Analog Electronics

Lecture -24
06-03-2024

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

I-order LPF Butterworth type

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Design Methodology:

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Design a low pass filter at a cutoff frequency of 1 kHz with a passband gain of 2.

1. fH= 1kHz
2. 2. Let C= 0.01 F
3. Then R= 1/2(103)(0.0110-6)=15.9 k
4. To get a passband gain of 2 choose R1= RF=1k.

Frequency Scaling:
Suppose to change the cutoff frequency from 1kHz to 1.6 kHz, we multiply the
15.9 k resistor by

𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 1𝑘𝐻𝑧

= = 0.625
𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑦 1.6𝑘𝐻𝑧

Therefore the new resistor R= 0.625 15.9k=9.94 k

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Second order Passive and Active low pass filter

• At low frequencies H → 1V/V

• At high frequencies a single RC section gives H → 1/j(/0)
• At high frequencies a two stage RC section gives
1
• H → 1/j(/0) 1/j(/0)= −1/(/0)2, 0 =
1 2

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Second order Passive and Active low pass filter

➢ In fig (b) there will be considerable positive feedback only in the vicinity
of  = 0 .
➢ For  <<0 , the impedance of C1 is very high to feedback much signal
➢ For  >>>0 , the shunting action of C2 makes output V0 too small
➢ Filters of this type are called KRC filters or Sallen-Key filters, for their
inventors.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Sallen-Key (VCVS) Filters

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Sallen-Key (VCVS) Filters
Or KRC Filters

KCL at Node V1
(𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉1 )𝑌1 = (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )𝑌2 + (𝑉1 − 𝑉0 )𝑌3
KCL at node V2
𝑌2 + 𝑌4
(𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )𝑌2 = 𝑉2 𝑌4 V1 = 𝑉2
𝑌2
𝑌2 + 𝑌4
But V0 = KV2 so that V1 = 𝑉0
𝐾𝑌2
𝑉0
𝐻(𝑠) =
𝑉𝑆
𝐾𝑌1 𝑌2
=
𝑌1 𝑌2 + (1 − 𝐾)𝑌2 𝑌3 + 𝑌4 (𝑌1 + 𝑌2 + 𝑌3 )

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

VCVS Low-pass filter

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

VCVS Low-pass filter

V0 KY1Y2
H ( s) = =
VS Y1Y2 + (1 − K )Y2Y3 + Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
RB 1 1
K = 1+ , Y1 = , Y2 = , Y3 = sC1 , Y4 = sC2
RA R1 R2
V0 Kc2
H ( s) = = 2
VS s + 2kc s + c2
 1 1- K 
(R 1R 2 C1C 2 )1/ 2
1 1
where c2 = and 2k =  + +
R 1R 2 C1C 2  R 1C1 R 2 C1 R 2 C 2 
comparing with the standard transfer function for a butterworth filter, 2k = 1.414
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 VCVS Low-pass filter

Impedance Scaling: To scale impedance while maintaining a constant

corner frequency, use the following factor
Z new
KZ =
Z old
C
So R will change to K Z R and C to
KZ

Frequency scaling: To scale frequency while maintaining a constant

impedance, use the following factor
new
K =
old
So C will change to C/K  , R will have no change

Combining two factors, the new values of R and C

1
R new = K Z R and Cnew = C
K ZK
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Design Method-1

1. Method 1: R1=R2=1
c=1 and Gain=10

V0 KY1Y2
H ( s) = =
VS Y1Y2 + (1 − K )Y2Y3 + Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
RB 1 1
K = 1+ , Y1 = , Y2 = , Y3 = sC1 , Y4 = sC2
RA R1 R2
V0 Kc2
H ( s) = = 2
VS s + 2kc s + c2
 1 1- K 
(R 1R 2 C1C 2 )1/ 2
1 1
where c2 = and 2k =  + +
R 1R 2 C1C 2  R 1C1 R 2 C1 R 2 C 2 
comparing with the standard transfer function for a butterworth filter, 2k = 1.414

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Design Methods-2

1. Method 2: C1=C2=1
c=1 and Gain=2

V0 KY1Y2
H ( s) = =
VS Y1Y2 + (1 − K )Y2Y3 + Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
RB 1 1
K = 1+ , Y1 = , Y2 = , Y3 = sC1 , Y4 = sC2
RA R1 R2
V0 Kc2
H ( s) = = 2
VS s + 2kc s + c2
 1 1- K 
(R 1R 2 C1C 2 )1/ 2
1 1
where c2 = and 2k =  + +
R 1R 2 C1C 2  R 1C1 R 2 C1 R 2 C 2 
comparing with the standard transfer function for a butterworth filter, 2k = 1.414

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Design Method-3

1. Method 1: R1=R2=R, C1=1, C2=C

V0 KY1Y2
H ( s) = =
VS Y1Y2 + (1 − K )Y2Y3 + Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
RB 1 1
K = 1+ , Y1 = , Y2 = , Y3 = sC1 , Y4 = sC2
RA R1 R2
V0 Kc2
H ( s) = = 2
VS s + 2kc s + c2
 1 1- K 
(R 1R 2 C1C 2 )1/ 2
1 1
where c2 = and 2k =  + +
R 1R 2 C1C 2  R 1C1 R 2 C1 R 2 C 2 
comparing with the standard transfer function for a butterworth filter, 2k = 1.414

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus