Structural construction work

Level-III
Based on October 2023, Curriculum Version 2

Module Title: Erect and Install Pre-Cast Concrete Structures

Units/components’
Module Code: EIS SCW3 09 1023
Nominal Duration: 100 Hours

Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

October, 2023
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Unit one:- Precast Erection Requirements
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:-
 Introduction of precast structure
 Work Instructions
 Safety and Sign
 Tools, Equipment and Handle Materials
 Environmental Protection
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Understand Introduction of precast structure
 Apply Work instructions.
 Follow safety and sign
 Select tools , equipment and materials handle
 Identify environmental protection
1.1 Introduction of Precast Erection
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or
"form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and
maneuvered into place; examples include precast beams, and wall panels for tilt up construction.
Precast concrete buildings are constructed by assembling pre-manufactured components, such as
beams, columns, and shear walls, slab, lintel and stair.
It is widely used in low- and mid-rise apartment buildings, hotels, motels, and nursing homes.
The concrete provides superior fire resistance and sound control for the individual units and
reduces fire insurance rates. Precast concrete is also a popular material for constructing office
buildings.
1.2 Precast concrete is an alternative to cast-in-situ concrete. While cast-in-situ concrete is
cast in its actual location, precast concrete is cast at another location, either at the
building site or in a factory, and is then lifted to its final resting place and fixed
securely. This means that unlike cast-in-situ construction, which is monolithic or
continuous, precast concrete buildings are made of separate pieces that are bolted or
connected together.
1.3 Work instructions
Work instructions are the process collection of information for dealing with the erecting
activities. More information obtained the minds of those who will use the information to easily
confirm and apply for activities. New and additional ideas come more easily if there are lots of
facts Obtained as bases. Gathering additional information means an event and activities that
collects different data, facts, figures, and information through employing different methods
which intended to the erecting activities intended objectives.
Every step of the work instructions process must be carefully documented. The documents and
records kept serve several purposes. Such as:
 Provide evidence that the process was completed.
 Enable decisions or processes to be monitored and reviewed.
 Demonstrate accountability.
 Enable accurate and consistent sharing of information
General Construction Requirements
 Government standard regulations and legal requirements
 Understanding the owner and the contractor/mason relationship
 Protection and safety of workers, peoples, and public utilities

1.4 Tools, equipment’s and material handle

1.4.1 Tools and equipment’s
Table 1.2 tool and equipment
Name of tools Use of tools Pictures of tools

Meter Used to take measurement

Used to check only that surface

Plumb-bob
vertical leveling.

Use to make layout in excavation

String
and maintain alignments.

Used to with straight edge for

Sprit Level getting horizontal and vertical
surface levelness

PVC tube filled with water to

Rubber tube water
check horizontal levels of floors
level
and walls etc.

Bucket Used to carry water, mortar,

concrete from one place to another
place transporting in the
 construction site.
Used for lifting and spreading
Trowel mortar on the wall. For forming
joint and for cutting brick
Made for metal, wood, sponge,
Float plastic it used to have smooth
mortar or concrete finish
EQUIPMENTS

Used to dispose disposal materials

Wheelbarrow from transport or serve materials
and tools in the construction.

Transport vehicle that has a crane

Crane built into its structure that helps
load and unload large goods.

Used in warehouses,
Fork lift manufacturing and industrial
operations, shipping docks, and
truck loading and unloading.

