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 1.1 Connections Personality

VOCABULARY B Complete the text with the adjectives in the box.

Feelings frustrated impressed relieved stunned tense thrilled

A Choose the correct options (a, b or c) to complete

the sentences.
1 Work is really stressful at the moment. I just feel so all It had been a difficult year at work and Jake (who never
the time. won anything) was 1 when he found out
that he had won a foreign holiday in a competition. When
a relieved b awkward c tense
he arrived, he loved everything about the place – the
2 How can you eat like that? I’m just watching you. hotel, the countryside and the beach, which was only five
a thrilled b disgusted c overwhelmed minutes’ walk away. He was particularly 2
by the food at a local restaurant and used to go there every
3 I was to discover that he had stolen money from me.
evening to try out different dishes.
a horrified b thrilled c tense
One evening, as he was eating, Jake thought the staff
4 We were all to hear that Jim had got back safely.
seemed a little 3 . They were polite to
a relieved b disgusted c furious him, but they didn’t seem as relaxed as usual, and one
5 My daughter was so when she passed all her exams. of the waiters looked quite angry. Jake didn’t pay much
a horrified b devastated c thrilled attention – after all, nobody is bright and cheerful all the
time – but a little while later, he thought he heard raised
6 Sometimes I just feel so by the amount of work I’ve
voices in the kitchen. Soon after, there was shouting,
got to do.
but more alarmingly, a lot of smoke coming from the
a overwhelmed b relieved c awkward kitchen. Jake was 4 because he couldn’t
7 I think we all felt really that there was nothing we understand what they were saying, but the message soon
could do to help. became clear – the restaurant was on fire and they had to
get out fast! While the staff battled in vain to put out the fire,
a impressed b frustrated c disgusted
Jake and the other customers looked on from a safe distance,
8 If I lose my job because of this, I will be with you! most of them too 5 to even speak.
a relieved b stunned c furious
The following day, they learnt that one of the waiters
9 Barcelona were by Liverpool’s last-minute winner. had thrown a pan of hot oil across the kitchen, and that
a thrilled b overwhelmed c stunned was what had caused the fire. Everyone was shocked
10 Actually, I was really by his level of commitment. when they saw the damage – there was nothing left of
the restaurant – but they were all 6 to
a impressed b furious c relieved
hear that there were no injuries.

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1.1 Connections Personality

GRAMMAR C Complete the questions with the correct form of the

words in brackets.
Question forms 1 You’ve got to be joking! Why
A Reorder the words to make questions. (you / not tell) me this before?
1 where / could / nearest / is / the / you / me / tell / bank 2 What (you / talk / about)?
? I finished it last week!
2 is / your / name / I / ask / what / can 3 Can you tell me what
(happen / yesterday)?
?
4 (you / know) the
3 are / what / about / you / thinking
manager personally?
?
5 So, you said your holiday wasn’t great – what
4 there / you / happened / what / when / got (you / not / like) about it?
? 6 You’re not from here, are you? Where
5 meal / the / you / like / didn’t / about / what (you / grow up)?
? 7 Who (you / talk / to)
6 today / is / the / lesson / taking / who outside earlier?
? 8 (who / you / go) to Brussels
with tomorrow?
7 know / you / do / lives / he / where
?
8 that / you / repeating / mind / would PRONUNCIATION
? Intonation in yes/no and
B Rewrite the direct questions as indirect questions. wh- questions
1 When is the test? A Circle the arrows to predict which intonation will be used
1.1 in each question. Then listen and check.
Could you tell me when ?
1 Do you need any help with your bags? [ ]/[ ]
2 What is your name?
2 What time would you like to meet? [ ]/[ ]
Do you mind telling ?
3 Do you want anything else to eat? [ ]/[ ]
3 How old are you?
4 What seems to be the problem? [ ]/[ ]
Can I ask you ?
5 How long have you been living at
4 Where do we have to go?
your current address? [ ]/[ ]
Do you know ?
6 Are you ready to go? [ ]/[ ]
5 Where do I sign my name, please?
7 Have you asked her about it? [ ]/[ ]
Excuse me. Could you tell me ?
8 How much do I owe you? [ ]/[ ]
6 Please sit down over there.
Would you mind ? B Listen again and repeat.
1.1
7 What is your address?
Can I ask you ?
8 What time is it?
Do you know ?

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 1.2 Connections Who we are

GRAMMAR C Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs
in brackets. Use contractions where possible.
Tense review Interviewer: So would you say you 1 (face)
A Choose the correct options to complete the sentences. a lot of challenges in your life up to now? What
was your childhood like, for example?
1 What were you doing / did you do between three and
five o’clock yesterday? Joe: Well, actually – something pretty crazy
happened to me while I was growing up. My
2 I made sure I’d / I’ve done all the housework before I left
parents came to get me from school one day and
this morning.
told me that our house 2 (burn)
3 Apparently he works / he’s working this Saturday so he down – there was nothing left of it. I was nine
can’t come. years old. That was quite a challenge.
4 Sorry, I can’t stop – I have to / had to pick the kids up in Interviewer: Wow! That must have been awful. It
half an hour. 3
(sound) like a devastating
5 I met her while I was travelling / had travelled around experience, especially for someone so young.
Southeast Asia. Joe: Yes but, in a funny way, I think I was young
6 You aren’t going to believe this – I’ve / I’d passed all my enough to get over it – it would be much worse
exams! Isn’t that great? to go through that now.
7 Conditions were terrible – it was freezing cold and it Interviewer: I see. Apart from that one extreme event, was
rained / was raining heavily. your childhood a happy one?
8 I grew / have grown up in France, but strangely I’ve never Joe: Let me think … Yes, I 4 (have)
been to Paris. a happy childhood. Things got a bit difficult
later, though. I 5 (not be) very
B Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
happy at university, so I left. That was quite tough
verbs in the box. Use contractions where possible.
because I 6 (look) for a job for
close finish leave live see sell out at least six months before I found one. But I think
I7 (go) through my biggest
1 This is ridiculous – I can’t believe he challenge at the moment, actually. It isn’t easy
the report yet! getting started in my profession – especially
2 I just the house when the when you’re a foreigner.
phone rang. Interviewer: No, I guess it isn’t. I 8 (not think)
3 Apparently, all of the tickets by about that. Good point.
the time she got there.
4 We’d better hurry up – the shop
at 4 pm on Sundays.
5 Actually, I him on Friday – you
should come along.
6 I in New York for eight years,
but never went to the Empire State Building.

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 1.2 Connections Who we are

VOCABULARY B Complete the sentences with the noun form of the

adjectives in the box.
Personality adjectives; Noun suffixes
A Match the beginnings of the sentences (1–8) to the arrogant confident determined different loyal
endings (a–h). Use the adjectives in bold to help you. optimistic responsible stubborn
1 Elias is so stubborn! He can …
1 I wish I had had the to speak up
2 The manager is pretty optimistic about the target.
when I see something like that.
He thinks …
3 Don’t be so self-centred. You should … 2 His when he was talking about his
successes was very annoying.
4 He is talented, but he’s arrogant too. He …
5 She’s incredibly witty actually. After five minutes 3 The team’s paid off in the end when
with her, I … they got the victory they needed.
6 I worry about Kelly being so naïve. I’m afraid … 4 When everything started to go wrong, Carl began to
7 I think I’m an open-minded person – I’m lose some of his natural .
always ready … 5 It is the company’s aim to encourage brand
8 Freya is very down-to-earth. You’d never know … so that you keep buying
a is always telling people how great he is. their products.
b people will hurt her feelings. 6 I’m sorry, but the break in is your fault. It was your
c that she was rich. to make sure the office was
d never admit when he’s wrong. locked up.
e think about others for a change. 7 Can you tell the between these two
f to hear different viewpoints. photos? They both look the same to me.
g the team should reach it by July. 8 His prevented him from apologising
h can’t stop laughing. and saving his job.

PRONUNCIATION B Read the sentences. Draw (!) to join the words where
1.3 one word ends with a consonant and the next begins
Connected speech: final consonant with a vowel. Then listen and check.
and initial vowel 1 How far is it to your house – will it take long to walk?
A Listen and draw (!) to show the connected speech. 2 My job is much better now that I work from home on
1.2
1 You can’t always get what you want in life. Wednesdays.
2 Alex isn’t an easy person to get to know. 3 He was generally thought of as lazy and disruptive.

3 Actually, he’s not at all like his brother. 4 I think I’ve done the best I can on this project.

4 Marco will support us whatever we end up doing. 5 I think it’s important to talk to people we don’t agree with.

5 Everyone at work has been really understanding about it. C Listen again and repeat.
1.3

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 1.3 Connections Reading

READING
A PREDICT Look at the title of the article and the pictures.
What do you think these four famous people had
Through Thick and Thin
in common?

B SCAN Read Through thick and thin quickly to check your

answers to Exercise A. When life gets too much for us, reading about
people who have struggled against the hard
C SKIM FOR MAIN IDEAS Read the article again. Choose
the correct sub-headings (a–f ) to complete the article.
circumstances of their birth and upbringing can
There are two extra headings you do not need to use. put things into perspective. Here are four lessons
from inspiring figures who never gave up:
a Don’t let failure stop you
b Inspiration can strike when you least expect it
c Physical strength can be beneficial 1
d Discipline and training is key
e Bravery will help you achieve
f Be prepared to take new paths

D READ FOR DETAIL Read the article again and answer

the questions. Underline the parts of the text that gives
you the answers.
1 What effect did Demosthenes’s initial failure have on him?
2 What methods did he use to improve his speech?
speaking with a knife held between his teeth to get rid of his
3 How successful was Spielberg’s first film?
4 What was his first big break?
5 What was Lincoln’s first occupation? his hard work paid off:
6 Which occupation led him to a career?
7 Why did Frida Kahlo change the way she dressed as a child? one of the leading
8 Did she always want to be an artist?

E REFLECT Think about the answers to these questions.

1 Which of the stories do you find the most inspiring? Why?
2 Apart from the four lessons highlighted in the article,
what other things do you think are key to success?

8 CONNEC TIONS
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1.4 Connections Listening
2 LISTENING
film Duel
and the rest is film history.
3
that he would walk for miles just to borrow books. For a
few years, he was a manual labourer and was said to be
4 c
Kahlo started from an early age. When she was just six
bed for months and left her in serious pain for the rest of
a mirror opposite where she slept and, as a result, many
Glossary
illiterate (adj) somebody who is not able to read or write
orator (n) somebody who makes formal speeches in public
or is good at public speaking
polio (n) a serious disease that causes loss of control or
feeling in your muscles
stammer (n) a speech difficulty where words or sounds are
repeated
A You are going to listen to a podcast about a social issue
in the UK. Make a list of the top five social issues (e.g.
housing, lack of jobs, etc) facing your country.
B LISTEN FOR GIST Listen to an extract from the podcast
1.4 and choose the best title (1, 2 or 3).
1 The effects of social isolation and loneliness on an
ageing population
2 Government introduces new strategy to tackle
loneliness in British society
3 Top tips to help you tackle social isolation in your
own community
Jaws
C LISTEN FOR MAIN IDEAS Listen to the full podcast. Put
1.5 the following topics in the order they are discussed.
The decision came about because of recent research.
The new minister will develop a strategy based on input
from many groups.
British government appoints a minister for loneliness.
Give practical help to those in need.
Try to develop new relationships with your neighbours.
Young people are lonelier than older people.
D LISTEN FOR DETAIL Listen to the podcast again. Choose
1.5 the correct options (a, b or c) to complete the sentences.
1 The idea of a minister for loneliness …
a is the British Prime Minister’s most unusual idea.
b is unique to the UK.
will definitely solve the problem.
2 According to the Cigna survey, the loneliest people in
the USA are aged …
a 16 and under.
b between 18 and 22.
c 75 and over.
3 The minister for loneliness will …
a talk to people who feel lonely.
b help charities which deal with loneliness.
c work with different organisations to solve the problem.
4 The first step to helping others is to …
a use social media to reach out to people.
b take time to get to know people around you.
c start a conversation with a stranger.
5 Older people appreciate practical help because …
a most of them can’t drive.
b they find practical matters quite boring.
c it gives them a chance to communicate with others.
E REFLECT Think about the answers to these questions.
1 Do you think the appointment of a ‘minister for
loneliness’ is a good idea? Why/Why not?
2 What other ways can you think of to bring people
together and tackle the problem of loneliness?
CONNEC TIONS 9
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 1.5 Connections Write a formal letter asking for information

