TEXT TYPES, FEATURES, LANGUAGE

English: Language B
Index:

I. Article: Page 2 – 3
II. Blog: Page 4 – 5
III. Brochure: Page 6--7
IV. Cover Letter/Personal Statement: Page 8—9
V. Diary or Journal Entry: Page 10 -11
VI. Essay: Page 12—13
VII. Interview: Page 14
VIII. Letter to the Editor: Page 15—16
IX. News Report: Page 17
X. Editorials/Opinion Column: Page 18—19
XI. Formal Letter and Email: Page 20—21
XII. Informal Letter and Email: Page 22
XIII. Proposal: Page 23—24
XIV. Official Report: Page 25—26
XV. Review: Page 27—28
XVI. Guidelines or Set of Instructions: Page 29-31
XVII. Speech or Presentation or Debate: Page 32-33
XVIII. Social Media Posting or Online Forum: Page 34
XIX. Formal vs. Informal Writing: Page 35 –36

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 ARTICLE
PURPOSE FEATURES LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE

An article can piece of writing usually intended Semi-informal Have you ever…
describe a current for publication in a newspaper, May use contractions,
experience, event, magazine or journal for a wide if more informal The best beach you could ever imagine
person or place audience Emotive language
present an opinion or formal or informal, depending Direct quotes You absolutely must …
balanced argument on the target audience Narrative voice
compare and contrast like a direct conversation with Use of questions Can you imagine …
provide information the reader. May include humor, Are you interested in things out of the ordinary?
offer suggestions It has to get attention and be amusing stories,
offer advice interesting click-baiting anecdotes, reported I’m sure you’d agree
in a newspaper or technique speech and I must tell you about …
magazine publication Will have a title and the name of descriptions
similar to an editorial the author Use varied vocabulary Just imagine…
and sometimes news Will have an appropriate and descriptive Are you one of those people…?
report; depends on introduction and conclusion language appropriate
context Should give opinions and for the article. Do you enjoy being surprised?
thoughts, as well as facts. Imagery.
Will make the writer’s Will use a lively You wouldn’t believe…
viewpoint clear magazine style.
Have a grabbing title Will use paragraphing The beauty industry, while it appears to be
May have subheadings and cohesive devices progressing, continues to target women. More
–not too formal-- than 70% of women say they have low self-
Before you begin writing it is important which structure the esteem.
to consider: development of ideas
• where is the article going to effectively
appear - in a newspaper or Word Order in
magazine? adjectives
• who are the intended readers - a Intensifying adjectives
specific group such as students or and adverbs
teenagers, or adults in general? DO NOT use over-
• what is the aim of the article - to personal or over-
2
advise, suggest, inform, compare
and contrast, describe, etc.?
emotional language or
simplistic vocabulary.
DO NOT talk about
yourself. (better 3rd
person)
3

PURPOSE
It is an online journal or
informational website
displaying information in the
reverse chronological order,
with the latest posts appearing
first.
It is a platform where a writer or
even a group of writers share
their views on an individual
subject, giving tips, advice,
personal stories, etc.
It is an account of what
happens, as it happens. It is
written for future reference,
present use. It allows you to
keep a record, look back, reflect
on something that has
happened, give advice. Most
blogs allow you to search
through their archives, using a
tagging and dating system.
BLOG ENTRY
FEATURES
Tip: Blogs often offer advice or
help, especially ‘how to’ blogs.
Use imperative verbs for this.
Personal Experience: Blogs can
be like public diaries or journals.
Anecdotes are common.
Topical: Popular blogs are often
topical, about current affairs that
are important to people.
Voice: Popular bloggers have a
style that followers recognize
and like. It may be informal or
personal.
Opinion: Many blogs clearly
state the writer’s point of view.
Examples: For any opinions,
arguments or suggestions, blog
readers will expect to be given
real-life, supporting examples.
Can be narrative-driven (with a
reverse chronological order of
events, past tenses –travel blog--
or get across our points, so
similar to an essay at times.
However, it depends on the focal
point and how developed the
ideas are meant to be. Should
not just be a story.
Must have a very personal and
direct touch. Interact with
readers, ask them to respond to
your questions, share personal
LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE
Emotive language.
Imperative verbs for tips In my last entry, you may remember we dealt
Narrative voice. with…
Reported Speech for
conversations. So, are you thinking about…?
Descriptive details of
events, thoughts… Okay, you may think that…
Normally written in first
person Now I’ll tell you the good stuff about…
Direct, thought-
provoking questions to Don’t miss my next entries. In short, I’ll talk to
the reader. Imperatives. you about an experience you’ll all be looking
Chatty, informal forward to…
language and register
Maintain awareness of Welcome back to my blog!
the audience through
the use of second Here’s a suggestion…
person pronoun. (You)
Will use paragraphing I recently read…
and cohesive devices –
not formal-- which Last week…
structure the In recent news…
development of ideas
effectively. Short Why can’t we the beauty industry just leave us
paragraphs. Linking ladies alone?
devices but not overly
formal. It is what it is.
Some limited use of
acronyms, emoticons, or Some will call this progress; to me it seems
texting type language. like we’re all still living with blinders on.
Interjections. Example: (idioms)
Lol – (if very informal).
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issues. No way. Boo. Etc. Sport is one obvious example.
Eye-catching Title and For example, For instance…
Subheadings
Must grab the reader’s attention Trust me when I say, try it.
at all times. Be interesting!
Have personality. Here are 5 must-dos when in India: 1. Go to a
Provide background info to set temple. Any temple.
the scene
Maintain awareness of audience.
Address who you are speaking
to.
Will have blog features such as
first-person reflection and
narration, direct approach, sense
of the reader, and spontaneity
Short-paragraphs, even possible
lists and tips, if the context
requires it.
May have sub-headings with
quirky/funny/creative opening
sentences.
Say good-bye to the reader and
invite him/her to keep updated
with your blog.