Provide a simple way to take heavy

Tower crane materials and equipment to the
upper levels.
1.4.2 Handle precast materials
Materials needed for precast are listed follows:-
Bolt: - A bolt is a type of fastener, which is normally used together with a nut for assembling
two unthreaded components. The ease to use made them suited to play an important role in the
development of mass-produced articles and steel structures.
Cement: - Ordinary Portland Cements [OPC] 43 grade and 53 are normally used in precast
concrete construction. Cement should comply with the requirements for gaining satisfactory
performance in a structure
Aggregate: - Aggregates for precast concrete should be durable. They should not deteriorate or
disintegrate under the action of the weather.
Water: - Water should be free from matter which will reduce the strength and durability of the
concrete.
Waterproofing admixture: - for precast construction should comply with the requirements
when compared with the manufacturers’ declared values. Where two or more admixtures are to
be used in combination they should be checked for compatibility with the cement.
Reinforcement bars: - Reinforcement bars should comply with for high strength deformed bars
for concrete reinforcement, for mild steel and medium tensile bars. Bars are classified by shape,
ductility, class, strength grade and size.
Joints: - The purpose of Joint in precast structure is: to transmit forces between structural
components and provide overall stability.
Fibers:- can be used as reinforcement in precast concrete, either as a fiber-only solution or as a
combined solution with conventional rebar reinforcement. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) in
precast construction increases its structural integrity.
Non-shrink grouts:- When complete filling of spaces or bond to reinforcement in core holes is
essential, non-shrink grouts are used. does not shrink, so its final volume is greater than or equal
to the originally installed volume.
Adhesive: - Adhesive” as a general term includes cement, glue, and paste terms that are often
used interchangeably for any organic material that forms an adhesive bond.
Seal: - sealant is a substance used to block the passage of fluids through openings in materials in
building construction
1.5 Environmental protection
The Environmental Protection Plan should identify the specific aspects of the planned work or
activities to which the Environmental Protection
Prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation and air. Conserve and enhance natural
and man-made heritage, including biological diversity of unique ecosystems. Improve condition
and productivity of degraded areas. Raise awareness and understanding of the link between
environment and development.
The aim of the review was to explore and identify gaps at the national level on policies,
regulations, and organizational arrangements that govern Ethiopia’s ability to mitigate and
eventually prevent the health impacts of air pollution, occupational hazards, and climate change.
A. Air pollution
The FDRE Health Policy provides guidelines and directives for prevention of environmental
pollution resulting from hazardous chemical wastes. In addition, the FDRE environmental policy
lists objectives and measures to address issues related to air and water pollution.
B. Climate change
Ethiopia’s environmental policy addresses climate change through regulations and institutional
and strategic mechanisms. The policy emphasizes the need for a climate monitoring program, as
the country is highly sensitive to climatic variability. It recognizes Ethiopia's environmental,
long-term economic and energy interests.
C. Underground services
Underground service refers to the installation of utility lines, such as electrical, gas, water, and
telecommunications, underground rather than above ground.
These services should be protected by using the following methods:
 Mark the location of buried utility lines before excavation begins.
 Use specialized equipment to locate and avoid buried utility lines.
 Notify utility companies and obtain necessary permits before beginning excavation work.
 Regularly maintain and inspect underground service lines to ensure their continued safe
operation.
 In the event of accidental damage to a utility line, immediately notify the appropriate
utility company and take steps to ensure the safety of personnel and the public.
Unit Two: Erect pre-cast structure
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
 Checking defect of pre-cast structure
 Setting -out and erection Position of precast structures.
 Erection and installation precast Structures.
 Joining and Sealing precast structures.
 Cleaning and waste management
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Check defect of pre-cast structure
 Set-out and Insure Position of precast structures.
 Erect and installation of precast Structures.
 Join and Seal precast structures.
 Clean and manage waste
2.1 Checking Defect of Pre-Cast Structure
Defects included the failure of connections due to corrosion, the breakdown of faced layers of
concrete, and the corrosion of reinforcement due to lack of cover and poor workmanship
resulting in spilling concrete.
Precast buildings require careful consideration in structural engineering due to the fact that
their mechanical performances are different from those of cast-in-place buildings under
extreme loading conditions, e.g., earthquakes and hurricanes. It is difficult to ensure a precast
building with the same integrity as the cast-in-situ buildings, because failures may develop
along connections to component.
The experimental results showed that the potential plastic hinge was formed at the beam ends
near the column faces, preventing the failures of the column and joint. Post-tension rebar
could enhance the connection strengths and stiffness’s under the cyclic inelastic loads that
simulated ground excitations during earthquakes.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Ultrasonic Concrete Tester from Upv Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
for Concrete Tester - Product Testing – Load

Figure 2.1 A Ultrasonic Concrete Tester Figure 2.1B product Testing load
2.1.1 Causes of Defects in Precast Structure
Causes of defects in concrete structures can be broadly categorized as:
 Structural deficiency resulting from errors in design, loading criteria, unexpected
overloading,
 Structural deficiency due to construction defects.
 Damage due to fire, floods, earthquakes, etc.
 Damage due to chemical attack.
 Damage due to marine environments
  Damage due to abrasion of granular materials.
 Movement of concrete due to physical characteristics.
2.1.2 Types of Precast Concrete Defects
1. Cracking
Cracks are formed in concrete due to many reasons but when these cracks are very deep, it is
unsafe to use that concrete structure.