WRITING C Replace the sentences (1–5) with their more formal

equivalents (a–e).
A Skim the letter and answer the questions.
a or do you accept people with related skills?
1 What is the purpose of the letter?
b I am writing to enquire about membership of your
2 Who is the letter for? robotics club.
3 Why does the writer begin with Dear Sir/Madam? c I would be grateful if you could let me know before your
next meeting.
B STRUCTURING FORMAL LETTERS Read the letter again.
d Could you also tell me if there is a membership fee and if
Put the functions in the order they appear.
it is a one-off or weekly/monthly payment?
request for information
e I would like to know how often the club meets, and where.
sign-off
request for a response
purpose of the letter WRITING PRACTICE
salutation or greeting A PREPARE Read the task below and make notes about
who you are writing to, what you need to know and what
action you expect them to take.
To: roboticsclub@email.com
From: ajkhatri@mail.co.uk You are keen to join the local sailing club. Write a letter of
enquiry and find out:
Dear Sir/Madam, • when and how often they meet
1
I want to know a bit more info about joining your • how much previous experience is necessary
robotics club. I was looking for a club to join and • how the club ensures your safety
the projects on your website looked the most • what equipment you need.
interesting. However, I have a few questions
I would like to ask before I sign up.
B PLAN Organise your notes from Exercise A into a plan for
2
So first things first, how often do you get together a letter of enquiry.
and where? I was also wondering if the venue is C WRITE Write your letter of enquiry in 150–250 words.
fully equipped or whether I should bring any of my Use your plan to help you.
own tools or parts to the meetings. 3I also want
to know how much I have to pay to be a member D EDIT Edit your letter. Check:
and how often. Lastly, are your members all • spelling and punctuation
qualified in robotics, 4or do you let anybody join? • all of the information in the task has been covered
I am studying electronics at college but have a • an appropriate structure/tone has been used.
keen interest in robotics and subscribe to several
magazines on the subject.
5
Let me know by the end of the week, OK – either
by email or telephone. Thank you in advance for
your help.

