Biochemistry Notes

By: Aldo Voto

 10 : Introduction to
Chapter Metabolism

I What ?
.

is the difference b/w catabolic 4 anabolic nxns

2- Catabolic nucleotides
pathways of
sugars , fatty acids
,
and

all lead to the formation of ?

3 . What pathway supplies intermediates for synthesis of

and ?
amino acids
gluconeogenesis
4 .
What is the difference b/w autotrophs and heterotrophs ?
5 4 of metabolism
.

Name the
stages energy pathways in

cells ?
6 the of metabolic ?
.
What are 3
types pathways
7. Product of one rxn is substrate for next is an example
of ?
what metabolic pathway
8. What is an
example of a linear metabolic pathway ?
9 What the for which metabolic
.
are reasons
pathways
?
proceed in multiple steps
10 .
How is the flux (flow of material through metabolic

pathway) regulated ?
It .
What are the two patterns of metabolic flux
regulation ?
12 what feedback inhibition
.

Explain occurs
during
13 .
When sufficient amount of product is available ,
how does

feedback inhibition come into play ?

14 .

Explain what happens during feed forward inhibition

15 . What are the 4 major metabolic control mechanisms ?

16 What protein involved steps ?

.
is in a
key regulatory
17
Through what action are activated in
enzymes
.

catabolic
pathways ? Inactivated ?

18 In anabolic how activated and

.

pathways ,
are
enzymes
inactivated
19 .
What does activation of kinase with multiple specificities
allow for ?

20 .

Explain what is meant by comport mentation ?

21 What aids
.
are 3 ways comport mentation in

metabolic efficiency ?
22 What are 3 factors that contribute to the
.

energy
release
during hydrolysis of phospho anhydride
of
linkages ATP ?
23 .

Explain what is meant

by coupled mechanisms

24 What is
phosphoryl transfer potential ?
group
. -
-

25 .
What condition must metabolites meet in order to

donate a ⑤ to ADP to form ATP ?

26 . What reaction is ATP also
commonly used for ?
 Chapter Il : Glycolysis
1 . Name 2 electron carriers

2 Name two excellent fuel

.
reasons why glucose is an

3 .
Does
glycolysis happen under aerobic or anaerobic

conditions
4 . What are the net products of
glycolysis ? Name two

of ?
phases glycolysis
5 happens investment
.

Explain briefly what

during phase
6 what
.

Explain briefly happens during pay

-
off phase
7 it that
.

Why is the net ATP produced is 2

, despite

producing 4
during the
pay
-
off
phase ?
8 .
What is the main function of hex Kinase ?
9 Aside from activation of what does phosphorylation
glucose
.

do to it ?
10 .
How does he kinase IV differ from l
,
11
, 4 Ill

11 What is involved in isomerization of

enzyme glucose
.

6 -

phosphate to fructose -

6 -

phosphate ?
12 .
What
enzyme is involved in transfer of P from ATP to

fructose -
G -

phosphate to form fructose 1,6 -

bisphosphate ?
13 considered
.

Why is
step 3 the 1st
regulatory point
for ?
glycolysis
14 What cleaves fructose 1,6 bisphosphate into
enzyme
-
.

GAP t
DHAP ?

15 .
What is the role of tniose phosphate isomerase
during
of ?
glycolysis
5
step
16 G3P
.
How
many
molecules are
supplied per glucose
molecule ?

17 first step of start of the

.
What occurs
during the the

pay
- off phase ?
18 What is fo the oxidation and
.

enzyme responsible -

phosphorylation of G3P into 1

,
3-
bisphosphoglycerate ?
19 .

Why is
step 7 of
glycolysis so
important ?
20 to
.
Why is
1,3 -

bisphosphogly cerate able to donate a P

ADP to form ATP ?

biochemical effects
poisoning ?
21 of arsenate
.

Explain the

of
22 .
What
enzyme is responsible dehydration for 2 -

phospho
-

glycerite into
phosphoenolpyruvate ?
23 is
phosphoenolpyruvate able to transfer to
.

Why a P

ADP to form ATP ?

24 What responsible for transfer of P from

enzyme is
.

phospho entropy - irate to ADP ,

yielding
ATP t
pyruvate ?
What
glycolysis ?
25 to NADH after
.
must happen
26 What the two paths NADH order
go through
. a re can in

to ?
regenerate NAD '

27 .

Explain what
happens
to
pyruvate during anaerobic

conditions

28 What the two involved in reduction of

. are
enzymes

pyruvate to ethanol ?

29 Example of that alcohol termen ?

. an
organism undergoes
30 to fermentation ?
.

Why are mammals unable

undergo alcohol
31 .
How is NADT
regenerated in mammals

32 .

Explain the fate of lactate in mammals ? What does it

result in ?
33 Aside from irreversible control
.

being , why
are
points
called as such ?

34 . How does insulin

regulate glucose levels in the blood ?

