Physics For Jee Main and Advanced Magnetism and Emi 1St Edition Shashi Bhushan Tiwari All Chapter

Physics for JEE Main and Advanced
Magnetism and EMI 1st Edition Shashi

Bhushan Tiwari
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Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
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Shashi Bhushan Tiwari
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited,
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Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers.

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Dedicated to
All those who are behind technological innovations
to fight climate change
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Preface
This book forms a part of the series “Your Personal Coach”. Like other books in this series, this book has been written
on two core principles:
(i) a text book must have continuity and flow in what it discusses.
(ii) nothing contributes more in understanding Physics than a good example.
I have tried to unfold the concepts gradually, one-by-one; illustrating each of them with examples. The main aim is to
make the students learn the basic principles of Physics independently.
In this book we will explore the close linkage between electricity and magnetism which will help us understand the
nature of light (electromagnetic wave). The story that will evolve at the end will truly fascinate you.
I shall be grateful to everyone who would provide feedback or help me with useful suggestions.
S.B. Tiwari
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How to use this Book
To make full use of this book one must go through the topics sequentially while working through the examples and in-
chapter problems given under heading “Your Turn”. By doing this you will have a fair amount of grasp over all the
essentials in a chapter.
Miscellaneous examples given at the end of each chapter have problems which involve multiple concepts or have some
mathematical complexity or are tricky. If you are studying the subject for the first time or are hard pressed for time, you
may skip the section on miscellaneous examples.
Almost every solved example starts with explanation of physical situation and basic principles involved. This feature
comes under heading “Concepts” at the beginning of each example.
I have highlighted the important points of learning under the heading “In short”. Here, I have also taken important
learning points from the examples. While going through the chapter it is essential to go through these points.
Physics cannot be mastered without practice. Keeping this in view I have given three Worksheets (exercises) after every
chapter. Worksheet 1 has multiple choice objective type questions with single correct answer. Worksheet 2 has multiple
choice questions having one or more than one correct answers. Worksheet 3 has subjective problems. A good number of
problems has been given in the Worksheets to give you a good practice on concepts learnt.
After few chapters, at regular intervals, you will find separate assignments on miscellaneous type problems. These are
problems based on latest trend of competitive examinations and contain Match the Column type questions and problems
based on a given paragraph. Attempt these questions only after you gain enough confidence in the related chapters.
I have kept these problems in separate chapters so that you have no bias or hint about the equation/s to use.
In the last chapter, you will find a collection of questions asked in competitive examinations since 2005. This is an
ideal collection of problems for revision.
In the end of the book, solutions to all questions has been given. Solutions are quite descriptive and easy to
understand.
Those who desire to practice at even higher level, I recommend my book – “Problems in Physics for JEE
Advanced”.
I hope you will enjoy this book.
S.B. Tiwari
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Acknowledgements
I thank to all who helped me in preparation of this book. My special thanks to –

• My students, who have taught me a lot.
• The management at McGraw-Hill which has shown a lot of patience.
S.B. Tiwari
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Contents
Preface vii 5. Motion of a Charged Particle in

How to use this Book ix Electric And Magnetic Field 1.15
Acknowledgements xi 5.1 Velocity selector 1.15
5.2 Mass spectrometer 1.15
1. Magnetic Field 1.1–1.48 5.3 Cyclotron 1.16
1. Introduction 1.1 • Your Turn 1.18
2. Bar Magnet 1.1 6. Magnetic Force on a Current
2.1 Direction of magnetic field 1.2 Carrying Wire 1.18
2.2 Strength of magnetic field 1.2 • Your Turn 1.20
2.3 Magnetic field lines due to 7. Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole 1.21
a bar magnet 1.2 • Your Turn 1.23
2.4 Magnetic field strength due 8. Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic
to a bar magnet 1.2 Field 1.24
2.5 Torque on a bar magnet in a • Your Turn 1.25
uniform magnetic field 1.4 9. Moving Coil Galvanometer 1.25
2.6 Potential energy of a magnetic • Your Turn 1.26
dipole in a m agnetic field 1.4
 Miscellaneous Examples 1.27
• Your Turn 1.7
 Worksheet 1 1.36
3. Sources of Magnetic Field 1.7
4. Magnetic Force on Moving Charged
Particles 1.7
 Answer Sheet 1.47
• Your Turn 1.8
4.1 Circular motion of a charged 2. Magnetic Effect of Current 2.1–2.41
particle in a magnetic field 1.9
1. Introduction 2.1
• Your Turn 1.12
2. Biot-Savart Law 2.1
4.2 Helical path of a charged particle
in a magnetic field. 1.12 • Your Turn 2.2
• Your Turn 1.15 3. Caculation of Magnetic Field Using
Biot-Savart Law 2.3
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xiv Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
3.1 Field due to a straight current

6. Magnetisation ( I ) 4.5
carrying wire 2.3
7. Magnetising Field Intensity ( H ) 4.5
• Your Turn 2.7
8. Magnetic Susceptibility (Χ) 4.5
3.2 Magnetic field at the centre of a
9. Magnetic Permeability 4.5
current carrying circular arc 2.8
• Your Turn 4.6
• Your Turn 2.10
10. Temperature and Magnetisation 4.6
3.3 Magnetic field on the axis of a
current carrying circular loop 2.11 11. Hysteresis 4.7
• Your Turn 2.12 12. Perfect Diamagnetism 4.8
3.4 Helmholtz coils 2.12 13. Cooling by Adiabatic Demagnetization 4.9
3.5 Solenoid 2.12 14. Earth’s Magnetism 7.9
• Your Turn 2.14 15. Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field 4.10
4. Ampere’s Circuital Law 2.15 • Your Turn 4.12
5. Applications of Ampere’s Law 2.16 16. Aurora 4.12
5.1 Field due to a long straight
current carrying wire 2.16  Worksheet 1 4.15
5.2 Field inside an ideal solenoid 2.17  Worksheet 2 4.16
5.3 Toroid 2.17  Worksheet 3 4.17
5.4 Field due to a large current sheet 2.18  Answer Sheet 4.18
• Your Turn 2.19
6. Force Between Parallel Currents 2.20 5. Electromagnetic Induction 5.1–5.63
• Your Turn 2.22 1. Introduction 5.1
 Miscellaneous Examples 2.23 2. Magnetic Flux 5.1
 Worksheet 1 2.29 3. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 5.2
 Worksheet 2 2.33 4. Lenz’s Law 5.3
 Worksheet 3 2.36 • Your Turn 5.6
 Answer Sheet 2.40 5. The Source of Induced emf 5.7
5.1 Motional emf 5.7
3. Miscellaneous Problems
• Your Turn 5.12
on Chapters 1 & 2 3.1–3.10
5.2 Induced electric field 5.12
Match the Columns 3.1 • Your Turn 5.14
Passage Based Problems 3.4 6. Eddy Current 5.14
 Answer Sheet 3.10 • Your Turn 5.16
7. Self Induction 5.16
4. Magnetic Properties of Matter
7.1 Self inductance and inductors 5.16
and Earth’s Magnetism 4.1–4.18
• Your Turn 5.17
1. Introduction 4.1 7.2 Inductor in a circuit 5.17
2. Atoms as Small Magnets 4.1 • Your Turn 5.18
3. Paramagnetism 4.2 7.3 Self inductance of an ideal solenoid 5.18
4. Ferromagnetism 4.2 • Your Turn 5.19
5. Diamagnetism 4.3
• Your Turn 4.4
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Contents xv
8. Transient Current in LR Circuit 5.19 7. Series AC Circuits 6.12

8.1 Growth of current 5.19 7.1 RC circuit 6.12
8.2 Decay of current 5.20 7.2 LR circuit 6.13
• Your Turn 5.23 7.3 LCR circuit 6.13
9. Energy Stored in an Inductor 5.23 • Your Turn 6.16
10. Energy Density in Magnetic Field 5.23 8. Power in AC Circuits 6.16
• Your Turn 5.25 9. Choke Coil 6.17
11. Inductors in Series and Parallel 5.25 • Your Turn 6.18
12. LC Oscillations 5.26 10. Resonance on Series LCR Circuit 6.18
• Your Turn 5.29 • Your Turn 6.21
13. Mutual Induction 5.30 11. Parallel Circuit 6.21
13.1 Mutual inductance of a pair of • Your Turn 6.22
coaxial solenoids 5.30 12. Measurement of AC Current and Voltage 6.22
13.2 Mutual inductance of two 13. Transformer 6.22
concentric coplanar loops 5.31
• Your Turn 6.24
• Your Turn 5.32  Miscellaneous Examples 6.25
7. Miscellaneous Problems
6. Alternating-Current Circuits 6.1–6.36 on Chapters 5 and 6 7.1–7.10
1. Introduction 6.1
Match the Columns 7.1
2. Essential Mathematical Concepts
Passage Based Problems 7.4
to Deal With Sinusoidal Quantities 6.1
2.1 Average of a quantity 6.1
2.2 Understanding sinusoidal quantities 6.2 8. Electromagnetic Waves 8.1–8.14
2.3 Addition of sinusoidal quantities
1. Introduction 8.1
having same frequency 6.4
2. Ampere’s Law and Displacement Current 8.1
2.4 Phasors 6.5
3. Maxwell’s Equations 8.2
• Your Turn 6.6
• Your Turn 8.4
3. AC Generator 6.7
4. Source of Electromagnetic Waves 8.4
4. Average of AC Current and Voltage 6.7
5. Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves 8.4
5. RMS Current/Voltage 6.7
• Your Turn 8.7
• Your Turn 6.9
6. Electromagnetic Spectrum 8.7
6. AC Circuit with One Element 6.9
6.1 Only resistor 6.9
6.2 Only capacitor 6.9
6.3 Only inductor 6.10
• Your Turn 6.12
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xvi Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
9. Previous Years' JEE Questions 9.1–12.18 AC Circuits 9.13

AIEEE/JEE Main Questions 9.13
Magnetic Field 9.1
IIT JEE/JEE Advanced Questions 9.14
Electromagnetic Waves 9.15
JEE Main Questions 9.15
Magnetic Effect of Current 9.4
Magnetic Properties of Matter 9.8
Solutions S.1–S.106
Electromagnetic Induction
9.9
IIT JEE / JEE Advanced Questions 9.10
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CHAPTER 1
Magnetic Field
‘‘What magnetism is, no one knows. We can only think of it as a peculiar condition created in space by the motion of electricity.’’
–Sydney Evershed (1925)
1. INTRODUCTION pole of the magnet. When the north pole of one magnet is
brought near the north pole of another magnet, they repel.
More than 2000 years ago, certain stones (called lodestones) The same is true for a south pole placed near another south
were found in the coastal district of Magnesia, in ancient pole. However, opposite poles attract one another.
Greece. These stones had the unusual property of attracting Physicists have speculated for a long time about the
iron pieces. The term ‘magnet’ originated from the name existence of discrete magnetic charges (we can call them
‘Magnesia’. Magnets were first crafted into compasses and magnetic monopoles), just like positive and negative electric
used for navigation by the Chinese in the twelfth century. charges. But all our attempts to find tiny particles which
The subjects of electricity and magnetism developed will carry either a single north or a single south pole, has
almost independently till 1820, when a Danish physicist proved to be futile. If we go on cutting a magnet into many
Oersted discovered that an electric current exerts force on a small pieces, each small piece has its own north pole and
magnetic compass. Thereafter, a series of experiments and south pole. Even when one piece is one atom thick, there
discoveries established that electricity and magnetism are very are two poles. This suggests that the atoms, in a magnet,
closely related and it is not wise to study them separately. themselves are magnets.
Ampere proposed that electric currents are the source of Though we have never found an isolated magnetic pole
all magnetic phenomena. In 1867, Maxwell expressed that (i.e., a magnetic charge), we often think of a bar magnet as
both the phenomena—electricity and magnetism—go hand having two magnetic charges separated by a distance. The
in hand and one can produce another. The subject matter is north pole is assumed to carry a positive magnetic charge
now appropriately known as ‘electromagnetism’. (+m) and the south pole is assumed to have a negative
In this book we will explore the close linkage between magnetic charge (–m). The unit of magnetic charge (or, pole
the electricity and magnetism. In this chapter we will study strength) is A–m. The distance between the two poles of a bar
about the magnetic force on a moving charge and a current magnet is 0.84 times the geometrical length of the magnet.
carrying wire. But before we do so, we will introduce A bar magnet is essentially a magnetic dipole.
ourselves to magnetic field produced by a bar magnet.
2. BAR MAGNET
A magnet exerts force on another magnet, even without lg
touching it. We can say that a magnet creates a magnetic l = magnetic length, lg = geometrical length, l = 0.84 lg
field in its surrounding and this field exerts force on other
magnets. The dipole moment of a bar magnet is defined to be a
Simplest form of a magnet is a bar magnet. It has two vector quantity directed from the south pole to the north pole
ends of opposite nature. When it is suspended freely by tying of the magnet. Its magnitude is
a string at its centre, it acts like a compass. One end which M = ml (1)
points northward is called the north pole of the magnet. The where m is pole strength and l is the magnetic length.
other end, which points southward, is known as the south A magnet with large magnetic dipole moment (M) produces
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1.2 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
large field in its surrounding. The dipole moment is measure

of strength of a magnet.
2.1 Direction of magnetic field

The direction of magnetic field at a point is defined as the
direction of magnetic force acting on a magnetic north pole
(positive magnetic charge) placed at that point. A south pole,
kept in a magnetic field, experiences a force opposite to the Iron filings around a bar magnet.
direction of the field.
To represent the variation of a magnetic field in space we
can draw field lines just like the electric field lines. A tangent
to a field line must represent the direction of field at a point
and density of lines is proportional to the strength of the field.
The next figure shows that field lines due to a bar magnet. Note
that the magnetic field lines are always closed loops. Density
of lines is very high inside the magnet.
A north pole experiences force in the direction of field.

