” interpreted the manager. He
smiled upon Baron exultingly.
“You might put it so,” agreed Baron, to whom the words were highly
offensive. What right had Thornburg to speak contemptuously of the
things which his family—and their kind—represented? He proceeded
coldly. “I understood that you felt some measure of responsibility. I
thought perhaps you might be willing to take her, in case we decided
it would be difficult for us to keep her.”
The manager pretended not to note the aloofness of the other’s
tone. “Now, if it were a matter of expense—” he began.
“It isn’t. She doesn’t seem at home with us. I think that states the
whole case.”
“How could she feel at home in the short time she’s been with you?”
“Then I might put it this way: She doesn’t seem congenial.”
“Of course that’s different. That seems to leave me out, as near as I
can see.”
“You mean,” said Baron, “you wouldn’t care to assume the
responsibility for her?”
“Why should I?” demanded Thornburg bluntly. He glared at Baron
resentfully.
“You’re quite right, certainly. I seem to have had the impression——”
“I have an idea she’s doing better with you than she would anywhere
else, anyway,” continued Thornburg in milder tones. “Why not give
her her place and make her stay in it? I can’t understand a family of
grown people throwing up their hands to a baby!”
“I merely wanted to get your views,” said Baron stiffly as he rose to
go. “I didn’t care to send for the police until——”
Thornburg got up, too. “Don’t understand that I wash my hands of
her,” he hastened to say. “It might not hurt me any for the public to
know that I didn’t do anything, under the circumstances, but it would
certainly be a boost for me to have it known that I went out of my
way to do a good deed. Of course if you won’t keep her——”
Baron turned and looked at him and waited.
“Look here, Baron, I’m going to be frank with you. When you took her
home, I was sore at you. Especially after you told me something
about her. I like them—children, I mean. You had taken her off my
premises. I thought about the big house I’ve got, and not a child in it,
and never to be, and I figured I might as well have taken her myself.
But there’s difficulties.” His expression became troubled. “Once
before I tried to take a child into the house and Mrs. Thornburg
objected. It was my own child, too.” He paused. “You know I’ve been
married twice.”
Baron’s thoughts went back a few years to the somewhat unpleasant
story of Thornburg’s divorce from an actress with whom he had
spent only a little more than one troubled year. The facts had been
public property. He made no reply.
Thornburg continued: “I’m in doubt as to how my wife would look at it
if I suggested that I’d like to bring this waif home. Of course, it’s just
possible she might not want to take a child of mine, and still be
willing to take in some outsider. You know what strange creatures
women are.”
Baron waited. Was Thornburg being quite frank with him—at last?
“You see the difficulty. The—the wife is likely to suspect that Bonnie
May is the same little girl I wanted to bring home before—that she’s
mine. She never saw the little daughter. I’d have to be careful not to
make her suspicious.”
“But the circumstances ... I don’t see how she could suspect
anything,” argued Baron.
“Not if I don’t seem too much interested. That’s the point. I’ll tell you,
Baron—you come out and see us. Me and my wife. Come to-night.
State the case to us together. Tell the plain truth. Explain how you
got hold of Bonnie May, and tell my wife your people have changed
their minds. That ought to make the thing clear enough.”
Baron, homeward bound, marvelled at Thornburg. It seemed strange
that a crude, strong man should feel obliged to shape his deeds to
please an ungracious, suspicious wife. He felt sorry for him, too. He
seemed to be one of those blunderers whose dealings with women
are always bewildering, haphazard experiments.
He had promised to call that evening—to lend his aid to the
manager. It was the sensible thing to do, of course. They had to get
rid of Bonnie May. Nothing was to be gained by debating that point
any further. And yet....
When he reached home he was hoping that his mother might, on
some ground or other, have changed her mind.
He speedily learned that she had done nothing of the kind.
Indeed, matters were a little more at cross-purposes than they had
been the night before. Mrs. Baron had tried again to make a dress
for the fastidious guest, accepting certain of Flora’s suggestions, and
the result of the experiment hadn’t been at all gratifying.
Baron received the first report of the matter from Bonnie May, who
was waiting for him at the foot of the stairs when he entered the
house.
“You will please make no unkind remarks about my new dress,” she
began, assuming the attitude of a fencer, and slowly turning around.
The subject—and the child’s frivolous manner—irritated Baron.
“Really, I think it’s very pretty and suitable,” he said.
“Not at all. It’s neither pretty nor suitable—though both words mean
about the same thing, when it comes to a dress. But it’s a great
improvement on that first thing. I told your mother that. I told her I’d
wear it until I got something better.”
Baron sighed. “What did she say to that?”
“She was offended, of course. But what was I to do? I can’t see that
I’m to blame.”
“But can’t you see that mother is doing the best she can for you, and