Fig 2.2 defect of precast due to crack

2. Blistering
Blistering is the formation of hollow bumps of different sizes on concrete surface due to
entrapped air under the finished concrete surface
3. Delamination
Delamination is also similar to blistering. In this case also, top surface of concrete gets
separated from underlying concrete. Hardening of top layer of concrete before the hardening
of underlying concrete will lead to delamination.
4. Dusting
Dusting, also called as chalking is the formation of fine and loose powdered concrete on the
hardened concrete by disintegration. This happens due to the presence of excess amount of
water in concrete
5. Curling
When a concrete slab is distorted into curved shape by upward or downward movement of
edges or corners, it is called curling. It occurs mainly due to the differences in moisture
content or temperature between slab surface (top) and slab base (bottom).
6. Efflorescence
Efflorescence is the formation of deposits of salts on the concrete surface. Formed salts
generally white in color.
7. Scaling and spilling Scaling and spilling in both the cases concrete surface get
deteriorated and flaking of concrete occurs. The main cause for this type of cases is
penetration of water through concrete surface.
2.2 Setting-Out Positions Precast Structures
Setting out is the process of laying down the precast structure place for erection and
installation lines and center lines etc. on the ground before the excavation is started. ‘lays
out’ the project to make sure that embedded items are cast-in correctly, that the
building/structure framework, where precast elements are going to be supported, is cast
within allowable tolerances and also provides sufficient marks so that the precast elements
may be installed accurately and efficiently.

Figure 2.3 setting out precast position

Preparation on site
Before starting installation, the surveyor shall do a complete survey of the area that is to
receive precast elements and to monitor any differences in any dimensions or levels exceed
the installation tolerances. For further details on tolerances please refer 2.3.1
 Figure 2.4 positioning of precast structure
2.2.1 Insure Safe Erection Structures
Precast concrete erection safe work guidelines: protect self-prepare to unload precast units
by ensuring safe working conditions including safe access.
Safe erection of precast concrete elements depends on careful planning. All people working
with precast concrete should be aware of the risks.
Erection tolerances describe when precast structures are set in place. While all tolerances are
important when designing and building precast.

Figure 2.5 insure safe erection

2.3 Erection and Installation of Precast Structures
Installation is the process of fixing the precast panel to its final location in the structure. Each
precast unit is installed in a sequence that has been agreed prior with all parties, including the
site contractor. The sequence is also used to establish the casting and delivery priorities for
the production of the precast units.
Precast concrete in many sizes. You will need a mobile crane to install bigger concrete blocks
properly, so the installation of products such should be always be handled by a professional.
Erector or supervisor of temporary structures is responsible for undertaking or supervising the
erection, maintenance and dismantling of particular types of temporary structures, including
prescribed temporary structures.

Figure 2.6 erection of precast

2.3.1 Precast Frame Tolerance
Erection tolerances are the tolerances for when the precast structures are set in place. While
all tolerances are important when designing and building precast structures, erection
tolerances are especially important because they give the allowable tolerances of how a
precast structure should be set in its final place. This also influences the way that other
components of the structure will set in place. Equipment also plays a significant role with
erection tolerances. Due to this, variation of some of the tolerances may be necessary,
especially for more custom products. If erection tolerances are too constraining, this can
present challenges for the precastor and costs of installing can become more expensive due to
the special equipment that may be needed.
Tolerances play a key role in the design and function of precast structures. It is important to
remember that the details of connections must be considered when specifying erection
tolerances and adequate spacing must be provided to perform the tasks necessary to complete
the connection. The engineer may also choose to specify a minimum bearing size for various
precast concrete products. It is also important to remember that precast structures that do no
meet tolerance specifications can be rejected
Here are a few examples of common industry standards for erection tolerances:
 A precast concrete component to another precast concrete component has a ½ inch (1
inch preferred) recommended clearance
 A precast concrete component to a steel component has a 1 inch (2 inch preferred)
recommended clearance
 A precast concrete column cover has a 1 ½ inch (3 inch preferred for taller structures)
recommended clearance
 Figure 2.7 frame tolerance

Components of Precast Structure Include

Table 2.1 precast components
Name Use picture
Stair stairs leading from one floor to
another, and includes landings,
newel posts, handrails
Column Vertical structure
Member used to carry out load of
all and distribute to footing pad

Beam Horizontal structure

Member used to carry out load of
wall and distribute to both side
column
Wall panel set of exterior and walls around
the building, or structure,
constructed by using concrete