A south pole experiences force opposite to the field.
2.2 Strength of magnetic field

We can define the strength of magnetic field at a point as
magnetic force experienced by a unit magnetic charge kept at
that point. If a magnetic pole of strength m experiences a force Field lines due to a bar magnet. All lines are closed loops.
F when kept in a magnetic field, the strength of the field at
the location is 2.4 Magnetic field strength due to a bar magnet
F
B=
m A magnetic charge (m) produces a magnetic field (B) at a
N distance r which is given by a law similar to the Coulomb’s
Unit of magnetic field (B) is , which is commonly law.
A−m µ  m
B =  0  2 (3)
known as tesla (T) or weber/m2 (Wb/m2). Another common  4π  r
unit is gauss.
1T = 104 gauss m0 is a constant known as magnetic permeability of free
space. In SI system its value is
Now, we can say that a magnetic pole of strength m
placed in a magnetic field B experiences a force given by T –m
4p ×10–7
A
F = m B (2)
The field is radially outward if the magnetic charge is
2.3 Magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet positive and is radially inward if it is negative.
Assume a bar magnet placed on a table. If we wish to know Magnetic field obeys principle of superposition.
the direction of field at a point due to this bar magnet, we
need a small magnetic compass. Place the compass at a point Field on the axis of a bar magnet
on the table. The direction in which the north pole of the
compass points is the direction of field at that point. We can The line joining the two poles of a magnet is known as its
keep the compass at various points and know the direction of axis. Consider a bar magnet of magnetic length 2d having
field at each point. Another method is to spread small iron pole strength m. The dipole moment of the magnet is a
filings around the magnet and tap the table so that the iron vector from south pole to its north pole and its magnitude
pieces can overcome friction. An iron piece, when placed is M = m(2d).
near a magnet, develops magnetic poles in it. It becomes a
small magnet. We say that it has been magnetised [we will
learn about the reason in a later chapter]. Every iron piece
becomes a magnetic compass and points in the direction of
the field at that point. We can see the direction of field at
every point.
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Magnetic Field 1.3
P is a point at a distance x from the centre of the magnet, Field at P is vector sum of BN and BS. It is easy to see
on its axis. Distance of P from the positive magnetic charge that components of the two fields along y direction will
(i.e., the north pole) is (x – d) and its distance from the cancel out. Their components in x direction add.
negative charge is (x + d).
Field at P is directed opposite to the dipole moment vector
Field at P due to the north pole is ( M ) of the dipole and its magnitude is
µ m 2µ 0 m
BN = 0 directed towards right. B = BN sin q + BS sin q = sin q
4π ( x – d ) 2 4π r 2
µ 2md
Field at P due to the south pole is = 0
4π r 3
µ m
BS = 0 directed towards left. µ 2md
4π ( x + d ) 2 or, B = 0
4π (d + x 2 )3/ 2
2
The resultant field is

µ0 M
µ0 m  1 1  = (6)
B = BN – BS =  ( x – d )2 – ( x + d )2  4π (d + x 2 )3/ 2
2
4π  
For x >> d,
µ m(4 xd )
\ B= 0 µ M
4π ( x 2 – d 2 ) 2 B 0 3 (7)
4π x
µ0 2 Mx
or, B = [∵ M = m(2d)](4) Again, compare this result with that for an electric dipole.
4π ( x 2 – d 2 ) 2
When x d, the above result can be approximated as Field at a general point
µ 2M Consider a point P at a distance r from the centre (O) of a
B 0 (5)
4π x 3 magnetic dipole (i.e., a bar magnet). The line OP makes an
angle q with the axis of the dipole. Let r >> d, where 2d is
Compare this result with the expression of electric field
distance between the poles.
due to an electric dipole at a point on its axis.
B
Field at broadside – on position Br

A position on the perpendicular bisector of a bar magnet B
is known as broadside–on position. Let P be a point at a
distance x from a magnet on its broadside–on position.
BN
BS Field at P can be worked out by using any of the methods

learnt in the chapter of electrostatics. We are not presenting
the derivation here, just stating the result.
The component of field along OP is given by
µ 0 2 M cos θ
Br = (8)
4π r3
Field at P due to the north pole is
µ m M = m(2d) is the dipole moment of the magnet. The
BN = 0 2 (direction is along NP ) component of field in a direction perpendicular to OP is
4π r
given by
Field at P due to the south pole is µ M sin θ
Bq = 0 (9)
µ m 4π r3
BS = 0 2 (direction is along PS )
4π r Resultant field at P is
B = Br 2 + Bθ 2
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µ0 M B
or, B = 1 + 3cos 2 θ (10)
4π r 3
The angle made by B with the line OP is given by ext
B 1
tan a = θ = tan q
Br 2
1
⇒ a = tan–1  tan θ  (11) U90° = 0
2 
For slowly rotating the dipole text = tB.
2.5 Torque on a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic
field Magnetic torque on it is tB = MB sin q
Consider a bar magnet of magnetic length 2d and pole We wish to rotate the dipole slowly, we must apply an
strength m placed in a uniform magnetic field B. Angle equal torque in opposite direction.
between the direction of the field and the magnetic axis is q. text = tB = MB sin q
Work done by the external agent in rotating the dipole
further by dq is
d Wext = text · dq = MB sin q dq
Total work done by the agent in rotating the dipole from
initial angle q = 90° to final angle q is
sin
θ θ
Wext = ∫
90°
dWext = MB ∫ sin θ d θ
90°
Force acting on the north pole is mB in the direction of or, Wext = – MB (cos q – cos 90º) = – MB cos q
the external field and the force on the south pole is mB in
This work done is change in potential energy of the
a direction opposite to the field. These two forces form a
dipole.
couple and their torque is
Uq – U90º= – MB cos q
t = mBd sin q + mBd sin q
∵ U90º = 0
or, t = 2mdB sin q
or, t = MB sin q
\ Uq = – MB cos q
M = m(2d) = Magnetic dipole moment.
= – M ⋅ B (13)
The torque tries to rotate the dipole so as to align it parallel
to the direction of the field. In vector notation, we can write
Recall that the potential
energy of an electric dipole in
the expression of the torque as
an electric field is – P ⋅ E .
τ = M × B (12)
You must compare this to the expression of torque on an NOTES

electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field ( τ = P × E ) . 1. The above description of a magnet with two opposite magnetic
charges is a useful model in understanding its magnetic
behaviour. In practice, nobody has ever found an isolated
magnetic charge.
A magnetic dipole experiences a torque in an external field

which tries to align M parallel to B .
2.6 Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a

magnetic field
Potential energy of a magnetic dipole is considered to be zero
when it is held perpendicular to a magnetic field. If we wish
to rotate it to some other angle q, we must do work against
the magnetic torque. Consider the dipole at an angle q to the A horseshoe magnet.
direction of the field.
Chapter_01.indd 4 03-12-2019 15:10:56

Magnetic Field 1.5
2. A common horseshoe magnet is simply a bar magnet that has B2 1

been bent into a U shape. The figure shows a rough sketch tan a = =
B1 2
of field lines due to such magnet. All field lines are closed
1
loops. We have not shown the field lines inside the material ⇒ a = tan–1  
of the magnet. 2
Example 2 A bar magnet of length 2d has magnetic

Example 1 Two identical magnetic dipoles (D1 and D2)
dipole moment M. It is placed vertically on a horizontal
are placed at a separation 2x with their axes perpendicular.
table with its south pole on the table. Find the horizontal
The dipole moment of each dipole is M and their lengths component of magnetic field at a point P on the table due to
is short compared to x. Find the strength of magnetic field the magnet. The point P is at a distance 2d from the lower
at a point O that is midway between them. end of the magnet. Assume that the magnetic poles are at
D2 the geometrical ends of the magnet.
D1
Solution Solution
Concepts Concepts
(i) The magnetic field obeys the principle of (i) In practice, the magnetic poles are not exactly at
superposition. the geometric ends of a magnet. But the question
(ii) Field due to the dipole D1 is along x direction at asks us to assume so.
point O. (ii) Field at P due to the south pole is horizontal along
(iii) Field due to the dipole D2 is along y direction PS . Field at P due to the north pole is along NP . We
(antiparallel to the dipole moment vector of D2). will find its horizontal component and then add it
vectorially to the horizontal field produced by the
Field at O due to dipole D1 is south pole.
µ 0 2M (iii) We will assume the pole strength to be m and write
B1 = (along x) m (2d) = M
4π x 3
Field due to the north pole is

1
µ m µ m
1 2 BN = 0 2 = 0
4π r 4π (2 2 d ) 2
2
From geometry, q = 45°
Field at O due to D2 is \ Horizontal component of BN is
µ M BNH = BN cos 45°
B2 = 0 (along y)
4π x 3 µ m
= 0 (→)
Note that O is at a broadsideon position for D2. 4π 8 2 d 2
\ B = B12 + B2 2
µ0 M
= 4 +1
4πx 3
5µ 0 M
=
4πx 3
Direction of B makes an angle a with the x direction, where
Chapter_01.indd 5 03-12-2019 15:10:56

Field at P due to the south pole is

In Short
µ m
BS = 0 (←) (i) A bar magnet has two poles (magnetic charges)—
4π (2d ) 2
north pole (positive magnetic charge) and south pole
\ Resultant horizontal field at P is (negative charge). A magnetic charge is denoted by
BH = BS – BNH (←) ‘m’ and its unit is A–m.
µ0 m  1  (ii) A pole of a magnet can never be separated. However
=
4π 4d
2 1 –  (←) small a magnet is sliced, it always has a north and a
 2 2 south pole.
µ 0 m(2d )  1  (iii) The poles of a magnet are slightly inside the
= 3 1 –  (←)
4π 8d  2 2 geometrical edges. The pole to pole distance, known
as magnetic length, is 0.84 times the geometrical
µ0 M  1 
= 1 –  (←) length of the magnet.
32πd 3  2 2
(iv) Magnetic dipole moment of a magnet is a vector
directed from the south pole to the north pole. Its
Example 3 A bar magnet has a magnetic dipole moment
magnitude is M = ml, where l is the magnetic length.
2.0 A–m2. It is released in a uniform magnetic field B = 25µT
from a position where its dipole moment makes an angle Unit of magnetic dipole moment is A–m2 or J/T.
of 120° with the direction of the field. Find the maximum (v) The magnetic field due to a magnetic pole of strength
kinetic energy of the dipole after its release. Assume no other m at a distance r from it is given by
force apart from the magnetic force. µ m
B= 0 2
4π r
Solution
Concepts Field is radially outward if the source is a north pole.
(i) The bar magnet has a potential energy in a magnetic For a south pole it is directed towards the pole. Unit
field. It loses potential energy to gain Kinetic of B is tesla (T)
Energy. (vi) The magnetic field obeys principle of superposition.
(ii) Kinetic Energy is maximum at position where the (vii) The field at a distance x on the axis of a bar magnet
potential energy is minimum. Potential Energy is
is given by U = MB cos q. It is minimum when µ 2 Mx
q = 0°. B= 0
4π ( x – d 2 ) 2
2
MB The field at a distance x on the perpendicular bisector

Ui = – MB cos 120° =
2 of the dipole is
Uf = – MB cos 0° = – MB µ0 M

B=
\ Loss in potential energy = 3 MB 4π (d + x 2 )3/ 2
2
2
3 (viii) When a bar magnet of dipole moment M is placed
Gain in kinetic energy = MB
2 in a uniform field B, it experiences a torque given

3 by τ – M × B
= × 2 × 25 ×10–6
2 (ix) The potential energy of a dipole placed in a magnetic
field is given by
= 75 µ J
U = –M ⋅B

assuming the potential energy to be zero when M is

perpendicular to B .

Potential
energy is minimum when M is parallel to
B and the potential
energy is maximum when M is
anti parallel to B .
Potintial Energy is minimum in this position.
Chapter_01.indd 6 03-12-2019 15:10:59

Magnetic Field 1.7
YOUR TURN
Q.1 In what way are magnetic poles very different from Q.5 A bar magnet of length 10 cm has a magnetic dipole
electric charges? moment of 1.0 J/T. Find the magnetic field produced by
Q.2 In what way are magnetic field lines different from the magnet at a point on its axis which is at a distance of
electrostatic field lines? 10 cm from its centre.
Q.3 A bar magnet has a geometric length of 10 cm and its Q.6 In the last question, find the field on the perpendicular
pole strength is 12A–m. Find the magnetic dipole moment bisector of the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from its centre.
of the magnet. [Take (1.25)3/2 = 1.4]
Q.4 Which property of a magnet has a unit of J/T? Q.7 In which position the potential energy of a magnetic
dipole is maximum when it is placed in a uniform magnetic
field?
3. SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Proton beam
A magnet is a practical source of magnetic field. However, it S
is not the most fundamental source. Fundamental source of
N
a magnetic field is moving charge (i.e., an electric current).
We will study about the magnetic effect of current in next
chapter. A magnet is able to produce magnetic field due to
Force
moving charges (i.e., current) in its atoms. We will explore
this further in a later chapter. Field
In the chapter of electromagnetic waves, we will learn
that a time changing electric field can also create a magnetic Velocity
field.
A proton beam gets deflected in a magnetic field.
The Earth itself behaves like a magnet. The strength of
magnetic field on the surface of the Earth ranges from 25 The magnetic force experienced by a charged particle is
to 65 µT. In New Delhi the strength of the Earth’s magnetic observed to be greatest when the particle moves perpendicular
field is about 48µT. to the direction of the magnetic field. At other angles, the
In practice, strong magnetic fields can be created by force is smaller and becomes zero when the velocity of the
electromagnets. People have successfully created field of charge is parallel or antiparallel to the field. Also, the force
100T also. is proportional to the speed of the particle and the strength of
In the present chapter we will not worry much about the field. In one aspect this force is very different from other
the source of magnetic field. We will study the effect of a interactions like the gravitational force or the electrostatic
magnetic field on a moving charge and on a current carrying force. The magnetic force on a moving charge is not along
wire. the line joining the charge to the source of the field. The
force acts perpendicularly to both the magnetic field and
velocity of the charge particle.
4. MAGNETIC FORCE ON MOVING In the diagram shown above, if we replace the proton
CHARGED PARTICLES beam with an electron beam the direction of the force on
the beam reverses. This shows that the direction of magnetic
A static charge does not experience any force due to a static
force depends on the sign of the charge.
magnetic field. But a moving charge, in general experiences
a force in a magnetic field. If a proton beam is passed All the experimental observations can be explained if
through a region between the poles of a magnet, it gets we define the magnetic force acting on a moving charge
deflected as shown in the figure below. The magnetic field by the equation

in the region between the poles exerts force on the moving F = q v × B (14)
protons. A similar force on moving charges can be seen

when they pass near a current carrying wire. The magnetic If q is the angle between the vectors v and B , the
field produced by the current is responsible for this force. magnitude of the magnetic force is F = qvB sin q.
Chapter_01.indd 7 03-12-2019 15:11:00


of force must be perpendicular to v as
(ii) The direction
well as B . If you keep your note book horizontal,
the magnetic field is directed perpendicularly into
it. Force vector will be in the horizontal plane
of
your note book so that it is perpendicular to B . The
force vector is also perpendicular to the velocity
vector.
Stretch your right hand palm along the direction of The × in the figure indicates the direction of magnetic

velocity so that the direction of field ( B ) is outward to field vector. This symbol × represents a direction into the
your palm. You must be able to curl your fingers from plane of the figure.

the direction of v to the direction of B . The stretched
thumb gives the direction of the force.
The
direction of force on a positive charge is along
v × B . The diagram given here
will help you recall how

to get the direction of v × B using the right hand rule.
Remember that force on a negative charge will be directed

opposite to the direction of v × B
Because the magnetic force on a moving charge is always
perpendicular to the velocity of the charge, the force can
only deflect the direction of motion of the charge and will
never change its speed. Magnetic force on a moving charge Force ( F ) must be in the plane of the figure so that it
never performs work. is perpendicular to B . The force must also be perpendicular

to v . This means it will be along the line AC. Now, use
Example 4 A positively charged particle is moving
right hand rule. stretch your right hand palm along v so
horizontally in north-east direction with a velocity of that you can curl your fingers downwards, towards B. The
2 × 105 m/s. It enters into a region where exists a uniform, thumb points towards A. Therefore, the force is in north-
vertically downward, magnetic field of strength 0.02T. west direction.
Charge on the particle is q = 3.2×10–19 C. Find the direction
Magnitude of the force is
and magnitude of the magnetic force that acts on the particle.
F = qvB sin90º = 3.2 × 10–19 × 2 × 105 × 0.02
Solution = 1.28 × 10–15 N
Concepts
(i) Velocity of the particle is horizontal and the NOTE
magnetic field is vertically downward. Angle If the particle has a negative charge, it will experience force in
between the two is 90°. Magnitude of the magnetic south-west direction.
force on the particle will be F = qvB sin90º = qvB.
YOUR TURN
Q.8. A particle having charge q is projected towards north Q.10. A charged particle is projected vertically up in
in a region where there is a magnetic field in the south a region where a horizontal magnetic field exists in north
direction. Field strength is B. Find the force on the particle. direction. In which direction will the charge deflect (east or
Q.9. A charged particle having mass M = 1 mg and west) if it is (a) positive, (b) Negative?
charge q = 1µC is projected in a magnetic field B = 1mT. Q.11. A negative charge – q enters a region with velocity
Find the maximum possible acceleration of the charge if its
v vo iˆ + v0 ˆj . A magnetic field B = B0 kˆ exists in the region.
=
speed is 1 ×106 ms–1 Find the magnetic force on the particle.
Q.12. Write the dimensional formula of magnetic field (B).
Chapter_01.indd 8 03-12-2019 15:11:02