Yours faithfully,

Arjan Khatri

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 Audioscripts
UNIT 1
Lesson 1.4, Listening, Exercise C
1.5 J = John Y = Yasmin
J: We’re all used to hearing about the
effect of social media. We often
remark how it’s possible to have
hundreds of ‘friends’ on Facebook,
and yet in reality, we may have no
friends at all. This inevitably leads
to wider issues – social isolation,
feelings of exclusion, anxiety and
so on. In the UK, the authorities
have come up with an unusual
way of tackling the problem. Here
to tell us all about it is our social
affairs correspondent, Yasmin
Ahmed. Yasmin, welcome to
today’s programme.
Y: Thanks. It’s good to be here.
J: So, tell us about this
unique approach.
Y: Well, in 2018, the British Prime
Minister appointed a ‘minister
for loneliness’, to address social
isolation in the UK.
J: A minister for loneliness? That’s
got to be a first, hasn’t it?
Y: It certainly is. It’s actually the first
time a national government has
directly tried to address the issue.
J: So, what’s the story? Where did
the idea for this appointment
come from?
Y: It came about as the result of a
recent survey by the British Red
Cross which found that more than
nine million British people are often
or always lonely.
J: That’s a huge number.
Y: I know! It’s a serious problem, but
loneliness is often a sad reality in
today’s modern world, and social
isolation can have a negative
impact both psychologically and
physically. Depression, anxiety
and stress are all directly linked to
social isolation, and these, in turn,
can lead to an increased risk of
coronary heart disease, arthritis
and type 2 diabetes. And in fact,
the situation is quite similar in
other countries. For example,
a 2018 survey conducted by
the global health organisation,
Cigna, found that nearly half
of Americans say that they
sometimes or always feel lonely.
74
Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 
Another surprising thing which we
learnt from this research was that
the younger generation actually
feels lonelier than older people.
J: Actually, that doesn’t surprise me.
Young teenagers can often feel
socially isolated, can’t they?
Y: That’s true, although the report
specifically found that people
aged between 18 and 22 felt the
loneliest, despite being around
others a lot of the time.
J: But surely, living alone has a huge
influence on loneliness, too?
Y: Absolutely. In fact, I’d say it’s
2.5
actually the main cause of
loneliness amongst older people.
Something like half of people aged
75 and over in the UK live alone,
and many of them find it difficult
to get out and meet people.
J: And this is why the ‘minister for
loneliness’ has been appointed?
Y: That’s right. The creation of
this position is an opportunity
for people to start talking. To
begin a public dialogue – about
relationships, communities and
mental health in general. The new
minister wants to commission a
study into the whole issue, and
she wants to bring together local
councils, community groups and
charities, as well as businesses and
individuals, to develop a strategy
which will tackle loneliness across
the country.
J: So what can we do, as individuals,
to help?
Y: The most important thing you
can do is to make contact – make
friends. Not the social media
kind! Reach out to neighbours
who you’ve never really spoken
to before. Stop and have a chat
when you see them, instead of
hurrying on.
J: What about older people? Some
of our listeners might feel a bit
awkward about just, well, walking
up to somebody and starting
a conversation.
Y: Well. Something else you can do
is to offer practical help – taking
out the rubbish or changing a
light bulb. Many older people
find it difficult to get out at all,
so you can offer the person a lift
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to the hairdresser’s or just out
to the local supermarket. These
activities may seem quite boring
to you and me, but if you don’t
see anyone for days on end, or
even hear the sound of somebody
else’s voice, then these small
gestures are really important.
J: Did you hear that, listeners?
These are ways – quite simple
ways – that you can make a
real difference …
UNIT 2
Lesson 2.4, Listening, Exercise B
P = Presenter G = Gudrun
P: Hello and welcome to Health Beat.
Now, we all know that making
important lifestyle changes can
be difficult – I mean, who hasn’t
struggled to stick to a New
Year’s resolution? But why is it
so tough to make a meaningful
change? Here to help me answer
that is well-being coach and
best-selling author Gudrun Nair.
Gudrun – thanks for coming on
the show.
G: Happy to be here.
P: So, how can we succeed in
making lifestyle changes – which
actually last?
G: Well, I think the most important
thing is to be realistic about what
you’re trying to achieve. All too
often, we set ourselves vague
or unmanageable goals and fail
as a result. Let me give you an
example. Say your goal is ‘to lose
weight’. What does this actually
mean? How much weight are you
trying to lose? When do you want
to lose it by? Why are you trying
to lose it? Vague goals like this can
actually be pretty demotivating.
P: So, what’s the alternative?
G: How about something like, I’m
going to lose three kilos in four
weeks. This is a challenging, but
realistic goal, and it has a clear
time frame.
P: OK, so what else?
G: Two words – start slowly. Massive
lifestyle changes don’t happen
overnight – you’ve got to build up
to them.
P: Can you give us an example?
Audioscripts
G: OK, let’s say you want to introduce
some physical exercise into
your routine. If you try to do
too much at once, it can all feel
a bit overwhelming, and this is
when people give up. Allocate a
particular time of day to exercise
and set a time limit – say, ten
minutes every morning before
work. You’ll soon find that it
becomes part of your daily routine.
After a while, you won’t even think
about it. Then, you can move on
to your next fitness goal, using the
same method.
P: Yeah, that makes a lot of sense. So,
what about making a list of your
goals? Is that actually helpful?
G: Er, it can be, but not the way most
people do it. We tend to just write
a huge list of everything we want,
then forget about it. The lists
I work on with my clients are a
little different.
P: How so?
G: Well, first, I ask people to write
down their motivation for each
goal – why they actually want to
make the change.
P: So, why it’s important to them?
G: Right. Next, they make a list
of any obstacles they might
face – anything that would stop
them from making progress.
P: OK.
G: And finally, they make a plan of
action – what steps they will need
to take in order to actually achieve
their goal. It’s much more than
just ‘a list’ – it helps people focus
their ideas.
P: OK, I see how that could work.
G: Something else which I always
say to my clients is – you don’t
have to do this on your own. A
lot of people don’t want to talk
about their resolutions, as it kind
of highlights all of their, er, failings,
their flaws. If we tell our friends
that we want to lose weight,
for example, it draws attention
to the fact that we might be
overweight, right?
P: True. It can be pretty difficult to talk
about your problems – especially
with people you know.
G: Exactly. But you’ll find that if
you’re honest with your friends or
Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 
family about what you’re trying to
achieve, you’ll actually get a really
positive reaction.
P: So, what’s the best way to
get started?
G: Well, why not use social media
to your advantage? Share your
resolution on Facebook and
you’ll have hundreds of people
to support and encourage you.
Committing to the goal in such a
public way means there’ll be a lot
of people waiting to see whether
you succeed and, believe me, that
really helps with motivation.
P: Yeah, I can imagine. It’s nice to
hear about a positive use of social
media for a change.
G: Well, social media has actually
helped my clients in a lot of
ways. For example, I was recently
working with someone who had
a really poor work–life balance.
He rarely got home before eight
o’clock in the evening, and by
that point, both of his children
were in bed. He felt like he never
got to see them or his wife. So,
to encourage himself to leave
work on time, he started posting
the exact time he arrived home
each day and how much time this
allowed him to spend with his
family. That way, he could track his
progress online.
P: And did he achieve his goal?
G: He certainly did. He now leaves on
time every day and can help put
the kids to bed.
P: Glad to hear it. So, have you got
any final words of advice?
G: If nothing else, I think it’s
important to understand that
you have to work hard to make
meaningful lifestyle changes.
P: Gudrun Nair – thank you for
talking to us. Next on the
show, we …
UNIT 3
Lesson 3.4, Listening, Exercise C
C = Chuck
3.5
C: Good afternoon everybody. For
those of you who don’t know
me, my name is Chuck Adams
and I’m a survival expert with over
30 years’ experience in some of
the harshest environments on
www.frenglish.ru
the planet. Now, I’m sure many of
you heard on the news this week
about the very lucky American
who survived for 38 days after
being shipwrecked on a remote
Pacific island. He was spotted by a
passing ship, rescued and is now
safely home and recovering from
his terrifying experience. Well,
today, I’m going to be explaining
what you should do if you ever
find yourself in a similar situation.
I think the most important piece
of advice I can give – and this is
true of many situations in which
we find ourselves – is don’t
panic! Panic is your worst enemy.
Provided you stay calm, you have
a good chance of surviving. You
need to believe that you’ll be
rescued. Your priorities should be
safety, water, shelter and food – in
that order. And rescue of course,
but that comes later.
So, first of all – safety. The first
thing you need to do is to
establish what I like to call a ‘safe
zone’. Start by asking yourself if
there are any immediate dangers
in the area. For instance, are
there any wild animals? Are
there rocks or spiky plants which
could injure you? You need to
be aware of these things. It’s
extremely important to avoid
injury. Out in the wild – with no
medication – even a small cut can
be fatal.
As soon as you’ve done that,
the next thing to do is to look
for water. As long as you have
a supply of fresh water, you
can actually survive for quite a
long time with very little food.
Obviously, if you find a stream,
then you’re very, very lucky! If
not, then you need to find a way
to collect water – this means
collecting rainwater or finding
water dripping down cave walls.
You could also try to collect water
from the leaves of any large plants
you can find. It’s important that
you stay warm and dry and away
from insects that might bite you. In
other words, you need some kind
of shelter. Find a fallen tree. Then
collect some large branches and
lean them across the fallen tree.
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 Audioscripts
Cover these with leaves and
smaller branches to protect you
from the wind and rain.
On an island, the sea is an
obvious source of food. As well
as trying to catch fish, look for
limpets – those small shellfish
that attach themselves to rocks
on the seashore. You will probably
find some berries and fruit, too,
but how can you work out if
they’re safe to eat? Well, first, rub
the berry or fruit across your skin.
Then, touch it to your lips without
eating it. Finally, put a piece of the
berry or fruit in your mouth and
then spit it out again. Provided
there is no strong reaction, it
should be safe to eat.
Obviously, getting rescued is
your ultimate goal. It’s important
to remember that somebody
is probably out there looking
for you, so don’t give up hope.
An example of this is the man
I mentioned at the beginning of
the talk. He lit a fire on the beach
and the smoke was seen by a
rescue ship which had been sent
to look for him. So you need to
make some kind of signal in case a
plane or ship passes by. A distress
signal is simply a pattern of three,
such as three blows on a whistle,
three flashes of light or even
three piles of rocks. You could also
use tree branches to spell out a
message. Although, remember, it
needs to be really big if it’s going
to be seen from the air or by a
passing ship. Three sailors were
rescued in that way a couple of
years ago. They wrote the word
‘Help’ using tree branches on
the beach.
So, while I hope that none of you
ever do find yourselves alone on a
desert island, I hope that the tips
I’ve given you today will stand you
in good stead.
UNIT 4
Lesson 4.4, Listening, Exercise B
4.5 P = Presenter DS = Dr Scott
R = Richard
P: Good morning. You’re listening
to Future Talk on Radio 7 with
Nadia Hussein. On today’s
programme, we’ll be discussing
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the use of technology in
medicine. My guests are Doctor
Anna Scott, of Harrington City
Hospital, and Richard Driver,
a research scientist at the
University of Kingsmarkham.
DS and R: Good morning.
P: So Anna, technology is changing
the way doctors diagnose, treat
and care for their patients. Tell us
a bit about the developments we
can expect to see in the future.
DS: Well, this idea doesn’t come from
the future – but from the past!
Since ancient times, medical
practitioners have tried to replace
missing body parts using artificial
devices. Since then, there have
been huge advances obviously,
especially in the design and
manufacture of artificial limbs.
R: That’s true – designers are able
to use lightweight plastics and
carbon fibre to create the most
incredibly lifelike arms and legs
which don’t look at all artificial.
DS: The really interesting part comes
with the control of the limb
though. Scientists are working
on a brain-computer interface
which will allow the patient to
control his or her artificial limb
using brain power alone.
R: Yes, but what you’re not
explaining is that this
development has met with a
lot of resistance from patients
themselves. The kind of
technology you’re talking about
requires far more complicated
and dangerous surgery than that
which is currently used to attach
a prosthetic arm or leg.
DS: Well, that’s true, Richard, but
what’s your point? We all
know that these procedures
are delicate, and, yes, they can
be dangerous.
R: By definition, somebody who’s
lost a limb has already had
a horrific experience. Many
patients just don’t want to
expose themselves to another
extreme procedure.
DS: I agree, Richard, but while there
may sometimes be objections
from a few patients, I think
you’ll find that most people
www.frenglish.ru
want to improve their quality
of life as much as they can.
They’ve survived life-changing
accidents – they’re very brave
people – and they’re prepared to
go that little bit further.
R: I don’t know if you would say
that if you were in their position.
DS: You’re right, but that’s why
I believe we need to invest
more money in this technology,
so that we can be sure it’s
completely safe and 100%
successful for every patient
before we make it available.
R: Well, surely that’s true of every
new development, isn’t it?
P: OK. Let’s move on, shall
we? Richard?
R: Well, Nadia, with people living
longer than ever, being able to
replace parts of the human body
when they cease to function
is going to become vital. We
hope that one day we’ll be able
to 3D print replacement organs.
Organovo, a US-based medical
research company, is currently
developing an incredible
‘bioprinting’ process . Layers of
cells called ‘bio ink’ are built up
into carefully calculated designs
to create new structures.
DS: Oh, come on. For most
people – medical professionals
included – the idea of 3D
printing new organs is just
science fiction.
R: Well, you’re obviously wrong,
because it’s happening – here
and now.
DS: You’re talking about 3D printing
new tissue. We’re still years away
from what you’re suggesting.
R: It’s undoubtedly true that this
technology is in the early stages,
but researchers have already
printed small sections of liver
tissue in the lab. I don’t think
it’s actually all that unrealistic.
Don’t forget that medical
procedures which are perfectly
normal today were just a dream
20 years ago.
P: Anna, can you predict any other
ways in which technology will
transform patient care?
Audioscripts
DS: I remember being terrified
the first time that I had to
take blood from a patient.
Today, robots – which are not
affected by anxiety or fear – can
easily perform this procedure
without making any mistakes.
And of course, they will soon
be carrying out much riskier,
surgical procedures.
P: Perhaps, but a robot isn’t the
same as a doctor, is it? Patients
may not want to have an
electronic doctor taking their
blood. Isn’t it possible that the
patient’s fear may significantly
impact their physical well-being?
DS: When I say ‘robot’, we’re not
talking about a Star Wars-style
android! A surgical robot is
a mechanical arm to which
tiny sensors and cameras are
attached. A human doctor
actually controls the entire
procedure – a screen allows
him or her to view enlarged
3D images of the inside of the
patient’s body.
R: I know that, Anna, but the level
of risk is crazy! I believe that
researchers are trying to develop
robotic surgery too fast. There
have been lots of reports about
robotic surgical devices making
fatal mistakes. While I accept that
in some cases these techniques
are safe and useful, I just think
that people have a tendency to
admire anything ‘new’. In some
cases, the traditional surgical
procedure is actually much
safer. I, for one, think that some
hospitals – especially private
ones – are promoting these
kinds of technologies in order to
impress their patients and get
more ‘customers’, if you like.
DS: Definitely! That is an issue, but
I don’t see why the unethical
practices of a few private clinics
should stop us from developing
life-saving new techniques …
UNIT 5
Lesson 5.4, Listening, Exercise A
5.5 P = Presenter A = Aldo
M = Mark
P: Across rural Europe, young
people are leaving small towns
Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 
and villages in their hundreds
and possibly even thousands.
They leave behind them empty
streets, closed schools and
cafés and an elderly population.
Fields which have been farmed
for generations have been
abandoned and houses are falling
down because there is nobody
to repair them. According to
EU statistics, as many as 22% of
rural European populations are
elderly. However, some areas and
towns are trying to change this
trend of rural depopulation.
One person hoping to bring
life back to their empty streets
is Aldo Conti – a resident
of Candela, a small town in
south-east Italy. Aldo recently
moved back to Candela after
ten years living in the UK and
was devastated to find it much
emptier than when he left. I met
Aldo last year, when he took me
on a tour of the town.
A: … and this is the main square.
P: Wow! It really is empty, isn’t it?
A: Yeah. When I was growing up, the
square was full of people at the
weekend, but now, everyone’s
just gone.
P: And you want to repopulate
the entire village? Sounds a
bit ambitious.
A: Haha! Well who doesn’t enjoy
a challenge? We all know
that people are leaving the
countryside and heading to
urban areas. Here, in Candela,
we hope to change that trend
and bring life back to our village
by encouraging city dwellers to
relocate here.
P: So how is this going to work exactly?
A: Just think about it. Although most
jobs and houses are in urban
areas, there are lots of people
who are fed up with their hectic,
stressful lifestyle in the city,
people who are longing to get
away and to live at a slower pace,
closer to nature.
P: Sure. But that’s where the jobs
are. Why would people want to
move here?
A: Well, for one thing, we are willing
to pay people to come and live
www.frenglish.ru
in Candela! We are offering a fee
of between €800 and €2000 to
single people and families who
are willing to join our community.
Six new families have moved
in already!
P: That’s incredible! And what are
you asking in return?
A: New residents will have to commit
to living permanently in the
village. We will expect them to
rent a house here, and we also
require them to have a job with
a minimum salary. So they must
work and have an income. We
especially welcome families with
young children as we’re hoping
to reopen the village school if
we have enough pupils. The
reopening of the school, local
shops and businesses will create
jobs for local people, too, which
we hope will also encourage
some of our own young people
to stay here and not to head for
the city.
P: A similar project is taking place
in Saint-Pierre-de-Frugie, in the
Dordogne region of south-western
France. I spoke to one of the
project leaders, Mark Henderson,
about how he aims to breathe life
back into the village. So you’re not
actually from here, are you?
M: Er, no. My wife and I moved here
about four years ago for a bit of
peace and quiet.
P: Well, you’ve certainly got that!
M: True – although I didn’t think it
would be this quiet! Our house
was pretty cheap and it didn’t
take long to work out why. There
was no school, no shops, the
farms and fields were abandoned,
people were leaving. No, people
had left – especially the young
people, you know?
P: Aren’t the young people always
the first to leave?
M: Absolutely.
P: So, what changed?
M: Well, as you can see, our village
is beautiful.
P: True – the countryside around
here is amazing.
M: Right – so we decided to
concentrate on that – the
natural environment. A team of
77
Audioscripts
volunteers started to work in the
village – we fixed the fountains
and public monuments; we
cleared the footpaths and created
walking trails. Suddenly we had
nature lovers, walkers, campers,
all wanting to come and visit our
village and stay.
P: That’s great. But what about
local businesses?
M: Well, we restored one of the
bigger, older houses and
converted it into a hotel. We’ve
also opened a village shop that
sells organic produce and the
restaurant is open again. We’ve
even created an eco-centre which
has educational resources and
information for visitors. And best
of all? We’ve installed several wind
turbines and are now generating
our own electricity!
P: Wow! So has it worked?
Are people moving back to
the village?
M: Well, let me give you a few
stats – the population of
the village has risen from 360
in 2008 to over 400; 22% of
our farmland is used for organic
farming – that’s compared with
3% in the rest of France; and our
school has reopened – there’s
even a waiting list.
P: That’s amazing. I hope it
all continues.
UNIT 6
Lesson 6.4, Listening, Exercise B
6.6 A = Anya C = Cleo
A: Cleo! I was so happy when I got
your message. I haven’t seen you
for ages! How are you? Are you
still living in Sheffield?
C: It’s so great to see you, too, Anya!
Yes, I am. I’m married now and
I have two children.
A: That’s fantastic! Girls, boys? How
old are they?
C: My daughter’s 6 and my son’s 12.
A: 12? That’s amazing! How’s he
getting on at school? It’s not so
bad at that age, is it? It’s when
they’re 15 or 16 that things
start to get a bit tough – a lot
