Cracking the software-

defined vehicle CASE Fanni Li / S&P Mobility / Principal

Analyst
March 7th, 2024

© 2024 S&P Global.

Permission to reprint or distribute any content from this presentation requires the prior written approval of S&P Global.
Outline

• Introduction to software-defined vehicle (SDV)

• SDV readiness
• Is the industry ready for SDV?
– Hardware readiness
– Software readiness
– Connectivity readiness
– Cloud readiness

© 2024 S&P Global.

 “The Software Defined Vehicle architecture aims
to revolutionize the automotive industry by introducing a
flexible and scalable solution for the integration of new
technologies and advanced features and services such
as charging, mobility, predictive maintenance,
autonomous driving, connected vehicles, enhanced
safety systems, and even fintech and blockchain.”

Luca De Meo, Renault CEO

Source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/cars-future-more-software-than-hardware-luca-
de-meo

© 2024 S&P Global. 3

The software-defined vehicle is foundational for the industry’s dream of realizing
the opportunities presented by the CASE megatrends
Pathway for improved profitability and broadening vehicle appeal for next-generation car buyers
Software-defined vehicles are set to be the bedrock of the • Opportunities presented by CASE fundamentally challenge
house of mobility the industry’s business model of source>make>sell>service
and repeat.
• SDV drivers:
– Consumers interests
• Younger generation
New business models with external and
internal focus – Tech, intelligent, differentiation
– Always connected, features updates like an iPhone
– Demand for increased personalization
– Neighborhood electric vehicles (NEV) startups, tech
Connected Autonomous Shared Electric companies
• Highly competitive market in China
– China: 147 brands vs. Global: 233 brands
• Introduce new features and services, accelerate features
SOFTWARE-DEFINED VEHICLES time to market.
• Vehicle lifecycle management: backend data analytics,
continuous product improvement and new revenue
opportunities.
• Bring a bottom-up rethink of vehicle development.

Source: S&P Global Mobility.

© 2024 S&P Global. 4

The intrinsic benefits to OEMs of SDVs are multifold but mostly accrue in cost
savings and time-to-market once the sunk cost of SDV development is amortized
Cost and time savings in the development phase:
• Software: As vehicles become more software-centric, the
need for physical prototyping and testing can be reduced.
Simulations and virtual testing can identify issues earlier in
Finance and
economics the development process. This saves on material costs and
also speeds up the development cycle.
• Vehicle design: Software modularity brings more efficient
design and manufacturing processes. Common software is
reused across the vehicle portfolio cutting unique hardware
Software component requirements and then economy of scale benefits.
development
Benefits of hardware and software abstraction:
• Software: Abstraction gives more flexibility in hardware and
Vehicle design and software design.
manufacturing
• Vehicle design: Abstraction allows for more rapid vehicle
innovation. Vehicle features can be improved without having
to redesign or retool for hardware. Customization can be
introduced, providing a continuous revenue stream while
vehicle is in operation.

Source: S&P Global Mobility.

© 2024 S&P Global. 5

One of the principal attractions of the fully-fledged SDV is the comprehensive
application of over-the-air (OTA) updates
OTA can potentially be very impactful to the OEM‘s bottom line and increase customer satisfaction

Cost OTA-enabled vehicles can help OEMs to save the recall costs
savings and limit the repair shop visits.
Deploy software fixes at scale.

With the introduction of electronic control for safety-critical

Safety systems such as steering, braking, etc. in vehicles, OTA offers
an option to fix the issues faster.

Customer The ongoing practice of enriching vehicle features and digital

satisfaction experience to increase customer satisfaction and brand loyalty.

Potential The paid functional upgrades can now be unlocked on the

revenue vehicles using OTA updates giving customers a choice to opt
stream for them even after the purchase.

Source: S&P Global Mobility.

© 2024 S&P Global. 6

Development of new revenue streams through the SDV conduit has seen OEMs
post aggressive revenue targets and contributions from paid updates
High margin, recurring revenues on top of vehicle sales
Stellantis Volkswagen OEMs’ strategies to reach
Targets €20 billion in Foresees that by 2030, 20% of goals include:
incremental revenue by 2030 VW Group revenue will be Different bundled services
driven by software-enabled related to subscription and
vehicles. mobility services. Stand-alone service and paid
vehicle feature with free trial
General Motors OnStar Pricing strategy: one-time,
GM projects subscription- GM plans $6 billion revenue annual/month subscription
based services to bring in as goal for OnStar insurance by
much as $25 billion a year by 2030.
2030.