Magnetic Field 1.9
4.1
Circular motion of a charged particle in a The time period of revolution can be written as

magnetic field 2π 2πm
T = = (18)
Imagine that there is a uniform magnetic field (B) directed ω qB
into the plane of this page. A charged particle, having mass
The frequency of circular motion is
m and charge q, is projected from point A. The particle is
given a velocity v in the plane of this page (see figure). In 1 qB
f = = (19)
whichever direction you project the particle in the plane of T 2 πm
this page, its velocity will be perpendicular to the direction
Note that the time period (or the frequency) of circular
of the magnetic field.
motion is independent of the speed of the particle. Whatever be
the speed, the particle takes same amount of time to complete
C the circle. Actually, if you double the speed of the particle, the
radius of circular path doubles (See equation 15). This means
B that doubling the speed doubles the circumference. Obviously,
time period will not change.
A charged particle projected perpendicularly 2

1
into a magnetic field.
Immediately after receiving the velocity the particle starts

experiencing a magnetic force. The force is perpendicular to
the velocity in the plane of this figure (i.e., perpendicular Particle projected from A at smaller speed will follow path 1.
to B ). The use of right hand rule tells us that the force Same particle projected with higher speed will follow path 2.
on the particle (when it is at A) is in the direction shown Time period will be same in both the cases.
in the figure. This force does not change the speed but
deflects the particle in the plane of this paper. Let’s say the
Example 5 A proton and a deutron
particle reaches a point B after some time. Magnitude of the
force on the particle has not changed. Its direction will be A proton and a deutron have same kinetic energy. They enter
perpendicular to the velocity at B. This force will further perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic field.
deflect the particle and so on. The speed does not change Find the
and the force deflecting the particle also stays constant in (a) ratio of radii of their circular paths, and
magnitude. Obviously the particle will follow a path of (b) ratio of time period of their circular motion.
constant curvature. It must move in a circle.
Magnitude of the magnetic force on the particle is
Solution
Concepts
F = qvB sin90º = qvB
(i) A deutron is basically a deuterium nucleus. It has
This force provides the necessary centripetal force. If the one proton and a neutron. Mass of a deutron will
particle moves in a circle of radius R, we can write be nearly twice that of a proton, charge on both the
mv 2 particles is same.
= qvB
R (ii) Equation 16 and 18 shall be used to get the required
mv ratios.
or, R = (15)
qB
Let mass of the proton be m. Mass of the deutron is 2m.
The above equation can also be written as Charge on both of them is e. Both have same kinetic energy
p 2mK (Say K).
R = = (16) 2mK
qB (a) Radius of the circular path is R =
qB qB
where p = mv = momentum of the particle. K, q and B are same for both the particles.

and K = Kinetic energy of the particle. \ R∝ m
The angular speed of the particle can be written as
Rp m 1
v qB \ = =
w = = (17) Rd 2m 2
R m
Chapter_01.indd 9 03-12-2019 15:11:04

2πm Example 7 One third of a circle in magnetic field

(b) Time period of circular motion is T =
qB In the last question, the particle is made to enter the magnetic
field at an angle of 60º with AB. Everything else is same
\T∝m
as in the last question. Find the time spent by the particle
Tp m 1 in the field region.
\ = =
Td 2m 2
Example 6 Semicircular path in magnetic field

Region to the right of plane AB has a uniform magnetic field
of strength B. There is no field in the region to the left of
AB. A particle having mass m and charge q enters the region
of magnetic field at point P while moving with a velocity v
m
perpendicular to AB. Show the path of the particle and calculate
the distance that it will travel inside the magnetic field.
Solution
Concepts
(i) Circular motion begins as soon as the particle enters
the field region. After leaving the field region the
particle will travel in a straight line.
(ii) Centre of the circle will not lie on line AB. A
radius of the circle can be obtained by drawing a
perpendicular on the direction of the velocity. The
magnetic force is directed towards the centre.
Solution (iii) One easy way to figure out the path is to assume
Concepts that the field exists everywhere (i.e., in the region
Path of the particle inside the field will be circular. Once to the left of AB also). Path will be a complete
the particle crosses AB while moving to the left, it will circle in this case. Now, think which point on this
travel in a straight line in absence of any force. circle could be the point P given in the question.
Draw line AB passing through the point P. Now
As soon as the particle enters you can see the arc of the circle along which the
into the region of magnetic field, it particle must have moved before leaving the field
begins to move in a circular path. region.
Radius of the, circular path is
Radius of the circular path will be
mv
R= mv
qB R=
qB
To fix the location of the centre
Had there been a field
of the circle, you should note that
everywhere, the particle
the velocity at P is along the
would have moved in a circle 120°
tangent to the circle. Radius of the
as shown in the figure. The
circle must be perpendicular to the velocity. Magnetic force
point of projection P is such
on the particle (at P) is upward in the figure. This force is
that velocity at the point
towards the centre of the circle. Therefore, the centre is a
makes an angle of 60º with
point (O) on the line AB such that PO = R.
the line AB.
After completing the semicircle, when the particle reaches
The particle moves along the circular are PTQ in the field
point Q the force on it becomes zero (as there is no field
region and exits at Q. Thereafter it goes straight.
to the left of the point Q). The particle moves in a straight
line after this. The direction of motion of the particle has One can easily show that ∠PCQ = 120º
been changed by 180º. Time needed to complete one third circle is obviously.
πmv
Distance travelled in the field region = pR = T 2πM
qB t = =
3 3qB
Chapter_01.indd 10 03-12-2019 15:11:04

Magnetic Field 1.11
Example 8 Deflection in a narrow field. Solution

Concepts
The region between the parallel
(i) Show the circular path in the xy plane. Remember
planes AB and CD contains a
that the magnetic field is always perpendicular to
uniform magnetic field of strength B
the plane of the circular motion of the particle.
directed into the plane of the figure.
Width of the region is d. A charged (ii) The particle rotates through an angle q = wt in time
particle having mass m and charge q t, where angular speed w is given by equation 17.
enters into the field region moving
perpendicular to AB. Find the angular The symbol indicates a direction out of the plane of the
deviation in the path of the particle figure. Let this be our Z direction. Magnetic field exists in
caused by the magnetic field if this direction.
mv
d< . v0
qB
Solution
Concepts v0
mv
(i) Radius of the circular path is R = . It is given
qB
that d < R. The particle will fail to complete a
semicircular path as in example 6. It will definitely
exit to the right of CD.
(ii) The deviation angle is the angle between the initial
and final velocities of the particles.
B
Particle moves along the arc PQ and exits the field region B is directed out of the plane of the figure.
at Q.
q is the angle between the The charge is projected in y direction and the direction
initial and the final velocities. CP of initial force on it is towards negative x direction. [The

is perpendicular to the velocity at force is directed along – ( v × B ) as the charge is negative]
P and CQ is perpendicular to the Therefore, the centre of the circle is a point C on the
velocity at Q. It is easy to see that negative x axis.
qB
< PCQ = q. Angular speed of the particle is w = .
SQ m
In triangle CSQ : sinq =
CQ In time t the particle rotates through an angle q given by
d d .qB qB
\ sinq = = q = wt = t.
R mv m
 dqB 
q = sin–1   Magnitude of the velocity (i.e., speed) does not change.
 mv 
Hence, velocity at time t can be written as

v = – v0 sinq iˆ + v0 cosq ĵ
NOTE

If angle between two lines is q, then angle between their respective or, v = – v0 sin  qBt  iˆ + v0 cos  qBt  ĵ
perpendiculars is also q.  m   m 
The co-ordinates of the particle are
Example 9 Writing velocity and co-ordinates x = – OM = – (OC – MC)
A particle having mass m and charge –q is projected with  qBt  
= – [R – R cosq] = – R 1 – cos 
a velocity v = v0 ˆj from the origin at t = 0. There exists   m 


a uniform magnetic field B = B0 kˆ in the region. Write the
velocity and co-ordinates of the particle as a function of  qBt 
y = MP = R sinq = R sin  
time(t).  m 
Chapter_01.indd 11 03-12-2019 15:11:05

YOUR TURN
Q.13 Alpha particles are projected with a speed of Q.18 A particle having mass m and charge +q is projected

10 kms–1 in a direction perpendicular to a uniform magnetic with a velocity v = v0 iˆ , from the origin of the co-ordinate

field of magnitude 1.0 T. Find the radius of the circular path system, into a region of uniform magnetic field B = − B0 kˆ .
and frequency of revolution of the particle. Find the time after which its acceleration will be in negative
Q.14 A particle having charge q and mass m is accelerated y direction for the first time.
through a potential difference of V and then made to enter
a uniform magnetic field B. Find the radius of the circular
trajectory of the particle if the particle moves perpendicular
to the field.
Q.15 A proton enters perpendicularly into a uniform
magnetic field with a velocity of 4 ×106 ms–1. The magnetic
field exists in a region that is just less than 10 cm wide in the
direction of initial velocity of the proton. Find the angular
deviation in the path of the proton caused by the field. Take
the charge on the proton to be e = 1.6 × 10–19 C and its Q.19 A beam of charged particles enter perpendicularly
mass to be m = 1.6 × 10–27 kg. Magnitude of the magnetic into a magnetic field. The beam
field is B = 0.4T. contains neutrons, electrons,
Q.16 Redo the question in example 7 considering that the protons and alpha particles. The
charge on the particle is negative. particles follow the tracks A, B,
Q.17 A charged particle, when projected in uniform C and D as shown in figure.
electric field, moves on a curved path. The same particle Which track corresponds to
when projected perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic which particle?
field, again moves in a curved path. What is the nature of
the two paths?
4.2 Helical path of a charged particle in a magnetic Due to the velocity component v⊥ the particle will
field experience a force in the magnetic field and will describe a
circle in yz plane (or a plane parallel to the yz plane). The
Consider a region having a uniform magnetic field of radius of this circle and the time period of circular motion
strength B directed along positive x direction. A particle is given by
having charge q and mass m is projected with a velocity mv⊥ mv sin θ
R = qB = (20)
v making an angle q with the direction of the field. To qB
understand the motion of the particle, let’s divide its velocity 2πm
into two components. T= (21)
qB
The particle has another velocity component v|| which
remains constant. Due to this velocity component the particle
continuously moves in x direction.
By superimposing the motions due to v⊥ and v||, one
can easily see that the particle will describe a helical path.
v|| = component of velocity in the direction of field = The radius of the helix is given by equation 20. The time
vcosq needed for the particle to rotate by 360º in yz plane is the
v⊥ = component of velocity in a direction perpendicular time period of the motion and it is given by equation 21.
to the direction of the field = v sinq Carefully understand the figure on the next page with the
comments written under it.
Chapter_01.indd 12 03-12-2019 15:11:07

Magnetic Field 1.13
The figure below shows the path for one rotation. The
second diagram shows how the path will look like, to an
observer location on the z-axis. The first diagram shows that the
particle rises from O to A along the z direction as it completes
one rotation.
z
y
z
A charge moving in a helical path in a uniform B. The figure

shows three completed rotation of the charge. The particle rotates in

a plane perpendicular to B . The z co-ordinate of the particle is never
positive in this figure. The particle touches the axis at A, B and C only.
The pitch of the helical path is defined as the distance

moved by the particle in the direction of B by the time it
makes one full rotation in plane perpendicular to B . The The particle touches the z-axis at A. OA is the pitch.
pitch is given by
 2πm 
P = v|| · T =   vcosq(22)
 qB  v B is outwards
Example 10 A proton enters into a region having a uniform A

magnetic field B = (0.3T) k̂ . The proton enters the field
region at the origin of the co-ordinate system with a velocity

v = ( 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) ×10 m/s.
4
(a) Find the time after which the proton will touch the
z axis for the first time after entering into the field
region.
(b) At what distance from the origin will the proton
touch the z-axis for the first time?
It is given that charge on a proton is q = This figure shows the path in xy plane as seen by an eye
1.6 × 10–19 C and its mass is m = 1.6 × 10–27 kg. located on the z-axis. The particle is coming out of
the paper as it rotates.
Solution
Concepts (a) Time of motion from O to A = time period of the
(i) Field is in z direction. The velocity component in helical path
z direction is v|| = 2 × 104 m/s. The velocity 2πm 2 × 3.14 × 1.6 × 10 –27
or, T = =
component perpendicular to the field is qB 1.6 × 10 –19 × 0.3
v⊥ = vx 2 + v y 2 = ( 2 + 2 ) × 104 = 2 × 104 m/s. = 2.1 ×10–7 s
(b) Distance OA = Pitch
(ii) The particle will move in a helical path and will
= T · v|| = 2.1 × 10–7 × 2 × 104
touch the z-axis after completing one full rotation
= 4.2 ×10–3 m = 4.2 mm
Chapter_01.indd 13 03-12-2019 15:11:08

Example 11 Position and velocity in helical path.  qBt 

vy = – v sin q = – v sin  
A region of space has a uniform magnetic field Bkˆ. A particle  m 
having mass m and charge +q enters into the region at the origin z component of velocity remains unchanged.
with a velocity v iˆ + v k̂
vz = v
(a) Write the velocity of the particle at time t after it
 qBt  ˆ  qBt  ˆ  + v
enters the field. \ v = v cos   i – sin   j k̂
(b) Write the co-ordinates of the particle as a function   m   m  
of time. (b) Co-ordinates at time t are: (see figure)
Solution mv  qBt 

x = R sinq = sin  
Concepts qB  m 
(i) Particle will describe a circular path in xy plane mv   qBt  
with speed v⊥ = v. Apart from this it will move y = – (R – R cosq) = – 1 – cos  
qB   m 
uniformly in z direction with velocity component.
v|| = vz = v. z =vt
(ii) We will first consider its motion in xy plane.
Adopting an approach similar to that in example In Short
9, we will be able to write the x and y component (i) Electric current is the basic source of magnetic field.
of velocity and x and y co-ordinates as a function of A magnet exhibits magnetism due to current inside
time. vz remain constant at v and the displacement it at atomic scale.
in z direction in time t is simply z = vzt = ut Later we will study that a time changing electric field
also induces a magnetic field.
First consider the circular motion in xy plane. This
motion takes place due to v⊥ which is, initially, equal to viˆ (ii) A moving charge experiences force in a magnetic

field. The force is given by = F q (v × B ) .
qB (iii) Magnetic force on
Angular speed, w = a moving charge is directed
m perpendicular to B as well as v .
Angular displacement in time t is (iv) Magnetic force does not change the speed of a charge.
It can only change its direction of motion. Work done
qB
q = wt = t by a magnetic force on a moving change is zero.
m
(v) When a charge is projected perpendicularly into a
uniform magnetic field, it moves in a circular path.
Plane of the circle is perpendicular to the magnetic
v field. Radius of circular path, time period of motion
and angular speed are given by
mv p 2mK
R=
= =
qB qB qB
v
2πm 2π qB
T=
and w = =
qB T m
(vi) When a charge is projected into a uniform magnetic
field with its initial velocity v making an angle
q with B , the particle moves in a helical path
This is projection in xy plane for the path taken by the
particle. The particle is moving out of the plane of the
(q ≠ 0º, 90º, 180º). The radius, time period and pitch
figure in a helical path for the helical path are
mv sin θ 2πm  2πm 
(a) x and y velocity components at time t are R=
,T= , p=   v cosq
qB qB  qB 
 qBt 
vx = v cos q = v cos  
 m 
Chapter_01.indd 14 03-12-2019 15:11:10

