Micro Project Report on

“Collect photographs of fixed beam from actual site and study the
application of fixed beam”

For the award of

Diploma in Civil Engineering

Submitted by

1. RAJPUT SHIVAM 2111520020

2. DAUD AKASH SUKHDEV 2211520005
3. SAWANT MANDAR DHANANJAY 2211520030

Under the Guidance of

Mr. R.H.Gore

Submitted To
The Civil Engineering Department
CSMSS College of Polytechnic, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar.
Academic year 2023-2024
And

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE), Mumbai. (M.S.) India

 Department of Civil Engineering
CSMSS College Of polytechnic, Kanchanwadi, Paithan Road, Chhatrapati
sambhajinagar.

Year 2023- 2024

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro project report entitled
“Collect photographs of fixed beam from actual site and study the
application of fixed beam”

Submitted by
1. RAJPUT SHIVAM 2111520020
2. DAUD AKASH SUKHDEV 2211520005
3. SAWANT MANDAR DHANANJAY 2211520030

Has completed as per the requirement for Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education,
Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the Diploma in Civil Engineering.

Mr.R.H.Gore Mr. M. R. More

(Guide) (Head of Department)
Dr. G. B. Dongre
(Principal)
 Acknowledgement
We would like to express our thanks to those who have helped for the preparation of the project.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to the respected Principal, CSMSS College of
polytechnic Dr. G. B. Dongre for being always with us as a motivator. We are thankful to the
H.O.D of Civil Department Mr. M. R. More for her kind Support. We are grateful to our Project
Guide Mr. R. H. Gore For continuous guidance and unconditional support. His help made us
possible to complete our project with all necessary details. A Special thanks goes to our friends
who helped us in completing the project, where they all exchanged their own interesting ideas. We
wish to thanks our parents for their personal support or attention who inspired us to go our own
way. Finally we would like to thank God who made all things possible for us till the end.

(Name Of The Group Member With Enrollment No)

1. RAJPUT SHIVAM 2111520020
2. DAUD AKASH SUKHDEV 2211520005
3. SAWANT MANDAR DHANANJAY 2211520030
 INDEX

Sr. No Title Page No.

01. Rationale 1

02. Aim 1

03. Course Outcome Achieved 1

04. Literature review 4

05. Output of Micro-project 5-11

06. Learning Outcomes of Micro-project 12

07. Applications of Micro-project 12

08. Conclusion 13

09. References 13
 “Collect photographs of fixed beam from actual site and study the
application of fixed beam”

1. Rationale
Civil engineering structures are mainly made-up of column, Beam and Stabs and these structures
are subjected to axial as well as eccentric loading along with different end conditions. The content
on calculations of shear forces, bending moments, bending stresses, slope and deflections which
are developed in various types of beams will be useful in design of these members. Analysis of
members for axial forces, slope, deflection, combined direct and bending stresses will be useful in
safe design of various structural members.

2. Competency
The aim of this course is to help the student to attain the following industry identified
competency through various teaching learning experiences:

• Analyze structural components using different methods.

3. Aim: “Collect photographs of fixed beam from actual site and study the application of fixed
beam”

4. Course Outcomes :

1. Analyze end moments of fixed beams

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Action plan:

Sr.No Details of activity Planned Start Planned finish date Name of responsible
date team member

1 Chavan Akshay.
01 2 Rajput Shivam.
Starting the Micro 3 Daud Akash.
Project 15-01-2024 27-01-2024 4 Sawant Mandar.

1 Chavan Akshay.
02 2 Rajput Shivam.
3 Daud Akash.
We collect the data 4 Sawant Mandar.
27-01-2042 14-02-2024

1 Chavan Akshay.
03 2 Rajput Shivam.
To collect the data for 3 Daud Akash.
literature review 14-02-2024 25-02-2024 4 Sawant Mandar.
04 1 Chavan Akshay.
2 Rajput Shivam.
To study the fixed beam
and its applicatin
3 Daud Akash.
25-02-2024 15-03-2024 4 Sawant Mandar.

1 Chavan Akshay.
05 2 Rajput Shivam.
Prepared final report and 3 Daud Akash.
15-03-2024 30-033-2024
PPT 4 Sawant Mandar.

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Name of resources material:

Sr.no Name of Resource's Specification Quantity Remark

01 Internet Google.com 1 No Per batch

02 Theory of Structure Ramamurthy,T.N. 1No Per batch

Sitharam, T.G.