Renault Ford
Mobilize sets out its ambitions Planning for some 33 million
in services and technologies, Ford and Lincoln vehicles on
targeting 20% of Renault the road capable of receiving
Group’s turnover by 2030. OTA updates by 2028.

As of Jan. 10, 2024.

OTA = over-the-air.
Sources: General Motors; Stellantis; Renault; Volkswagen; General Motors; Ford.

© 2024 S&P Global. 7

Outline

• Introduction to software-defined vehicle

• SDV readiness
• Is the industry ready for SDV?
– Hardware readiness
– Software readiness
– Connectivity readiness
– Cloud readiness

© 2024 S&P Global.

SDV: Separation of a vehicle’s hardware development cycle from its software
development. Decoupling saves OEMs time and money in solution development.
Various pathways for achieving a fully functioning SDV, with opportunity cost present at each design step

Hardware Software Connectivity

EE architecture type Backbone BUS Architecture OEM auto OS Cybersecurity OTA level Connectivity

Indicators of preparedness level: Move Indicators of preparedness level: Software Indicators of preparedness level: Varying
away from distributed ECU, ethernet move away from signal type software, levels of OTA capability* and 4G to 6G
backbone BUS varying levels of OEM auto OS and connectivity, with >5G a clearer level of
embedded cybersecurity preparedness

The combination of preparedness level in each core element above determines where, on the SDV spectrum, a vehicle lies

Basic SDV Intermediate SDV Full SDV

* Update of functions such as advanced driver assistance systems and similar domains. Map update capability is not considered.
SDV preparedness from the vehicle point of view only and does not consider deep cloud integration (see later part of presentation).
Source: S&P Global Mobility.

© 2024 S&P Global. 9

The SDV taxonomy in action
Illustration of the architectural requirements throughout the tech stack for SDVs

Hardware

Software

Connectivity

Full SDV barrier

Tesla Model Y Nio ET7 Ford Mustang Mach-E
Full SDV Intermediate SDV Basic SDV

SDV = software-defined vehicle; OTA = over-the-air updates; OS = operating system; SW = software; HW = hardware.
Source: S&P Global Mobility.

© 2024 S&P Global. 10

Outline

• Introduction to software defined vehicle

• SDV readiness
• Is the industry ready for SDV?
– Hardware readiness i.e. E/E Architecture migration
– Software readiness
– Connectivity readiness
– Cloud readiness

© 2024 S&P Global.

Introduction to electric/electronic (E/E) architecture migration

Ethernet
backbone
Zone
controller

Moving to zone
architectures with an
ethernet backbone is
facilitating separation of a
vehicle’s hardware from
its software.

Centralized zonal E/E architectures

Distributed - Centralized - Centralized zonal
Distributed ECU – domain Types tracked by S&P Global
domain domain – central computer
controller Mobility
Source: NXP.

© 2024 S&P Global. 12

Migration pace toward zonal architectures varies by OEM and region

Adoption of zonal E/E platforms by region of brand (millions) • North America

– Tesla has 5-year lead
North American brands China brands EMEA brands Korean brands
– Jeep is advanced at Stellantis
50 – Ford and GM in 2026 – 2027
45 Renault Mercedes • Mainland China is rapid adopter
WM, BAIC
40 Aiways
SAIC – Aggressive roadmaps, follow
Tesla
Peugeot GM
35 Nio Fiat
– Less legacy architecture
30 Human Horizon Enovate Hyundai – Tailor to niche sub-brand BEV
VW
Great Wall
BMW
Ford • Europe trails mainland China
25 Changan Rivian
GAC Volvo – Zonal adopters include BMW,
20 FAW Geely Volvo and Renault, Mercedes-
Hozon EV Benz and VW later
Li Auto
15 Jianghuai • Korea trails Europe
Xpeng EV
Jeep Lucid
10 Dongfeng – Initially focused on domain
Tesla BYD controller architectures. Now
5 considers zones for next gen after
2030
0
• Zonal architecture is not a focus
2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2032

2033

2034
for Japanese OEMs

Data compiled August 2023.

Only the first brand shown by an OEM, if multiple brands from the same OEM introduced the same year, only name of the largest brand shown. Mainland China’s sub-brands not shown, only parent. New brands in mainland China shown until 2028 only for clarity.
Source: S&P Global Mobility, EE Architecture Platforms Forecast.