Precast slab Horizontal structural members

used to
 Footing pad Carry out load of all structure and
transmit to ground

The Followings Shall Be Checked For Installation of Precast Structure

 Weight of element and its final location after installation is within the reach of site
crane.
 Plans and sections are matching with work drawings.
 Elements design in installation drawings are tallying with production drawings.
 Fixing details are clear to the installation rings.
 Special requirements for temporary fixing or bracing till final installation.
 Correct methods for installing fixing accessories.
 Sequence of installation.
 Sloping requirement of elements.
 Site Access.
 Site conditions which may obstacle the installation and its reflection on production
and transportation
 Unloading/Stacking areas at sit
During precast Installation
 Precast elements erected area, should be cleared of people and be isolated wherever
possible using safety tape.
 Installation shall be done by Tower or Mobile Cranes available on site.
 Elements shall be lifted from the lifting anchors provided in the units.
 Proper tools and safety devices shall be used for lifting at all times.
 Prior planning of every crane movement is recommended in order to minimize lost
time on site.
 The installation crew will be divided into an unloading gang and an installation gang
 Each gang will have a certain number of erectors, riggers, helpers and masons.
 The unit shall be lifted slowly and carefully keep away from the building to avoid
striking and damaging the element or the building etc.
 The vertical and horizontal alignment of the element is adjusted;
  Installation should be in a sequence that crane movement is kept to the minimum and
the crane has the best possible access to and sight of the installation workplaces.
 For installation at inaccessible areas from inside i.e. behind shear wall or column,
external platform or scaffolding is provided for access during installation.
Installation of Precast Concrete Elements Involve Following Steps
1. Inspection of site
An inspection of the site will be carried out prior to installation and determined that there is
sufficient hard access and safe working areas available for all the delivery truck and trailer
units, cranes and other transport vehicles. Also the capacity and condition of all lifting
equipment on site is assessed and replaced where required.
2. Mobilization
The Installation crew will mobilize the installation tools such as Surveying equipment’s,
Measuring tapes, chalk lines, lifting devices, any purpose made lifting equipment’s, push pull
props, ladders, water levels, drills and bolts and other equipment required for grouting and
finishing.
Mobilizations also includes installation accessories like crowbar, hammers, wooden wedges,
shims, plumb line, safety harness and other safety equipment.
3. After completion of Installation
After the elements are erected the necessary and required dowel pins are inserted at
designated areas i.e. in cover and it is aligned in its final position.
Alignment either can be done at the same time or can be followed successively.
Either the same installation crew or separate alignment gang carry out the final adjustment
using crow bars; tie rods, wooden wedges and spirit levels.
For the precast concrete elements with dowel connections, place dowels in corbels and grout
in the edge slab. The grouting within the corbel hole is done after final adjustment and
approval of QC personnel.
.The bottom elements sleeve is grouted after the final alignment and inspection from
consultant. Before grouting, the dowel pins are kept ideally vertical but can allow up to
tolerance mentioned as per project specifications
.

Figure 2.9i nstall precast element

Precast Concrete Element Installation Safety
Safety on the installation site begins with pre job planning. It should cater for following
 Review of the overall building configuration and installation drawings/operation
safety plans to ensure that the structure will remain stable during the construction
phase
 ensure that each stage can be safely done without impacting
 Ensure that work can be accomplished by staff working in safe conditions.
 Ensure all personnel are given fall protection training
 Ensure that all materials and equipment required for protecting staff against fall will
be available in a timely manner
 Adequate barricades, warning lights or signs to safeguard traffic in the immediate area
of hoisting and handling operations will be utilized.
 The installation area must be cleared off for any overhead obstructions for the
installation cranes.

Figure 2.10 installation safety

2.4 Joining and Sealing Structures
2.4.1 Joint
Joints are responsible for stability as well as strength of precast structures and their main
purpose is to transfer the load between components. There should be adequate design strength
of joints in order to transfer the subjected load on the structure. Alternate load path should be
always available in case of failure of joints. The type of material used in the joints between
two components also plays an important role in the strength of the joints.
The connections act as bridging links between the elements, forming structural chains linking
every element to the stabilizing elements such as shear walls and cores.
Types of Joints in Precast Structure
 Construction Joints. Construction joints are placed in a concrete slab to define the
extent of the individual placements, generally in conformity with a predetermined joint
layout Construction joints must be designed in order to allow displacements between
both sides of the slab but, at the same time, they have to transfer flexural stresses
produced in the slab by External loads.

Figure 2.11 Construction joint

 Expansion joints. An expansion joint is a device used to allow for the heat-induced
expansion and reduction that takes place in various states of weather. They are designed
to: Absorb heat-induced expansion and contraction of construction materials . The
building longer than 45m are generally provided with one or more expansion joint.