of pressure …
C: Well, the thing is, Anya …
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Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 
A: … what with exams and so on.
I know my daughter finds it quite
stressful. She’s about to take her
exams and, well, she’s got a lot on
her plate. Still, it’s worth it, in the
end, isn’t it? I mean, to improve
their job prospects.
C: Actually, neither of my children go
to school.
A: Seriously?
C: Yes, my husband and I homeschool
both our children.
A: You’re joking, right? I mean, how
will they get the qualifications
they need to go to university?
C: Just because they’re
homeschooled doesn’t mean
they’re not getting an education,
Anya. My husband teaches them
maths and science, and I teach
them English literature and
essay writing.
A: Look – I know you studied
English Lit, and your husband
is a biologist, but, I mean, those
aren’t the only subjects. What
about music, art, geography
and, well, everything? Don’t
you think you’ve bitten off a
bit more than you can chew?
It’s a huge responsibility. How
can you provide them with a
full curriculum?
C: We hire tutors for those subjects
which we can’t teach ourselves,
and, as a matter of fact, the kids
are getting better grades than
some of their peers who go to
mainstream schools. They’re not
obliged to study subjects they
don’t like and they do really well
in the ones they love. What you
don’t understand is that they have
so many more choices. They’re
not limited by a rigid school
curriculum. They can think outside
the box. We go on nature walks
and visit art galleries. We do craft
projects and experiments. There’s
so much more flexibility with, well,
with the way we do things.
A: You still haven’t explained how
you expect them to get a good
place at university, Cleo.
C: University isn’t everybody’s cup
of tea. There are other paths in
life. Actually, my son wants to set
up his own business when he’s
www.frenglish.ru
older. Some of our country’s most
successful businesspeople didn’t
go to university.
A: Well, I guess that’s true but,
what about friends? I mean,
one of the main reasons we
send our children to school is to
learn to socialise. How do you
expect them to … to … learn
to deal with the real world? You
can’t keep them hidden away at
home forever!
C: I’m sorry, but that’s ridiculous.
I’m not keeping them ‘hidden
at home’. As a matter of fact, my
son is quite shy, and he found
it difficult to cope when he first
started at secondary school. That’s
why we pulled him out.
A: Oh, come on! You’re not helping
him to deal with his shyness with
your overprotection. He has to
learn to deal with difficult people
and situations. You’re depriving
him of the skills he’ll need in his
adult life.
C: Well, I for one think that the
school environment doesn’t
prepare you for adult life. Children
don’t always treat each other well,
you know. Quite the opposite in
fact. I’m sorry, but you seem to
have quite a negative attitude.
A: Look, I’m sorry, Cleo, we seem to
have got off on the wrong foot.
Let’s just forget this whole topic of
conversation and start again. How
are your parents?
C: They’re fine, thank you. Look, Anya,
it’s been nice talking to you, but I’ve
got to go. I’ll … maybe I’ll see you
sometime. Bye.
A: But, Cleo!
UNIT 7
Lesson 7.4, Listening, Exercise A
7.5 L = Lecturer
L: When I was here five years ago,
I spoke about the need for society
to find creative ways to address
the issue of overcrowding in our
towns and cities. I wanted to
inspire people to make better use
of the space we have and many
projects since – for example, the
regeneration work happening in
Manchester – seem to have taken
my lead.
Audioscripts
However, space in urban areas
is still at a premium. Today’s
megacities continue to expand at
an alarming rate and many experts
believe that by 2050, two-thirds of
the world’s population will be living
in urban areas. For generations
now, architects have carved
out space by building upwards.
Now, it seems, some city councils
have decided the answer to our
problems may lie below ground,
and I hope that the projects I’m
going to show you today will make
you feel the same.
Lesson 7.4, Listening, Exercise B
7.6 L = Lecturer
L: A great example of how the space
below cities can be exploited is
the Growing Underground project
in the UK. This is London’s first and
only underground farm – created
in old underground tunnels which
run 30 metres beneath ground
level. The farm is accessed via a
London tube station, and if you
brave the 129 steps deep into the
darkness, you are rewarded with
an astonishing sight – rows and
rows of perfect green vegetables
and herbs packed into clinical
white shelving units.
The farm uses specially designed
lighting and watering systems – in
fact, it actually uses 70% less water
than conventional agricultural
methods and 50% less energy.
Unlike a regular greenhouse
above ground, no extra heat or
light is required during the winter
months and the temperature in
the underground garden is kept
at a steady 16 degrees Celsius.
And, as it is literally under its
customers’ feet, delivering the
produce to the market and
restaurants which it supplies
causes very little pollution in
terms of transportation.
And you know what? There are
eight huge shelters just like
this one spread across the city,
just waiting for entrepreneurs
like Richard Ballard and Steven
Dring – the creators of Growing
Underground – to bring them
to life.
Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 
Equally intriguing is SubTropolis,
an underground business
complex in Kansas City. Like many
areas in the American Midwest, it
was once known for its booming
industry, but over the past three
decades, that has all changed.
When the once-successful mining
operations in Kansas closed
in the 1940s, they left behind
huge networks of caves and
tunnels – massive, empty space
without use or purpose. Twenty
years later, the largest mine was
bought by a local entrepreneur
and converted into a sprawling
complex of underground offices
and commercial premises known
as SubTropolis.
Today, more than 1500 people
work there in a variety of
businesses. Interestingly, the US
Postal Service also stores two
billion dollars’ worth of postage
stamps in the facility! Like Growing
Underground, the network
of tunnels here maintains a
constant temperature of between
18 and 21 degrees Celsius, so the
whole complex uses very little
energy, and businesses are able
to save thousands of dollars on
energy bills. It is also considered
to be a very secure location for
businesses as access to the site
is limited. Food distributors find
the site extremely useful because
the constant temperature and
humidity levels are ideal for storing
products such as cheese, coffee
and wine.
But it’s not just commercial
operations that can benefit
from building below ground. In
Amsterdam, bicycles are a hugely
popular means of transport.
This is obviously great for the
environment, but bikes take
up space, and it’s becoming
increasingly difficult for the
thousands of people that cycle
in the city to find somewhere
to park. To address this, the city
has recently constructed a huge
underground cycle park. Offering
up to 3000 spaces for both local
residents and tourists, the new
facility is situated underneath
one of Amsterdam’s main train
www.frenglish.ru
stations, making it ideal for
anyone that needs to continue
their journey by rail. It also offers
riders protection from vandalism
and theft – both of which have
become a serious problem in the
city in recent years.
For me, all of these projects
represent a creative way forward
for our cities. Since the last time
I spoke on this stage, overcrowding
has arguably become one of the
biggest threats to our society. If we
carry on building without thought
to the millions of people that
want to live and work in our cities,
I’d argue that our way of life is
under serious threat. It’s only with
innovative solutions, like the ones
I’ve discussed today, that we can
tackle the very real problems of
urban development. Thank you.
UNIT 8
Lesson 8.4, Listening, Exercise B
8.5 P = Presenter J = Jo
P: Hello and welcome to The Book
Group. This week, we’re talking
about crime fiction, which recently
became the UK’s best-selling genre
for the first time ever. In fact, over
the past three years, sales of crime
fiction have risen by an incredible
19%, meaning that one in every
three books sold in the UK is about
crime. So, what is it that draws
people to these stories of murder
and violence? Here to help us
answer that question is Jo Craig,
best-selling author of Without an
Alibi and creator of the ever-popular
Billy Chandler detective series.
Jo – welcome to the show.
J: Thanks for having me, I’m always
happy to talk about books.
P: Well, you’re in the right place. So,
Jo – why do you think we love
crime writing so much?
J: Well, first of all, most crime novels
tend to follow a fairly well-worn
path: an unexplained murder is
followed by a complicated trail of
detection and discovery, led by an
engaging central character. He or
she might be a professional police
officer – like the Swedish Kurt
Wallander or, of course, my own
character, Billy Chandler. Or they
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 Audioscripts
might just be a normal person who
takes a lively interest in crime – like
Agatha Christie’s unlikely amateur
detective, Miss Marple.
P: These creations are often a bit
different from a regular policeman
or -woman, though, aren’t they?
J: Absolutely! The central character
often has unusual personal habits
or quirks: Sherlock Holmes plays
the violin and Adam Dalgliesh
writes poetry.
P: So is crime writing just about
following the same old formula?
J: Well, good writers do also use
the genre as a means to explore
wider social themes such as
poverty, race relations or gender
roles. However, with a few
exceptions, the genre doesn’t
experiment – what you see, or
read in the cover blurb, is what
you get. And in my view, that is
what most readers are looking
for and expect – a gripping plot
which is guaranteed to keep
them entertained for the few
hours or days it will take them to
read the book. Having said that,
there are other factors which may
contribute to the readers’ interest
in murder and the strange twists
of the human mind.
P: Such as?
J: Well, in real life, we often see
people, or groups of people,
that we consider to be naturally
‘bad’, getting away with actions
which we believe are immoral.
From unjust or unfair situations
in our everyday lives to serious
crimes which affect the lives of
thousands. Many of us – in a
complicated, mixed-up, stressful
world – would like to see a
simpler reality in which good
triumphs over evil, reason over
senselessness. Rarely do we
witness ‘good’ winning out over
‘evil’ in real life, but the crime
novel allows people to reverse
that trend – even if it’s only in
our imaginations.
P: So it gives readers the chance
to see bad people pay for
their actions?
J: Exactly. It actually reminds me
of one of the characters in Oscar
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Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 
Wilde’s The Importance of Being
Earnest who says, ‘The good end
happily, and the bad unhappily.
That is what fiction means.’
I think that’s certainly what we
expect from the crime novels
we read. I would also argue that
the messiness of ordinary life is
something which drives us to
reach for the murder mystery. We
can never predict what’s going
to happen in our own lives: work,
family, relationships, ill health – all
of these can make day-to-day
living a tough proposition.
P: So, why would people want to
read about something depressing,
too? Wouldn’t they try to find
something more uplifting
or positive?
J: Well, crime fiction always solves
a complicated web of events. By
the time you turn over the last
page, you’ve been given answers
to all the puzzles which were
posed while you were reading
the book. Rarely are we given
such an opportunity in our own
lives, and maybe that’s what we
find comfort in – a puzzle whose
pieces all fit neatly into place in
the end. It has also been observed
that readers’ appetite for crime
fiction increases in times of
economic hardship. This would
seem to reinforce the idea that
people look for certainty in times
of difficulty: human courage
and patience winning out in
a difficult world.
P: If only that were so in real life!
J: Yes, exactly!
UNIT 9
Lesson 9.4, Listening, Exercise B
9.5 N = Narrator R = Receptionist
H = Helen F = Freja L = Liam
Conversation 1
R: Good morning. Welcome to
Kington Leisure Centre! How are
you today?
H: Not very well, actually.
R: Oh, I’m sorry to hear that. How can
I help?
H: Well, I booked a squash court for
seven o’clock and somebody else
is using it!
www.frenglish.ru
R: Oh, really? That’s odd. Let me take
a look at this morning’s bookings.
OK. Can I take your name, please?
H: It’s Helen. Helen Jackson. Listen, is
this going to take long? This really
is going to upset my schedule.
I’m already running at least ten
minutes late. The 8.36 – that’s the
train I usually catch to work – will
be leaving soon. At this rate, I’ll be
lucky to get the one at 8.54. Either
way, I’d be lucky to make it into
work by 9.30 and, frankly, it’ll be all
your fault!
R: I really am terribly sorry to have
held you up Miss Jackson, but if
you’ll just give me a minute to
check. It shouldn’t take too long.
H: Frankly, it’s already taken too long.
A single, 45-minute session is what
I booked. I received a confirmation
email about it last week.
R: OK, so it says here that you
booked the court for seven o’clock
and it’s now quarter past.
H: And?
R: Ten minutes is all we allow for
late arrivals, I’m afraid. Anyone
more than ten minutes late may
lose their booking to a walk-in
customer. It’s company policy,
I’m afraid.
H: Ridiculous is what it is. There was
nothing about this policy in my
confirmation email.
R: Actually, it’s clearly stated in
the terms and conditions at
the bottom.
H: I see. Well, that doesn’t help me
now. I expect a full refund.
R: Er, I’m afraid we cannot offer
refunds to customers that missed
their sessions.
H: This is absurd!
R: We can, however, book another
session for tomorrow morning.
Perhaps you can make it in for
seven this time?
Conversation 2
F: Morning, Liam. Please do sit down.
I take it you got my note?
L: Yep – all done. There was a bit of a
problem, though.
F: Oh, really? What was that?
L: Well, the photocopier ran out of
paper, so I was only able to print
720 copies of the report.
Audioscripts
F: 720? 100 copies is what I ask you
to print, Liam. One for each person
attending the presentation.
L: Wait, what? But … but …
I thought … I’m sure the notes
said 1000 copies.
F: 1000 copies would be ridiculous,
Liam. Never mind, at least we
have enough for the presentation.
I take it you did check the spelling
as I asked?
L: Of course, boss. Look …
F: ‘Derwent Electrical Services wish
to thank you for your loyal
custom over the last 12 moths.’
Moths, Liam?
L: Er, that’s right.
F: Months is what it’s supposed to
say, Liam. Not moths! Every single
one of these reports will now have
to be thrown away.
L: I … I … I’m really sorry. I guess
I just didn’t …
F: Didn’t what, Liam? Think for two
minutes? Why you don’t take
more care over your work, that’s
what I don’t understand, Liam.
Just give me the pile of envelopes.
I’ll take the reports out and
redo them.
L: Um, how are we going to take the
reports out? I mean the envelopes
are all sealed.
F: Sealed, Liam? Sealed? I specifically
wrote, ‘Do not seal the envelopes’
in my note. I wanted to check
everything first, because, frankly,
I thought you might make a
mistake and, sadly, I was right.
L: I … I don’t know what to say.
F: It’s fine, Liam. Just go and
find some more paper for the
photocopier, will you?
UNIT 10
Lesson 10.4, Listening, Exercise C
10.6 L = Lecturer
L: Thank you. Now, I’d like to start
by telling you a little bit about my
daughter. She, like most teenagers
in this day and age, is completely
addicted to social media. It’s
where she gets her news, how she
connects with her friends, what
she turns to for advice. And for the
most part, I’m fine with this. It’s
not my thing, but as long as she’s
Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 
happy, I’m happy. But what does
interest me is the ability of social
media to shape our view of reality.
In fact, I’d argue that in recent
years, social media has blurred
the lines between what’s real and
what’s fake.
Let me give you an example. One
of the latest influencers taking
the fashion world by storm is
19-year-old model, Miquela Sousa.
Better known as Lil Miquela, her
profile first appeared on Instagram
in 2016 and has since gained well
over a million followers. 1.5 million
to be precise. This success landed
her a contract with the fashion
house Prada and she is now
the face of their 3D-generated
advertising campaign.
Her Instagram account itself
is fairly typical for someone of
her age – endless selfies of her
modelling on-trend streetwear or
posing with celebrities. She’s also
fairly outspoken on current affairs,
is regularly involved in fundraising
campaigns and has a burgeoning
music career. In other words,
she does everything that other
influencers do.
Yet, her rise to fame has caused
a media storm. People are
outraged and have expressed
their anger in no uncertain terms
online. Why? Because Lil Miquela
is not real – that’s to say, not
flesh and blood real. She’s the
world’s first ‘virtual influencer’
and was created as part of a
digital art project by Sara Decou
and Trevor McFedries.
What I think is most astonishing
about all of this is not that
someone would choose to
create a virtual persona like
this – it actually makes sense
from a marketing point of
view – but that people would
react so passionately to her
very existence. When she first
appeared on the scene, furious
debates erupted on social
media – a story that was actually
picked up by mainstream news
outlets – with some commenters,
often in the most unpleasant
or abusive language, branding
her as fake. Others, with equal
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relish, leapt to her defence. She
seems to arouse as much feeling
as a living, breathing person. For
me, this just goes to show how
much social media has distorted
our view of reality. What I mean
is – her very existence seems to
have made us question what we
mean by ‘real’ when it comes to
online content.
But is Lil Miquela really so
different from the rest of us?
Don’t we all use Instagram
pages, blogs, YouTube channels
and Twitter feeds to present an
idealised version of ourselves,
not necessarily who we are?
I mean, seriously, does anybody
really believe that those beauty
vloggers actually look like that
in real life? The right lighting, the
best digital equipment, clever
make-up tricks and editing can
make anybody look like a model
of perfection – an image utterly
unrelated to the real, living,
breathing person. What I’m saying
is – our online persona often
bears very little resemblance to
our real self.
And for me, this is where the
dilemma lies. I’m happy for my
daughter to take inspiration
from the people she follows
online, to aspire to a different
lifestyle. But are influencers
setting an impossibly high
bar? They seem to have the
perfect life. But is this because
they don’t actually share the
boring bits? You don’t get likes
or retweets for pictures of you
locking the front door or taking
the bins out. You’re expected
to present the best version of
yourself – the one that goes on
glamorous holidays and eats
in expensive restaurants. But
most of us aren’t celebrities, and
sometimes our lives aren’t all
that great. And surely, that’s OK,
too. What I’m trying to say is that
in a world where the difference
between real and fake is almost
impossible to distinguish,
perhaps it’s more important
than ever to teach our children
it’s OK to be themselves.
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1.1 Personality VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY A
1 d ​2 g ​3 e ​4 a ​5 h ​6 b ​7 f ​8 c
A
1 c 2 b ​3 a ​4 a ​5 c ​6 a ​7 b ​8 c 9 c 10 a B
1 confidence ​2 arrogance ​3 determination ​4 optimism ​
B
5 loyalty ​6 responsibility ​7 difference ​8 stubbornness
1 thrilled ​2 impressed ​3 tense ​4 frustrated ​5 stunned ​
6 relieved PRONUNCIATION
GRAMMAR A
1 You can’talways get what you wantin life.
A
2 Alex isn’taneasy person to get to know.
1 Could you tell me where the nearest bank is?
3 Actually, he’s notatall like his brother.
2 Can I ask what your name is?
4 Marco will supportus whatever we endup doing.
3 What are you thinking about?
5 Everyoneat work has been really understandingaboutit.
4 What happened when you got there?
5 What didn’t you like about the meal? B
6 Who is taking the lesson today? 1 How farisit to your house – willit take long to walk?
7 Do you know where he lives? 2 My jobis much better now thatI work from homeon
8 Would you mind repeating that? Wednesdays.
3 He was generally thoughtofas lazy and disruptive.
B
4 I thinkI’ve done the bestI canon this project.
1 the test is
5 I thinkit’simportant to talk to people we don’tagree with.
2 me (what) your name (is)
3 how old you are
4 where we have to go 1.3 Reading
5 where I sign my name (, please) READING
6 sitting down over there (, please)
7 what your address is B
8 what time it is / what the time is They all overcame serious problems before they achieved
success in their chosen fields.
C
1 didn’t you tell C
2 are you talking about 1 d ​2 a ​3 f ​4 b
3 happened yesterday
D
4 Do you know
1 It made him work harder. (‘… criticism just made him more
5 didn’t you like
determined.’)
6 did you grow up
2 He practised speaking with small stones in his mouth and
7 were you talking to
with a knife between his teeth. (‘It is said that he would fill
8 Who are you going
his mouth with small stones and practise speaking with a
PRONUNCIATION knife held between his teeth to get rid of his stammer and
improve the strength of his voice.’)
A 3 It wasn’t a great success. (‘… his first commercial film made a
1 ​2 ​3 ​4 ​5 ​6 ​7 ​8 profit of only $1 …’)
4 Being asked to direct the film Duel (‘… if he hadn’t then been
1.2 Who we are given the chance to direct the film Duel …’)
5 He worked on the family farm. (‘His mother died when he
GRAMMAR was nine years old and Lincoln was immediately put to work
A on the family farm.’)
1 were you doing ​2 I’d ​3 he’s working 4 ​ have to ​ 6 Working as a lawyer (‘It was when he decided to become a
5 was travelling ​6 I’ve ​7 was raining ​8 grew lawyer and later to go into politics that he finally found his
life’s work.’)
B 7 To hide her physical disabilities (‘When she was just six years
1 hasn’t finished 2 was; leaving 3 had sold out 4 closes old, she caught polio which left her right leg shorter and
5 ’m seeing 6 lived much thinner than the left – something she wore long skirts
to disguise.’)
C 8 No. Her first choice was to be a doctor. (‘… Kahlo dreamt of
1 ’ve faced ​2 had burnt ​3 sounds 4​ had ​ becoming a doctor, but her ambitions were cut short …’)
5 wasn’t ​6 was looking ​7 ’m going ​
8 hadn’t thought