that you ought to be grateful?”
“I see what you mean. But I believe in having an understanding from
the beginning. She’s got her ideas, and I’ve got mine. She believes
you’re Satan’s if you look pretty—or something like that. And I
believe you ought to be Satan’s if you don’t.”
“But you do look—pretty.” Baron spoke the last word ungraciously.
He was trying to believe he would not care much longer what turn
affairs took—that he would have forgotten the whole thing in another
day or two.
He found his mother up-stairs.
“Well—any change for the better?” he asked.
“I’m sure I don’t know. That depends entirely upon what
arrangements you have made.”
“I think Thornburg will take her. He’s got to do a little planning.”
“People sometimes do before they bring strange children into their
houses,” Mrs. Baron retorted.
Baron realized that his mother was becoming more successful with
her sarcasm. He passed into the library. A mischievous impulse
seized him—the fruit of that last fling of his mother’s. He called back
over his shoulder. “If the perverse little thing is quite unendurable,
you might lock her up in the attic and feed her on bread and water
until she leaves.”
Mrs. Baron stared after him, dumfounded. “I’ll do nothing of the sort!”
she exclaimed. “She shall not be treated unkindly, as you ought to
know. We owe that much to ourselves.”
CHAPTER XI
HOW A CONVEYANCE CAME FOR BONNIE MAY
—AND HOW IT WENT AWAY
True to his promise, Baron set aside that evening to call on the
Thornburgs.
As he emerged from the vestibule and stood for a moment on the top
step he noted that the familiar conflict between the departing daylight
and the long files of street-lamps up and down the avenue was being
waged. In the country, no doubt, this hour would be regarded as a
part of the day; but in the city it was being drawn ruthlessly into the
maw of night. There was never any twilight on the avenue.
Already countless thousands of people had had dinner, and were
thronging the avenue in that restless march which is called the
pursuit of pleasure.
He slipped into the human current and disappeared just a moment
too soon to observe that an automobile swerved out from its course
and drew up in front of the mansion.
A youthful-looking old lady with snowy hair and with small, neatly
gloved hands, pushed open the door and emerged. With the manner
of one who repeats a request she paused and turned.
“Do come in, Colonel,” she called into the shadowy recesses of the
car.
A gray, imposing-appearing man with a good deal of vitality still
showing in his eyes and complexion smiled back at her inscrutably.
“Go on,” he said, tucking his cigar beneath the grizzled stubble on
his upper lip, and bringing his hand down with a large gesture of
leisurely contentment. “You’ll be all right. I don’t mind waiting.”
And Mrs. Harrod proceeded alone to make her call.
By the most casual chance Mrs. Baron was standing at her sitting-
room window when the car stopped before the house, and when she
perceived that it was Mrs. Harrod—Amelia Harrod, as she thought of
her—who was crossing the sidewalk, she underwent a very
remarkable transformation.
So complete a transformation, indeed, that Bonnie May, who was
somewhat covertly observing her, sprang softly to her feet and
became all attention.
Mrs. Baron’s face flushed—the child could see the heightened color
in one cheek—and her whole attitude expressed an unwonted
eagerness, a childish delight.
The truth was that Mrs. Harrod was one of the old friends who had
seemed to Mrs. Baron to be of the deserters—one whose revised
visiting list did not include the Barons. And they had been girls
together, and intimates throughout their married lives—until the
neighborhood had moved away, so to speak, and the Barons had
remained.
It is true that, despite Mrs. Baron’s fancies, Mrs. Harrod had
remained a fond and loyal friend, though she had reached an age
when social obligations, in their more trivial forms, were not as easily
met as they had been in earlier years. And it may also be true that
something of constraint had arisen between the two during the past
year or so, owing to Mrs. Baron’s belief that she was being
studiously neglected, and to Mrs. Harrod’s fear that her old friend
was growing old ungracefully and unhappily.
Then, too, the Harrods had money. Colonel Harrod had never
permitted his family’s social standing to interfere with his money-
making. On the contrary. The Barons were unable to say of the
Harrods: “Oh, yes, they have money,” as they said of a good many
other families. For the Harrods had everything else, too.
“Oh, it’s Amelia!” exclaimed Mrs. Baron, withdrawing her eyes from
the street. She gave herself a quick, critical survey, and put her
hands to her hair, and hurried toward her room in a state of delighted
agitation.
She had not given a thought to Bonnie May. She did not know that
the child slipped eagerly from the room and hurried down the stairs.
Bonnie May was, indeed, greatly in need of a diversion of some sort.
Not a word had been said to her touching the clash that had
occurred at the table during the Sunday dinner. She did not know
that the machinery necessary to her removal from the mansion had
been set in motion; but she had a vague sense of a sort of rising
inflection in the atmosphere, as if necessary adjustments were in the
making. Perhaps her state of mind was a good deal like that of a
