Charge: It is the physical properties of subatomic particles.

Unit of charge is Coulomb.

Charge of 1 electron=−1.6 × 10−19 𝐶
➢ -1 C charge means how much electrons?

Coulomb: One Coulomb is that quantity of electricity which passes a reference

point on a conductor in one second when the conductor carries a steady current
of 1 Ampere.
Law of conservation of Charge: Charge can neither be created nor be destroyed. It
can only be transferred from one body to another.

Current:
The drift of free electron through the space lattice is an electric current.
In general, any flow or motion of charged particles, either positive or
negative, termed as current.

𝑑𝑞
𝐼=
𝑑𝑡
Unit of current is Ampere (A).
Ampere: One Ampere is that current which will cause a force of attraction of
2 × 10−7 𝑁ewton per meter between two infinity long parallel conductor placed 1
meter in free space.

AC Current: is an electric current which change its direction continuously with

time.
DC Current: is a one directional flow of electric charge.
 Direction of current:
The direction of an electric current is by convention the direction in which a positive
charge would move. Thus, the current in the external circuit is directed away from
the positive terminal and toward the negative terminal of the battery. Electrons
would actually move through the wires in the opposite direction.
✓ Actual direction of current: Direction of flow of negative charge, electron.
✓ Conventional direction of current: Direction of flow of positive charge.

Voltage (Electric Potential Difference): Electric potential difference, also known as

voltage, is the external work needed to bring a charge from one location to another
location in an electric field.
It is the gain or loss of energy per unit quantity of electricity.
❖ Energy gain → Voltage rise →Current flow through the direction of negative
terminal (-) to positive terminal (+)

❖ Energy loss → Voltage drop →Current flow through the direction of positive
terminal (+) to negative terminal (-)

b c

a-b: voltage rise or energy gain

c-d: voltage drop or energy loss

a d
Volt: One volt is that potential difference between two points on a circuit when the energy
involved in moving 1 coulomb charge from one point to another is 1 Joul.

Electric Power:

Electric energy:

KCL
 KVL

𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2