Magnetic Field 1.15
YOUR TURN
Q.20 An electron with a kinetic energy of 90 eV and initial velocity of the electron is 53º. Find the radius
moves into a region of uniform magnetic field of strength
and pitch of the helical path of the electron.
B = 3.14 × 10–4 T. The angle between the direction of B [Mass of electron = 9.0 × 10–31 kg; 1eV = 1.6 ×10–19 J]
5. MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN the electric field is directed downwards. A positive charge
moving along the straight line SX experiences an upward
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD magnetic force equal to
When a charge enters a region having both an electric field FB = qvB

( E ) and a magnetic field ( B ) it experiences an electric The electric force on the particle is independent of it
force as well as a magnetic force. The electromagnetic force speed. It is directed downward. Its magnitude is
on the particle is sometimes knows as Lorentz force. It can Fe = qE
be expressed as A particle will continue along the straight line path if net

F = q E + q ( v × B )(23) force on it is zero. Let this happen for a particle having speed v0.
qv0B = qE
By suitable choice of the electric and magnetic field we
can make a charged particle move on various kind of paths. E
or, v0 = (24)
We can also make interesting devices using the two fields. B
Below, we present the basic principle of a velocity selector,
This means that all the particles moving with velocity
a mass spectrometer and a cyclotron E
v0 = will experience no force and move in a straight
5.1 Velocity selector B
line to come out of the slit C. All other particles having
This device can be used to obtain a parallel beam of charged
velocity greater than or less than v0 will get deflected and
particles with all the particles moving at same velocity. In the
hit the screen C. A particle having v > v0 will experience a
figure shown, S is a source throwing out charged particles
magnetic force higher than the electric force and will follow
having different speeds. The parallel slits A and B act as a
a path like 2 shown in the figure. A particle having v < v0
collimator. All the particles which are able to cross through
will experience a magnetic force smaller than the electric
the two slits are moving along a straight line. However, they
force and will get deflected along a path like 3. Therefore,
may have different speeds. Our intention is to have a beam
we have a beam of particles, all moving with velocity
in which all the particles are moving with same velocity.
E
v0 = , to the right of slit C. We can choose the velocity
B E
FB that we want by adjusting the ratio .
B
v0
Fe 5.2 Mass spectrometer
This device can separate particle based on their masses and
can be used to identify different isotopes of an element.
Consider a source S which gives out singly ionised atoms of
Velocity Selector: Only particles having a particular speed are
an element. These ions are passed through a velocity selector
able to travel in a straight line and emerge out of slit C.
to obtain a beam of charged particles in which each particle
After crossing the slit B, the particles enter into a has same speed v0. If needed we can accelerate the particles
region where we have uniform magnetic and electric fields by applying a suitable potential difference. The beam of ions
perpendicular to each other. In the diagram shown, the is now made to enter into another region having a uniform
magnetic field is directed into the plane of the figure and magnetic field (B).
Chapter_01.indd 15 03-12-2019 15:11:11

potential difference is used again and again to impart energy to

the particle. If a proton is made to cross a 10000 V potential
difference 1000 times (everytime accelerating it), the kinetic
energy will increase by 104 ×103 = 107 eV!
A cyclotron has two semicircular metallic hollow discs.
v0 Because of their shape the two pieces are often called as ‘dees’
of the cyclotron. They are kept with a small gap between
them. A high frequency oscillator is connected across the two
dees. For now, just understand that an oscillator produces
Velocity Selector particles hit the detector screen a potential difference which keeps changing its polarity at
after moving on a semicircular path regular intervals. An electromagnet is used to produce a
uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the
The charged particles move on semicircular paths and hit
the detector screen (D). Let’s assume that the detector screen dees. Source (S) generates charged particles moving at some
records that the particles strike it at two locations P and ordinary speed. These charges are trapped in circular paths
Q. This implies that there are two type of particles in the inside the dees. Note that the dees are hollow and a charge
beam which moved on circular paths of diameters OP and can go inside it and come out. Assume that a charge comes
OQ. Since all the particles were singly ionised and were out of the dee D1 at point A (see figure). Also assume that
travelling with the same speed, the only difference must at this moment the polarity of the oscillator is such that the
be in their mass. The beam has particles with two different dee D1 is at higher potential than D2. There is an electric
masses (say m1 and m2). The radii of circular paths for these field in the gap between the two dees. Field is directed from
particles will be D1 to D2. This accelerates the charge as it crosses that gap
mv to enter the second dee D2. Because the speed of the particle
R1 = 1 0 has increased, it travels on a path of higher radius inside the
qB
dee D2. By the time the charge reaches C, and again enters
m1v0 the gap, the polarity of the oscillator changes and now D2
and R2 = is positive The electric field is directed from D2 to D1 and
qB
again accelerates the charge. Now, the charge moves on an
R1 m1
\ = (25) even bigger circle inside D1. By the time it emerges into
R2 m2 the gap at E, the polarity of the oscillator changes once
again. The process continues and the charge moves on a
By measuring the distance OP and OQ we can find spiral like path of growing radius. When the radius of the
R1 OP
= . Therefore, we know the ratio of masses of the path becomes equal to the radius of the disc, it is made to
R2 OQ exit out of the dees.
two types of particles. If they are ions of the same element,
they are the two isotopes. Had there been three isotopes
of the element the detector would have recorded particles
at three locations.
5.3 Cyclotron
Many applications, particularly experiments in nuclear
physics, require charged particles moving at high speeds. A
cyclotron is a device which can be used to accelerate charged
particles to impart them a kinetic energy of the order of few
MeV. E.O. Lawrence built the first cyclotron in 1931 and it
delivered protons with kinetic energy of 1.25 MeV.
A charged particle can be accelerated by applying a ‘Dees‘ of a cyclotron Magnetic field is directed
potential difference. But the method is not practical when outward in this diagram.
we need to accelerate them to very high kinetic energies. If
The key thing to understand is that the time period of the
you wish to accelerate a proton to a kinetic energy of 10 circular motion of a charge in a magnetic field is independent
MeV, you need a potential difference of 107 V. of its speed or the radius of the path. It is given by
A cyclotron uses a moderate potential difference to 2πm
accelerate a charged particle. The charge is made to follow a T=
qB
circular (rather spiral) path using a magnetic field and the same
Chapter_01.indd 16 03-12-2019 15:11:11

Magnetic Field 1.17
The frequency of circular motion is Solution

1 qB Concepts
f= =
T 2 πm (i) The magnetic field should be chosen so that the
frequency of circular motion of the porton is same
The time period (or the frequency) of the oscillator is set as the oscillator frequency.
equal to the time period (or frequency) of circular motion
of the charge. The frequency given by the above equation (ii) The kinetic energy is limited by the radius of the
is often called as cyclotron frequency. dees. The final kinetic energy of the proton beam
What this means is that the polarity of the oscillator is attained when radius of its circular path becomes
T equal to the radius of the dee.
changes at regular intervals of and the charge always
2
experience acceleration when it enters the gap between the (a) Frequency of circular motion of proton = Frequency of
dees. the oscillator
The speed of the charge when radius of its circular path
Bq
becomes equal to the radius (R0) of the dee is given by ⇒ = 10 ×106 Hz
mv0 2πm
R0 =
qB 2πm
or, B= × 107
qBR0 q
or v0 =
m 2 × 3.14 × 1.67 × 10 –27
= ×107
This is the maximum speed that we can impart to the 1.6 × 10 –19
charged particle. The main limitation is to create a uniform = 0.67 T
magnetic field over a circular space of large radius (R0).
(b) Final speed of a proton is given by
NOTE mv
R0 =
For very light particles like electrons, the speed changes a lot even Bq
for a small change in their kinetic energies. Theory of relativity
BqR0
says that with increase in speed, the mass of a particle increases. ⇒v=
For a particle like an electron a small change in kinetic energy m
causes a big change in speed which results in a big change 1
\ Kinetic energy, K = mv2
in its mass. This causes the time period of circular motion to 2
2πm 2
increase (T = ). The synchronisation between the circular 1  BqR0  B 2 q 2 R02
qB or, K = m   =
motion of the particle and the polarity changes of dees gets 2  m  2m0
disturbed. The cyclotron fails to accelerate such light particles to
great kinetic energies.
(0.67) 2 × (1.6 × 10 –19 ) 2 × (0.5) 2
=
2 × 1.67 × 10 –27
In today’s world, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in
Europe, is the largest particle accelerator. It lies in a tunnel = 8.6 ×10–13 J
that is 27 km long and can accelerate particles upto energies 8.6 × 10 –13
of few TeV (tera electron volt). It is the largest machine in = eV
1.6 × 10 –19
the world.
= 5.37 × 106 eV
Example 12 Magnetic field in a cyclotron
Oscillator used in a cyclotron has a frequency 10 MHz. The = 5.37 MeV.
device has dees of radius 50cm. This cyclotron is used to
accelerate protons. Calculate
(a) The magnetic field (B) needed to operate this
cyclotron
(b) The kinetic energy of the proton beam produced by
the cyclotron.
Chapter_01.indd 17 03-12-2019 15:11:11

YOUR TURN
Q.21 A proton moves at a constant velocity of (100 m/s) iˆ (b) Find the speed of the deutron as it leaves the
in a region having a uniform electric and magnetic fields. cyclotron.
The magnetic field in the region is B = (4×10–3 T) ĵ . Find Q.23 In a mass spectrometer, the detector detects two
the electric field. spots at a distance of 1.2 cm and 1.4 cm measured from the
Q.22 A cyclotron accelerates deutrons. The radius of the slit through which the singly ionised carbon atoms enter into
dee is 0.8 m and the frequency of the cyclotron’s oscillator the magnetic field. What can you predict about the ratio of
is 1MHZ. masses of two isotopes of carbon?
(a) Find the number of times a deutron enters into the
gap between the dees in one second.
In Short
(i) Force on a charge moving in an electric as well as
a magnetic field is given by

F = qE + q (v × B)
(ii) Net force on a charge can be zero if

qE + q(v × B) = 0
A current carrying wire in a magnetic field experiences a force

⇒ E=−(v × B) that is perpendicular to its length as well as B .

or, E = B × v
A current carrying conductor has electrons moving inside it.
(iii) In a cyclotron, a charge is made to move on a spiral
These moving electrons experience force in a magnetic field.
kind of path. Its energy is increased after every half
This force acts sideways on the electrons and get transmitted
circle by pushing it using an electric force. The
to the wire as the electrons collide with atoms.
particle gains speed but time period of its circular
motion does not change. Consider a straight wire carrying current I placed
perpendicularly into a uniform magnetic field. Let us
(iv) In a cyclotron, the time period of the oscillator is consider a length L of the wire and assume that the drift
same as the time period of circular motion of the speed of the electrons is vd. The wire is made of a material
2πm
charge and is given by T = . having n number of free electrons in its unit volume.
qB
Magnetic force on an electron is
(v) If R0 is the radius of the dees of a cyclotron, the
maximum speed that it can impart to a charge is F = −e ( vd × B )
given by In the diagram shown, this force is
qB
vmax = R0w = R0 . towards left and has magnitude
m
F = evdB
Total number of free electrons in L vd
6. MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT length of the wire is = n(AL), where A is
area of cross section.
CARRYING WIRE
Sum of forces acting on all free electrons
When a current carrying wire is placed between the poles is the resultant force on the wire. Therefore, the force on the
of a magnet, it experiences a lateral force. Experiments show wire is to the left and has magnitude.
that the force is in a direction given by the right hand rule FB = (evdB) (nAL) = (nevd A) BL
with the thumb pointing in the direction of the force when
or, FB = ILB(26)
the fingers are curled
from the direction of the current to
the direction of B .
Chapter_01.indd 18 03-12-2019 15:11:13

Magnetic Field 1.19
Here, nevd A = I is the current.

If the magnetic field is not perpendicular to the wire, the
Here, ∫ dl = 0 for a closed curve.
force is given by general form of the above equation \F=0
A closed current loop experiences no force in a
F= B I L× B (27)
uniform magnetic field.
L is a length vector that has magnitude L and is directed
along the current. Example 13 Sliding a wire on a rough floor
Following situations are worth noting. A straight wire of length L and mass M carries a current
I. It is placed on a horizontal rough surface and a vertical
(A) When the current carrying wire is magnetic field B is switched on. The coefficient of friction
parallel to the magnetic field, no between the wire and the surface is m. Find the least value
force acts on the wire. This follows of B which can make the wire translate. Give your answer
from equation (27) as cross product for L = 1.0m, M = 50 g, I = 5A and, m = 0.5. How will
of two parallel vectors is zero. your answer change if direction of B is reversed?
(B) When the wire is curved, to get the
force we must do vector addition of Solution
force acting on every small segment Concepts
of
the wire.
Force on a small length (i) Since field is vertical, the direction of the
magnetic

dl = I dl × B force on the wire must be horizontal (∵= F I L × B).
Force is also perpendicular to the length of the
wire.
(ii) To draw a simple picture we can assume that the
wire is going into the plane of this paper and show
the cross section of the wire.
dl In the diagram shown, the current in the wire is directed into

the plane of the figure. The circle shown
is the cross section
of the wire. The magnetic force I L × B is directed to the right.

Its magnitude is
dF is force on a small segment of lenght dl . By adding
F = ILB sin90º
forces on all the segments we get the resultant.
= 5 × 1 × B × 1 = 5B.
Force onthe entire wire is The maximum friction that can act

F = ∫ dF on the wire is
fmax = mN = mMg
 B 
= I  ∫ dl  × B (i) 50
A  = 0.5 × ×10
1000
B

∫ dl is vector sum of all small displacements along
A
= 0.25N
The wire will begin to move if
curved wire AB. It must be equal to the vector
the
F ≥ fmax ⇒ 5B ≥ 0.25N
L obtained by joining the end A to the end B of the
wire. or, B ≥ 0.05T

\ F = IL × B If the direction of B is reversed (see figure), the magnetic
force on it will also reverse in direction. To prevent the
In short, wherever you encounter a curved current motion, friction will be directed rightwards. But all this will
carrying wire kept in a uniform magnetic field B,
make no difference to the above calculations and our answer
replace the wire with a straight wire by joining its
remains unchanged.
ends. Magnetic force on this straight wire is same as
on the curved wire. Example 14 A V-shaped wire
(C) Consider a closed current loop in a B A V shaped wire has 90º angle
uniform magnetic field B. Force on I between its arms and length
the entire wire can again be written of each of its arms is L. It is
using above equation (i). carrying a current I, as shown in
Chapter_01.indd 19 03-12-2019 15:11:15

figure. A uniform magnetic field B is applied perpendicular Solution

to its plane. Find the magnetic force on the wire. Concepts
Solution (i) Assuming the wire to be uniform we can say that

resistance of the longer path from A to B is 3r if
Concepts
the resistance of the quarter arc is r. The current I
For writing force in a uniform field, the wire can be gets divided into two parallel paths at A. The ratio
replaced by a straight wire AC. There is no need of finding of currents in the two paths will be in inverse ratio
the forces separately on the arms AB and BC. of the resistances of the parallel paths.
(ii) For writing the magnetic force on a curved wire
We can replace the V we can replace it with a straight wire.
shaped wire by a straight
wire AC. Length of AC is Current I divides as I1 and I2
AC = 2 (Lsin 45º) = 2 L I
into two parallel paths at A.
Force can be written I1 B
as 11 ==
II 33
C
B
F = I ( AC × B ) II22 11 R
\ F = I ( 2 L)(B) sin 90º 3I I 45° F
sin90º = 2 I L B \ I1 = and I2 = I A O
4 4
Direction of the force is perpendicular to AC in upward D
direction. Force on arc ACB is same I2
as force on straight wire AB,
Example 15 A circular wire having two parallel paths having current I1. Force on arc ADB is also same as force
for current. on straight wire AB, having current I2.
A circular conducting wire \ F = I1(AB)B + I2 (AB)B = (I1 + I2)(AB)B
of radius r is kept in a plane
perpendicular to a uniform = I ( 2 R) B = 2 IRB
magnetic field B (see figure). The force is directed perpendicular to
A current I enters into the wire AB in the direction shown in the figure.
O
at A and leaves it at point B Therefore, force on the circle is F = A
45°
such that are AB is quarter of 2 IRB in a direction making 45° with F
the circle. AO, as shown in the figure.
Find magnetic force on the
circle. NOTE
A common mistake in such questions is to write the force as zero
when the diagram shows a closed loop. You must see if the current
is forming a closed loop or not. In the above example, the current
is not forming a closed loop.
YOUR TURN
Q.24 A wire of length L carries a current I along as shown in figure. A current I enters the pentagon at A
the positive x direction. A uniform magnetic field and leaves it at B. Find the magnetic force on the pentagon.