sailor who voyages in waters which are known to be mined.
However, she liked to go to the door to admit visitors, in any case.
There may have been, latent in her nature, a strong housekeeping
instinct. Or, perhaps, there seemed a certain form of drama in
opening the door to persons unknown—in meeting, in this manner,
persons who were for the time being her “opposites.” She assured
herself that she was saving Mrs. Shepard from the trouble of
responding from the kitchen; though she realized clearly enough that
she was actuated partly by a love of excitement, of encounters with
various types of human beings.
On the present occasion she had opened the door and stepped
aside, smiling, before Mrs. Harrod had had time to touch the bell.
“Come in,” she said. And when the visitor had entered she closed
the door softly. “Will you wait until I make a light?” she asked. “I’m
afraid we’ve all forgotten about the light.” The lower rooms had
become quite gloomy.
She had climbed upon a chair in the drawing-room, and touched a
match to the gas-burner before she could be questioned or assisted,
and for the moment the caller was only thinking how peculiar it was
that the Barons went on relying upon gas, when electricity was so
much more convenient.
“Please have a seat,” Bonnie May added, “while I call Mrs. Baron.”
She turned toward the hall. “Shall I say who it is?” she asked.
Mrs. Harrod had not taken a seat. When the light filled the room child
and woman confronted each other, the child deferential, the woman
smiling with an odd sort of tenderness.
“Who are you?” asked the visitor. Her eyes were beaming; the curve
of her lips was like a declaration of love.
“I’m Bonnie May.” The child advanced and held out her hand.
Mrs. Harrod pondered. “You’re not a—relative?”
“Oh, no. A—guest, I think. Nothing more than that.”
Mrs. Harrod drew a chair toward her without removing her eyes from
the child’s face. “Do sit down a minute and talk to me,” she said. “We
can let Mrs. Baron know afterward. A guest? But you don’t visit here
often?”
“This is my first visit. You see, I have so little time for visiting. I
happen not to have any—any other engagement just now. I was very
glad to come here for—for a while.”
“You haven’t known the Barons long, then?”
“In a way, no. But you know you feel you’ve always known really
lovely people. Don’t you feel that way?” She inclined her head a little;
her lips were slightly parted; her color arose. She was trying very
earnestly to meet this impressive person upon an equal footing.
“I think you’re quite right. And—how did you meet them? I hope you
don’t mind my asking questions?”
“Not in the least. I met Mr. Victor at a—a kind of reception he was
attending. He was lovely to me. He asked me to meet his mother.”
“How simple! And so you called?”
“Yes. That is, Mr. Victor came and—and brought me. It was much
pleasanter, his bringing me.”
She had wriggled up into a chair and was keeping clear, earnest
eyes upon the visitor. She was recalling Mrs. Baron’s agitation, and
she was drawing conclusions which were very far from being wholly
wrong.
“I think Victor’s a charming young gentleman,” declared Mrs. Harrod.
“He’s always doing something—nice.”
“Yes,” responded Bonnie May. She had observed that the visitor
paused before she said “nice.” Her eyes were alertly studying Mrs.
Harrod’s face.
“And your name is Bonnie May. Is that the full name, or——”
“Yes, that’s the full name.”
Mrs. Harrod pondered. “You’re not of the Prof. Mays, are you?”
“Why, I’m of—of professional people. I’m not sure I’m of the Mays
you’re thinking about.” She edged herself from her chair uneasily. “I
hope I haven’t forgotten myself,” she added. “I’m sure I should have
let Mrs. Baron know you are here. I think you didn’t say what the
name is?”
“I’m Mrs. Harrod. I hope you’ll remember. I would be glad if you’d be
a friend of mine, too.”
The child’s dilemma, whatever it had been, was past. She smiled
almost radiantly. “I’m very glad to have met you, Mrs. Harrod,” she
said. She advanced and extended her hand again. “I truly hope I’ll
have the pleasure of meeting you again.”
Then she was off up the stairs, walking sedately. It had meant much
to her that this nice woman, who was clearly not of the profession,
had talked to her without patronizing her, without “talking down” to
her.
A strange timidity overwhelmed her when she appeared at Mrs.
Baron’s door. “It’s Mrs. Harrod,” she said, and there was a slight
catch in her voice. “I mean, Mrs. Harrod has called. I let her in.”
Mrs. Baron, standing in her doorway, was fixing an old-fashioned
brooch in place. She flushed and there was swift mistrust in her
eyes. “Oh!” she cried weakly. The sound was almost like a moan. “I
thought Mrs. Shepard——”
“I didn’t tell her I was—I didn’t tell her who I was. I thought you would
rather I didn’t. I was just nice to her, and she was nice to me.”
She hurried away, then, because she wanted to be by herself. For
some reason which she could not understand tears were beginning
to start from her eyes. Mrs. Baron had not been angry, this time. She
had seemed to be ashamed!
She did not know that the old gentlewoman looked after her with a
startled, almost guilty expression which gave place to swift contrition
and tenderness.
Mrs. Baron did not descend the stairs. She was about to do so when
Mrs. Harrod appeared in the lower hall.
“Don’t come down!” called the latter. “I mean to have my visit with