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PURPOSE
Communicate in a
succinct but efficient way
to relatively small
audience information
about a new product, an
offer, a service or even
call for action. It does not
include much text.
Tri-fold Brochure is a key
feature and tool that
organizations and
businesses use to persuade
and inform readers about
products, services, or
issues.
BROCHURE or LEAFLET or PAMPHLET
FEATURES LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE
They must be concise and written efficiently Use of headings, NATURAL LIFE
and succinctly subheadings and Collection of ideas from people who love
Address your audience directly and clearly bullet points nature and beauty
Engaging, eye-catching title Simple and
Short paragraphs straightforward
Will present lucid overall structure of language FIRST AID-KIT
argument Semi-formal or Don’t be indifferent
Begin with the benefits of your message. informal language Save lives!
Most important info comes first Direct language Welcome to our restaurant!
Make sure you know what the reader must especially when you
do next. Include contact details. know the audience. Don’t stay quiet. Raise your voice!
Panels: Images can stretch across panels. You can use
Writing tends to be in columns. questions WHAT IS STAPLE FOOD?
Style: Bullet points are common for Capital letters,
communicating a message succinctly. change of size/fonts SUMMER FOR KIDS
Negative Space: Refers to white space or and slogans and
unused space. It keeps the layout uncluttered other techniques to Contact us at…
and allows the reader to focus on the main make the message
points of the brochure. stand out Yoga Dreams stands for:
Logo: Company’s Logo should be visible on Testimonials and - physical vitality
the front and back cover panels. quotes - mental strength
Slogan: Catchy phrase that captures both the Facts, Numbers, - positivity
essence of the business and the reader’s Data used to
attention persuade Make a difference now!
Mission Statement: Articulates why the
business does what it does and wants to At Yoga Dreams, we believe in the
achieve. continuous development of the mind, body,
Informative Content: Basic information and soul. (Mission statement)
that answers questions about ‘what’, ‘where’,
‘when’, and ‘how much’ should appear on Guide, Fee, Timetable, Number of users
the inner panels of the pamphlet.
Testimonials: Positive reviews of a product My Thursday morning stress relief session
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or service, given by customers.
Contact Details: Appear on the back panel
and include the business’s address, web
address, e-mail, and phone number
Call to action: What should the reader do
with the information? A call to action can be
an imperative verb that tells the reader how
to respond.
keeps me grounded, balanced, and mindful.
(Testimonial)
Without Yoga Dreams, I would have never
succeeded in my current career. It really
made all the difference. – Lindsay from
Florida (Testimonial)
Try a free trial session this week!

Benefits include:
- less pain
- healthier living
- clearer skin
- positive attitude

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PURPOSE
It is a short, reflective essay you
write about why you’re the
perfect candidate for something
(work, university admission, an
opportunity…)
It is a picture of you as a person,
a student, a potential
scholarship winner or the best
candidate for a work vacancy
COVER LETTER/PERSONAL STATEMENT
FEATURES
An effective personal statement
will answer the following
questions:
Who am I?
Who do I want to be?
What kind of contribution do I
want to make, and how?
Why am I the perfect
candidate?
Should include a brief
overview of who you are, your
strengths and any work
experience and/or education
you've got.
The goal: grab the readers'
interest and make them want to
meet you for an interview.
Even if you have little-to-no
work experience, you can find
other ways to sell yourself,
include your hobbies and
interests that demonstrate skills
which are relevant to the job
you’re applying for
Don’t list only interests.
Demonstrate them.
Must hook the reader’s
attention by adopting a polite,
professional and positive tone
Keep it short, precise.
Concision is important
Should end with your
LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE
Don’t clutter it up with • Dear Hiring Manager:
boring business speak, and
banish clichés such as ‘hard• To whom it may concern
worker’ and ‘works well
individually or as part of a • Dear Human Resources Manager
team • Enthusiastic school leaver with five GCSEs
Powerful positive
looking for an apprenticeship in the
adjectives. Intensifying
adverbs. engineering field
Short anecdotes that speak
•
to your skills and attitudes
Work/Education • I am very interested in the entry level position
terminology that is available…
•
• It is my understanding that you have been
deluged with resumes since…
Possessing good written and verbal
communication and an interest in … which has
spanned my lifetime with a particular passion
for …
A pro-active sales professional with over six
years’ experience
This role has enabled me to develop a valuable
and transferable skill set which stands me in
good stead for…
Looking for a start in the exciting world of …
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objective. It’s a chance to wrap
up your statement with an
explanation of why you want
the role and why you’re the
best candidate.
DO NOT include anything
negative.
DO NOT be vague or
regurgitate generic things.
Your personal statement needs
to be tailored to your specific
skills and achievements.
STAND OUT.
where I can learn a trade and realize a lifetime
ambition.
A big part of my life in high school was
competitive debating. I competed and ranked
highly in numerous tournaments on the
regional, provincial, national, and
international levels
I want to attend The University X because it
has an unparalleled reputation in terms of the
quality of students, faculty, and education.
Thank you for the taking the time to consider
me for such an esteemed opportunity. I look
forward to becoming an addition to your team.
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PURPOSE
It is a record (originally in
handwritten format) with
discrete entries arranged by
date reporting on what has
happened over the course
of a day or other period.
A diary/journal is a
collection of notes, is
strictly a record of personal
and daily experiences
written from a personal and
private perspective.
Can be used for you to
set goals and track your
progress towards these
goals, make decisions, etc.
Can be used to help you
identify negative thought
patterns
Confide your feelings,
emotions, doubts,
questions, reflections about
experiences, etc. It’s very
personal.
DIARY or JOURNAL ENTRY
FEATURES
Very personal, you jot
down your feelings,
reflections so it speaks
your mind.
The beginning of your
journal writing can just be
an introduction to your
thoughts at the time. It is a
reflective exercise.
Write naturally, quickly
and honestly. Can be a
cathartic experience.
Keep each journal entry
dated
Address your diary or
journal. Dear Diary,
Entries can be titled. Short,
grabbing title.
Will have a closing
statement to round off the
entry
Structure: A clear
beginning: Dear Diary,
Dear Journal.
Describe your ideas
Conclusion
Each paragraph should
follow succinctly with the
paragraph before and have
a natural transition. Don’t
LANGUAGE POINTS
“I” statements. First person
perspective.
Start with “Dear Diary” or “Dear
Journal”, some type of opening
Spontaneous, unplanned language
You can use 2nd person as if you
were talking to a friend but you’re
talking to yourself
Finish with a concluding statement
kind of final thought: (who
wonders what will happen…)
Exclamations
Rhetorical questions (How could I
have imagined…)
--I wonder, I suppose, I reckon, I
imagine… typical sentences when
you’re not sure about something.
Conditionals.
Will not use self-evident
explanatory phrases or sentences,
e.g. will use “I saw Alicia”, not “I
saw Alicia, my best friend”.
Write inspirational quotes
Some limited use of texting
language and emoticons as well as
little drawings is admissible. (Lol.
Wow. Boo. Meh. Seriously?)
Date: May 16th, 2021
Opening: Dear Diary: Dear
Journal:
LANGUAGE IN USE
I wonder that will happen if…
It’s hard to understand why I feel like this but
who knows…
Sometimes I feel like I’m…
I shouldn’t have said…
I don’t want to think about…
The other day I read the following quote (..)
which made me think of…
Do you really think this is admissible?
Exclamations, imperatives, repetitions,
exaggerations, descriptive / colorful adjectives,
rhetorical questions; Why would they do that?
Intimate and personal vocabulary, emotional
expressions (Today, I feel quite blue due to the
current situation regarding climate change.)
(Never vulgar!) - Keep it classy
Colloquial language
Subjunctive – I wish that I could.... I wish I
were.... (Conditional)
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jump from one idea to Speak to your diary: Only you can
another that have nothing understand me.... I can only talk to Connectors – If only...., Meanwhile...Also
to do with one another. you.
Stick to the topic Emotions: I’m so angry about...I Interjections – Oh my gosh! Wow! Did you
am truly living a nightmare of a know? I couldn’t believe it! Exciting! Scary!
time. I’m furious...I am elated.
Ending /departure statements: I’m
exhausted. Going to hit the hay.
Talk to you tomorrow. Write to
you tomorrow. (This is a good
place to use idioms and
expressions.)