B = B0 (2 ĵ + k̂ ) exists in space. Find the force on the wire.
Q.25 A wire carries current in vertically upward direction.
It is kept in a horizontal magnetic field that is directed in
north west direction. Find the direction of magnetic force
on the wire.
Q.26. A pentagon shaped wire frame (APQRB) is located
in a uniform magnetic field B which is perpendicular to its
plane. The wire is uniform and various arms have lengths
Chapter_01.indd 20 03-12-2019 15:11:17

Magnetic Field 1.21
Q.27 A square frame of side downward magnetic field B = 0.5T exists in the space. The
length L carries a current I as ends of the rails are connected to a 10V cell through a
shown in the figure. A uniform variable resistance R. When the variable resistance is made
magnetic field B exists in the space to decrease, the wire PQ begins to slide once R goes below
parallel to the square frame. Find 20W. Neglect resistance of all other parts of the circuit and
find the coefficient of friction between the wire and the rails.
(a) Force on arm AB
(b) Force on arm BC
(c) Force on the square loop
Q.28 A metal wire PQ of mass 20 g lies at rest,
perpendicularly on two parallel horizontal conducting rails.
The rails are separated by a distance d = 10 cm. A vertically
7. CURRENT LOOP AS A MAGNETIC So, far we have said that a current carrying coil and
a magnet are magnetic dipoles. You will learn later that
DIPOLE subatomic particles, including the electron, the proton and
A current loop behaves like a magnetic dipole though there the neutron, have magnetic dipole moments. Yes, they
are no visible poles in it. In this chapter, as well as in the are tiny magnets! In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
next one, we will come across many similarities in behaviour a patient is subjected to a strong external magnetic field
of a current loop and a magnet. which interacts with the protons in each hydrogen atom in
a tissue. This interaction is possible only because a proton
Magnetic dipole moment of a current loop is defined
has a magnetic dipole moment.
as a vector directed perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
This direction is taken in the direction of outstretched right Example 16 Gyromagnetic ratio
hand thumb when the fingers are curled in the sense of the
An electron (charge -e, mass m) is revolving in a hydrogen
current. Magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of a
atom. Find the ratio of magnetic dipole moment (M)
current loop is
associated with this motion of an electron to its angular
M = NIA(28) momentum (L) about the centre of the circular path. This
where N is number of ratio is known as gyromagnetic ratio.
turns in the loop, I is the
current and A is the area Solution
of the loop Concepts
A current loop having (i) If an electron moves at frequency f in a circular
dipole moment M is path, the current associated with its motion is
equivalent to a bar magnet I = ef. The current is directed opposite to the
having dipole moment M. Magnetic dipole moment vector direction of motion of the electron as it has negative
As said earlier, we will of a current loop. charge.
encounter several similarities to support this statement. In We can write the magnetic dipole moment
the next chapter we will learn that a current coil can produce corresponding to this current.
magnetic field like a permanent magnet.
(ii) Angular momentum is L = Iw
Current associated with the motion

of the electron is
eω e
I = ef =
2π
where f is frequency of revolution and
w is angular speed
The figure shows current loop and its equivalent bar magnet.
Note the direction of north and south poles.
Chapter_01.indd 21 03-12-2019 15:11:20

Magnetic dipole moment corresponding to this current is This result is same as that obtained for a particle in the
M = I · p r2 (r = radius of the circular path) last example.
eω 2 1 (b) Figure shows a charged
or, M = pr = ewr2
2π 2 spinning disc. Charge
per unit area on the disc
In the figure shown, the direction of M vector is
is
downward. Angular momentum of the electron about the Q
centre is s=
πR 2
L = mr2w
Consider a ring of radius
Direction of L is upward, in the figure shown.
x and thickness dx on the
Ratio of magnitudes of M and L is
disc. Charge on the ring is
M e dQ = s (2pxdx)
= (29)
L 2m Magnetic dipole moment
 e 
In vector notation M = –   L. for this ring is given by equation (i).
 2m 
1
For a positive charge, both M and L will be in the dM = (dQ)wx2 = pswx3dx
2
same direction.
Dipole moment for all such rings are in same direction
Example 17 Non conducting charged ring and disc and add. Therefore, dipole moment of the disc is
(a) A non conducting ring of mass M and radius R has R
π
charge Q on it. It is spinning about its central axis ∫ dM = psw ∫ x dx
3
M= = σωR 4
(normal to its plane) with an angular speed w. Find o 4
the magnetic dipole moment of the ring. Also find π Q 1
the ratio of its magnetic dipole moment to its angular = . 2 wR4 = QR2w
4 πR 4
momentum about the rotation axis. 1
(b) Repeat the above exercise for a uniform non The angular momentum for the disc is L = mR2w.
2
conducting disc having mass M and charge Q. M Q
\ =
Solution L 2m
Concepts
(i) A charged ring, that is spinning is just like a current NOTE
loop. You may try to prove that the ratio M is Q for a uniformly
(ii) A disc can be divided into a large number of thin L 2m
rings, magnetic dipole moment of each ring is in charged spherical shell or a solid sphere.
same direction and adds.
(a) When the ring makes one rotation, a charge Q passes Example 18 Current loop that is not in a plane
through any point on its A current loop has
circumference. If it makes f the shape shown in
z
rotations in a second, the total the figure. It has
charge that passes through a two semicircular
point in a second is Qf. This is parts of radii R and
the associated current. 2R which lie in two D
R
perpendicular planes. C
ω
I = Qf = Q Two straight sections A O
2π B 2R
(AB, CD), each of
Magnetic dipole moment is length R, join these x
1
M = I · pR2 = QwR2(i) semicircular parts.
2 Current in the loop is
The angular momentum of the ring about its rotation y
axis is I. Find the magnetic
dipole moment of the current loop.
L = mR2w
M Q
\ =
L 2m
Chapter_01.indd 22 03-12-2019 15:11:22

Magnetic Field 1.23
Solution Consider two circular current loops as shown in the

Concepts figure. The superposition of these two loops gives us the
(i) We can consider the given loop as combination given loop. Current in the section BC is equal and opposite
of one semicircular loop in xz plane and another in the two loops and cancel out.
semicircular loop in xy plane. For the loop in xz plane, dipole moment is
(ii) We will write the dipole moments for the two loops πR 2
M1 = I (– ĵ )
separately and add them. 2
For the loop in xy plane, dipole moment is
π(2 R) 2
z M2 = I (– k̂ ) = 2pR2 I (– k̂ )
2
Dipole moment of the give loop is
1
I M = M 1 + M 2 = – pR2I ( ĵ + 2 k̂ )
R 2
2R
x
I
YOUR TURN
Q. 29 A non conducting rod of length 2l has two particles Q. 31 A circular current loop is folded along one of its
attached to its ends. Each particle has charge q and mass m. diameter such that the two semicircular halves lie in xy and
The rod has negligible mass. The system rotates with an yz planes. The radius of the circle is R and it carries a current
angular speed w about an axis I. Write the magnetic dipole moment of the loop.

passing through the centre of the
rod and perpendicular to its length.
q q
z
Find the ratio of magnetic dipole l l
moment to the angular momentum
of the system. I y
R
Q. 30 Find the magnetic dipole moment of the current
loop shown in the figure. O
I
Chapter_01.indd 23 03-12-2019 15:11:23

8. CURRENT LOOP IN A UNIFORM or, t = F1b sin q = (IaB) b sin q

or, t = IAB sin q[A = ab = area of the loop]
MAGNETIC FIELD
or, t = MB sin q
Consider a rectangular loop having sides of length a [M = IA = magnetic dipole moment of the loop]
and b. It carries a current I. It is placed in a uniform The torque is directed so as to bring the dipole moment
magnetic field ( B ) and the magnetic dipole moment
vector ( M ) parallel to the magnetic
field ( B ). In the shown
( M ) of the loop makes an angle q with the direction
diagram, the torque vector is along PQ . This is the direction
of the field. The dipole moment vector is normal to the
surface of the loop with its direction being given by the of the vector M × B . Therefore, we can write

stretched right hand thumb when fingers τ = M × B (30)
are curled in the
sense of the current. Angle between B and the plane of This equation is same as equation (12) that we wrote for
the loop is 90°–q. For easy visualisation, assume that the a bar magnet in a uniform field. This is the first evidence
magnetic field is horizontal and the loop has been tilted by that a current loop does behave like a bar magnet. It indeed
is a magnetic dipole. The above relation is valid for a current
loop of any shape, though we have derived it for a special
case of a rectangular loop.
Example 19 Coil wrapped on a cylinder

A solid uniform cylinder has
mass M, radius R and length
L. A coil is wrapped on it in
vertical plane as shown in figure
Number of turns in the coil is
N. A current i is established in
the coil. A magnetic field of
angle q from its vertical position. When the loop is vertical, strength B is suitched on in

direction of M is along B . When the loop is tilted by q, horizontal direction parallel to

direction of M also tilts by q. Now, the angle between B the plane of the coil. Find the

and M becomes q. initial angular acceleration of
Magnetic force on arm AB is the cylinder. Neglect the inertia of the wire used to make
the coil.
F1 = IaB
Solution
The force is directed perpendicular to AB and B . In our Concepts
discussion, AB is horizontal and therefore F1 is vertical.
Force on the arm CD is also F1, directed downward. (i) The magnetic dipole moment of the coil

is normal to
Magnetic force on the arm BC is the plane of the coil. Both M and B are horizontal
with an angle q = 90º between them.
F2 = IbB sin (90° – q) = IbB cosq
Force on DA is also of same magnitude. Both these (ii) The magnetic torque τB = M × B is directed
forces have same line of action passing through the centre vertical and causes the cylinder to rotate about its
of the loop. vertical axis.
τ
It is appropriate to show all the force acting at midpoints (iii) µ = B , where I0 is moment of inertia of the
(M, N, P and Q) of the respective arms. I0
Obviously, the resultant force on the current loop is zero. We cylinder about its central vertical axis.
already know this result – magnetic force on a closed current
loop in a uniform field is zero. Magnetic dipole moment of the coil
M = N · I · A = NI (2RL) B
The pair of forces on the arms AB and CD form a couple.
There is a resultant torque due to this pair. The second Dipole moment vector is normal to
diagram shows the line MN and the two forces acting at its the plane of the coil. B is parallel to B
ends. Resultant torque is the plane of the coil. Angle between I
b b them is 90º
t = F1 sin q + F1 sin q M
2 2 \ tB = MB sin 90º = 2NIR · L · B
Chapter_01.indd 24 03-12-2019 15:11:25

Magnetic Field 1.25
1 Solution
Moment of inertia of the cylinder I0 = MR2
2 Concepts
τ 4NILB
\ a= B = (i) If a and b represent two adjacent sides of a
I0 MR
parallelogram, then a × b represents its area vector.
This vector is directed perpendicular to the plane
Example 20 A method to find dipole moment of the parallelogram and its proper direction is
A conducting loop given by the right hand thumb when fingers are

ABCD carries a current curled from a to b .
I. An indicative box (ii) In the given diagram AB × AD gives the area vector
has been drawn to of the surface of the coil, pointing in the direction
make you understand of its magnetic dipole moment.
the dimensions of the Magnetic dipole moment of the loop is
loop and its orientation.
M = I ( AB × AD )
Write torque on the loop
if a magnetic field B0 is = I [(l ĵ ) × (–m iˆ + n k̂ )]= I [lm k̂ + ln iˆ ]
switched on in vertical = I l [n iˆ +m k̂ ]
direction.
\ τ = M × (Bo k̂ ) = – I l B0 ĵ
YOUR TURN
Q.32 A non-conducting disc of mass M and radius R Q.33 A circular current loop of radius R has current I
has uniformly distributed charge of surface density s. It is in it. A uniform magnetic field B is applied parallel to its
spinning about its vertical central axis. A vertical magnetic plane. Write the magnitude of magnetic torque on the loop
field B is switched on. Find the magnetic torque on the disc. and indicate the direction of torque vector.
9. MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER as torsional constant of the spring. A pointer attached to the
cylinder rotates with it on a graduated scale.
A rectangular coil of several turns is wound over a soft iron
cylindrical core. The cylinder coil system is free to rotate about
its axis on frictionless bearings. The wire of the coil is coated
with an insulating material so that the turns are insulated from
one another and also insulated from the iron cylinder. The
arrangement is surrounded by two semicylindrical pole pieces
of a magnet. A coil spring is attached to the cylinder and
its axis. When the cylinder rotates by an angle q, the spring
exerts a torque ts = Cq on it in opposite direction. C is known axis
Chapter_01.indd 25 03-12-2019 15:11:27

torque. After making few oscillations, the coil comes to rest

in its equilibrium position. Let q be the angular rotation of
the coil, from its original position, when it is in equilibrium.
tB = tS
NIAB = Cq
 C 
or, I =   q(31)
 NAB 
The pointer attached to the cylinder also deflects by an
Top view. Field lines are radial. Field at the arms AB and CD angle q. The current I is proportional to the deflection angle
are parallel to the plane of the coil. C
q. The constant k = is known as the galvanometer
NAB
constant. This constant may be measured directly by passing
a known current and measuring the deflection.
When a current is passed through the galvanometer coil,
it begins to oscillate due to the variable spring torque. For
fast damping of oscillations we have to make appropriate
modifications. we will learn later that Eddy currents helps in
damping.
Even when the coil rotates the field is parallel to the
plane of the coil at side arms AB and CD. Sensitivity
The semi cylindrical pole pieces create a radial magnetic The sensitivity of a galvanometer is the deflection produced
field. Inside the iron cylinder the field gets multiplied many when a unit current is passed through it. It can be written as
times due to the magnetisation of iron (we will learn about
θ NAB
this phenomenon in a later chapter). A torque on the coil S= = (32)
ABCD acts when a current is passed through it. The torque I C
arises due to magnetic forces on the arms AB and CD. The The inverse of sensitivity (S) is known as figure of merit
forces on the other two arms are zero or always acting along for the galvanometer.
the same line producing no torque. The key thing to realise For high sensitivity, the magnetic field (B) must be
is that whatever be the orientation of the coil, the magnetic high. Presence of iron core increases the field and hence
field always remains normal to the sides AB and CD and sensitivity.
parallel to the plane of the coil. Inside the iron cylinder, the Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer can be defined as
field lines get distorted and are not perfectly radial (Field the deflection produced when a unit potential difference is
lines cannot intersect. Exactly radial lines will mean that applied across it.
they intersect). But that shall not bother us when we wish θ NAB
θ
to find torque on the coil. The forces on the arms DA and Sv = = = (33)
V IRg CRg
BC do not contribute to the torque.
If B is strength of the radial field at the periphery of the Here Rg is resistance of the coil.
cylindrical core (that is where arms AB and CD are located),
then torque on the coil at any orientation is Example 21 Will increasing the number of turns in a
galvanometer coil, increase its voltage sensitivity?
tB = MB sin 90º = NIAB
where N is number of turns in the coil, A is its area and Solution No. the voltage sensitivity is directly proportional
I is current flowing in it. to the number of turns N but inversely proportional to the
When a current is passed, the magnetic torque causes the coil resistance (Rg). Value of Rg is directly proportional to
coil to rotate. The spring gets twisted and exerts a counter the length of the wire, i.e. N. Hence, Sv will not depend on N.
YOUR TURN
Q. 34 A moving coil galvanometer has 100 turns and area of 0.05 radian when 10mA current is passed through it. Find
of each turn is 2.0 cm2. The magnetic field at the location the torsional constant of the spring used in the device.
of the iron cylinder is 0.01 T. The coil suffers a deflection
Chapter_01.indd 26 03-12-2019 15:11:29

Magnetic Field 1.27
In Short
(i) A current carrying wire experiences force in a (viii) When placed in a uniform magnetic field, a current
magnetic field. This force arises due to the magnetic loop experiences torque.

forces acting on the moving electrons inside the wire. τB = M × B
(ii) Force on a straight
current carrying wire in a uniform This torque is always about an axis in the place of
magnetic field B is the loop and tries to align M parallel to B .