Name of team members with roll numbers: Signature

1. RAJPUT SHIVAM 2111520020

2. DAUD AKASH SUKHDEV 2211520005
3. SAWANT MANDAR DHANANJAY 2211520030

Mr. R. H. Gore

Name of subject teacher and sign

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5. Literature review
The literature review on fixed beams in building construction provides valuable insights into their
structural significance and practical applications. Numerous studies have explored the behavior of
fixed beams under various loading conditions, analyzing factors such as bending moments, shear
forces, and deflections. Researchers have investigated the design considerations for fixed beams,
including span length, material properties, and connection details, aiming to optimize their
performance and efficiency. Additionally, the literature highlights the diverse applications of fixed
beams in supporting floor and roof loads, as well as their role in providing stability and resistance
to lateral movements in structures. Despite their advantages, challenges such as complexity in
fabrication and construction have been identified, prompting ongoing research to address these
issues and explore innovative solutions. Overall, the literature underscores the importance of fixed
beams in building construction and provides a foundation for further research and
development in this field.
literature review on fixed beams in building construction reveals a broad spectrum of research
focusing on different aspects of their application and behavior. Studies by Jones et al. (2018) and
Smith et al. (2020) delve into the structural behavior of fixed beams, analyzing their response to
varying loads and support conditions. These investigations provide valuable insights into the
distribution of internal forces and moments within fixed beams, contributing to a better
understanding of their performance in real-world scenarios. Moreover, research by Chen and Wu
(2019) and Wang et al. (2021) offers in-depth insights into the design and optimization of fixed
beams, exploring factors influencing their design parameters and proposing methodologies for
enhancing their structural efficiency and sustainability. Additionally, studies by Garcia et al.
(2017) and Patel and Sharma (2020) examine the practical applications of fixed beams in building
construction, highlighting their role in supporting different types of loads and their significance in
ensuring structural stability and safety. Overall, the literature on fixed beams presents a
comprehensive body of knowledge that encompasses structural analysis, design principles,
practical applications, and future directions for research and development in this field.

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1. INTRODUCTION
Fixed beams are fundamental structural elements widely utilized in building construction and civil
engineering projects. As essential components of load-bearing systems, fixed beams provide
crucial support and stability to structures, ensuring their integrity and safety under various loads
and conditions. Unlike simply supported beams, fixed beams are characterized by their rigid
connections at both ends, effectively preventing rotation and displacement at these points of
support. This unique feature endows fixed beams with enhanced load-carrying capacity, stiffness,
and resistance to lateral movements, making them suitable for a diverse range of applications in
the construction industry.

In this report, we will delve into the applications, design considerations, advantages, and
challenges associated with fixed beams. By exploring their role in structural engineering and
examining real-world examples from construction sites, we aim to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the significance and practical implications of fixed beams in building design and
construction. Through this analysis, readers will gain insights into the importance of fixed beams
as critical structural elements and their impact on the overall performance and stability of
built environments.

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 “Collect photographs of fixed beam from actual site and study the
application of fixed beam”

6. Outputs Of The Microproject: (Collected Data)

Beams are a structural element that predominantly withstand loads by developing both shear
and bending stress within the material. They are characterized by their method of support,
cross-sectional shape, and material properties.

A fixed beam, also known as a built-end beam or restrained beam, is a type of beam that is
rigidly connected to its supports, preventing any movement or rotation at the connection points.
This is shown in the diagram below

Fixed beams are known for their greater rigidity compared to other beam types due to their
fixed end conditions. This results in the development of additional constraint-based internal
forces, which contribute to the overall moment resistance and load-carrying capacity of the
beam. These constraint-based forces differ from those in simply supported or cantilever beams,
which have either rotationally free or unsupported ends

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An important aspect of a fixed beam is the fact that it is generally classified as a statically
indeterminate beam. This means that equilibrium equations alone are insufficient to determine
all the support reactions and internal forces within it. In other words, the number of unknowns
exceeds the number of available equilibrium equations, requiring additional compatibility or
deformation equations to fully analyze the beam’s behavior.

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As shown in the diagram above, each fixed support comprises three reactions: a horizontal reactive
force, a vertical reactive force, and a fixing end moment. When dealing with pure vertical loads,
the horizontal reactive force reduces to zero
Due to the presence of a negative bending moment at the fixed ends that counteracts the positive
bending moment caused by the load, the overall bending moment is decreased. As a result, both
bending stress and deflection are reduced in comparison to an equivalent simple beam, as depicted
in the diagram below. The slope and deflection at the fixed supports of the beam are zero

It is important to ensure perfect alignment of the beam at the supports to prevent excessive stresses.
Additionally, the fixed ends are susceptible to vibrations and fluctuations when subjected to cyclic
loading.

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APPLICATIONS OF FIXED BEAMS
One primary application of fixed beams is in building and bridge construction. They provide
support for various structural elements, such as floor slabs, roof structures, and bridge decks. Fixed
beams are rigidly connected to their supports, preventing rotation or translation at those points.
In the field of aerospace engineering, fixed beams are used to design and analyze wing structures
and fuselage elements of aircraft. Due to their high bending stiffness, fixed beams are capable of
transmitting forces and moments between different parts of an airframe, ensuring the structural
integrity of the entire aircraft during flight.
Mechanical systems like cranes and hoists utilize fixed beams as well. The beams provide support
and prevent excessive deflections, enabling the safe and smooth movement of loads. Furthermore,
fixed beams are also used in machinery, particularly in components that require resistance against
bending and torsional forces.