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PURPOSE
It is a short piece of writing for
academic purposes. An essay
consists of several paragraphs
about a certain topic. An
expository essay is a type of
writing that evaluates and
explains a certain issue or a
topic, whereas an argumentative
essay contains not only statistics
and facts but writer’s personal
ideas and persuasion.
Essays are very concise and
coherent way of presenting an
argument and persuading
readers.
ESSAYS
FEATURES
Contains a thesis: a statement or
an opinion that is discussed in a
logical way and presented with
evidence in order to prove that
it is true
Structured composed by 1) a
question or title with a stimulus,
2) an opening as a general
presentation of the topic in one
or two sentences introduction
with the thesis, 3) the body,
which consists of three or more
supporting paragraphs which
expand on the topic and 4) the
closing, with one, two or three
sentences that summaries, wrap
up the main idea, restating it in
a more memorable tone
Clear, justified examples for
everything
Well-structured paragraphs
Well-argued ideas
Must sound convincing
Can show different patterns
(zigzagging, one-sided,
opposition’s arguments first,
counterarguments and refute
them.)
Hook: Start with a generally
accepted truth or interesting
question; something to grab the
reader’s attention.
LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE
Formal language and In the following essay we are going to
register. DO NOT use analyze…
contractions.
Cohesive devices and As we will see later it cannot be forgotten,
linkers (addition,
contrasting, cause- Furthermore…
consequence
relationships, concluding It is obvious that…
justifying, sequence…)
Can be written in first To put it another way
person or in a more
indirect voice (passive, Another key factor to remember…
third person). Depends
on context. Needless to say, …
With this in mind…
In view, in light of…
Having said that…
All things considered….
In view of our nation’s tragic history of
segregation and discrimination, lawmakers
realized that action was necessary…. (Hook)
Affirmative Action includes giving minority
citizens preferential treatment for college
admission and scholarship purposes. (Topic)
The continuance of affirmative action into
12
Topic: What will this essay be
exploring. Needs to be
introduced and defined clearly
in the introduction.
Thesis Statement: Main
argument or message, which is
introduced at the end of the
introduction.
Topic Sentence: Indicates what
the paragraph will be about.
Makes a claim that connects to
the thesis.
Evidence and Support: Used
to prove the point of the topic
sentence and thesis statement.
Explanation: How does the
evidence prove the point?
Explanation, evaluation,
analysis. Part of the body
paragraphs.
Conclusion: Echo the thesis
statement and restate
arguments.
Introduction: 3 Body
Paragraphs: Conclusion
Body Paragraphs: Points
(Topic Sentence). Evidence.
Explanations.
modern society has become more of a plague
than a benefit. The court should abolish
affirmative action in college admissions once
and for all. (Thesis)
The biggest problem with affirmative action is
simple. Using discrimination to combat
discrimination encourages racial hatred in our
society. (Topic sentence)
By being discriminated against, whites and
Asian-Americans may feel resentment toward
those races that have been selected as the most
elite of the disadvantaged. (Evidence)
Reversing the direction of inequality does not
bring anyone closer to equality. (Explanation)
It all boils down to a single underlying
question: Should it be legal to discriminate
against people based on the color of their skin?
Answer that, and we’ve answered whether we
should continue affirmative action.
(Conclusion)
13

PURPOSE FEATURES
A It is essentially a dialogue,
structured conversation where well-structured and
one participant coherent dialogue.
asks questions, and the other Eye-catching title
provides answers. In Short introduction
common parlance, the word providing background
"interview" refers to a one- about the interviewee and
on-one conversation between the interview (Who, What,
an interviewer and Where, Why, When, How)
an interviewee. in the first paragraph
Will not be a
verbatim transcript. Must
look like an article.
Clarify and ask for
examples, point out,
contradict or show
disagreement
Analyze and reflect
attitude, position, eye-
contact, feelings, non-
verbal language
You can inject humor
Name of the author should
be included
INTERVIEW
LANGUAGE POINTS
Informal to semi-formal
register. DO NOT use
contractions except if the
speaker uses them.
Will use a style aimed at
involving and interesting
the reader.
Will refer to the interview,
including direct quotations
and/or reported speech not
only verbs but expressions
like ‘When asked about….
On the subject of….
Regarding….
Description and
personality vocabulary
and language. Tell details
of why topics are
addressed.
Strong sense of
interviewer’s voice
Creating a vivid imagery
like a visualized story in
the minds of the readers.
Active voice.
Quotation Marks for
figures of speech
Sequence Connectors.
Narrative features.
Special Typo (square
brackets, colons, commas)
LANGUAGE IN USE
And then we moved on to…, we discussed…, then we
proceeded…,
When asked about…, on the subject of…regarding
He explained, she commented, they pointed out…
Here s/he hesitated, mumbled, groaned, offered the
following advice, explained in tears…
Last week, I had the pleasure to sit down with Beyonce
at her country home in North Carolina to talk about
her most recent music video that has received both
praise and faced criticism. Once we were both
comfortable in her quiet, rustic recording studio,
Beyonce opened up to me about the onslaught of both
positive and negative reviews of her video.
Smith (Interviewer): ‘First of all, I want to say what an
honor it is to be in your recording studio today with
you. Is this where you first began writing and
imagining the video…...?’
Beyonce: ‘As a matter of fact, it is….’ She took a few
minutes to consider the question with a smile, fondly
remembering the writing process.
We still may not have a black or white answer to
whether Beyonce’s music video pays homage to Africa
or is another in a long line of stereotypical costumed
‘Out of Africa’ wannabes; however, there is one thing
we can all agree on: Beyonce never disappoints.
14

