Tutorial 3

1. What do you understand by the term critical frequency? Calculate the critical frequencies for
the F1, F2 and E layers for which the maximum ionic densities are 2.3 × 106, 3.5 × 106 and
1.7 × 106 electrons per c.c., respectively.
2. Two points on earth are 1500 km apart, and are to communicate by means of HF. For a single
hop transmission, the critical frequency at that time is 7 MHz and conditions are idealized.
Calculate the MUF for those two points if the height of ionospheric layer is 300 km.
3. The observed critical frequencies of E and F layers at Guwahati at particular times are 2.5 MHz
and 8.4 MHz respectively. Calculate the maximum electron concentrations of the layers.
4. Determine the change in electron density of E layer when the critical frequency changes form
4 MHz to 1 MHz between mid-day and sunset.
5. A pulse of a given frequency transmitted upward is received back after a period of 5 ms. Find
the virtual height of the reflecting layer.