Figure 2.12 expansion joint

 Contraction Joints.
Contraction/control joints are placed in concrete slabs to control random cracking. A fresh
concrete mixture is a fluid, plastic mass that can be molded into virtually any shape, but as
the material hardens there is a reduction in volume or shrinkage.

Figure 2.13 contraction joint

 Isolation Joints.
An isolation joint is a separation between adjacent sections of a concrete structure to allow
relative movement. Are formed by placing preformed joint material next to the column or
wall or standpipe prior to pouring the slab.
Gap between the slabs that is typically filled with preformed joint material for the full depth
of the slab. This gap completely isolates one slab from another structural member, such as a
column, wall or pipe. That way, when the slab moves, it can do so without affecting a nearby
column or wall.

Figure 2.14 isolation joint

Difference between Joints and Connections
 A joint is a meeting point of elements / members of a structure.
 Action of forces takes place at the joint (such as compression, tension, shear etc.).
 A joint may be horizontal, vertical, or inclined.
  A connection is an assembly of adjoining elements/members of the components of a
joint.
 A connection is designed to resist the action of forces or moments.
Purpose of Joints and Connections in Precast Construction
 To transmit forces between structural components
 To provide overall stability
 To provide strength to the structure
 To prevent external leakages
 To resist unpredictable loads due to fire, impact & explosion
Connections have to satisfy the following requirements
A. Strength: the connection must resist the forces to which it is subjected during its
lifetime. Forces such as those caused by dead and live gravity loads, wind, earth,
water pressure, etc.
B. Ductility: The ability of the connection to undergo large deformations without
failure.
C. Change in volume: Combined shortening due to creep, shrinkage and temperature
reduction induces tensile stresses in precast components.
D. Durability: An exposed section in a connection should be periodically inspected
and maintained.
E. Fire resistance: A connection which may be weakened by exposure to fire should
be protected by concrete or grout, enclosed or sprayed with fire resistance materials.
Classification of Joints based on the method of connection
Joints can broadly be classified as dry and wet joints based on the method of connection of
precast members at the site.
 Dry joint: Joint accomplished by simple placing of two members by means of fastening.
 Wet joint: Joint that requires not only casting with cement but also concreting and
grouting material
Types of Connections
 Column to foundation
 Wall to foundation
 Wall to wall
 Wall to column
 Wall to beam
  Column to column
 Beam to column
 Beam to slab
 Wall to slab
 Stairs to wall

figure 2.15A column to column connection Figure 2.15B wall to wall connection

Common Connections and Jointing Techniques

 Welding of cleats or projecting steel
 Overlapping reinforcement, loops and linking steel grouted by concrete
 Reinforced concrete ties all around a slab
 Pre-stressing
 Epoxy grouting
 Cement or lime grout with non-shrink additive
 Polymer slurry grouting at dowel cast bolts and nuts connection
 Rebar fastener, chemical fastener, and expansion fastener
 Reinforcement coupler
 Combination of the above
  Any other method proven by test

Figure 2.16 precast connection techniques

Issues with Joints and Connections

 Adequate number of joints should be provided to transfer the forces.
 The joints and connection between core structure and components should be strong
enough to transfer different kinds of loads.
 Joints must have adequate strength to transfer gravity and lateral load between precast
elements.
 If joints and connections are not well finished and accomplished, it will result in
leakage.
2.4.2 Sealing Precast Structures
Concrete sealers are applied to concrete to protect it from surface damage, corrosion, and
staining. They either block the pores in the concrete to reduce absorption of water and salts
or form an impermeable layer which prevents such materials from passing.
Concrete sealers protect your concrete from weather exposure, water, grease and oil stains,
abrasion and deicing salts. They also help bring out the natural beauty of your concrete and
make it easier to clean. But in order for a sealer to work, it must be applied properly. Each
step will have an impact on the final outcome.
Some tips for applying concrete sealer properly.
 Remove all oil, grease, stains, dirt, and dust from the concrete
 Strip any existing sealer from the surface
 Open up the concrete with an etching solution
 Apply a thin coat of sealer using a roller or sprayer
 Wait for the first layer of sealer to dry
 Apply a second coat in the opposite direction
 Allow the sealer to fully dry before walking or driving on your concrete
Purpose of Precast Sealer
Applied to concrete, sealers essentially perform as water repellents, eliminating or reducing
the penetration of water and soluble contaminants, such as chlorides, into the porous concrete
layer. Sealers are generally intended for use in above-grade applications where concrete is
frequently exposed to moisture.
Types Seal
 Induction sealing or cap sealing: is the process of bonding thermoplastic materials by
induction heating.
 Adhesive sealant: is a leader at waterproofing, sealing, and seismic strengthening
 Bonded seal: provides the equivalent of a flat washer and a face to face sealing
element under a precast structure.
 Bridge seal, a piston sealing mechanism that creates a high pressure reservoir from a
lower pressure source.
 Figure 2.17 bonded seal