you in your sitting-room.” She was climbing the stairs. “I don’t intend
to be treated like a stranger, even if I haven’t been able to come for
such a long time.” Shadows and restraints seemed to be vanishing
utterly before that advancing friendly presence. And at the top of the
flight of stairs she drew a deep breath and exclaimed:
“Emily Boone, who is that child?” She took both Mrs. Baron’s hands
and kissed her. “I told the colonel I simply wouldn’t go by without
stopping. He had an idea we ought to go to see—what’s the name of
the play? I can’t remember. It gave me a chance to stop. I seem
never to have the opportunity any more. But do tell me. About the
child, I mean. Do you know, I’ve never seen such a perfect little
human being in my life! She’s so lovely, and so honest, and so
unspoiled. Who is she?”
Mrs. Baron felt many waters lift and pass. Bonnie May hadn’t done
anything scandalous, evidently. And here was her old friend as
expansive, as cheerfully outspoken as in the days of long ago.
She found herself responding happily, lightly.
“A little protégée of Victor’s,” she said. “You know what a discoverer
he is?” They had entered the sitting-room. Mrs. Baron was thinking
again how good it was to have the old bond restored, the old friend’s
voice awaking a thousand pleasant memories.
But as Mrs. Harrod took a seat she leaned forward without a pause.
“Now do tell me about that—that cherub of a child,” she said.
In the meantime, Victor Baron was experiencing something like a
surprise to discover that Thornburg, the manager, seemed a new, a
different, sort of person, now that he was in his own home. He had
quite the air of—well, there was only one word for it, Baron supposed
—a gentleman.
The Thornburg home was quite as nice, even in the indefinable ways
that count most, as any home Baron was acquainted with. There
was an impression of elegance—but not too much elegance—in the
large reception-room. There was a general impression of softly
limited illumination, of fine yet simple furniture. The walls had a kind
of pleasant individuality, by reason of the fact that they were sparsely
—yet attractively—ornamented.
A grandfather’s clock imparted homeliness to one end of the room;
there was a restful suggestion in the broad fireplace in which an
enormous fern had been installed. Baron’s glance also took in a
grand piano of a quietly subdued finish.
Mrs. Thornburg alone seemed in some odd way out of harmony with
the fine, cordial picture in which Baron found her. She was a frail,
wistful woman, and because her body was ailing, her mind, too—as
Baron speedily discovered—was not of the sound, cheerful texture of
her surroundings.
“Ah, Baron!” exclaimed Thornburg, advancing to meet his guest as
the latter was shown into the room. “I’m glad to see you here.”
As he turned to his wife, to introduce the visitor, Baron was struck by
something cautious and alert in his manner—the manner of a man
who must be constantly prepared to make allowances, to take
soundings. He presented an altogether wholesome picture as he
looked alternately at his wife and his guest. His abundant, stubborn
gray hair was in comfortable disorder, to harmonize with the
smoking-jacket he wore, and Baron looked at him more than once
with the uncomfortable sense of never having really known him
before. He thought, too, how this brusque, ruddy man seemed in a
strange fashion imprisoned within the radius of an ailing wife’s
influence.
“Mr. Baron is the man who carried that little girl out of the theatre the
other day,” explained Thornburg. He turned again to Baron with a
casual air: “Do you find that your people still want to let her go?”
He was playing a part, obviously; the part of one who is all but
indifferent. Mrs. Thornburg scrutinized the visitor’s face closely.
“Yes, I believe they do,” replied Baron.
“I’ve been talking to Mrs. Thornburg about the case. She
understands that I feel a sort of responsibility. I think I’ve about
persuaded her to have a look at the little girl.”
Mrs. Thornburg seemed unwilling to look at her husband while he
was speaking. Baron thought she must be concealing something.
She was gazing at him with an expression of reproach, not wholly
free from resentment.
“Hasn’t the child any relatives?” she asked. She seemed to be
making an effort to speak calmly.
“I really can’t answer that,” said Baron. “She seems not to have. She
has told me very little about herself, yet I believe she has told me all
she knows. She has spoken of a young woman—an actress—she
has travelled with. There doesn’t appear to have been any one else.
I believe she never has had a home.”
Mrs. Thornburg withdrew her gaze from him. She concerned herself
with the rings on her thin, white fingers. “How did you happen to be
with her in the theatre?” she asked.
“I was in one of the upper boxes. I don’t know how she came to be
there. I believe she couldn’t find a seat anywhere else.”
“And you’d never seen her before?”
“Never.”
There was an uncomfortable silence. Both Thornburg and Baron
were looking interestedly at Mrs. Thornburg, who refused to lift her
eyes. “I wonder how you happened to take her to your home?” she
asked finally.
Baron laughed uneasily. “I’m wondering myself,” he said. “Nobody
seems to approve of what I did. But if you could have seen her!
She’s really quite wonderful. Very pretty, you know, and intelligent.