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Answer key Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 

1.4 Listening 2.1 A full life

LISTENING VOCABULARY
B A
2 1 stress ​2 anxiety ​3 depression ​4 calories ​5 obesity ​
6 cholesterol
C
1 British government appoints a minister for loneliness. B
2 The decision came about because of recent research. 1 Mental ​2 processed ​3 life ​4 reduces ​5 ageing ​
3 Young people are lonelier than older people. 6 level ​7 suffer ​8 under
4 The new minister will develop a strategy based on input
from many groups. GRAMMAR
5 Try to develop new relationships with your neighbours.
A
6 Give practical help to those in need.
1 been reading ​2 been staying ​3 lost ​4 been phoning ​
D 5 been ​6 been trying ​7 spent ​8 been doing
1 b ​2 b ​3 c ​4 b ​5 c 9 haven’t been sleeping 10 has written

B
1.5 Write a formal letter asking 1 I’ve finished ​2 have you been doing ​3 I’ve put on ​
4 I’ve given up ​5 We’ve been working ​6 I’ve stopped ​
for information 7 Mía’s been cycling ​8 he’s already been
WRITING
C
A 1 ’ve/have broken ​2 ’ve/have been calling ​
1 To ask for information about the robotics club. 3 haven’t finished ​4 ’ve/have been going ​
2 The person who runs the robotics club. 5 ’s/has cleaned ​6 ’ve/have been waiting ​
3 Because the letter is formal and the writer doesn’t know the 7 ’s/has been ​8 ’ve/have been staying
name or gender of the person he is writing to.
PRONUNCIATION
B
1 salutation or greeting A
2 purpose of the letter 1 a ​2 b ​3 b ​4 a ​5 a
3 request for information
B
4 request for a response
1 They’ve been ​2 I’ve been ​3 We’ve been ​4 She’s been ​
5 sign-off
5 He’s been
C
1 b ​2 e ​3 d ​4 a ​5 c 2.2 Change
WRITING PRACTICE GRAMMAR
C A
Model answer 1 correct
Dear Sir/Madam, 2 He didn’t used to have such long hair.
3 We would to sit out on the balcony and talk all night.
I am writing to enquire about joining your sailing club. I would
4 I found it really difficult to get used to wearing contact
be grateful if you could answer one or two questions about
lenses at first.
the club and how it operates to help me decide if it is suitable
5 You’ll have to be get used to working longer hours now
for me.
you’ve got your new job.
I would like to know when and how often the club meets,
6 Being the youngest in the family, I soon got used to being
as I need to know if the times fit in with my schedule. Could
told what to do.
you tell me whether I need to have any previous experience
7 correct
of sailing and if instruction is provided for beginners? I have
8 correct
never sailed before and would need help and guidance in the
9 I think I’m slowly getting used to such a long commute.
beginning. I was also wondering what measures are in place to
10 correct
ensure the safety of the members. Finally, do I need any special
equipment, such as my own lifejacket? B
If you could let me know as soon as possible, I would be 1 used to ​2 be used to / have got used to ​3 get used to ​
grateful, as I am keen to get started and hope your club suits 4 got used to ​5 would 6 used to ​7 didn’t use to
my requirements. Thanks in advance for your help. ​ to get used to
8

Yours faithfully,
Lucas Nilsson

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 Answer key Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 

PRONUNCIATION D
1 make a plan before you start
A 2 to do some physical exercise
/d/ 3 using your mobile after 10 pm
4 break tasks down into stages
VOCABULARY 5 forget to reward yourself
A
WRITING PRACTICE
1 Naturally ​2 Sadly ​3 undoubtedly ​4 merely ​5 frankly ​
6 Admittedly ​7 apparently ​8 simply C
Model answer
B Fear of speaking in public, whether in front of a large audience
1 Admittedly, ​2 Frankly ​3 merely/simply ​4 Naturally ​ or even a small group, is high up in the top ten fears most
5 apparently 6​ Sadly people have. At school, college or work, you might be asked at
any time to speak to an audience or give a presentation. How
C
will you manage the nerves, the anxiety, the thumping heart?
1 ridiculous
If you want help, read on.
2 disappointed
3 concerned Prepare
4 easy • It’s a good idea to start small. Practise your speech on your
5 likely family or a few friends.
• Make sure you know your material inside out. Knowing

2.3 Reading your topic gives you confidence, and you’ll be ready for any
questions.
READING • Remember to practise your speech several times before the
big day. Time yourself and make sure you have extra material
C
in case you finish early.
2
• Whatever you do, don’t try to memorise your whole speech;
D it will sound unnatural and tense. Memorise the key points
1 ‘But as we all know, advice is always easier to give than and use cards as prompts for examples you want to make.
to follow …’ Beat stress
2 ‘I think we can all agree that knowing how others have • Remember that it isn’t you but what you have to say that
coped in similar situations can give you the strength to people have come for. If you’ve done your preparation,
carry on.’ there’s nothing to fear.
3 ‘… many are, without doubt, full of unscientific nonsense.’ • Meet some of the audience before you speak. You’ll see they
4 ‘If you have the time and the money, a nice home and a are normal friendly people.
loving family, then it becomes that much easier to make • Don’t forget to add some humour into your talk. Involve your
positive changes in your life.’ audience, ask questions, get them to participate.
5 ‘… we only seem to turn to self-help when the economy • Let your knowledge and passion for the subject shine through.
is bad.’
3.1 Staying alive
2.4 Listening GRAMMAR
LISTENING A
1 had already eaten
B
2 was trying
1 Set realistic goals.
3 packed
2 Focus on one change at a time.
4 had been decorating
3 Make a detailed plan of action.
5 hadn’t revised
4 Ask friends and family for support.
6 knocked
5 Use social media to log your progress.
7 was pouring
C 8 had been walking
1 a ​2 a ​3 c ​4 b ​5 a ​6 c
B
1 had already left
2.5 Write an article giving advice 2 was leaving
3 was looking forward
WRITING
4 rushed
C 5 had locked
1 c ​2 f ​3 b ​4 e ​5 a ​6 d 6 had been working
7 remembered
8 was getting

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Answer key Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 