Advantages of Joint Sealants

Capacity to move with the concrete joint, ultimately extending the lifespan of the seal
Ability to attach to precast concrete to ensure that the joint remains permanently sealed
Capability to improve the visual appeal of concrete joints
Rapid and economical application
Mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and durability of the highest caliber
Easy to utilize, requiring neither specific equipment nor training
2.5 Clearing and Waste Management
Clean, Check, Maintains and Store Plant, Tools and Equipment
Tools and equipment require proper care and maintenance, not only for longevity but also to
remain useful and safe for the task at hand. Here are some care
and maintenance practices for tools and equipment.
Storing your tools prevents them from collecting dust, grease, and rust. If you take care of
your tools, they'll last longer and perform better. Taking care of your tools also allows you to
save money, as you'll avoid having to replace damaged ones.
General maintenance for your tools and equipment
 Hang your tools rather than standing them.
 Brush off soil when you have finished.
 Allow them to dry before storing.
 Give each tool its own space.
 Tighten up loose bolts.
 Figure 2.18 cleaning tools

Figure 2.19 store tools and equipment

Ways to Keep Cleaning Equipment and Tools in Good Condition
 Replace floor pads and screens.
 Clean mops and buckets before you store them away.
 Change vacuum filters regularly and give the vacuum a good clean.
 Wash dusters with mild detergent.
 Schedule service and repair for cleaning equipment.
Proper storage entails shielding tools from harsh weather conditions, damage and theft. It is
particularly crucial for metallic tools to be kept away from moisture to avoid rusting.
Having a cabinet where these tools and equipment are stored will be vital to ensuring a
secure storage area. Also, greasing, lubricating or oiling metallic tools and equipment is
essential to prevent rust from forming while keeping the tools in the best condition for future
tasks.
Tips for Keeping the Workplace Clean & Safe
  Develop a Comprehensive Cleaning Schedule.
 Identify High-Traffic & High-Touch Areas.
 Prohibit Food in Certain Areas.
 Stock Up on PPE & Cleaning Supplies.
 Routine Inspections of Workspaces & Common Areas.
 Electrostatic Disinfection.

Benefits of Having a Clean Work Environment

The workplace environment impacts staff productivity, performance, and well-being. No
matter the industry, maintaining a clean workplace offers the following benefits:
 Staff members stay safe and healthy
 Employee productivity gets boosted
 The professional image of the facility is improved
Ways to Maintain Clean and Organized Workplace
 Place a trash-can within easy reach
 Clean your desk regularly
 Create a recurring to-do cleaning list of major items
 Avoid eating at your desk
 Organize your drawers
 Stop stockpiling supplies
 Throw trash out immediately
 Figure 2.20 clean work area

2.5.1 Dispose, Reuse and Recycle Materials

A. Dispose: - Remove, destroying or storing damaged, used or other unwanted
construction materials, bulk cement, domestic, agricultural or industrial products and
substances

Figure 2.21 disposal

B. Recycling: - means turning an item into raw materials which can be used again,
usually for a completely new product. This is an energy consuming procedure.
 Process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away
as trash and turning them into new products.
 Benefit your community and the environment.
 waste disposal by transforming useful materials such as plastic, glass and paper into
new products
 Figure 2.22 recycles

C. Reuse: - refers to using an object as it is without treatment. This reduces pollution and
waste, thus making it a more sustainable process.
Help you, your community, and the environment by saving money, energy, and natural
resources.
The reusing process is not just about re-purposing materials, but the object as it is. This
includes buying and selling used goods and repairing items rather than discarding them.
Reusing is better than recycling because it saves the energy that comes with having to
dismantle and re-manufacture products. It also significantly reduces waste and pollution
because it reduces the need for raw materials, saving both forests and water supplies.
Waste that cannot be reused or recycled in some form eventually finds its way to disposal.
This disposal includes landfills, but an increasing number of municipalities have elected to
divert waste into resource recovery. These recovery methods use the waste to generate
electricity or produce raw materials for industry

Figure 2.23 reuse