F = IL×B (ix) A particle having mass m and charge q, revolving

Here, L is the length vector in the direction of the in a circular orbit, has a constant ratio of magnetic
current. dipole moment and angular momentum, irrespective

(iii) If a straight wire has its length along B , no magnetic of its rotation speed. The ratio is
force will act on it. M q
=
(iv) Magnetic force on a curved wire placed in a uniform L 2m
The ratio is known as gyromagnetic ratio.
magnetic field can be obtained by replacing the wire
with a straight one joining its ends. This is true, in (x) In a moving coil galvanometer, current (i) through the
general, for a uniform field only. coil is proportional to the deflection (q) of the coil.
(v) Magnetic force on a closed current loop in a uniform i ∝ q ⇒ i = kq
magnetic field is zero. The constant k is known as galvanometer constant
(vi) A current loop behaves like a magnetic dipole. and its value is
C
(vii) Magnetic dipole moment of a current loop is a k =
vector perpendicular to its plane having magnitude NAB
M = NIA. Here, N is number of turns in the loop, Where C is torsional constant of the spring, N is
A is its area and I is the current in the loop. The number of turns in the coil, A is area of the coil and
proper direction of dipole moment vector ( M ) is B is the magnetic field at the position of the coil.
along the right hand thumb when fingers are curled θ 1
(xi) = is known as current sensitivity of the
in the sense of current. i k
galvanometer.
Miscellaneous Examples
First, let’s write the force due to lower magnet on the north
Example 22 Two identical magnets, with pole of the upper magnet. Force due to south pole of the
length l and mass M each are arranged lower magnet can be neglected compared to the force applied
vertically inside a glass tube as shown in the by the north pole (∵ l >> x)
figure. The upper magnet remains suspended
µ0 m ⋅ m
in air above the lower one so that the distance \ FN = (↑)
between the nearest poles of the magnets is 4π x 2
x (<< l). Find the pole strength (m) of the Force on the south pole of the upper magnet due to the
magnets. Assume that the magnetic length, lower magnet can be written as
for each magnet, is same as the geometric µ m⋅m µ m⋅m
length. FS = 0 – 0
4π l 2 4π (2l ) 2
Solution 3 µ0 m ⋅ m
= (↓)
4 4π l 2
Concepts
(i) The force applied by the lower magnet on the upper For equilibrium
magnet balances the weight of the upper magnet. FN = FS + Mg
(ii) Equation 4 can be used to write the field due to µ0 m2 3 µ0 m2
or, = + Mg
lower magnet at the position of the two poles of 4π x 2
4 4π l 2
the upper magnet. µ0  1 3 1
or, m2  2 – = Mg
4π x 4 l 2 
Chapter_01.indd 27 03-12-2019 15:11:31

Again, x << l, permits us to neglect the second term inside This is the standard equation for SHM. The magnet
the bracket. In effect, we are saying that FS << FN. performs SHM.
2
µ0 m MB
⇒ 2 = Mg
w =
4π x IZ
4πMg IZ
⇒ m = x. ⇒ T = 2p
µ0 MB
m(l 2 + a 2 )
Example 23 Oscillating magnet or, T = 2p
12 MB
A bar magnet has the shape shown in the figure. Its mass is
m. It is kept in a uniform magnetic field B that is parallel (b) Moment of inertia about the y axis is
to its axis (along x direction). The magnet is given a small m 2
Iy= (l + b2)
angular displacement and released find time period of its 12
oscillations if it was displaced about (a) z axis (b) y axis.
d 2θ
Its magnetic dipole moment is M. Neglect all other forces \ Iy = – MBq
apart from the magnetic force. dt 2
d 2θ  MB 
⇒ =–  q
 Iy 
2
dt
MB
\ w =
Iy
Iy m(l 2 + b 2 )
or, T = 2p = 2p
MB 12 MB
Solution Example 24 Another question on writing velocity as a

Concepts function of time
A particle having mass m and charge q is projected
(i) The magnetic torque ( τ= M × B ) is always directed
from the origin with a velocity v = v0 ( iˆ + ĵ ). The region
so as to rotate the magnet back to its original
has a uniform magnetic field B = Bo k̂ . Find the x and y
equilibrium position. This restoring torque causes
component of the particle’s velocity as a function of time
oscillations.
assuming that it was projected at time t = 0.
(ii) The moment of intertia of the magnet is different Solution
about z axis and y axis. Concepts
Torque on the magnet in the position shown is (i) It is important to draw the path correctly. The initial
t = MB sinq velocity makes 45º with the positive x direction and
N it must be tangential to the circle. Initial force on
For small angular
M
the particle is directed towards a point in the 4th
displacement, this torque
quadrant. Thus the centre of the circle is located in
can be written as
x the 4th quadrant.
t = MB.q. B qB
S
(ii) The angular speed of circular motion is w = .
The torque remains m
same whether the magnet The particle rotates through an angle q = wt in time
is rotated about the y axis or z axis. t.
(a) Moment of inertia about the z axis is The circular path of the
m 2 particle is as shown in figure.
Iz = (l + a2)
12 The speed of the particle is
d 2θ 2 v0 and its initial velocity
\ Iz = – MBq is inclined at 45º to the x axis.
dt 2
In time t the particle rotates
d 2θ  MB  by an angle q to reach point
or, =–  q
dt 2  IZ  A and its velocity now makes
an angle 45º – q with the x
direction. Recall that the
speed does not change.
Chapter_01.indd 28 03-12-2019 15:11:32

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“Clarissa!” he cried. “Clarissa!” But she never came back. It was
over. He went away that night. He never saw her again.
It was awful, he cried, awful, awful!