PURPOSE
It is a letter sent to
a publication about issues of
concern from its readers. Usually,
letters are intended for publication.
Is there a cause or opinion you
could write about in a letter to the
editor? Is there an article you’ve
read, to which you would like to
respond? An advertisement,
current affair or event that needs
addressing or critically refuted?
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
FEATURES
It consists of 1) an
introduction where we
present our reason for writing
and our opinion about the
topic, 2) then we present our
arguments/the problems,
together with
consequences/suggestions/res
ults, in separate paragraphs
and 3) the conclusion, where
we summarize our opinion or
write it again using different
words and we call for action
if our proposals are not
considered
Will refer to the original
article/issue raised.
Will include the name and the
address of the person writing
Be timely and sincere.
Respond within a few days to
articles that appear in the
paper, especially prominent
articles or editorial page
opinions
You can refute information or
opinions in the published
articles, or you can support
them.
Most important points should
come first
You can make a call to
LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE
Extremely formal, distant
and even reproaching tone I am writing to express my support
– you normally write
because you fully disagree for/(dis)approval of …
with something written--.
DO NOT abbreviate. I am writing to you to express my concerns
Will adopt an appropriately
about the advertisement I saw in your
serious tone
Connecting linkers to publication last week.
sequence or list points and
emphasize the situation I am writing with regard to …
(firstly, secondly,
furthermore, what is more,
therefore…) In the above-mentioned article, you raised
Frequent expressions and some issues…
linkers to express opinion
and intention (I would like
to recommend, I would like to bring your attention that this
highlight…in my opinion, is not true…
the purpose of writing this
letter is…)
Use of the subjunctive (i.e., I am absolutely convinced readers will agree
after expressions like It is with me…
urgent, we demand that…)
as well as other formal
structures. This is an issue I feel strongly committed to…
Use of resources to get
across your ideas clearly I hope my comments/suggestions/points will
(objection, support) and be taken into consideration.
emphasize your point of
view. Show conviction. Expecting prompt action.
Intensifying adverbs and
15
action.
Polite but assertive tone
Should provide evidence
backing up your views
Should always reflect the
desire/hope of the writer to
see things changed
Will include a polite greeting
and a closing salutation.
Recommended to use
personal title, contact data…
adjectives should appear. I kindly request that you pull the ad from all
Proper use of intensifiers, media and publish a formal apology.
such as adverbs to
emphasize your speech but Yours faithful reader
avoid exaggeration,
informal, emotive
language, idioms or
deliberate misspellings
(gonna) and of course,
swearing.
16

PURPOSE
A piece of writing found in
newspapers and their
purpose is to inform
readers of what is
happening in the world
around them, current, and
pressing events.
It is helpful to ask: Who?
What? When? Where?
Why? How? in order to
write a complete News
Report.
NEWS REPORT
FEATURES LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE
Contains facts, impact, and context. Keep it objective. Slant According to (our sources, a dramatic
The inverted pyramid. Most important doesn’t mean biased. testimony from…)
info comes first. Formal language.
5 W’s in the text: Who, What, When, Complete sentences. DO It is understood, believed, considered…
Where, Why, How NOT use contractions
Relevant and Current Common use of the People/witnesses interviewed on the spot
Structure: 1) (relevant) Headline, 2) passive voice and affirmed/declared, claimed…
Standfirst, 3) By-line, 4) Leading reporting passive but DO
paragraphs, 5) Supporting and NOT overuse it or the S/he (then) added, emphasized,
concluding paragraphs style will be affected. highlighted…
One idea for one paragraph. Past / Perfect tenses
Headline: Grabs the reader’s attention Personal opinions not 18-Year-Old Student From Tamil Nadu
and captures the essence of the news expressed directly Designs World’s Largest Satellite Weighing
story Avoid emotive language Just 64 Grams
Newsworthiness: Answers the question: and signs (ellipsis, (Headline. Every word is capitalized.)
Why does the reader need to know about exclamations). Keep an
this piece of information or event and objective opinion. Sharook is set to break a global space
why should they care? Use speculative language record by launching the lightest satellite in
Source: Draw on reliable sources in if you can’t provide all the world.
order to be credible. Otherwise, it is the evidence.
hearsay. Don’t get flowery. Avoid Speaking to Times of India Pallapatti,
Quotations: Quote sources directly in long sentences. Be Sharook said…
news articles. Adds credibility. concise and to the point.
Context: Readers might not know the Quote people who speak The main role of the (….) is to
background story of the news event. or use reported speech. demonstrate…
Briefly describe what happened before May use subheadings
the events outlined in the News Report. Specific terminology He said that…She stated that…We heard
Facts: Numbers, dates, people’s names, (politics, law, from…
statistics, and any facts add credibility to economy…)
news. Explain abbreviations
Photograph: Accompanied by a first time you use them.
photograph that illustrates the news story.
17

PURPOSE
Editorials are an article in a
newspaper or other periodical
presenting the opinion of the
publisher, editor or editors. It
is the opinion of the
newspaper's editorial board
or the senior leadership of the
paper. On the contrary,
opinion columns are
generally written by staff
members of the newspaper or
invited guests. It is their
personal opinion about
issues.
EDITORIALS or OPINION COLUMN
FEATURES
They are both designed to
stimulate public debate
Powerful headline that grabs
readers’ attention and persuades
them to read the piece (sometimes
called a “kicker”)
An introductory paragraph can
begin with a dramatic moment to
arise attention, explains fully the
event and/or situation
The text has a powerful
conclusion reminding the reader
of the main idea or suggesting a
course of action
Very persuasive language but you
needn’t ignore the opinions of
others. The best opinion articles
refer to other viewpoints and
refute them.
Include facts, especially unknown
ones, to support your argument.
Logos: appeal to logic to persuade
your readers
They can use the same
argumentative techniques as
essays with more adjectives and
descriptive language.
Direct style
Editorials may invite readers to
send then letters to the editor
commenting on the topic.
Editorials would never be
LANGUAGE POINTS
You may use quotes –
especially at the
beginning—to emphasize
your position and set the
tone of the article.
Consider the relationship
between you, as an expert
opinion, and your
readership. Use appropriate
vocabulary and register.
You can use quotations
The use of “We” implies
that we all should share the
same view. Common
technique to grab attention.
Emotive words: extreme
adjectives, intensifying
adverbs…
Very correct use of
connectors and linkers.
Opinion columns can go
further in using more
emotive, conversational
language.
Opinion columns must be
efficient in terms of size.
They are constrained by
word limit newspaper.
Opinion columns show the
writer establishing
themselves as an authority
of the topic. There is a
LANGUAGE IN USE
“Yesterday the Supreme Court ruled that bus
segregation was unconstitutional”
“The death sentences handed down by a
Saudi court to five anonymous men in the
killing of the journalist Jamal Khashoggi at the
Saudi Consulate in Istanbul only add
another level of infamy to the foul murder.”
(dramatic moments)
We are living the most crucial, powerful
moment...This can be a powerfully great
experience or a traumatic ordeal....
The cynical conclusion of all this process is
that...
It is time that we declare, demand, call for
action...
It is reasonable to assume...
It is doubtful/ the pretense that justice has
been even remotely served must not be given
any credence
(newspaper’s name) is committed to
publishing a diversity of letters to the editor.
We’d like to hear what you think about this
or any of our articles. Here’s our email:
18
identified, not writing from an ‘I’ powerful sense of the
point of view, but from a general writer’s voice.
opinion of the publication. DO NOT use contractions.
Never attack a person directly, but Rhetorical questions
rather an organization.
Editorials would have a date
Opinion columns will show the
name of the writer at the
beginning, under headline or
standfirst.
Opinion columns may contain a
brief biodata and references at the
end to ensure the audience
remember that the writer is
knowledgeable.