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Transform Methods and MATLAB 3rd

Signals and Systems Analysis Using Transform

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Exercises With Answers in Text

1. Starting with the definition of the Laplace transform,

find the Laplace transforms of these signals.

Existence of the Laplace Transform

Direct-Form II System Realization

Forward and Inverse Laplace Transforms

Multiplying through by s and letting s approach infinity,

Now, letting s = 1 and solving for B,

20p ìï é sin 20p t ù üï ( )

After time, t = 1, the solution is zero.

6. A system impulse response h(t ) has a unilateral Laplace transform,

(a) What is the region of convergence for H(s)? Re( s) = s > 2

(b) Could the CTFT of h(t ) be found directly from H(s)? No

7. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of these functions.

Using the complex frequency shifting property, let s ® s - 3. Then

multiply through by s and then let s approach infinity. Then

Multiply through by s and let s approach infinity.

e3t x ( t ) = éë0.137e3t - 0.137 cos (8t ) - 0.0514sin (8t ) ùû u ( t )

Using the “cover up” method, A = 4 / 73 @ 0.0548 . Using

Multiply through by s and let s approach infinity,

4 / 73 24 / 732 24s / 732 + D

Using , and the differentiation property

Initial Value Theorem

and the limit exists because the only pole of X s = () 10

Initial value theorem does not apply because x t () has an impulse at t = 0 .

Final value theorem does Not Apply , Two poles on w axis.

(a) 3e-8(t-1) u ( t -1)

(b) 4 cos ( 32p t ) u ( t )

(c) 4et+2 sin ( 32p ( t + 2 )) u ( t + 2 )

(a) What is the third function?

The fraction is improper in s. Synthetically dividing,

The third function is an impulse.

(b) What is the cyclic frequency of the causal sinusoids?

The radian frequency is 4 radians/s. Therefore the cyclic frequency is

a=6 A=1 C = -10.5

13. Find the numerical values of the literal constants.

Unilateral Laplace Transform Integral

14. Starting with the definition of the unilateral Laplace transform,

find the Laplace transforms of these signals.

Solving Differential Equations

cannot change instantaneously.

multiply through by s and let s approach infinity yielding

multiply through by s and let s approach infinity

let s = 1 and solve for C,

The solution is continuous at t = 0 because, if it were not the discontinuity

The solution is continuous at t = 0 because the capacitor voltage cannot

Pole-Zero Diagrams and Frequency Response

Exercises Without Answers in Text

(b) -10et /2 u ( -t ) ROC is s <1/ 2

(c) 10e2t u ( t ) ROC is s > 2

(d) 5d ( 3t -1) ROC is all s

(e) éë - (1/ 2 ) + ( 3 / 2 ) e-2t ùû u ( t ) ROC is s > 0

(f) (1/ 2) u ( -t ) + ( 3 / 2) e-2t u (t ) ROC is -2 < s < 0

(g) -5e2t u ( t ) + 7e-t u ( t ) ROC is s > 2

(h) d ( t ) - 2e-2t u ( t ) ROC is s > -2

Existence of the Laplace Transform

s Y1 (s) = X( s) - 3s Y1(s) - 7sY1( s) - 22 Y1( s)

Y(s) = 10s Y1 (s) + 80 Y1 (s)