English

4 Macro Skills- listening, speaking, reading and writing

Communication

Message

Sender Receiver

Feedback

Five key active Listening

1. Pay Attention- give the speaker your undivided attention and acknowledge the message.
2. Show that you’re listening-use your own body language and gestures to show that you are
engaged.
3. Provide feedback-our personal, filters, assumptions, judgements, and beliefs can distort what
we near. As a listener, your role is to understand what is being said. This may require you to
reflect on what is being said and to ask questions.
4. Defer judgement-interrupting is a waste of time. It frustrates the speaker and limits full
understanding of the message.
5. Respond appropriately- active listening is designed to encourage respect and understanding.You
are gaining information and perspective. You add nothing by attacking the speaker or otherwise
putting her down.

Receptive Productive
Listening Writing
Reading Speaking
Oral writing
Listening reading
Speaking reading

Differ between listening and hearing

Hearing: you can hear or aware it but you’re not understanding/processing what the noise is.
Listening –is hearing then understanding it/processing it in your brain.

Hardest in the Macro Skill oral: listening and speaking

1st: writing
2nd: reading

1st adaptive by the baby: Verbal: involves word

1st: Listening Non-verbal: this involves body language
2nd: Speaking
3rd: Reading
4th: writing
 Six Strategies to improve your listening skills.

1. Be attentive- practice mindfulness by consciously eliminating distractions from your mind and
body.
2. Ask questions – Asking clear questions.
3. Don’t interrupt unnecessarily-use the acronym Wait, Why am I talking? To keep your comments
relative to the speakers thoughts.
4. Use Body Language-being able to understand and interpret body language can help grasps
other people’s unspoken questions, problems or negative feeling.
5. Emphatize-ability to perceive the feelings of other’s, as well to imagine what they’re thingking
or feeling.
6. Takenotes- it provides with a permanent record to refer back to.

Six Steps on How to Research a topic:

1.Define – What is the problem- I have to solve? Why do I need the information? Is it for an Essay, a
report, or a speech?

2.Locate – How do I find the information I need? Use the best resources from a variety of sources
encyclopedias, magazines, videos, internet, people and organizations.

3.Select-Which resources are best to use? Is the information relevant?What can I leave out? Evaluate
the information carefully.

4.Organize-How can I best use my information? You may not need to use all of the information you have
gathered.

5. Present – How can I best present the information? Is my presentation logical and well organized?

6. Assess – How well did I complete the assignment? What did I learn?Is there anything I need to
improve-locating,selecting, notetaking, time management? How can I improve?

INFORMATION SOURCE: is a database of facts or anything that might inform a person about any given
topic.

Types of Information Sources

TYPE INFORMATION USE

BOOKS Cover virtually any topic, fact or
fiction.
Enyclopedia Collections of short factual
entries often written by
different contributors.
Journals Collection of articles usually
written by scholars in academic
or professional field.
Database Contains citations of articles in
magazines, journals and
When looking for reliable and
accurate information.
When looking for background
information on a topic.
When finding out what has
been studied on your topic.
When you want to find articles
on your topic in magazines,
 newspapers. journals or newspapers.
Magazines Collection of articles and images When looking for information or
about divers topics. opinions about popular culture.

Newspapers Collection of articles about To find current information

current events usually
published daily.
Internet Allows you to access most types
of information the internet
through a browser.
about international, national
and local events.
To find current information,
about companies, from all levels
of government.

SUMMARY: is a shortened version of a text that highlights key points.

How to write a summary:

1. Read the material and identify the main ideas distinguish the main ideas from the details.
2. Write the main ideas in phrase form. The main ideas can be noted in a list, in a topic web, or in
the left column of two column notes.
3. Begin the summary with an introductory statemen.
4. Turn the main ideas into sentences, occasionally including details when it is necessary to convey
the main idea.
5. Combine the sentences into one or more paragraphs.
6. Use transition words to connect the sentences and the paragraphs.
7. Proofread the summary for punctuation, spelling, sentence structure and content.

In Paraphrasing, here are the steps to follow:

1. Read the passage several times to fully understand the message.
2. Note down key concepts.
3. Write your version of the text without looking the original.
4. Compare your paraphrased text with the original passage and make minor adjustments to
phrases their remain to similar.
5. Cite the source where you found the idea.

Linear Texts- Refers to traditional texts that needs to be read from beginning to end.
-the most common type of reading. Novels, poems, short stores, letters, educational texts
are all those we read from beginning to end are linear texts.

NON-LINEAR TEXTS: is the opposite of linear text.It is non-sequential. In other workds, the
readers do not have to go through the text in a sequential manner in order to make sense of
the text. This type of text has many reading paths.Any text that is not read from beginning
to the end. Some examples include flowcharts, charts and graphs, graphical organizers such
as knowledge maps and story maps.

LINEAR NON LINEAR

DEFINITION REFERS TO TRADITIONAL REFERS TO TEXT THAT DOES
 TEXT THAT NEEDS TO BE NOT NEED TO BE READ
READ FROM BEGINNING TO FROM BEGINNING TO AN
END END
READING PATH THERE IS ONLY ONE THERE ARE MULTIPLE
READING PATH, WHICH IS READING PATHS. THEY ARE
DECIDED BY THE AUTHOR. DETERMINED BY THE
READER.
CONTENT TYPICALLY INCLUDES TYPICALLY INCLUEDES
PRINTED TEXTS DIGITAL TEXTS
EFFICIENCY IT MAY TAKETIME TO FIND ALLOWS READERS TO FIND
THE INFOS READERS ARE INFORMATION MORE
SEARCHING FOR. EFFICIENTLY.
EXAMPLES NOVELS, POEMS, LETTERS, FLOWCHARTS, KNOWLEDGE
TEXTBOOKS NEWSPAPERS MAPS AND ENCYCLOPEDIA.
ARTICLES.