19

PURPOSE
With regards to formal letters and
communication in the English-
Speaking World, it is important to
state very clearly why you are
writing and what you want the
reader or recipient to do in response
to your letter (call to action.)
Always ask:
1. Who is the writer?
2. Why am I writing this
letter?
3. Who is the reader?
4. When was it written/
FORMAL LETTERS/EMAILS
FEATURES
Addresses: (Letter only.
Not Email.) Write your
own address first, followed
by the address of the
person to whom you are
writing. These can be
written on either the top
left or top right.
Date: 28 August 2021
Formal Emails: Will
include all letter features
EXCEPT addresses and
date.
Greeting: Important to
remain formal. Ex. Dear
Mr., Dear Mrs.…., To
whom it may concern,
Dear Marketing
Department, etc.
Direct Opening: Explain
why you are writing your
letter. You should make the
point clearly at the
beginning. The reader
might not want to read the
rest of your letter if you do
not state your main point
from the start.
Concise Argument:
Letters tend to be shorter.
(Will be closer to the 450
LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE
Extremely formal I am writing to express my support
DO NOT abbreviate or use
contractions. for/(dis)approval of …;
Will adopt an appropriately
serious tone I am writing with regard to …
Connecting linkers to
sequence or list points and
emphasize the situation In the above-mentioned article, you raised
(firstly, secondly, some issues…
furthermore, what is more,
therefore…)
Frequent expressions and I would like to bring your attention…
linkers to express opinion
and intention (I would like I am absolutely convinced…
to recommend), (I would
like to highlight), (In my
opinion, the purpose of It is urgent that your company releases an
writing this letter is…) apology….
Use of the subjunctive
Use of resources to get
across your ideas clearly I kindly ask that you….
(objection, support) and I respectfully request that….
emphasize your point of
view.
Show conviction. This is an issue I feel strongly committed
Intensifying adverbs and to…
adjectives should appear.
Proper use of intensifiers, I hope my comments/suggestions/points will
such as adverbs to be taken into consideration.
emphasize your letter.
Avoid exaggeration, Expecting prompt action
20
minimum word limit.) informal, emotive
Make an effective and language, idioms or Respectfully
concise argument in the deliberate misspellings Kind regards
second and third (gonna) and of course,
paragraphs, explaining why swearing. No vulgarities.
the reader should care
about the complaint,
suggestion, etc.
Call to Action: What
should the reader do after
reading your letter? Offer
the editor a solution.
Salutation and Signature:
There is no need to be
original or especially
creative. ‘Kind regards’ is
very business-like. Be sure
to write your name in full
below your signature. Ex.
Kind regards, Sincerely
(more personal), All the
best (less formal),
Respectfully (formal)

21
 INFORMAL PERSONAL LETTERS/EMAILS
PURPOSE FEATURES
Establish a personal Will maintain clear sense of address to
relationship with a specific person: sense of dialogue
the reader through Must be an entertaining paper able to
writing show emotions
Tells anecdotes clearly. Arouse
interest
Simple sentence structure
Appropriate connectors for an
abundant use of short sentences.
Check register of these
Appropriate opening and closing
salutation
Closing statement (excuse) and
signing off
Typical letter of email format
(recipient address, fields) suggested
LANGUAGE POINTS
Use informal, colloquial language
which remains easily understandable
Direct questions and comments that
would “require” an answer
Will adopt a consistently informal
register
Informal language, including phrasal
verbs, informal vocabulary,
contractions, question tags.
Will adopt a lively, engaging tone and
style, perhaps with some “youth-
speak”
Control of digression. Limited texting
and emoticons allowed. Spelling or
grammar “oral flaws must be
purposeful and appear purposeful’
Exclamations and emotional signs.
Never vulgar.
LANGUAGE IN USE
How’re u? It’s been ages since…sorry
but I’ve been too busy doing…
I’m good, can’t wait your answer
Btw, anyway, …
It’s awful, I feel devastated…
Well, that’s enough about this! How’re
you?
I need to leave not but write soon and
tell me…
Take care!
22

PURPOSE
They are a document that starts by
describing the situation in a
business, school, club, or other
organization you might be part of
or not and being direct in a
proposed change that needs to take
place. They are usually directed
towards an organization or an
entity.
The difference between a report and
a proposal is that in the latter we
have to give recommendations on
improving the situation.
Basically they:
describe a situation, problem and
findings
uses data, experiments, studies,
surveys, summarizes data
draws conclusions based on
findings
informative and proposing a direct
change
PROPOSAL
FEATURES
Eye-Catching Title and Direct
Subtitles
Situation/Problem: Include
who / the community that this
proposal will affect
Very concise with what the
problem is and why it is
a problem
Summary of Your Proposed
Solution: Steps Involved: What
must be done.
Necessary Personnel: Are you
going to need 200 workers?
Are you going to need video
editors? Who do you need to
get this done?
Budget? Is this going to cost
something? How much? Detail.
Tool or proponent going to
cost.
Tools? What are you going to
need? Photoshop, a printer,
shovels, paint, solar panels
Benefits: Positive Outcomes
Repeat the main problem and
proposal.
Overarching goal – Revenue
that it will generate – Health
Benefits?
Potential Obstacles
Information of how to reach
you if proposal is accepted.
LANGUAGE POINTS
Clear and Concise
Language
Careful with Meandering
sentences
Simple, easy to understand
language
No idioms. No contractions.
Formal Language
Passive voice and 3rd
Person (Similar to Official
Report)
LANGUAGE IN USE
Situation: Customer calls to our helpline are
currently answered by an assistant who asks the
customer if they are calling to report a new
problem or to check the status of a previously
reported issue.
Proposed Solution: The role of the assistant
who answers the call could easily be replaced
by an automated system, which would allow the
customer to press 1 for a new problem or 2 for
a previously reported issue. If the customer
pressed 2, they would be prompted to enter
their Incident ID #.
Steps Involved: 1. Purchase a new phone
routing system that would allow these
capabilities. 2. Program and test the new
routing system. 3. Convert Incident ID #s from
a combination of letters and numbers to
numbers only. 4. Communicate the new
workflow to customer service representatives.
Benefits: ● The new process would eliminate
the need for assistants to answer customer
calls, freeing them up for other tasks. Each
assistant typically answers 30 calls per day. At
an average of 42 seconds per call, this would
give each assistant an additional 21 minutes
per day.
Potential Obstacles: ● The cost of the new
phone routing system (approximately $700
23
If proposal is deemed dollars). This cost would be miniscule
acceptable, please contact me compared with the savings over time associated
at: email, phone number with the additional capacity of the assistants.

No solution is going to please every customer,

but most consumers today expect to be greeted
with an automated system when calling a
business.

