TENSILE TEST

Ali Ghalib
Hussien Mohammed

Yousif Ali
 objective:
1. To investigate the response of a material when
subjected ot bending (the relationship between the
deflections and the applied load).

2 .Determine parameters such as bend strength,

yield strength ni bending and elastic modulus.
 theory:
Flexion is the degree of displacement of a structural element under the
action of a force. The term bending is given to a long structural element subject
to external stress perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the element. Such as
a ruler fixed at one end to a table with a nail, for example, and a weight hanging on its other end. It happens that
the ruler bends as much and takes a certain
shape, and its curvature increases with the increase in weight. A structural element is assumed so that at least
one of its dimensions is small, usually 1/10
or less than the other two dimensions.. When the length is significantly greater
than the width and thickness, the element is called "permissible." Aclothes rod
is a typical example of what is permissible under the influence of bending. Bending strength a concave surface or
bending fracture. Bending tests are usually performed to determine the ductility or resistance of said material to
fracture. During these tests, the substance is formed into a specific shape. The force is applied to the test
specimen at its midpoint to form a concave surface with a radius of curvature determined by the basic standard.
Bending tests in various sectors are common as tensile test, compression test and fatigue test. The bending test
of a material allows the determination of the elasticity, bending strength, fracture strength and fracture
resistance of the material. These properties show the behavior of the material under pressure. Materials that are
pressed under pressure may cause undesirable consequences in the future.
 theory:
For example, in any construction process, the use of ductile materials loaded with bending forces is always a risk. If the material begins to
fracture or completely collapse during a bending test at three or four points, it is inevitable that the material will cause a disaster in any
construction. In practice, there are many bending tests performed by advanced laboratories. One of these is the
directed evolution test. The specimen to be tested is placed horizontally along the two supports and then a force is applied to the midpoint
deforming the specimen in a U-shape. Bending test is a semi-directional twist test. During this test, the midpoint of the specimen is bent at an
angle or internal radius. The third method of bending is a free twist test. Here the ends of the sample are
compressed together, but no force is applied to the twist itself. Finally another twist test is the joint fracture hardness tester. This test method is
described in
the ASTM E399 standard designed by the American Association for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (ASTM E399 - 17 Standard Test Method for
Linear
Plane Tensile Fracture Hardness for Metallic Materials). During this commonly applied test, a three-point bending iron is used to apply the
midpoint force to the opposite face without breaking, and the highest value reached is determined by the specific crack below the midpoint. In
general, bending tests are performed on metal or metallic materials. However, other materials that may be subject to plastic deformation, such
as polymers and plastics, can also be applied to this test. These materials may be in any shape possible, but the materials that must undergo a
bending test are mostly sheets, strips, rods, coatings and tubes. Bending testing machines are generally used for materials of acceptable ductility
Bending tests are also used for welding. The purpose of these tests is to ensure that the weld is properly welded to the base metal and to indicate
how resistant
the weld itself is to bending stress. In this way, it is ensured that the weld does not bear a defect which would cause it to fail under any stress.
During testing, the weld sample is deformed by directing the bending tester to form a U' an' which exposes both the material on the outer surface
to the tensile strength and compressive strength of the material to the outer surface. If the weld holds up
and shows no signs of cracking, the weld is of acceptable quality..
calculations:
calculations:
Run) Load(m) F(N) Def(m) E(m/N)

1
2
3
4
5
calculations:
calculations:
Run) Load(m) F(N) Def(m) E(m/N)

1
2
3
4
5
calculations:
calculations:
 discussions:
1- Compare the coefficient of elasticity obtained with the theoretical value for the
material. Discus the result.

For steel:

Theoretical value from slope = 0.4

Theoretical value from slope = 1

discussions:
2- Give two reasons why the tensile properties of most
brittle materials are accessed by transverse bending tests
and not ascertain by tensile tests.

Fragile materials include cast iron, glass and stone. It is characterized by

reaching the fracture area without any noticeable change in its elongation.
Brittle materials such as concrete and carbon fiber do not have a yield point, so
the region of maximum stress is the same as the region of fracture stress.
Fragile materials such as glass do not show any stress in the plastic area but fail
within the elastic area. One of the advantages of the failure of the brittle
material is that it can be assembled to recycle the material into the same shape
as no pitting will occur as in ductile materials. The stress-strain curve for this
material will usually be linear.
THANK
YOU..