35 In the of do and
.
first step glycolysis ,
how hexo Kinase

glucokinase
differ in relation to
glucose -
6- phosphate ?
36 .
Explain how ATPIAMP can act as an allosteric inhibitor

and activator fo - PFF -

I ?
37 . Aside from ATP what is another inhibitor of PFK -
1?
,

38 from
.
Where does fructose 2,6 -

bisphosphate come and

what effect does it have on PFK -

I ?
39 What does levels of ?
.

having high glucagon mean

What effect ATP and have

40 .
do
glucagon on

pyruvate kinase ?
 Chapter 12 :
Gluconeogenesis
I . Under anaerobic conditions , what do muscles do with

glucose ?
2 .
What a re the major glu cone •
genic precursors in

mammals ?

required ?
3 .
How many ATP are for
synthesis of
glucose
4 What two not
.
are the only enzymes that a re

cytosolic ( gluconeogenesis) ?
?
5 . Describe what
happens in
step l of
gluconeogenesis
6 What activator for
. is the allosteric pyruvate
carboxylase ?
7 . What
enzyme
is
responsible for decarboxylation of

oxaloacetate into
phosphoenolpyruvate ?
8 What donates
.

energy molecule a P
during step
2 of
gluconeogenesis ?
9- Which two hormones
regulate gene expression
of PEPCK ?

can't oxaloacetate diffuse mitochondria?

10 .

Why out of the

It . How does the function of cytosolic and mitochondrial

PEP CK differ ?

?
12 .
What inhibits the
activity of fructose 1,6 phosphatase
13 How do levels dictate activity of glycolysis
.

energy
and gluconeogenesis ?
14 .
What stimulates and inhibits phospho fructokinase
?
in
glycolysis
inhibits
during fructose phosphatase
gluconeogenesis
15 . What 1,6 -

What oxaloacetate into

phosphoenolpyruvate
16 .

enzyme converts
 Chapter B : citric Acid
cycle
I What the central function of the acid ?
. is citric cycle
Why citric acid ?
2 .
is the cycle amphibolic
3 .
What is the main difference b/w the inner membrane

and outer membrane of mitochondria ?

4 Where of the
.
in the mitochondria are the
proteins TCA

found ?
5 diffuse
How does pyruvate through the outer membrane
.

and inner membrane ?

6 .
What is the function of pyruvate translocase ?
7 .
What is the function of
pyruvate dehydrogenase ?
8 Name 5 cofactors PDH ?
.
the present in

9 Name the 2 of TCA

.

stages the

10 .
What is the function of citrate
synthase ?
It .
What enzyme catalyzes isomerization of citrate and

isocitrate ?
12 .
What two reactions are coupled to reduction of NADT
to NADH ?

13 .
What allows succinyl CoA to donate a P to GDP to

form GTP via substrate level phosphorylation ?

14
Explain what to e- from succinate ?
.

happens the

15 . What reaction requires the addition of water ?

16 .
Explain what inhibits and stimulates pyruvate dehydro ? .

17 . Aside from simple mass -

action effects how else is

,

pyruvatedehydrogenase regulated ?
deactivate PDH ?
18 .
Does
phosphorylation activate or

why does high calcium levels stimulate PDH ?

19 .

20 . What are the two activities associated with PDH ?

21 Aside from PDH what other is involved in

enzyme
.

of TCA ?
regulation
inhibits ( activates isocitrate mammals ?
22 .
What
dehydrogenase in

23 . What is the fate of NADH 4 QHZ produced in

the TCA ?
 Chapter 14 : Electron Transport chain

I with released
Explain diagram what meant
is
. a
by energy
by ETC
being coupled to
endogamic processes ?
oxidative
ie .

phosphorylation
2 What is the overall successive redox
purpose of
.
the

?
rxns
occurring along the ETC

3. Name the 4 ?
involved the ETC
complexes in

4 .
What is the main role of coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone UQ )
5. What the role of ?
is main
cytochrome c

6 .
Name the two mobile carriers in the ETC ?

7 .

What cofactors do complex I 4 II contain ?

8 electrons transfer ?
.
How many can i ro n sulfur proteins
9 What difference sulfur
.
is the b/w iron -

proteins and

cytochrome ? 's

10 .
Name the 5 e- carriers in the chain ?
11 the
. What properly allows coenzyme Q to diffuse in

membrane ?
12 . What is the key property of all carriers ?
B .

Why are the carriers

arranged in a
particular order ?
14 What meant standard ?
.
is
by the reduction potential
15 .
What does it mean to have a
lout high reduction

potential ?
Can reduction potential ( negative Eu )
'
16 .
a
pair with
high
donate to with lower reduction potential ?
a
pair
17 what the
.

Thermodynamically speaking ,
occurs
during
"
transfer of e-
"
downhill ?
18 What the released transfer
. is
energy during e-

used for ?
19 .
What are the two centers for oxidation of complex
I and I ?
contribute ?
to
protein gradient
20 Does II
.

complex
21 To what mobile carrier do I II
.

complex 4
transfer e- ?
22 . What are the two centers for oxidation of

complex IT ?
23 .
How
many protons are pumped for each
pair
of e-
transported ETC ?
through
24 .
What are the two molecules that block complex I ?
25 What molecule blocks # ?
.

complex
26 . What molecule blocks complex II ?

What birds ?
27 .

happens when co to
hemoglobin
28 What .
does chemi osmosis generate ?
29 .
How does DNP ( uncouples) inhibit ATP synthesis ?
What two
30 .
types of molecules inhibit ATP synthesis
by dissipating Ht
gradient ?
31 .
What is the function of UCP ( uncoupling protein) ?