24

PURPOSE
They are document that start by
describing the situation in a
business, school, club, or other
organization you might be part of
or not.
The difference between a report and
a proposal is that in the latter we
have to give recommendations on
improving the situation.
Basically they:
describe a situation and findings
similar to an extended essay
structure
uses data, experiments, studies,
surveys, summarizes data
draws conclusions based on
findings
informative
OFFICIAL REPORT
FEATURES
It is always directed to a very
specific audience. Before you
start, ask yourself to whom, why
and for what purpose are you
writing this report.
Will have an introduction or
statement of needs, a body with
clear solutions and benefits and a
conclusion reiterating purpose and
main argument, including the
potential problems if our solutions
are not considered.
Support always your argument
with evidence (i.e., surveys or
statistics)
Very informative. It focuses on the
action and the facts more than on
opinions. It is NOT a personal
text.
Title and Subtitles: Every report
needs a title and subtitle.
Simple/’Boring’ titles are fine, as
they often cover the scope of the
report best.
Sponsors: Who has commissioned
the report? Readers will want to
know who is responsible for
funding and carrying out the
research.
Table of Contents/Index:
Necessary for readers who wish to
quickly scan the report
LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE
Be concise and precise. Culture at Work: The value of intercultural
Short, clear paragraphs. skills at the workplace. (Title)
Formal! DO NOT use
‘I’, ‘We’, or ‘You’. Ipsos is the third largest market research
Sections identified by company in the world…
numbers / letters / Booz Allen Hamilton has been the forefront of
bullets strategy and technology consulting for nearly a
High level of formality. century. (Sponsors)
DO NOT use
contractions or phrasal List of contents: Foreword (2), Summary (3),
verbs. Conclusions (2), etc. (Table of Contents)
Impersonal, courteous
distant language: 3rd This research suggests that there is significant
person, passive forms. opportunity for employers, policy makers, and
Avoid language such as education providers to work together to
“might”, “hope”, strengthen the development of intercultural
“should”, “hope”, skills to meet the needs of an increasingly
“perhaps” global workforce. (Conclusions)
Avoid exaggerated or
formal expressions. Forward = Abstract
Objective language at all
times. The modern workplace is increasingly
globalized and competitive. (Abstract)
For job seekers the research findings suggest
that they must pay attention to the intercultural
skills needed by employers. (Abstract)
To answer these questions, Ipsos PublicAffairs
conducted a survey of HR
managers…(methodology)
25
Conclusion: Reiterate previous The aim / objective of this proposal, this report
points. Sometimes it is appropriate is intended to…
to further suggest areas for further
study. As (the school, company, council) may be
Appendices: An appendix is an aware…
addition to a report, and it may
include raw data, survey questions, Following a survey amongst…
articles, or primary sources.
Abstract: Summarizes the key A number of concerns with regards…were
findings of the research and it expressed…
describes the context in which the
research was conducted These measures would eliminate/enhance/….
Synthesis: Act of processing the cost would be miniscule compared to…
multiple sources and basing claims
on them. In order to/ So as to accomplish these
Methodology: Readers of reports objectives…
want to know how research was
conducted. A section of the Not only will customer service be improved…
methodology comes toward the
beginning of the report. Unless these measures are taken…
Findings: Aims to acquire results
and report on its findings. The
term ‘findings’ is broad and
includes both the data or evidence
that have been gathered and the
conclusions that are based on
them.
Labelling and Captions: These
are useful for in-text referencing
and an easier reading experience.
Graphs, charts, tables,
diagrams, or figures: Visual
representation of data.

26

PURPOSE
It is a report in a newspaper or
magazine, or on the Internet,
television or radio, in which
somebody gives their opinion of
a book, event, play, film/movie,
etc.
When readers read reviews,
they want to know: ‘Should I
see this movie? Should I visit
this exhibition?’ When writing
reviews, be sure that the
readers’ questions are
answered. Note: They will not
read a novel because you write
‘I think it is good.’ Your
arguments must be stronger
than this. It is NOT
RECOMMENDED to use the
phrase ‘I think.’
REVIEW
FEATURES LANGUAGE POINTS
Made up by: Will adopt a consistent
1.) Eye-catching and creative title, that register (informal,
alludes to opinion review semi-formal or formal)
2.) Summary with details, credits, etc. but you’d better NOT
3.) Body consisting of: Introduction, use contractions.
Supporting paragraphs, erdict or Can use first or third
recommendation person depending on
Not only summarize key points but the approach to the
evaluating the work reader.
Never mention spoiler details May sound chatty or
Think about the publication, your role expert insightful ideas
there, the audience and decide if your depending on the
attitude will be opinionated, balanced, audience
humorous, intelligent… May use sense of
Use a lead or attention-grabber: Hook humor to sound
Will use a tone and style to engage the authentic if register
reader. Have personality. allows it.
Will have a title intended to attract and Very descriptive.
interest the reader. Make sure you sound Abundance of
knowledgeable. powerful adverbs and
Will use a lively, direct style aimed to adjectives.
interest and entertain the readers. Will Twists and turns
express enthusiasm, either positive or between the subjective
negative. and the objective view
DO NOT write as if it were a script but and comparatives
tell the information in structured based on expectations,
paragraphs previous works:
Will include the name of the reviewer. correct and frequent
Credit those involved in what you are use of connectors.
reviewing. Connectors that give
May use a system of ratings; this should sequence and
be rewarded. coherence to the plot-
LANGUAGE IN USE
I must recognize, I had some doubts before
watching….I expected it…
The film/book gives us insight into…
The film serves as great entertainment…
The music conveys a sad/happy/melancholy
atmosphere
The music underlines a mood/evokes
feelings/shows a character’s
emotions/connects scenes
It is an extremely worthwhile watch/read…
It will change the way you think/see…
It is an unbelievably depicted portrayal of…
True to (writer, director’s) style…
Overall, I would recommend it especially…
Last week…
(Includes facts or quotations)
‘Aren’t the days of the British Spies over?’
(Questions or claims are good hooks.)
‘It’s the first Bond film of its kind, with stronger
female characters, a humbler British
27
Newsworthy: A review of anything is telling part. intelligence agency and a softer James Bond.
more relevant and meaningful if it is Use of present tenses It’s a long overdue but welcomed change.’
about something new. preferred over past
Hook: Start your review with something ones. DO NOT mix Juno is both firm and fair, strong and feminine.
that grabs the audience’s attention them. Bond is a changed man.
Thesis: As in an essay, a review should Lots of book/film
have an argument. Every good review terminology. Bond appears softer. James is tempted to pack
focuses on why the reader should or May use sub-headings, it all up. (Present tense.)
should not see the movie or read the if desired.
book. The thesis also outlines the scope Limited Summary Sam Mendes challenges audiences on their
of the review. In other words, what will views of masculinity and power.
the review be about.
Interpretation: The reviewer’s You could say it’s only shaken, not stirred.
interpretation should be clear. (Humor and referencing a famous movie
Adjectives work best to express opinion. quote.)
Present Tense: Always write about
novels, films, apps, exhibitions in the
present tense.
Limited Summary: The audience is
curious to know more about the plot and
characters. Good reviews limit the
amount of summary information, to
keep audiences curious and to avoid
‘spoilers.
Credits: The name of the director,
author, or artist should always be
mentioned. Reviews comment on the
creator’s intentions.
Humor/Personality: Good reviews are
fun to read. Humor can lighten criticism.