Still, the sun was hot. Still, one got over things. Still, life had a way of
adding day to day. Still, he thought, yawning and beginning to take
notice—Regent’s Park had changed very little since he was a boy,
except for the squirrels—still, presumably there were compensations
—when little Elise Mitchell, who had been picking up pebbles to add
to the pebble collection which she and her brother were making on
the nursery mantelpiece, plumped her handful down on the nurse’s
knee and scudded off again full tilt into a lady’s legs. Peter Walsh
laughed out.
But Lucrezia Warren Smith was saying to herself, It’s wicked; why
should I suffer? she was asking, as she walked down the broad path.
No; I can’t stand it any longer, she was saying, having left Septimus,
who wasn’t Septimus any longer, to say hard, cruel, wicked things, to
talk to himself, to talk to a dead man, on the seat over there; when
the child ran full tilt into her, fell flat, and burst out crying.
That was comforting rather. She stood her upright, dusted her frock,
kissed her.
But for herself she had done nothing wrong; she had loved
Septimus; she had been happy; she had had a beautiful home, and
there her sisters lived still, making hats. Why should she suffer?
The child ran straight back to its nurse, and Rezia saw her scolded,
comforted, taken up by the nurse who put down her knitting, and the
kind-looking man gave her his watch to blow open to comfort her—
but why should she be exposed? Why not left in Milan? Why
tortured? Why?
Slightly waved by tears the broad path, the nurse, the man in grey,
the perambulator, rose and fell before her eyes. To be rocked by this
malignant torturer was her lot. But why? She was like a bird
sheltering under the thin hollow of a leaf, who blinks at the sun when
the leaf moves; starts at the crack of a dry twig. She was exposed;
she was surrounded by the enormous trees, vast clouds of an
indifferent world, exposed; tortured; and why should she suffer?
Why?
She frowned; she stamped her foot. She must go back again to
Septimus since it was almost time for them to be going to Sir William
Bradshaw. She must go back and tell him, go back to him sitting
there on the green chair under the tree, talking to himself, or to that
dead man Evans, whom she had only seen once for a moment in the
shop. He had seemed a nice quiet man; a great friend of Septimus’s,
and he had been killed in the War. But such things happen to every
one. Every one has friends who were killed in the War. Every one
gives up something when they marry. She had given up her home.
She had come to live here, in this awful city. But Septimus let himself
think about horrible things, as she could too, if she tried. He had
grown stranger and stranger. He said people were talking behind the
bedroom walls. Mrs. Filmer thought it odd. He saw things too—he
had seen an old woman’s head in the middle of a fern. Yet he could
be happy when he chose. They went to Hampton Court on top of a
bus, and they were perfectly happy. All the little red and yellow
flowers were out on the grass, like floating lamps he said, and talked
and chattered and laughed, making up stories. Suddenly he said,
“Now we will kill ourselves,” when they were standing by the river,
and he looked at it with a look which she had seen in his eyes when
a train went by, or an omnibus—a look as if something fascinated
him; and she felt he was going from her and she caught him by the
arm. But going home he was perfectly quiet—perfectly reasonable.
He would argue with her about killing themselves; and explain how
wicked people were; how he could see them making up lies as they
passed in the street. He knew all their thoughts, he said; he knew
everything. He knew the meaning of the world, he said.
Then when they got back he could hardly walk. He lay on the sofa
and made her hold his hand to prevent him from falling down, down,
he cried, into the flames! and saw faces laughing at him, calling him
horrible disgusting names, from the walls, and hands pointing round
the screen. Yet they were quite alone. But he began to talk aloud,
answering people, arguing, laughing, crying, getting very excited and
making her write things down. Perfect nonsense it was; about death;
about Miss Isabel Pole. She could stand it no longer. She would go
back.
She was close to him now, could see him staring at the sky,
muttering, clasping his hands. Yet Dr. Holmes said there was nothing
the matter with him. What then had happened—why had he gone,
then, why, when she sat by him, did he start, frown at her, move
away, and point at her hand, take her hand, look at it terrified?
Was it that she had taken off her wedding ring? “My hand has grown
so thin,” she said. “I have put it in my purse,” she told him.
He dropped her hand. Their marriage was over, he thought, with
agony, with relief. The rope was cut; he mounted; he was free, as it
was decreed that he, Septimus, the lord of men, should be free;
alone (since his wife had thrown away her wedding ring; since she
had left him), he, Septimus, was alone, called forth in advance of the
mass of men to hear the truth, to learn the meaning, which now at
last, after all the toils of civilisation—Greeks, Romans, Shakespeare,
Darwin, and now himself—was to be given whole to.... “To whom?”
he asked aloud. “To the Prime Minister,” the voices which rustled
above his head replied. The supreme secret must be told to the
Cabinet; first that trees are alive; next there is no crime; next love,
universal love, he muttered, gasping, trembling, painfully drawing out
these profound truths which needed, so deep were they, so difficult,
an immense effort to speak out, but the world was entirely changed
by them for ever.
No crime; love; he repeated, fumbling for his card and pencil, when a
Skye terrier snuffed his trousers and he started in an agony of fear. It
was turning into a man! He could not watch it happen! It was
horrible, terrible to see a dog become a man! At once the dog trotted
away.
Heaven was divinely merciful, infinitely benignant. It spared him,
pardoned his weakness. But what was the scientific explanation (for
one must be scientific above all things)? Why could he see through
bodies, see into the future, when dogs will become men? It was the
heat wave presumably, operating upon a brain made sensitive by
eons of evolution. Scientifically speaking, the flesh was melted off
the world. His body was macerated until only the nerve fibres were
left. It was spread like a veil upon a rock.
He lay back in his chair, exhausted but upheld. He lay resting,
waiting, before he again interpreted, with effort, with agony, to
mankind. He lay very high, on the back of the world. The earth
thrilled beneath him. Red flowers grew through his flesh; their stiff
leaves rustled by his head. Music began clanging against the rocks
up here. It is a motor horn down in the street, he muttered; but up
here it cannoned from rock to rock, divided, met in shocks of sound
which rose in smooth columns (that music should be visible was a
discovery) and became an anthem, an anthem twined round now by
a shepherd boy’s piping (That’s an old man playing a penny whistle
by the public-house, he muttered) which, as the boy stood still came
bubbling from his pipe, and then, as he climbed higher, made its
exquisite plaint while the traffic passed beneath. This boy’s elegy is
played among the traffic, thought Septimus. Now he withdraws up
into the snows, and roses hang about him—the thick red roses which
grow on my bedroom wall, he reminded himself. The music stopped.
He has his penny, he reasoned it out, and has gone on to the next
public-house.
But he himself remained high on his rock, like a drowned sailor on a
rock. I leant over the edge of the boat and fell down, he thought. I
went under the sea. I have been dead, and yet am now alive, but let
me rest still; he begged (he was talking to himself again—it was
awful, awful!); and as, before waking, the voices of birds and the
sound of wheels chime and chatter in a queer harmony, grow louder
and louder and the sleeper feels himself drawing to the shores of life,
so he felt himself drawing towards life, the sun growing hotter, cries
sounding louder, something tremendous about to happen.
He had only to open his eyes; but a weight was on them; a fear. He
strained; he pushed; he looked; he saw Regent’s Park before him.
Long streamers of sunlight fawned at his feet. The trees waved,
brandished. We welcome, the world seemed to say; we accept; we
create. Beauty, the world seemed to say. And as if to prove it
(scientifically) wherever he looked at the houses, at the railings, at
the antelopes stretching over the palings, beauty sprang instantly. To
watch a leaf quivering in the rush of air was an exquisite joy. Up in
the sky swallows swooping, swerving, flinging themselves in and out,
round and round, yet always with perfect control as if elastics held
them; and the flies rising and falling; and the sun spotting now this
leaf, now that, in mockery, dazzling it with soft gold in pure good
temper; and now and again some chime (it might be a motor horn)
tinkling divinely on the grass stalks—all of this, calm and reasonable
as it was, made out of ordinary things as it was, was the truth now;
beauty, that was the truth now. Beauty was everywhere.
“It is time,” said Rezia.
The word “time” split its husk; poured its riches over him; and from
his lips fell like shells, like shavings from a plane, without his making
them, hard, white, imperishable words, and flew to attach
themselves to their places in an ode to Time; an immortal ode to
Time. He sang. Evans answered from behind the tree. The dead
were in Thessaly, Evans sang, among the orchids. There they waited
till the War was over, and now the dead, now Evans himself—
“For God’s sake don’t come!” Septimus cried out. For he could not
look upon the dead.
But the branches parted. A man in grey was actually walking towards
them. It was Evans! But no mud was on him; no wounds; he was not
changed. I must tell the whole world, Septimus cried, raising his
hand (as the dead man in the grey suit came nearer), raising his
hand like some colossal figure who has lamented the fate of man for
ages in the desert alone with his hands pressed to his forehead,
furrows of despair on his cheeks, and now sees light on the desert’s
edge which broadens and strikes the iron-black figure (and Septimus
half rose from his chair), and with legions of men prostrate behind
him he, the giant mourner, receives for one moment on his face the
whole—
“But I am so unhappy, Septimus,” said Rezia trying to make him sit
down.
The millions lamented; for ages they had sorrowed. He would turn
round, he would tell them in a few moments, only a few moments
more, of this relief, of this joy, of this astonishing revelation—
“The time, Septimus,” Rezia repeated. “What is the time?”
He was talking, he was starting, this man must notice him. He was
looking at them.
“I will tell you the time,” said Septimus, very slowly, very drowsily,
smiling mysteriously. As he sat smiling at the dead man in the grey
suit the quarter struck—the quarter to twelve.
And that is being young, Peter Walsh thought as he passed them. To
be having an awful scene—the poor girl looked absolutely desperate
—in the middle of the morning. But what was it about, he wondered,
what had the young man in the overcoat been saying to her to make
her look like that; what awful fix had they got themselves into, both to
look so desperate as that on a fine summer morning? The amusing
thing about coming back to England, after five years, was the way it
made, anyhow the first days, things stand out as if one had never
seen them before; lovers squabbling under a tree; the domestic
family life of the parks. Never had he seen London look so
enchanting—the softness of the distances; the richness; the
greenness; the civilisation, after India, he thought, strolling across
the grass.
This susceptibility to impressions had been his undoing no doubt.
Still at his age he had, like a boy or a girl even, these alternations of
mood; good days, bad days, for no reason whatever, happiness from
a pretty face, downright misery at the sight of a frump. After India of
course one fell in love with every woman one met. There was a
freshness about them; even the poorest dressed better than five
years ago surely; and to his eye the fashions had never been so
becoming; the long black cloaks; the slimness; the elegance; and
then the delicious and apparently universal habit of paint. Every
woman, even the most respectable, had roses blooming under glass;
lips cut with a knife; curls of Indian ink; there was design, art,
everywhere; a change of some sort had undoubtedly taken place.
What did the young people think about? Peter Walsh asked himself.
Those five years—1918 to 1923—had been, he suspected,
somehow very important. People looked different. Newspapers
seemed different. Now for instance there was a man writing quite
openly in one of the respectable weeklies about water-closets. That
you couldn’t have done ten years ago—written quite openly about
water-closets in a respectable weekly. And then this taking out a
stick of rouge, or a powder-puff and making up in public. On board
ship coming home there were lots of young men and girls—Betty
and Bertie he remembered in particular—carrying on quite openly;
the old mother sitting and watching them with her knitting, cool as a
cucumber. The girl would stand still and powder her nose in front of
every one. And they weren’t engaged; just having a good time; no
feelings hurt on either side. As hard as nails she was—Betty
What’shername—; but a thorough good sort. She would make a very
good wife at thirty—she would marry when it suited her to marry;
marry some rich man and live in a large house near Manchester.
Who was it now who had done that? Peter Walsh asked himself,
turning into the Broad Walk,—married a rich man and lived in a large
house near Manchester? Somebody who had written him a long,
gushing letter quite lately about “blue hydrangeas.” It was seeing
blue hydrangeas that made her think of him and the old days—Sally
Seton, of course! It was Sally Seton—the last person in the world
one would have expected to marry a rich man and live in a large
house near Manchester, the wild, the daring, the romantic Sally!
But of all that ancient lot, Clarissa’s friends—Whitbreads, Kinderleys,
Cunninghams, Kinloch-Jones’s—Sally was probably the best. She
tried to get hold of things by the right end anyhow. She saw through
Hugh Whitbread anyhow—the admirable Hugh—when Clarissa and
the rest were at his feet.
“The Whitbreads?” he could hear her saying. “Who are the
Whitbreads? Coal merchants. Respectable tradespeople.”
Hugh she detested for some reason. He thought of nothing but his
own appearance, she said. He ought to have been a Duke. He would
be certain to marry one of the Royal Princesses. And of course Hugh
had the most extraordinary, the most natural, the most sublime
respect for the British aristocracy of any human being he had ever
come across. Even Clarissa had to own that. Oh, but he was such a
dear, so unselfish, gave up shooting to please his old mother—
remembered his aunts’ birthdays, and so on.
Sally, to do her justice, saw through all that. One of the things he
remembered best was an argument one Sunday morning at Bourton
about women’s rights (that antediluvian topic), when Sally suddenly
lost her temper, flared up, and told Hugh that he represented all that
was most detestable in British middle-class life. She told him that
she considered him responsible for the state of “those poor girls in
Piccadilly”—Hugh, the perfect gentleman, poor Hugh!—never did a
man look more horrified! She did it on purpose she said afterwards
(for they used to get together in the vegetable garden and compare
notes). “He’s read nothing, thought nothing, felt nothing,” he could
hear her saying in that very emphatic voice which carried so much
farther than she knew. The stable boys had more life in them than
Hugh, she said. He was a perfect specimen of the public school
type, she said. No country but England could have produced him.
She was really spiteful, for some reason; had some grudge against
him. Something had happened—he forgot what—in the smoking-
room. He had insulted her—kissed her? Incredible! Nobody believed
a word against Hugh of course. Who could? Kissing Sally in the
smoking-room! If it had been some Honourable Edith or Lady Violet,
perhaps; but not that ragamuffin Sally without a penny to her name,
and a father or a mother gambling at Monte Carlo. For of all the
people he had ever met Hugh was the greatest snob—the most
obsequious—no, he didn’t cringe exactly. He was too much of a prig
for that. A first-rate valet was the obvious comparison—somebody
who walked behind carrying suit cases; could be trusted to send
telegrams—indispensable to hostesses. And he’d found his job—
married his Honourable Evelyn; got some little post at Court, looked
after the King’s cellars, polished the Imperial shoe-buckles, went
about in knee-breeches and lace ruffles. How remorseless life is! A
little job at Court!
He had married this lady, the Honourable Evelyn, and they lived
hereabouts, so he thought (looking at the pompous houses
overlooking the Park), for he had lunched there once in a house
which had, like all Hugh’s possessions, something that no other
house could possibly have—linen cupboards it might have been. You
had to go and look at them—you had to spend a great deal of time
always admiring whatever it was—linen cupboards, pillow-cases, old
oak furniture, pictures, which Hugh had picked up for an old song.
But Mrs. Hugh sometimes gave the show away. She was one of
those obscure mouse-like little women who admire big men. She
was almost negligible. Then suddenly she would say something
quite unexpected—something sharp. She had the relics of the grand
manner perhaps. The steam coal was a little too strong for her—it
made the atmosphere thick. And so there they lived, with their linen
cupboards and their old masters and their pillow-cases fringed with
real lace at the rate of five or ten thousand a year presumably, while
he, who was two years older than Hugh, cadged for a job.
At fifty-three he had to come and ask them to put him into some
secretary’s office, to find him some usher’s job teaching little boys
Latin, at the beck and call of some mandarin in an office, something
that brought in five hundred a year; for if he married Daisy, even with
his pension, they could never do on less. Whitbread could do it
presumably; or Dalloway. He didn’t mind what he asked Dalloway.
He was a thorough good sort; a bit limited; a bit thick in the head;
yes; but a thorough good sort. Whatever he took up he did in the
same matter-of-fact sensible way; without a touch of imagination,
without a spark of brilliancy, but with the inexplicable niceness of his
type. He ought to have been a country gentleman—he was wasted
on politics. He was at his best out of doors, with horses and dogs—
how good he was, for instance, when that great shaggy dog of
Clarissa’s got caught in a trap and had its paw half torn off, and
Clarissa turned faint and Dalloway did the whole thing; bandaged,
made splints; told Clarissa not to be a fool. That was what she liked
him for perhaps—that was what she needed. “Now, my dear, don’t
be a fool. Hold this—fetch that,” all the time talking to the dog as if it
were a human being.
But how could she swallow all that stuff about poetry? How could
she let him hold forth about Shakespeare? Seriously and solemnly
Richard Dalloway got on his hind legs and said that no decent man
ought to read Shakespeare’s sonnets because it was like listening at
keyholes (besides the relationship was not one that he approved).
No decent man ought to let his wife visit a deceased wife’s sister.
Incredible! The only thing to do was to pelt him with sugared
almonds—it was at dinner. But Clarissa sucked it all in; thought it so
honest of him; so independent of him; Heaven knows if she didn’t
think him the most original mind she’d ever met!
That was one of the bonds between Sally and himself. There was a
garden where they used to walk, a walled-in place, with rose-bushes
and giant cauliflowers—he could remember Sally tearing off a rose,
stopping to exclaim at the beauty of the cabbage leaves in the
moonlight (it was extraordinary how vividly it all came back to him,
things he hadn’t thought of for years,) while she implored him, half
laughing of course, to carry off Clarissa, to save her from the Hughs
and the Dalloways and all the other “perfect gentlemen” who would
“stifle her soul” (she wrote reams of poetry in those days), make a
mere hostess of her, encourage her worldliness. But one must do
Clarissa justice. She wasn’t going to marry Hugh anyhow. She had a
perfectly clear notion of what she wanted. Her emotions were all on
the surface. Beneath, she was very shrewd—a far better judge of
character than Sally, for instance, and with it all, purely feminine; with
that extraordinary gift, that woman’s gift, of making a world of her
own wherever she happened to be. She came into a room; she
stood, as he had often seen her, in a doorway with lots of people
round her. But it was Clarissa one remembered. Not that she was
striking; not beautiful at all; there was nothing picturesque about her;
she never said anything specially clever; there she was, however;
there she was.
No, no, no! He was not in love with her any more! He only felt, after
seeing her that morning, among her scissors and silks, making ready
for the party, unable to get away from the thought of her; she kept
coming back and back like a sleeper jolting against him in a railway
carriage; which was not being in love, of course; it was thinking of
her, criticising her, starting again, after thirty years, trying to explain
her. The obvious thing to say of her was that she was worldly; cared
too much for rank and society and getting on in the world—which
was true in a sense; she had admitted it to him. (You could always
get her to own up if you took the trouble; she was honest.) What she
would say was that she hated frumps, fogies, failures, like himself
presumably; thought people had no right to slouch about with their
hands in their pockets; must do something, be something; and these
great swells, these Duchesses, these hoary old Countesses one met
in her drawing-room, unspeakably remote as he felt them to be from
anything that mattered a straw, stood for something real to her. Lady
Bexborough, she said once, held herself upright (so did Clarissa
herself; she never lounged in any sense of the word; she was
straight as a dart, a little rigid in fact). She said they had a kind of
courage which the older she grew the more she respected. In all this
there was a great deal of Dalloway, of course; a great deal of the
public-spirited, British Empire, tariff-reform, governing-class spirit,
which had grown on her, as it tends to do. With twice his wits, she
had to see things through his eyes—one of the tragedies of married
life. With a mind of her own, she must always be quoting Richard—
as if one couldn’t know to a tittle what Richard thought by reading the
Morning Post of a morning! These parties for example were all for
him, or for her idea of him (to do Richard justice he would have been
happier farming in Norfolk). She made her drawing-room a sort of
meeting-place; she had a genius for it. Over and over again he had
seen her take some raw youth, twist him, turn him, wake him up; set
him going. Infinite numbers of dull people conglomerated round her
of course. But odd unexpected people turned up; an artist
sometimes; sometimes a writer; queer fish in that atmosphere. And
behind it all was that network of visiting, leaving cards, being kind to
people; running about with bunches of flowers, little presents; So-
and-so was going to France—must have an air-cushion; a real drain
on her strength; all that interminable traffic that women of her sort
keep up; but she did it genuinely, from a natural instinct.
Oddly enough, she was one of the most thoroughgoing sceptics he
had ever met, and possibly (this was a theory he used to make up to
account for her, so transparent in some ways, so inscrutable in
others), possibly she said to herself, As we are a doomed race,
chained to a sinking ship (her favourite reading as a girl was Huxley
and Tyndall, and they were fond of these nautical metaphors), as the
whole thing is a bad joke, let us, at any rate, do our part; mitigate the
sufferings of our fellow-prisoners (Huxley again); decorate the
dungeon with flowers and air-cushions; be as decent as we possibly
can. Those ruffians, the Gods, shan’t have it all their own way,—her
notion being that the Gods, who never lost a chance of hurting,
thwarting and spoiling human lives were seriously put out if, all the
same, you behaved like a lady. That phase came directly after
Sylvia’s death—that horrible affair. To see your own sister killed by a
falling tree (all Justin Parry’s fault—all his carelessness) before your
very eyes, a girl too on the verge of life, the most gifted of them,
Clarissa always said, was enough to turn one bitter. Later she wasn’t
so positive perhaps; she thought there were no Gods; no one was to
blame; and so she evolved this atheist’s religion of doing good for
the sake of goodness.
And of course she enjoyed life immensely. It was her nature to enjoy
(though goodness only knows, she had her reserves; it was a mere
sketch, he often felt, that even he, after all these years, could make
of Clarissa). Anyhow there was no bitterness in her; none of that
sense of moral virtue which is so repulsive in good women. She
enjoyed practically everything. If you walked with her in Hyde Park
now it was a bed of tulips, now a child in a perambulator, now some
absurd little drama she made up on the spur of the moment. (Very
likely, she would have talked to those lovers, if she had thought them
unhappy.) She had a sense of comedy that was really exquisite, but
she needed people, always people, to bring it out, with the inevitable
result that she frittered her time away, lunching, dining, giving these
incessant parties of hers, talking nonsense, sayings things she didn’t
mean, blunting the edge of her mind, losing her discrimination. There
she would sit at the head of the table taking infinite pains with some
old buffer who might be useful to Dalloway—they knew the most
appalling bores in Europe—or in came Elizabeth and everything
must give way to her. She was at a High School, at the inarticulate
stage last time he was over, a round-eyed, pale-faced girl, with
nothing of her mother in her, a silent stolid creature, who took it all as
a matter of course, let her mother make a fuss of her, and then said
“May I go now?” like a child of four; going off, Clarissa explained,
with that mixture of amusement and pride which Dalloway himself
seemed to rouse in her, to play hockey. And now Elizabeth was “out,”
presumably; thought him an old fogy, laughed at her mother’s
friends. Ah well, so be it. The compensation of growing old, Peter
Walsh thought, coming out of Regent’s Park, and holding his hat in
hand, was simply this; that the passions remain as strong as ever,
but one has gained—at last!—the power which adds the supreme
flavour to existence,—the power of taking hold of experience, of
turning it round, slowly, in the light.
A terrible confession it was (he put his hat on again), but now, at the
age of fifty-three one scarcely needed people any more. Life itself,
every moment of it, every drop of it, here, this instant, now, in the
sun, in Regent’s Park, was enough. Too much indeed. A whole
lifetime was too short to bring out, now that one had acquired the
power, the full flavour; to extract every ounce of pleasure, every
shade of meaning; which both were so much more solid than they
used to be, so much less personal. It was impossible that he should
ever suffer again as Clarissa had made him suffer. For hours at a
time (pray God that one might say these things without being
overheard!), for hours and days he never thought of Daisy.
Could it be that he was in love with her then, remembering the
misery, the torture, the extraordinary passion of those days? It was a
different thing altogether—a much pleasanter thing—the truth being,
of course, that now she was in love with him. And that perhaps was
the reason why, when the ship actually sailed, he felt an
extraordinary relief, wanted nothing so much as to be alone; was
annoyed to find all her little attentions—cigars, notes, a rug for the
voyage—in his cabin. Every one if they were honest would say the
same; one doesn’t want people after fifty; one doesn’t want to go on
telling women they are pretty; that’s what most men of fifty would
say, Peter Walsh thought, if they were honest.
But then these astonishing accesses of emotion—bursting into tears
this morning, what was all that about? What could Clarissa have
thought of him? thought him a fool presumably, not for the first time.
It was jealousy that was at the bottom of it—jealousy which survives
every other passion of mankind, Peter Walsh thought, holding his
pocket-knife at arm’s length. She had been meeting Major Orde,
Daisy said in her last letter; said it on purpose he knew; said it to
make him jealous; he could see her wrinkling her forehead as she
wrote, wondering what she could say to hurt him; and yet it made no
difference; he was furious! All this pother of coming to England and
seeing lawyers wasn’t to marry her, but to prevent her from marrying
anybody else. That was what tortured him, that was what came over
him when he saw Clarissa so calm, so cold, so intent on her dress or
whatever it was; realising what she might have spared him, what she
had reduced him to—a whimpering, snivelling old ass. But women,
he thought, shutting his pocket-knife, don’t know what passion is.
They don’t know the meaning of it to men. Clarissa was as cold as
an icicle. There she would sit on the sofa by his side, let him take her
hand, give him one kiss—Here he was at the crossing.
A sound interrupted him; a frail quivering sound, a voice bubbling up
without direction, vigour, beginning or end, running weakly and shrilly
and with an absence of all human meaning into
ee um fah um so
foo swee too eem oo—
the voice of no age or sex, the voice of an ancient spring spouting

from the earth; which issued, just opposite Regent’s Park Tube
station from a tall quivering shape, like a funnel, like a rusty pump,
like a wind-beaten tree for ever barren of leaves which lets the wind
run up and down its branches singing
ee um fah um so
foo swee too eem oo
and rocks and creaks and moans in the eternal breeze.