C C
… he had a funny feeling that someone followed 1 I’m sick about of listening to him telling us how brilliant he is.
was following him; … he wasn’t seeing didn’t see anyone; 2 correct
… until the moment he had been arriving arrived at the office; 3 It’s very important to be sensitive of towards the feelings
… remembered how he had felt eight hours earlier; Surely of others.
now he would notice if someone watched was watching him; 4 correct
… he was having had one last anxious look around; … did he 5 correct
work had he been working too hard for the last few weeks?; 6 Aren’t you envious for of Marco? He gets to travel all around
… his phone had rung rang and made him jump the world!
7 correct
VOCABULARY 8 It seemed that the man wasn’t aware from of anyone
following him.
A
9 I’m just so sick from of him telling me what to do all the time!
1 smashed
10 correct
​ 2 growled
​ 3
​ 4
creaked
crackling
3.3 Reading
​ 5 crunched READING
​ 6 rumbled C
1 f ​2 d ​3 b ​4 h ​5 a ​6 i ​7 c ​8 g
B
1 b ​2 a ​3 b ​4 a ​5 a ​6 c 7 c 8 b D
1 Colombia (‘… he hitchhiked to Colombia, where he met
3.2 Fear and danger fellow traveller, Marcus Stamm. They became friends and
decided to travel to Bolivia together, where two more men,
GRAMMAR Karl Ruprechter and Kevin Gale, joined the group.’)
2 They didn’t have enough supplies and couldn’t source
A
1 in case ​2 unless ​3 As soon as ​4 as long as ​
enough nearby (‘… they didn’t have enough supplies and
5 Provided
that the local villages couldn’t provide all they needed.’)
3 They didn’t trust each other, particularly Karl. ([Karl] ‘… decided
B that he didn’t want to continue because the river passed over
1 our flight unless we hurry up dangerous rocks and waterfalls. He also told them he couldn’t
2 the money provided you pay me back next week swim. This led to suspicion and distrust in the group …’ )
3 in case it gets cold later 4 He lost them during the incident with the raft. (‘… all the
4 don’t phone me unless there’s a problem supplies had been lost with the raft.’)
5 let you know as soon as I arrive 5 He made a flame thrower with a lighter and a spray can. (‘He
6 as long as you follow these instructions improvised, using a spray can and a lighter as a makeshift
flame thrower to frighten it off.’)
PRONUNCIATION 6 Kevin turned around and saw him. (‘By chance, Kevin turned
around for a last look and saw him.’)
A
Sentences should have rising intonation on the first clause,
falling intonation on the second.
3.4 Listening
LISTENING
VOCABULARY
B
A 1 creating a safe space 2 finding water 3 building a shelter
1 talk over 4 finding food 5 getting rescued
2 worked out C
3 sort it out 1 T
4 went through 2 T
5 weigh up 3 F (The speaker talks about different methods of
6 put up with collecting water.)
7 deal with it 4 T
5 F (The speaker explains how to decide if something is
B
1 sort it out poisonous or not.)
6 F (You can also make a pattern or message with rocks
2 put up with
3 deal with or branches.)
4 weigh up D
5 work out 1 safe zone ​2 cave walls ​3 branches ​4 small shellfish ​
6 talked it over 5 skin ​6 three ​7 piles of rocks
7 go through

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3.5 Write a short story 4.1 My future

WRITING GRAMMAR
A A
1 somewhere in the countryside (‘We live in the countryside …’) 1 a ​2 c ​3 b ​4 a ​5 b ​6 c ​7 a ​8 b
2 a car accident (‘Halfway home, we hit a patch of ice, skidded
B
across the road and ended up facing the wrong way with
1 ’s getting 2​ ’ll fly ​3 doesn’t end ​
two wheels hanging over the edge of the ditch.’)
4 ’m visiting 5​ ’ll take ​6 ’m going to book
3 the narrow roads (‘… the roads are narrow and boarded by
shallow ditches.’); the bad weather (‘Driving around there C
is difficult at the best of times, but it had snowed the night What are you doing going to do now, Dan?; I guess I’m taking
before and I knew the roads would be icy.’); his mother’s I’ll take a few weeks off …; I’ll I’m going to work on my CV
driving (‘She isn’t the best driver …’) tomorrow, then I’ll I’m going to go job hunting on Monday;
B What do mean you’ll you’re going to go job hunting?;
1 T I’m probably spending I’ll probably spend some time
2 F (It had snowed the previous evening.) searching for jobs …; The work is going to starts on the 14th;
3 F (She got into the car as the writer ‘was putting her suitcase I don’t won’t have time to do that …;
into the back of the car’.)
VOCABULARY
4 T
5 F (They phoned an ambulance when they saw the accident.) A
1 of ​2 of ​3 in ​4 in ​5 of ​6 about ​7 on ​8 in
C
1 noisily B
2 nervously 1 challenging; to balance
3 heavily 2 produce; benefits
4 violently 3 influences; control
5 Slowly 4 to produce; balance
6 Fortunately 5 benefit; control
7 desperately 6 challenged; influence
8 Surprisingly
PRONUNCIATION
WRITING PRACTICE A
C produce; increase; record; invite
Model answer B
My friends and I all knew the story of how Shaka, Chief of the 1 reject ​2 increase ​3 update ​4 download ​5 discount
Zulus, had thrown his treasure into a waterfall as his enemies
approached. For us though, the waterfall was just a beautiful
place for a picnic and a swim at the weekend.
4.2 What will life be like?
There were five of us who set off that Saturday morning: me, GRAMMAR
my cousin Rose, her boyfriend Jack and his brother and sister.
We had prepared our food the night before as we wanted an A
early start. 1 will have risen
The sun was shining brightly and we were feeling hot and 2 be eating
dusty when we arrived at the waterfall after the long drive. 3 be travelling
We scrambled quickly down to the water – all except Jack 4 be living
who, as usual, dived from the top of the waterfall. Then we 5 have been living
ate and lay in the sun. Jack decided it was time for another 6 have expired
swim and climbed back up and dived again. This time, he did a B
somersault before hitting the water. We waited for him to rise 1 will you be living ​2 will/’ll have finished ​
triumphantly from the pool. A minute that seemed like an hour 3 will/’ll be travelling ​4 will have worked / will have been working ​
passed as we peered anxiously into the pool. His brother and 5 will/’ll still be having ​6 will have left ​
I dived into the pool to look for him, staying under until our 7 will/’ll be watching ​8 will/’ll have discovered
breath ran out. We surfaced, gasping desperately for air, then
dived down again. VOCABULARY
At last, we found him and got him out of the pool. He had hit
his head and was bleeding heavily. Fortunately, his sister knew A
what to do. She performed CPR and patched up his head and 1 a ​2 b ​3 c ​4 c ​5 a ​6 a ​7 b ​8 c
we carried him back to the car and got him to the nearest
B
hospital. He doesn’t seem to have learnt his lesson, though. We
1 widely ​2 especially ​3 firmly ​4 undoubtedly ​5 greatly ​
still go there, and he still insists on diving.
6 significantly ​7 entirely ​8 incredibly

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Answer key Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 

PRONUNCIATION WRITING PRACTICE

A C
rise-fall; it adds emphasis to the sentence
4.3 Reading
READING
C
1 ‘In fact, one major electronics company already has fridges
that can communicate with your local supermarket.’
2 ‘… in future, power may be generated by solar windows – a
development that one expert says could be commercially
available within the next few years.’
3 ‘… a 2016 report published by the National Building Council
suggested that in the future, floors and stairs within the
home will be able to monitor your weight, …’
4 ‘So why is it that only an estimated 1% of homes now have
full smart technology?’
D we will lose control of them – that robots will learn how to act
1 facial recognition software
2 kitchen appliances
3 household chores
4 energy conservation
5 hack
6 30% / thirty per cent
Model answer
These days, we don’t need to cross the living room to change
channels on the TV or wash all our clothes or dishes by hand.
Many chores are already done by machines, giving us more
free time to do the things we enjoy.
If – or when – we have walking, talking robots in our homes,
what more will they do and what will be left for us to do?
Some people argue that this is the future, that all our needs
will be catered for and that we will have more time to work or
enjoy hobbies. Others think that we’ll have the opportunity to
become more creative with our time and talents.
On the other hand, not everyone knows what to do with
their leisure time and many people hate not being occupied
by meaningful work. One argument against widespread use
of robots in the home is that by having our meals cooked,
beds made, lawn cut, etc by robots, we will become lazy and
unhealthy. Some people argue that there is also the possibility
on their own. And who knows where that will lead?
In conclusion, I believe that while robots (or machines) can be
useful labour-saving devices, we can choose how much more
free time we need. I think we’ll have to learn, with robots in the
workplace and at home, how to use our increased leisure time
more productively and enjoyably.

4.4 Listening 5.1 Changing environment

GRAMMAR
LISTENING
A
C
1 was published
The interviewees agree about statements 1, 2 and 4.
2 is destroying
3 Dr Scott disagrees, saying that people who have survived
3 be solved
life-changing accidents are ‘prepared to go that little
4 was donated
bit further’.
5 will be added
5 Dr Scott disagrees, saying that for most people, 3D printing
6 had been fined
organs is ‘science fiction’ and that we’re ‘years away’ from
such technology being used. B
1 1.9 tonnes of food is wasted by the UK food industry
D
every year.
1 artificial devices
2 Families are being supported by volunteers during the
2 brain power
food shortage.
3 science fiction
3 The water crisis in sub-Saharan Africa still hasn’t been solved.
4 anxiety or fear
4 Many communities of nesting birds in the area will be
5 sensors and cameras
affected by the oil spill.
6 fatal mistakes
5 Whale hunting has been banned by most governments
around the world.
4.5 Write a for and against 6 Nearly 10,000 rhinos have been poached in South Africa in
the last ten years.
blog post
WRITING C
1 ’ve had a lot of work done
A 2 were having/getting the floors replaced
Online learning 3 had/got underfloor heating put in
4 had/got all the doors and windows changed
D 5 had to have/get a few holes in the roof fixed
1 e ​2 f ​3 b ​4 a ​5 d ​6 c 6 having/getting the wiring put in
7 be having/getting the walls finished off
8 have/get a swimming pool put in

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VOCABULARY GRAMMAR
A A
1 solar panel 1 to bow
2 double-glazing 2 to see
3 water butt 3 find
4 energy-efficient light bulb 4 taking
5 compost heap 5 to become
6 smart meter 6 calling
7 underfloor heating 7 Driving
8 wind turbine 8 to speak
9 pack
B 10 to pick up
1 water butt 11 tidying up
2 double-glazing 12 to see
3 smart meters
4 compost heap B
5 wind turbine 1 chatting 2 to imagine 3 building 4 drinking
6 energy-efficient light bulb 5 fighting 6 watching
7 underfloor heating
8 solar panel C
1 to tell me what’s wrong with him
PRONUNCIATION 2 to fill up on petrol
3 to listen to heavy metal in the car
A 4 working on a Sunday
1 It’ll save you money, but take a while to pay for itself. 5 to reach the summit
2 We’d like to start straight away. 6 to lend me his car
3 It’ll take about a week to have it done.
4 I’m going to get a quote for a smart meter.
5 Don’t worry, I bought a new light bulb. 5.3 Reading
6 Have you got a water butt in the garden? READING
C
5.2 Changing places 1 global warming
VOCABULARY 2 erosion of sea ice
3 destruction of their natural habitat
A 4 rising temperatures
1 housing ​2 suburbs 3​ residential ​4 Rural ​5 industrial ​ 5 change in its chemical balance
6 slums ​7 commercial 8 ​ urban 6 coastal erosion
7 Rising sea levels
B
8 cost of extreme weather events
1 impossible
2 overpriced
3 unhappy 5.4 Listening
4 misled LISTENING
5 underestimated
6 Suburban A
7 overpopulated 1 c 2 b 3 b
8 redeveloped
B
PRONUNCIATION 1, 4, 7

A C
1 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 5 2 6 4 1 empty streets; closed schools and cafes; an ageing
population; abandoned fields and houses
B 2 By paying them - between ‘€800 and €2000 to single people
1 aspirin and families’.
2 average; business 3 They must commit to living permanently in the village and
3 camera; different have a job.
4 favourite 4 nature lovers, walkers and campers
5 several; general; interest 5 a hotel, a shop, a restaurant, an eco-centre, a school
6 comfortable; temperature 6 Yes – the population of the village has increased and some
farm land is back in production.