28
 SET OF INSTRUCTIONS OR GUIDELINES OR CODE OF CONDUCT
PURPOSE
They are texts that help you
make choices when deciding
on a course of action. When
you’re faced with a problem
or decision, guidelines set
out standard routines or good
practice to follow, a set of
instructions, or a code of
conduct.
FEATURES
They are know-how and so they rely
heavily on instructions.
They do not simply give orders, they
suggest solutions and procedures
Cautions, warnings or specifying
statements are common
Divide the main topic in elements or
categories. Break down instructions
into small steps so each section is
easy to follow with enough detail to
help the reader.
Heading and Subheadings
Address your audience clearly
Be precise and concise
If it is a process, it should be
organized chronologically
Very factual
You can add useful diagrams,
illustrations or photographs to help
the reader understand your advice
Should have a clear, supportive title
and a conclusion that signals
completion of task
Should be easy to read
Rationale: The opening paragraph
explains why they are needed and
how they relate to a wider
philosophy, similar to a Mission
Statement or Purpose.
Passive and ‘obligation’ verbs:
Should tell someone what to do, but
in a polite way, and without
LANGUAGE POINTS
Common use of the
imperative form, especially
to give instructions,
although it can follow an
indirect speech in the form
of a paragraph. Never
should sound forceful
though
Bullet points, numbers or
headings and subheadings
are common
Will adopt a semi-formal
register possibly with
informal touches, other
times very formal.
Address readers directly but
politely, not bossy. Modal
verbs
Sequentially ordered steps.
Sequence connectors
Choose your words
carefully,
avoiding jargon and
technical terms if you can.
Give an example or
an analogy, if you think a
statement may puzzle a
reader.
Short, to the point ideas.
Very often connectors are
dropped out. Not used
often.
LANGUAGE IN USE
DO NOT PUT YOUR RECYCLING IN
PLASTIC BAGS – It cannot be processed at
the recycling center
SORTING OUT YOUR TRASH
1. …
2. …
10 Tips to Keep Using your Household
Appliances Longer
Simple instructions to change a bulb
Firstly, turn off the electricity.
Secondly, remove the light bulb.
Then, screw in the new light bulb
Please remember, this does not incorporate
batteries
And finally, the …should work as you plug it
to…
Because our industry requires the appearance
of trusted business professionals and we serve
clients at our site on a daily basis, a formal
dress code is necessary for our employees.
(Rationale)
Saturday is declared…(Passive voice)
Clothing should be pressed. (Modal verb)
29
sounding too forceful. Change of size/fonts used Formal Business Attire Recommendations:
Headings: Should not take too long Passive voice (Heading)
to read. Headings, numbered points,
and short sentences help make the A professional appearance is encouraged.
text clear and easy to understand. Saturday is declared informal attire day.
Avoid Pronouns and First Person: Not wearing stockings is considered
‘I’, ‘We’, or ‘You’ are not generally inappropriate.
used in policy documents. The use of Individuals are expected to adhere to these
‘he’, ‘she’, and ‘they’ is rare. Instead guidelines.
it is common to write about things, (Avoiding pronouns)
roles, and abstractions.
Present Tense: Notice that Hats are not appropriate in the office.
guidelines are written in the present (Present Tense)
tense.
Consequences and Repercussions: If an employee fails to meet these standards,
‘If X does not happen, Y will.’ the employee will be asked not to wear the
Usually communicated without inappropriate item to work again.
sounding confrontational. Guidelines (Consequences)
focus more on the action rather than
the person. Useful Vocabulary:
- Being a part of
- Contributing to
- Belonging to
- Following
- Maintain
- Uphold
- Enact
- Reinforce
- Starting point
- Corner stone
- Foundation
- Advantage
- Prerequisite
- Requirement
- Permitted
- Allowed

30
- Tolerated
- Seen favorably
- Needed
- Desired
- Necessary
- Dealt with
- Admonished
- Reprimanded
- Taken care of
- Adhere to
- Violate
- Break
- Infringe
- Discharging
- Removal of
- Confiscating
- Taking away

31
 SPEECH / INTRODUCTION TO DEBATE/ PRESENTATION
PURPOSE
It is a text addressed to a
listening audience where the
speaker wants to make
impact, hold attention,
convince them of an idea,
inspire, motivate…
For speeches, it is important
to keep your audience in
mind. Who are they and what
are their beliefs? How can you
appeal to their beliefs to
convey your message?
FEATURES
Imagery: Good speeches appeal
to the audiences’ senses of sight
and sound.
Anecdote: Small, short stories
that explain a bigger idea
Pathos: Speakers appeal to
emotion. Why should the
audience care about the speech’s
message?
Anaphora: Audiences are more
likely to remember and follow a
speech if there is repetition.
Ethos: Appeal to a sense of
ethics.
Antithesis: Showing a contrast
between two things helps the
speaker make a point.
Problem/Solution: Persuasive
speeches often present a
problem. Which the speaker aims
to solve
Parallelism: Sentence structures
that have. Parallel forms
Allusion: Subtle reference to
something that people know and
value
Logos: Appeal to logic. Includes
words such as ‘if’, ‘then’, and
‘because’ to persuade the
audience.
It has a clear purpose: entertain,
demonstrate, welcome, persuade,
LANGUAGE POINTS
Semi formal to informal
register. It is intended to
be spoken. You may use
contractions to make it
more fluent depending
on the register. Full
forms can help you be
better heard.
Understandable
vocabulary
Will use paragraphing
and cohesive devices
which structure the
development of ideas
effectively
May have flashes of
humor and personality.
Greeting expressions to
the audience
Use of pronouns or
direct speech.
Emotive language
resources to keep
contact with your
audience (rhetorical
devices: lists of three,
repetitions, direct or
rhetorical questions,
discourse markers,
question tag,
imperatives, abstract
nouns (I have a dream)
LANGUAGE IN USE
Dear sirs and madams
It is a pleasure to be here today, speaking on
behalf of….
Thank you to all who have traveled from distant
lands to hear me speak on…
I feel very deeply honored and privileged to…
Well, I am here today to tell to you why it is
imperative…
If there’s a child, If there’s a senior citizen, If
there’s an Arab-American….
It is a fundamental belief—I am my brother’s
keeper, I am my sister’s keeper—that makes this
country work.
There is not a liberal America and a conservative
America; there’s the United States of America.
There are patriots who opposed the war, and
there are patriots who supported the war.
If we do what we must do, I have no doubt that…
History can provide many lessons to
When you fight for … you're not only fighting to
32
inform.
Most difficult part (when carried
out): find the right form to
connect with and address the
audience.
Very persuasive and moderately
emotive tone
In the introduction:
+greet them
+grab attention
+make sure they understand
the topic
+cite knowledge or expertise:
convince or comfort
+outline the points to cover
In the main body: give
explanations and supporting
evidence. It will give examples.
Must wrap up a clear conclusion
when we restate our arguments
using different words.
Final sentence should be a
clincher or a call to action and
thanking the audience for
listening to you.
…) We have a serious issue on our hands.
Connecting linkers to
sequence or list points Today I will discuss some of the shocking
and emphasize the statistics, sad stories, and a beautiful plan.
situation (firstly,
secondly, furthermore, To start off, I will discuss the current problem we
what is more, have
therefore…)
Declarative sentences Here are some shocking statistics:
with facts that are Now that you know enough about,
difficult to argue against hopefully you’ll understand…
Predominant active Through this speech, I have informed you
voice. More about the basics, advantages and disadvantages,
motivational. of…You can rest easy knowing…
Alliteration: repetition
of the same consonant Ladies and gentlemen, I have provided you with
sounds information about…
Assonance: repetition
of the same vowel Government of the people, by the people, for the
sounds people, shall not perish from the Earth.
Analogy: comparisons
Never, never and never again….
We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on
the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields,
we shall never surrender.
I am honoured to be with you today at your
commencement from one of the finest universities
in the world.
And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your
country can do for you, ask what you can do for
your country.
33