Through all ages—when the pavement was grass, when it was
swamp, through the age of tusk and mammoth, through the age of
silent sunrise, the battered woman—for she wore a skirt—with her
right hand exposed, her left clutching at her side, stood singing of
love—love which has lasted a million years, she sang, love which
prevails, and millions of years ago, her lover, who had been dead
these centuries, had walked, she crooned, with her in May; but in the
course of ages, long as summer days, and flaming, she
remembered, with nothing but red asters, he had gone; death’s
enormous sickle had swept those tremendous hills, and when at last
she laid her hoary and immensely aged head on the earth, now
become a mere cinder of ice, she implored the Gods to lay by her
side a bunch of purple heather, there on her high burial place which
the last rays of the last sun caressed; for then the pageant of the
universe would be over.
As the ancient song bubbled up opposite Regent’s Park Tube station
still the earth seemed green and flowery; still, though it issued from
so rude a mouth, a mere hole in the earth, muddy too, matted with
root fibres and tangled grasses, still the old bubbling burbling song,
soaking through the knotted roots of infinite ages, and skeletons and
treasure, streamed away in rivulets over the pavement and all along
the Marylebone Road, and down towards Euston, fertilising, leaving
a damp stain.
Still remembering how once in some primeval May she had walked
with her lover, this rusty pump, this battered old woman with one
hand exposed for coppers the other clutching her side, would still be
there in ten million years, remembering how once she had walked in
May, where the sea flows now, with whom it did not matter—he was
a man, oh yes, a man who had loved her. But the passage of ages
had blurred the clarity of that ancient May day; the bright petalled
flowers were hoar and silver frosted; and she no longer saw, when
she implored him (as she did now quite clearly) “look in my eyes with
thy sweet eyes intently,” she no longer saw brown eyes, black
whiskers or sunburnt face but only a looming shape, a shadow
shape, to which, with the bird-like freshness of the very aged she still
twittered “give me your hand and let me press it gently” (Peter Walsh
couldn’t help giving the poor creature a coin as he stepped into his
taxi), “and if some one should see, what matter they?” she
demanded; and her fist clutched at her side, and she smiled,
pocketing her shilling, and all peering inquisitive eyes seemed
blotted out, and the passing generations—the pavement was
crowded with bustling middle-class people—vanished, like leaves, to
be trodden under, to be soaked and steeped and made mould of by
that eternal spring—
ee um fah um so
foo swee too eem oo
“Poor old woman,” said Rezia Warren Smith, waiting to cross.

Oh poor old wretch!
Suppose it was a wet night? Suppose one’s father, or somebody
who had known one in better days had happened to pass, and saw
one standing there in the gutter? And where did she sleep at night?
Cheerfully, almost gaily, the invincible thread of sound wound up into
the air like the smoke from a cottage chimney, winding up clean
beech trees and issuing in a tuft of blue smoke among the topmost
leaves. “And if some one should see, what matter they?”
Since she was so unhappy, for weeks and weeks now, Rezia had
given meanings to things that happened, almost felt sometimes that
she must stop people in the street, if they looked good, kind people,
just to say to them “I am unhappy”; and this old woman singing in the
street “if some one should see, what matter they?” made her
suddenly quite sure that everything was going to be right. They were
going to Sir William Bradshaw; she thought his name sounded nice;
he would cure Septimus at once. And then there was a brewer’s cart,
and the grey horses had upright bristles of straw in their tails; there
were newspaper placards. It was a silly, silly dream, being unhappy.
So they crossed, Mr. and Mrs. Septimus Warren Smith, and was
there, after all, anything to draw attention to them, anything to make
a passer-by suspect here is a young man who carries in him the
greatest message in the world, and is, moreover, the happiest man
in the world, and the most miserable? Perhaps they walked more
slowly than other people, and there was something hesitating,
trailing, in the man’s walk, but what more natural for a clerk, who has
not been in the West End on a weekday at this hour for years, than
to keep looking at the sky, looking at this, that and the other, as if
Portland Place were a room he had come into when the family are
away, the chandeliers being hung in holland bags, and the caretaker,
as she lets in long shafts of dusty light upon deserted, queer-looking
arm-chairs, lifting one corner of the long blinds, explains to the
visitors what a wonderful place it is; how wonderful, but at the same
time, he thinks, as he looks at chairs and tables, how strange.
To look at, he might have been a clerk, but of the better sort; for he
wore brown boots; his hands were educated; so, too, his profile—his
angular, big-nosed, intelligent, sensitive profile; but not his lips
altogether, for they were loose; and his eyes (as eyes tend to be),
eyes merely; hazel, large; so that he was, on the whole, a border
case, neither one thing nor the other, might end with a house at
Purley and a motor car, or continue renting apartments in back
streets all his life; one of those half-educated, self-educated men
whose education is all learnt from books borrowed from public
libraries, read in the evening after the day’s work, on the advice of
well-known authors consulted by letter.
As for the other experiences, the solitary ones, which people go
through alone, in their bedrooms, in their offices, walking the fields
and the streets of London, he had them; had left home, a mere boy,
because of his mother; she lied; because he came down to tea for
the fiftieth time with his hands unwashed; because he could see no
future for a poet in Stroud; and so, making a confidant of his little
sister, had gone to London leaving an absurd note behind him, such
as great men have written, and the world has read later when the
story of their struggles has become famous.
London has swallowed up many millions of young men called Smith;
thought nothing of fantastic Christian names like Septimus with
which their parents have thought to distinguish them. Lodging off the
Euston Road, there were experiences, again experiences, such as
change a face in two years from a pink innocent oval to a face lean,
contracted, hostile. But of all this what could the most observant of
friends have said except what a gardener says when he opens the
conservatory door in the morning and finds a new blossom on his
plant:—It has flowered; flowered from vanity, ambition, idealism,
passion, loneliness, courage, laziness, the usual seeds, which all
muddled up (in a room off the Euston Road), made him shy, and
stammering, made him anxious to improve himself, made him fall in
love with Miss Isabel Pole, lecturing in the Waterloo Road upon
Shakespeare.
Was he not like Keats? she asked; and reflected how she might give
him a taste of Antony and Cleopatra and the rest; lent him books;
wrote him scraps of letters; and lit in him such a fire as burns only
once in a lifetime, without heat, flickering a red gold flame infinitely
ethereal and insubstantial over Miss Pole; Antony and Cleopatra;
and the Waterloo Road. He thought her beautiful, believed her
impeccably wise; dreamed of her, wrote poems to her, which,
ignoring the subject, she corrected in red ink; he saw her, one
summer evening, walking in a green dress in a square. “It has
flowered,” the gardener might have said, had he opened the door;
had he come in, that is to say, any night about this time, and found
him writing; found him tearing up his writing; found him finishing a
masterpiece at three o’clock in the morning and running out to pace
the streets, and visiting churches, and fasting one day, drinking
another, devouring Shakespeare, Darwin, The History of Civilisation,
and Bernard Shaw.
Something was up, Mr. Brewer knew; Mr. Brewer, managing clerk at
Sibleys and Arrowsmiths, auctioneers, valuers, land and estate
agents; something was up, he thought, and, being paternal with his
young men, and thinking very highly of Smith’s abilities, and
prophesying that he would, in ten or fifteen years, succeed to the
leather arm-chair in the inner room under the skylight with the deed-
boxes round him, “if he keeps his health,” said Mr. Brewer, and that
was the danger—he looked weakly; advised football, invited him to
supper and was seeing his way to consider recommending a rise of
salary, when something happened which threw out many of Mr.
Brewer’s calculations, took away his ablest young fellows, and
eventually, so prying and insidious were the fingers of the European
War, smashed a plaster cast of Ceres, ploughed a hole in the
geranium beds, and utterly ruined the cook’s nerves at Mr. Brewer’s
establishment at Muswell Hill.
Septimus was one of the first to volunteer. He went to France to save
an England which consisted almost entirely of Shakespeare’s plays
and Miss Isabel Pole in a green dress walking in a square. There in
the trenches the change which Mr. Brewer desired when he advised
football was produced instantly; he developed manliness; he was
promoted; he drew the attention, indeed the affection of his officer,
Evans by name. It was a case of two dogs playing on a hearth-rug;
one worrying a paper screw, snarling, snapping, giving a pinch, now
and then, at the old dog’s ear; the other lying somnolent, blinking at
the fire, raising a paw, turning and growling good-temperedly. They
had to be together, share with each other, fight with each other,
quarrel with each other. But when Evans (Rezia who had only seen
him once called him “a quiet man,” a sturdy red-haired man,
undemonstrative in the company of women), when Evans was killed,
just before the Armistice, in Italy, Septimus, far from showing any
emotion or recognising that here was the end of a friendship,
congratulated himself upon feeling very little and very reasonably.
The War had taught him. It was sublime. He had gone through the
whole show, friendship, European War, death, had won promotion,
was still under thirty and was bound to survive. He was right there.
The last shells missed him. He watched them explode with
indifference. When peace came he was in Milan, billeted in the
house of an innkeeper with a courtyard, flowers in tubs, little tables in
the open, daughters making hats, and to Lucrezia, the younger
daughter, he became engaged one evening when the panic was on
him—that he could not feel.
For now that it was all over, truce signed, and the dead buried, he
had, especially in the evening, these sudden thunder-claps of fear.
He could not feel. As he opened the door of the room where the
Italian girls sat making hats, he could see them; could hear them;
they were rubbing wires among coloured beads in saucers; they
were turning buckram shapes this way and that; the table was all
strewn with feathers, spangles, silks, ribbons; scissors were rapping
on the table; but something failed him; he could not feel. Still,
scissors rapping, girls laughing, hats being made protected him; he
was assured of safety; he had a refuge. But he could not sit there all
night. There were moments of waking in the early morning. The bed
was falling; he was falling. Oh for the scissors and the lamplight and
the buckram shapes! He asked Lucrezia to marry him, the younger
of the two, the gay, the frivolous, with those little artist’s fingers that
she would hold up and say “It is all in them.” Silk, feathers, what not
were alive to them.
“It is the hat that matters most,” she would say, when they walked
out together. Every hat that passed, she would examine; and the
cloak and the dress and the way the woman held herself. Ill-
dressing, over-dressing she stigmatised, not savagely, rather with
impatient movements of the hands, like those of a painter who puts
from him some obvious well-meant glaring imposture; and then,
generously, but always critically, she would welcome a shop-girl who
had turned her little bit of stuff gallantly, or praise, wholly, with
enthusiastic and professional understanding, a French lady
descending from her carriage, in chinchilla, robes, pearls.

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Physics for JEE Main and Advanced

Magnetism and EMI 1st Edition Shashi

Prelims.indd 1 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Shashi Bhushan Tiwari

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Prelims.indd 3 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction

Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers.

Printed and bound in India

ISBN (13) : 978-93-5316-390-7

Typeset at Srikrishna Graphics, New Delhi 110092 and printed at

Prelims.indd 4 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Prelims.indd 5 03-12-2019 15:07:39

Prelims.indd 7 03-12-2019 15:07:42

Prelims.indd 9 03-12-2019 15:07:44

I thank to all who helped me in preparation of this book. My special thanks to –

Prelims.indd 11 03-12-2019 15:07:46

Preface vii 5. Motion of a Charged Particle in

Prelims.indd 13 03-12-2019 15:07:48

3.1 Field due to a straight current 

Prelims.indd 14 03-12-2019 15:07:48

8. Transient Current in LR Circuit 5.19 7. Series AC Circuits 6.12

Prelims.indd 15 03-12-2019 15:07:48

9. Previous Years' JEE Questions 9.1–12.18 AC Circuits 9.13

Prelims.indd 16 03-12-2019 15:07:48

Chapter_01.indd 1 03-12-2019 15:10:53

large field in its surrounding. The dipole moment is measure

2.1 Direction of magnetic field

A north pole experiences force in the direction of field.

2.2 Strength of magnetic field

Chapter_01.indd 2 03-12-2019 15:10:53

The resultant field is

Field at broadside – on position Br

BS Field at P can be worked out by using any of the methods

Chapter_01.indd 3 03-12-2019 15:10:55

A magnetic dipole experiences a torque in an external field

2.6 Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a

Chapter_01.indd 4 03-12-2019 15:10:56

2. A common horseshoe magnet is simply a bar magnet that has B2 1

Example 2 A bar magnet of length 2d has magnetic

Field due to the north pole is

Chapter_01.indd 5 03-12-2019 15:10:56

Field at P due to the south pole is

MB The field at a distance x on the perpendicular bisector

Potintial Energy is minimum in this position.

Chapter_01.indd 6 03-12-2019 15:10:59

3. SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Chapter_01.indd 7 03-12-2019 15:11:00

Chapter_01.indd 8 03-12-2019 15:11:02

A charged particle projected perpendicularly 2

Immediately after receiving the velocity the particle starts

Chapter_01.indd 9 03-12-2019 15:11:04

2πm Example 7 One third of a circle in magnetic field

Example 6 Semicircular path in magnetic field

Chapter_01.indd 10 03-12-2019 15:11:04

Example 8 Deflection in a narrow field. Solution

Chapter_01.indd 11 03-12-2019 15:11:05

Chapter_01.indd 12 03-12-2019 15:11:07

A charge moving in a helical path in a uniform B. The figure

The pitch of the helical path is defined as the distance

Example 10 A proton enters into a region having a uniform A

Chapter_01.indd 13 03-12-2019 15:11:08

Preface vii 5. Motion of a Charged Particle in

3.1 Field due to a straight current

2.6 Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a

2. A common horseshoe magnet is simply a bar magnet that has B2 1

The pitch of the helical path is defined as the distance

Example 10 A proton enters into a region having a uniform A

Here, nevd A = I is the current.

8. CURRENT LOOP IN A UNIFORM or, t = F1b sin q = (IaB) b sin q