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5.5 Write a problem solution PRONUNCIATION

article A
WRITING rise-fall

B B
1 e-commerce 1, 4, 5, 6
2 online
VOCABULARY
3 technology
4 entertaining A
1 f ​2 d ​3 e ​4 b ​5 a ​6 c
C
Second problem = lack of parking facilities; Solution = provide B
more (underground) parking areas; improve public transport; 1 scholarship
Conclusion = that people should rediscover the social side of 2 secondary
shopping in their local high street 3 campus
4 lectures
WRITING PRACTICE 5 lectures
C 6 seminars
Model answer 7 graduate
One of the biggest threats to the environment, both on land 8 vocational
and at sea, is plastic waste. And if the environment is at risk, so
are we. Modern lifestyles demand single-use, easily disposable 6.2 Traditions of youth
products, such as water bottles, coffee cups, take-away food
packaging and the plastic bags we are given in supermarkets. GRAMMAR
The main issue with plastic is that it is made to last and it does
A
not break down as easily as other materials. It also contains
1 the ​2 the ​3 a ​4 an ​5 – ​6 – ​7 a ​8 the
toxins that are harmful to plants, animals and humans. If you
burn it, toxic gases are released into the air; if you bury it in B
landfills, toxins seep into the water system. One way for us as 1 an; the
consumers to tackle the problem is to shop more responsibly. 2 the; −
For example, we can reuse the plastic water bottles we 3 the; the
buy, carry our own cup for our coffee on the way to work, 4 −; a
refuse to buy products that have plastic packaging and take 5 a; the
our own reusable, non-plastic bags when we shop. In fact, 6 −; −
some governments have addressed the issue by making 7 the; the
supermarkets charge customers for plastic bags, and this had 8 the; the
the effect of greatly reducing the use of plastic bags.
The truth is, these individual actions aren’t enough. You may C
be a keen recycler, but the current methods of waste disposal … coming-of-age traditions around a the world …; The
don’t help much. However, we may be able to persuade Sateré-Mawé tribe live deep in an the Amazon rainforest …;
companies by our actions to cut down on plastic and also force … to search for the a specific species of ant …; … which
our governments to take action. can cause the extreme pain …; Once the boys find an the
ants …; … was enough of a an initiation …; Each boy has to
wear the glove for …; A The initiation can last months …;
6.1 The right method? … being stung by a bullet ant would probably …; … part
GRAMMAR of the transition to the manhood.

A PRONUNCIATION
1 b ​2 a ​3 b ​4 c ​5 c ​6 a ​7 b ​8 a
B
B 1 Theants have a venomous sting.
1 aren’t / are not allowed to talk 2 Theage-old tradition of land diving.
2 ought to learn 3 The second Mondayof Januaryis a special dayin Japan.
3 let me deal with 4 These young adults then go on to celebrate at parties in
4 mustn’t tell anyone theevening.
5 we obliged to stay 5 It’s a coming-of-age movieabout three young friends
6 don’t have to add growing up together.
7 am supposed to study 6 Ioften wonder what it would be like to bein the
8 aren’t / are not obliged Sateré-Mawé tribe and do theinitiation!

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VOCABULARY D
1 F (She uses ‘a lot on her plate’ to mean that her daughter is
A very busy at the moment.)
1 well-known 2 T
2 old-fashioned 3 T
3 last-minute 4 F (She says that ‘University isn’t everybody’s cup of tea’,
4 up-to-date meaning that it doesn’t work for everyone.)
5 thrill-seeking 5 T
6 high-risk
7
8
seven-bedroom
organically grown
6.5 Write a report
WRITING
B
1 two-hour B
2 100-mile Education and law have seen the greatest decline; the
3 well-behaved two most popular subjects are computer science and
4 world-famous pre-clinical medicine.
5 never-ending
6 Spanish-speaking C
1 c ​2 e ​3 d ​4 a ​5 f ​6 b
C
1 made WRITING PRACTICE
2 Making C
3 did Model answer
4 making Gender gap in higher education choices
5 do
Introduction
6 doing
This report evaluates the results of a survey on gender
7 making
differences in certain university subjects and suggests ways of
8 do
closing this gap.
Results
6.3 Reading The key trend indicated by the chart is that there is a divide
READING between arts subjects and the ‘hard’ sciences which is closely
linked to gender. Most students studying computing are male.
C Males also make up a far greater proportion of those studying
1 them (my schooldays) mathematical sciences and engineering and technology.
2 their (parents) By contrast, female students dominate the arts and ‘soft’
3 we (boys) sciences, e.g. creative arts and design and social studies. More
4 them (traditions / physical tests) than twice as many female students study languages as males.
5 they (the boys) Interpretation
6 it (beating pupils / corporal punishment) It is evident that as things stand, male students are drawn to
7 that (cavalry twill) the sciences, while female students opt for the arts. No doubt,
D gender stereotyping plays some part, yet studies show that
1 NG (There’s nothing in the text to indicate which school
female students equal or outperform male students in science,
James went to) technology and maths coursework but do less well in tests. The
2 NG (The writer says that the parents believed this, but not
idea that certain subjects are masculine or feminine still affects
that this was necessarily true) some people. That, and lack of confidence and support, has an
3 NG (The writer doesn’t give his own opinion, but says
impact on students’ choice of subjects.
‘… that you might think barbaric.’) Conclusion
4 F (It was banned in state schools in 1986, but ‘… continued I would recommend that schools provide encouragement and
in schools like mine for another decade before being support for female students who want to study sciences and
outlawed’) discourage gender stereotyping. Similarly, more male students
5 T should be persuaded that arts subjects are neither feminine
6 T nor without future practical use.

6.4 Listening 7.1 Open spaces

LISTENING GRAMMAR
C A
1 a ​2 b ​3 b ​4 c ​5 a 1 b ​2 a ​3 c ​4 a ​5 c ​6 b ​7 b ​8 b

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B B
1 ’d/would have given 1 a ​2 a ​​3 a ​4 b ​5 b ​6 b ​7 b
2 ’d book
3 wouldn’t be 7.3 Reading
4 had
5 would have gone
READING
6 didn’t have to B
2
C
1 had not/hadn’t taken C
2 would not/wouldn’t have 1 They suggest that British people aren’t as sociable as people
3 had not/hadn’t fought from other countries.
4 might not have 2 He’s not certain. The odds are against it, but it’s possible.
5 would make 3 Because they were too much like living in a hotel.
6 had 4 Because many people like to keep work and home life separate.
7 would go
D
8 achieve
1 f ​2 e ​3 c ​4 a
VOCABULARY
A
7.4 Listening
1 c ​2 b ​3 c ​4 a ​5 c ​6 b LISTENING
A
B
1 Addressing the issue of overcrowding in towns and cities.
1 to restore
2 Because there is no more space for development in
2 constructed
urban areas.
3 demolished​
4 transformed​ B
5 to relocate​ 1 Housing an underground farm
6 extended 2 Creating an artificial climate
3 Repurposing an industrial facility
PRONUNCIATION 4 Keeping things safe and secure
A 5 Solving a transport issue
1 b ​2 b ​3 b ​4 a ​5 b ​6 a
C
1 London
7.2 Make a change 2 tunnels
3 vegetables; herbs
GRAMMAR
​ 4 water; energy
A 5 mine
I wish I’ve I’d done things a little …; If only I’d tried that little bit 6 commercial
harder …; If only I do did a job that I …; … I wish people won’t 7 energy bills
wouldn’t ask me what I …; I also sometimes wish I’ve I’d been 8 Amsterdam
braver …; If only I would have had had the courage to try … 9 train stations
10 theft
B
1 b ​2 a ​3 c ​4 a ​5 b ​6 b ​7 c ​8 a
7.5 Write a formal letter of
VOCABULARY complaint
A WRITING
1 get around to ​2 run out of 3
​ come up against
A
​ look up to ​5 come up with 6
4 ​ keep up with
1 To complain about a proposal to close/demolish the
​ get on with ​8 cut down on
7
local library.
B 2 A member of the local council.
1 sharing ​2 pollution ​3 spirit ​4 party ​5 banks ​ 3 The greeting and the sign-off; the language used (e.g. I am
6 group 7​ workers ​8 exchange writing to you with regard to …); the way it is organised.

PRONUNCIATION B
1 b ​2 c ​3 a
A
C
The main stress is on the second word, the secondary stress is
1 b ​2 e ​3 c ​4 a ​5 d
on the first.

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WRITING PRACTICE PRONUNCIATION

C A
Model answer In Irish folklore, / Cúchulainn is a mythological hero / who
Dear Sir/Madam, appears in many stories. / According to the stories, / during
I am writing to you to complain about the amount of graffiti in battles, / he is transformed into some kind of monster. /
the town centre, which gets worse by the day, and what seems Although descriptions of him differ in the various stories, /
to me the lack of any attempt to do anything about it. most agree that he is extremely handsome. / The stories about
I’m sorry, but I feel the authorities are failing in their duty here. Cúchulainn / bear some similarity to other legends from
Graffiti is rather like litter and makes the area look scruffy and different parts of the world, / most notably / ancient Greece
uncared for. I understand the council has actually endorsed and Persia. /
the painting of murals on some buildings and I admit some B
of these add colour to the area. But most graffiti is just scrawls Cúchulainn’s most heroic deed was performed at the Raid of
by people who want attention or gang members marking Cooley. / Legend has it, / the Irish hero defended Ulster from
out territory. I appreciate that it is expensive to remove graffiti attack from the men of Connaught. / The leader of Connaught, /
and difficult to keep up with more being written every day. Queen Medb, / wanted to conquer Ulster so she could take
However, I’m afraid that whatever preventative measures you possession of a magical brown bull / which was owned by the
have at the moment, they are not working. May I suggest larger elder warriors of Ulster. /
fines for those caught painting graffiti and a larger number of At the time of the attack, / the men of Ulster were suffering
police officers on the streets? from a bizarre weakness / imposed on them by the goddess
I feel that more action should be taken on this issue, and Macha. / None of the warriors were able to defend their city. /
I hope that my suggestions will be listened to. I am not alone Cúchulainn, / however, / was unaffected by Macha’s curse as he
in thinking that this unattractive practice on our streets should was not merely human – / he was the son of a god. /
stop. I look forward to hearing what your intentions and plans Cúchulainn went to battle against the whole army of
are in regard to this matter. Connaught, / helped only by his father, / the god of light, /
Yours faithfully, and by Morrigan, / the goddess of war. / During the defence, /
Cúchulainn is severely wounded, / but his father helps heal
Hermione Plunkett
his wounds. / He regains his energy / and kills hundreds of
8.1 Myths and legends Connaught soldiers, / using their dead bodies to build a
wall to help defend Ulster. / Eventually, / the men of Ulster
GRAMMAR regain strength and launch into battle, / forcing their enemy
A to retreat. /
must have crashed
1
2 may/might/could have got 8.2 Who did it?
3 must have run out VOCABULARY
4 may/might/could have been captured
A
5 may/might/could have reached
1 listened
6 may/might/could have been found
2 heard
7 may/might/could have been
3 hearing
8 can’t have been
4 looking
B 5 felt
1 may/might/could have got lost 6 watching
2 can’t have stolen the money 7 saw
3 parcel must have arrived 8 looked
4 plane may/might/could have been delayed 9 touched
5 can’t have been born in 1976 10 looked
6 car must have been stolen B
7 can’t/couldn’t have been Stephen that you saw because he’s 1 a ​2 f ​3 b ​4 e ​5 d ​6 c
in Austria
8 may/might/could have been French C
1 punishment
VOCABULARY 2 sentenced
3 witnesses
A
​4 investigating
1 traditional ​2 traditionally ​3 believe ​4 belief ​
5 accused
5 essentially ​ myth ​7 mythical ​8 legend
6
6 caught; charged
​9 legendarily ​10 resemble ​11 represent ​12 representative
​7 commit
B 8 innocent
1 mythical ​2 Legend ​3 resembles 4​ traditionally ​ 9 proof
5 represented ​6 believe ​7 myth 8
​ essentially 10 questioned

