 

 +  =
  →
 
+  =
→ 
 
→
( + ) =
→
( + ) =
−
=
→

  −
 +  = ( + ) = →
=
→
  →
 
−
=
→
−
−
=
→

( )=
• = + →
→+

• = ( + )=
→−
→
•
→
( ) = −
+ ( + )− =
•
→+
( ) = + →

→
 ( + )−  =
( )= ( )=  + 
 −  =
→
 
( ) ( ) −
• = →
 + 
=
→  − 
→
 
•
→
 ( ) = 
 →
( ) +
 − 
=
→  + 
( ) 
 ( )
→
+
=
→ −
( )= ( )= +
→ →
 − 
=
→  + 
( )
→
 ( ) =  
( )=  ( ) =  −
→ → =
→

−
  =
→ −
→
( )= →
( )=
( )  ( ) −  ( )
→
 ( ) = →

 
 −  =
→
 
+
 
+  =
→ 
 

1
    
   
= =   =    
• → →
 
→
 
−    
=
• →

−
= = 
→ →
• →

=
• →
=    =

→
( )= 
→
( + )= →

− =  = +

   
=   =  =
→   →   →

=
( )=  =


→ ( ) →

−
  
→
 
     
=   =  =
→   →   ( )
=

  


→ ( )
→ →  
 
  
=  = 
→   −
 
→
−
→

−
−
→
→

 +   − 
−    
−    
=
→ →
−
   +
−
→
 
=−    
→  
 
 

2
 −  
−  
→ +  
− → −

 
−  
 
→ − → −
  
−
− 
→ − − 

 
( )− ( ) → −
→
− + −

( − )
+ +
→ ( − )
+ − −
→
 


( + )−
→

( + )−
→

−
→
 −

 
−


→− +
  
−


− 