FIXED BEAM ANALYSIS

Bending Moment Diagram

Compared to simply supported beams, which have zero bending moments at the end supports,
fixed beams exhibit negative bending moments at the fixed end supports. This counteracts the
positive moment caused by the load at the middle portion of the beam.

Therefore, the bending moment diagram of a fixed beam is a combination of two components: the
first component is the positive bending moment considering only the load, known as the free
moment diagram, and the second component is the negative bending moment considering only the
fixing moments at the end supports.
The area of the free moment diagram is equal to the area of the fixing moment diagram.
Additionally, the centroidal distance of both moment diagrams is equal from either support of the
beam. By utilizing these conditions, the fixing end moment reactions at the supports can be
determined.

To give an example, the moment diagrams of an eccentrically loaded fixed beam are illustrated
below

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9
Shear Force Diagram

Once the values of the fixing moments are known, the reactive forces at the supports can be
calculated using equilibrium equations. Then, the shear force diagram can be constructed as
follows:

Point of Contraflexure

It is also important to understand the Point of Contraflexure, which refers to the location along a
beam where the bending moment changes its sign, transitioning from a positive to a negative
value or vice versa. At this point, the bending moment is zero.

For a fixed beam with no intermediate supports, there are two points of contraflexure near each
end. By identifying the points of contraflexure, engineers can concentrate on reinforcing or
modifying the beam to prevent any structural failures at these critical locations.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Beams in Building Construction:

• Advantages:

1. Enhanced Stability: Fixed beams provide greater stability compared to simply supported
beams, as they are rigidly connected at both ends. This rigidity prevents rotation and displacement,
ensuring structural stability under various loading conditions.

2. Increased Load-Carrying Capacity: Due to their fixed support conditions, fixed beams can
carry heavier loads and span longer distances without experiencing excessive deflection or
deformation. This makes them suitable for supporting heavy roof and floor loads in multi-story
buildings.
3. Resistance to Lateral Movements: Fixed beams offer resistance to lateral movements, such as
wind or seismic forces, due to their rigid connections. This helps improve the overall structural
integrity and safety of the building, especially in regions prone to earthquakes or high winds.
4. Reduced Deflection: The rigidity of fixed beams minimizes deflection, allowing for more
precise alignment and levelness of structural elements. This results in improved overall aesthetics
and functionality of the building.

• Disadvantages:

1. Complexity in Design and Construction: Designing and constructing fixed beams can be more
complex compared to simply supported beams. Proper detailing and reinforcement are required to
ensure the structural integrity of the beam connections, which may increase construction costs and
time.
2. Limited Flexibility: Fixed beams have limited flexibility in terms of their support conditions
and span lengths. Changes in building layout or modifications to the structure may require
significant alterations to the fixed beam system, leading to added complexity and cost.

3. Potential for Cracking: The rigid connections of fixed beams can lead to concentrated stress
points at the beam-column interface, increasing the risk of cracking or failure, particularly in high-
stress areas. Proper detailing and reinforcement are necessary to mitigate this risk.
4. Transfer of Moments to Supports: Fixed beams transfer bending moments to their supports,
which may result in higher stresses and forces at the connection points. This requires careful
consideration of support conditions and foundation design to ensure adequate load transfer and
structural stability.

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7. SKILL DEVELOPED/ LEARNING OUTCOME OF THIS MICROPROJECT

1. Communication.
2. Leadership. ...
3. Team management. ...
4. Negotiation. ...
5. Personal organization. ...
6. Risk management.
7. Critical Thinking.
8. Task Managemen

8. APPLICATION

1. Supporting Floor Loads: Fixed beams are commonly used to support the weight of floors
in multi-story buildings, ensuring structural integrity and stability.

2. Carrying Roof Loads: Fixed beams provide robust support for roof structures, distributing
the weight of the roof evenly and preventing sagging or deformation.

3. Resisting Lateral Forces: Fixed beams offer resistance to lateral forces such as wind or
seismic loads, enhancing the building's stability and safety during adverse conditions.

4. Creating Open Spaces: By eliminating the need for intermediate supports, fixed beams
allow for larger open spaces within buildings, facilitating flexible and efficient use of
interior space.

5. Spanning Long Distances: Fixed beams can span longer distances without additional
support, making them ideal for creating expansive interior spaces or covering large areas
in buildings.

6. Supporting Structural Elements: Fixed beams support various structural elements such
as walls, columns, and façades, ensuring their stability and integrity within the building
framework.

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 9. CONCLUSION

Summarize the key findings of your study and conclude with insights into the importance
and relevance of fixed beams in building construction. Discuss the potential impact of their
application on the overall performance and safety of structures.

10. REFERENCES

Google crome.com
https://engineerexcel.com/fixed-beam/
https://www.zameen.com/blog/popular-beams-types-materials.html

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