PURPOSE
Purposes vary with the
context and audience. General
categories of postings include
communication of
information, persuasion,
entertainment, celebrations,
instruction, and a mix of these
purposes. Remember, it is
similar to a blog (public diary)
as it is written from a personal
point of view, but also written
to share the writer’s thoughts,
feelings, and beliefs with
others.
In our technological world,
social media postings have
become a part of people’s
everyday life. Publishing
social media is as simple as
sharing a blog post, an image,
or a video on a social media
platform.
Audiences are as varied as the
settings and situations. It is
really important for a writer to
write his or her post in a way
that is interesting and
connects with the specific
audience.
SOCIAL MEDIA POSTING or ONLINE FORUMS
FEATURES LANGUAGE POINTS LANGUAGE IN USE
Posts will have introduction, Rhetoric: Use of Don’t you think?
body, and conclusion personal pronouns to
Above all, it must be clear to an connect with the We must…We must also…and we certainly
examiner reading the post that audience— ‘you, we, must….
you are writing to a specific our’
audience and that it is ‘online’. Use of variety of Not only, but also
Short, snappy headline: Must structures that maintain
relate to the overall topic audience interest such Furthermore
Short subheadings for each as:
separate post. This must be Rhetorical questions We will meet them…We will talk to them…We
specifically related to each post. Repetition will learn from them…
For each separate post, include Addition
on the same line: ‘by (your full Contrast There might be a mountain to climb but we have
name), date, time. Ex: by Comparison the skill and energy to succeed and pass IB.
Junghwan Hyun @13.01.2021— Parallel Structures (Metaphor)
17:04 Metaphors
Not necessary to use a greeting Other considerations:
such as Hello or Hi, but make it Interesting readable
clear to whom (the audience) you style, entertaining
are writing to. A series of posts is like
Short Introduction about your a continued
purpose for writing conversation on a
Development of specific points related topic. Try to
in the body of your post write the way you
Clear and effective transitions speak.
between paragraphs Avoid jargon and
Paragraphs should be short. cliches.
A memorable ending that also Needs to sound natural,
repeats and reinforces your as if you could speak it.
purpose Sound like you are
talking to a friend
34
 FORMAL / INFORMAL WRITING
FORMAL INFORMAL

FEATURES EXAMPLES FEATURES EXAMPLES

Latin/French based verbs
Uncommon words/sophisticated
vocabulary
Unabbreviated forms
Passive and Impersonal forms
Noun phrases
remove, retain, consult, enter Phrasal verbs take away/ out, keep back,
look p, go/come in
purchase, procure, cease, masticate, delicious, Common words with hardly any buy, get, stop, chew, nice, a
endless... power lot
If you will take a seat, I will consider your Abbreviated forms and I’ll, asap, memo…
request immediately. contractions
Cfr. A meeting has been scheduled for 3 October Active and personal forms (first We’ve set a meeting for 3
2005 at 11 a.m. and second person more used) Oct at 11 a.m.
It is said that… They say that …
It is possible to consider the results viewpoint. We can consider the results
It is not clear why such terrible... from another from another
I viewpoint.
I can’t understand why they
put up
The President’s speeches were rather Verb phrases The P. was talking rubbish
unintelligible You could tell from his
His tone of voice revealed that … voice that.....
My findings are outlined below. . I’ve described/set out what

Not ending with preposition To whom were you speaking? Ending with preposition Who were you speaking to?

Use the right tone. Be correct, polite I would urge to consider, Imperatives and straightforward You must visit this place for
and distant languages. Friendly and familiar sure!
manners
35

Subordinate clauses and complex
connectors
Use of inversion and other formal
structures
OTHERS:
Avoid use of very direct and
imperative forms. Use the right
one even if you’re complaining
(please
Longer and more complex
sentences are preferred
The format is more closely
respected (salutation, body,
inside address, closing...)
Linguistic and rhetorical
functions clearly expressed
(statements, objections,
proposals, complaints...)
No exclamation marks or
emotional language
More factual than personal
May contain bullet points,
numbering…
Be concise and to the point
I would be grateful if you could If you don’t do it, I will sue
you till the last penny!
it would be kind from you to…
In spite of the fact that cruises round the More simple connectors Cruises around the
Mediterranean are fairly expensive, they seem to Mediterranean are fairly
be very popular expensive, but they seem to
be very popular
Should you require any additional information... No inversion unless we need to If you need any more
If you would take a seat... emphasize. More colloquial forms information…
That would increase the risk of you getting hurt... Take a seat and…
We demand that this situation be immediately
resolved…
I would not object to theirs proposing…
OTHERS:
Please refer to… stuff, a lot of, things, sort
Colloquial words, similes of…
I would urge you to take action… and expressions
Slang or jargon
To whom it may correspond… Imperatives
Friendly, familiar manners
Your sincerely Use of personal or flowery
language
The purpose of this letter is… Emotional tone
Discourse markers,
question tags and even
May I respectfully suggest that you ... some limited use of texting
(eg 4 for four/for and u for
Unless you ..., I am afraid that I will have to take you) and/or emoticons is
permissible.
this matter further
36
37