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GRAMMAR
A
1 We watched an interesting Japanese documentary on
Netflix last night.
2 She was wearing a striped cotton top she bought in the sales.
3 They live in a fantastic old house just outside Cambridge.
4 The antique wooden clock struck midnight as he tiptoed
down the stairs.
5 Overall, I’d say that it’s quite an economical little car.
6 Apparently, she’s found a beautiful Italian dress she likes.
7 As I stood up a small round object on the grass caught my eye.
8 Every day, he ate two large sugar-coated doughnuts
for breakfast.
9 The £20m development includes two large state-of-the-art
lecture theatres.
10 The couple found the 16th-century Chinese vase in their
back garden.
B WRITING PRACTICE
1 It’s a charming little coastal village in West Sussex.
2 correct
3 I bought a new designer suit for my interview.
4 correct
5 correct
6 We live on a long, pleasant tree-lined street in the suburbs.
7 correct
8 We were struck by the beautiful snow-covered hills.
PRONUNCIATION
A mobile phones, tablets or computers, and most cyber
fall-rising
8.3 Reading
READING
C can be bullied 24 hours a day wherever they are, and
1 T
2 T
3 F (‘… there were supplies of food and water …’)
4 F (‘Others suggest the ship might have been attacked by
pirates, not as improbable as the other theories, but it’s
unlikely to have been the reason …’)
5 T
6 NG (Although both are mentioned as being faulty or broken,
there is nothing in the article to suggest the cause of this.)
D messages immediately. In addition, all schools should have
1 To a bottle that had been thrown into the sea.
2 To suggest that no one was in control of the boat.
3 That the papers, like wedding confetti, had been thrown
around in a random fashion.
8.4 Listening
LISTENING
C the problem requires the combined effort of parents,
1 Sales are at their highest ever
2 The basic structure of a crime novel
3 Excitement keeps you entertained
4 Creating an ideal moral world
5 Bringing order to chaos
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D
1 c 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 b
8.5 Write a complex essay
WRITING
A
1 The possible causes of the rise in cybercrime and what can
be done about it.
2 Cybercrime.
B
1 c 2 b
C
2 Conclusion 1 doesn’t cover all of the main arguments in the
essay and introduces new ideas (‘We rely on the authorities to
deal with the problem …’).
C
Model answer
Cyberbullying is among the principal dangers facing
young people today, with one in five teenagers saying
they have experienced it. This essay will first look at
some of the reasons it has become so widespread and
the harm it does and will then suggest ways of improving
the situation.
The foremost problem is that most teenagers have
bullying takes place through social media. The result
can be serious psychological damage. The main issue
facing those wishing to prevent it is that the bully can
easily remain anonymous. As a result, parents and teachers
can neither see nor hear it. With electronic media, victims
most information communicated electronically is public
and permanent.
The fact that cyberbullying is hidden from parents and
teachers poses a challenge. One solution is for parents
and teachers to better understand the technology and
networks their children use. Teachers should be trained
to notice changes in behaviour that might be a clue
to someone being bullied. Another way to tackle the
problem is to encourage students to report any abusive
counsellors to help the victims of bullying to cope with the
situation. Another solution might be for tech companies
to develop software that blocks offensive or hurtful texts
or pictures.
In conclusion, the fact that most young people now have
mobile phones and computers and are active on social
media, and the fact that bullies can remain anonymous,
makes it easy for cyberbullies to act undetected. Solving
teachers, tech companies and, above all, the young
people themselves.
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9.1 Customers B
1 argue about
GRAMMAR 2 consent to
3 deal with
A
4 insist on
1 which
5 adhere to
2 that
6 complaining about
3 that
7 thank you for
4 in which
8 apologise for
5 where
6 who
7 that 9.2 Products
8 when VOCABULARY
9 whose
10 – A
11 which 1 theory
12 – 2 Researchers
3 findings
B 4 evidence
1 The documentary we watched last night was terrible. 5 data
2 Could you pass me the book on the table? 6 analysis
3 The first stop on our journey was Ljubljana, the capital
of Slovenia. B
4 My friend just started dating a guy I used to work with. 1 c ​2 a ​3 a ​4 b ​5 b ​6 c ​7 a ​8 c
5 Hey, that’s the man who/that stole my bag!
GRAMMAR
C
1 The staff who/that dealt with me in the store were A
really helpful. 1 b ​2 f ​3 a ​4 e ​5 d ​6 c
2 Online sales, that which have increased dramatically over
B
the last year, could be our main source of income soon.
1 both
3 We haven’t been back to the restaurant when where we ate
2 few
those bad prawns.
3 either
4 I don’t know whose who is to blame for the poor
4 plenty of
promotional campaign.
5 none
5 correct
6 Every
6 correct
7 no
7 I’ve no time for managers whose sole focus is
8 any
maximising profit.
8 Not one of the employees in which that/– he hired PRONUNCIATION
had the right attributes – I’d seriously question his
recruitment process. A
1 A fewof
PRONUNCIATION 2 A large numberof
3 a great dealof
A
4 Plentyof; noneof them
step down
5 Someof; mostof them
VOCABULARY 6 bothof them; neitherof them

A B
1 to 1 Thousandsof people were sold faulty goods, but only
2 about halfof them complained.
3 with 2 There are a whole bunchof reasons why I don’t trust the
4 for brand – lackof quality being one of them.
5 about 3 Someof the best technology on sale these days is
6 to manufactured in China.
7 on 4 Mostof the shops on the high street have survived
8 for the recession.
5 A number ofresidents are worried the redevelopment will
cause a great dealof disruption.

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9.3 Reading WRITING PRACTICE

READING
B
1 c ​2 d ​3 a ​4 e ​5 b
C sales performance and suggest possible changes and
1 increased sales/profits (‘The first is obviously bigger sales and
higher profits.’); publicising their products (‘… companies
need to let people know that they’ve got something exciting
to offer …’); keeping existing customers (‘… businesses have
to keep reminding [existing customers] of the satisfaction they
received from products in the past.’); attracting new ones (‘It’s
also vital for companies to attract new customers …’ )
2 Because they might find a newer version of the same
product or see a smarter advert (‘For existing customers,
who might be tempted to switch brands because their rivals
have produced a newer version or a more impressive ad …’ ).
3 Today’s consumers are not so easy to fool or impress
(‘Advertisers have also had to adapt to an increasingly
knowledgeable audience, who are less easily fooled or
impressed.’).
4 They made new and more creative adverts and became very
important (‘… presented the public with arty ads, funny ads
or just plain weird ads. This explosion of “creativity” occurred
in the 1980s and admen were as much a feature of the
cultural landscape as writers, artists and film stars.’).
5 recording (‘They are far more likely to record their favourite
shows …’); downloading (‘… or alternatively download …’);
live-streaming (‘… or live-stream ad-free content.’).
6 It keeps their brand in consumer’s minds (‘Whether the
reaction is positive or negative … then it keeps the brand in
consumers’ minds.’).
9.4 Listening
C
Model answer
Introduction
The aim of this proposal is to examine the reasons for poor
improvements that could be made.
Current situation
The main reason sales have been falling year on year is that
more people are shopping online. This is part of a general
trend in shopping habits and is affecting many retailers on the
high street. Additionally, criticism has been expressed about
our clothing line, claiming that it caters mainly to the middle-
aged. Consequently, we fail to attract younger shoppers, the
largest demographic for clothes shopping. Although we do
provide social amenities for customers, such as a café, we
have had suggestions from some customers that we should
do more in this area. Specifically, parents shopping with their
children voiced this complaint.
Suggestions
One measure we could take is to upgrade our own online
presence, establishing a website that provides guided tours
of the store and shows what is available and in what sizes and
colours. Furthermore, to encourage on-site shopping, we could
take measures to make shopping a more pleasant experience
by providing in-store entertainment and play areas for children.
This would also address the criticism from parents. Finally,
hiring a fashion consultant could help to make the stock in our
clothing department more attractive to younger buyers.
Final recommendations
Implementation of the ideas suggested above would lead to
an increase in the number of customers in store and therefore
our profit margin.

LISTENING
10.1 Reporting the news
B GRAMMAR
Conversation 1:The woman booked a squash court, but
arrived late so it has been given to another customer. A
Conversation 2: Liam didn’t follow his boss’s instructions 1 if/whether I could turn the TV news off because it was
properly and photocopied too many slips, missed a spelling so depressing
mistake and sealed the envelopes. 2 (that) her cousin works as a journalist for the local paper
3 (that) they couldn’t make it because they would be
C working then
1 a ​2 c ​3 a ​4 a ​5 a ​6 b ​7 c ​8 a 4 (that) he’d been lying to us the whole time
5 (that) the restaurant had gone downhill
9.5 Write a proposal 6 (that) she’d seen the documentary the previous week
WRITING 7 if/whether I’d always been interested in current affairs
8 (that) she really had to go because she had work the next day
A
1 The leisure centre is losing members due to the negative B
comments on its website. … I asked her how did she get got into acting; … she said
2 Changes that could be made in response to the complaints. that she hasn’t hadn’t thought about …; She told me that she
was had been working as a waitress …; … she told me that
B her mum had persuaded her …; She said that they’d been
1 d 2 c 3 a ​4 b attending attended by none other than …’; … she’d been the
most promising actress that she came had come across …; She
C told me that she stops has stopped speaking to Von Danke …
1 Additionally 2 As a result 3 Furthermore 4 however
5 After all 6 Also 7 Moreover

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VOCABULARY PRONUNCIATION
A A
1 tabloids 1 a 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 b
2 biased
3
4
headlines
broadsheets
10.3 Reading
5 coverage READING
6 editor
B
7 subjective
1 It was a focal point for the family (the writer describes it as
8 sources
the heart of the living room).
B 2 Similar to the number of weekly listeners.
1 tabloid 3 That both are thought to be no longer used/popular.
​ 2 source 4 By being made available online.
​ 3 editor 5 Its feeling of intimacy; the sense that it is a reliable source of
​ 4 Broadsheets information; the fact that it’s often live; its interactivity; the
​ 5 biased fact that it has a local, national and international reach.
​ 6 coverage
​ 7 headlines C
1 c ​2 e ​3 a ​4 b ​5 d
PRONUNCIATION
A 10.4 Listening
Rise-fall-rise is used on the first underlined word in each LISTENING
sentence to show the speaker hasn’t finished. A fall tone is used
at the end to show that they have. B
She isn’t human – she’s computer-generated.
10.2 Digital media C
GRAMMAR 1 c 2 c 3 b 4 b 5 c

A D
1 informed 1 F (She has 1.5 million followers on Instagram.)
2 convinced 2 T
3 explained 3 F (The speaker says the story was ‘picked up by traditional
4 decided news outlets’.)
5 apologised 4 T
6 promised 5 T

B
1 b ​2 a ​3 b ​4 b ​5 a ​6 c ​7 b ​8 a
10.5 Write a persuasive essay
WRITING
VOCABULARY
A
A 1 The views of those who prefer e-books and the views of
1 influencer those who prefer conventional, print books.
​ 2 viral; key factor 2 Give your opinion.
​ 3 campaign
​ 4 hashtag B
​ 5 to reach; wider audience c
​ 6 trending
​ 7 followers C
​ 8 meme 1 paraphrasing the essay question
2 outlining the advantages of e-readers
B 3 outlining the disadvantages of e-readers
1 donations 4 giving a personal opinion
2 audience
3 engagement D
4 factor 1 Although
5 content 2 However
6 mentions 3 As much as
7 reaction 4 nevertheless
8 audience 5 while

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Answer key Language Hub Upper Intermediate Workbook 

WRITING PRACTICE Changes and additions to the language can be an

improvement and open up new possibilities. While I reserve
C judgement about emojis, communications written using all the
Model answer resources of digital media, coupled with an active imagination,
This question and discussion comes up in almost every can be very expressive and entertaining. The language is
generation. The fact that the young invent new ways of appropriate to the context.
communicating which exclude their parents’ generation is the In short, I am not convinced that a knowledge of the
way things have always been. And while some people may ‘correct’ use of the language is being lost. On the contrary,
find the new means of communication confusing, I don’t think language is being adapted to suit both new media and new
the language itself is in danger. social contexts.
Some people argue that young people today don’t have an
adequate grasp of the rules of grammar, spelling and so on.
Samuel Johnson made the same complaint in the 18th century.
If it can be shown that this lack is also apparent in other areas,
such as school work or formal writing, then there is perhaps
cause for concern. Throughout society, there is now a less
formal approach to almost all aspects of life, and this is reflected
in the language. Furthermore, we all use different languages in
different situations. Communicating with friends is not the same
as writing an essay or a formal letter.

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