© 2024 S&P Global. 13

Can SDV be implemented without a centralized zonal architecture?
Yes, but…
• Toyota’s case
– Learning from pain from other wide OEMs when trying to
move to centralized EE architecture.
– Decided to implement SDV with Arene software on flat
architecture considered less risky for wide portfolio.
– In-house hardware supply chain – Denso and Renesas –
part of SDV development chain.
• OK for Toyota, which is not targeting BEV
– Share of BEV in Toyota group production in 2036: 35%.
– Share of BEV in Volkswagen group production in 2036:
78%.
• A flat E/E architecture will not be competitive to
deploy SDV on electric vehicles.
• Ford’s Mach-E case
– Full OTA capability; all domains updateable.
– But not competitive against Tesla as it was not implemented
on centralized zonal E/E architecture.
"We didn't know that our wiring harness for
Mach-E was 1.6 kilometers longer than it needed
to be.
We didn't know it's 70 pounds heavier and that
that's [cost an extra] $300 a battery. “
Ford’s CEO in investor call on Feb. 2, 2023, when asked about difficulties and
prospects to catch-up with Tesla.
© 2024 S&P Global. 14
Outline

• Introduction to software-defined vehicle

• SDV readiness
• Is the industry ready for SDV?
– Hardware readiness i.e. E/E Architecture migration
– Software readiness
– Connectivity readiness
– Cloud readiness

© 2024 S&P Global.

With the fundamentals in place, OEMs cycling through more flexibility, performance,
and system upgradability to an all-enveloping business model
#3 Full SDV: Deep cloud
#2 Introduction of service- integration
oriented architecture
Data services SW supplier

#1 Self-contained ECU – Data services

Functional interfaces
Software & Hardware OEM,
Functional interfaces OEM, Tech. providers
OEM API

Functional integration
Tech. providers

Tier-1 supplier / OEM

Functional integration
Functional interfaces
Middleware & platform Middleware & platform
Functional integration

OEM
services
Tier-1 supplier

Tier-1 supplier
services
Middleware
OS/RTOS Hypervisor OS/RTOS Hypervisor
Silicon vendor,
OS/RTOS Silicon supplier,
Tech. Provider
Abstraction Abstraction SW supplier
Tier-1 supplier
(HW & SW separation) (HW & SW separation)

Hardware HPC Tier-1 supplier HPC (Centralized) Tier-1 supplier

2020 2023 2026 2029 2032

Source: S&P Global Mobility.

© 2024 S&P Global. 16

System ownership roadmap for major OEMs and S&P Global Mobility’s prediction

Connected car + EV powertrain + interior + Unified middleware with Mercedes-Benz API and
MB.OS
autonomy location-based services cloud backend

VW.OS, VW. Connected car + EV Unified middleware with VW API and cloud backend
AC powertrain + interior

BMW
Connected car + Possible introduction
operating
interior of unified middleware
system

Possible introduction of unified

Arene Connected car middleware

Possible introduction of unified

Ultifi Connected car
middleware

Volvocar.OS Connected car + EV Possible introduction of unified middleware

Powertrain

Tesla is the benchmark & has already developed unified middleware

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

LBS functions Security functions Interior functions L2+ functions

Infotainment functions Powertrain functions Connected Car app

Source: Tesla.

© 2024 S&P Global. 17

Outline

• Introduction to software defined vehicle

• SDV readiness
• Is the industry ready for SDV?
– Hardware readiness i.e. E/E Architecture migration
– Software readiness
– Connectivity readiness
– Cloud readiness

© 2024 S&P Global.

Increased and enhanced connectivity
More than 75 million vehicles will be connected, three major markets: North America, Europe and Greater
China
Growing numbers of connected vehicles Global telematics bandwidth evolution
North America Europe Greater China 4G 5G
South Asia Japan/Korea South America 100%
80,000,000 90%

70,000,000 80%

60,000,000 70%
60%
50,000,000
50%
40,000,000
40%
30,000,000
30%
20,000,000 20%
5G penetration: 44%
10,000,000 10%
0 0%
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029

Data compiled February 2024.

Source: S&P Global Mobility.

© 2024 S&P Global. 11

The evolution of the SDV, with its accompanying increased connectivity and
flexibility, will allow for an acceleration in services and customization
Outside electric vehicles, SDVs effectively allow for the full exploitation of the CASE megatrends
2000 2016 2020 2030
2G 3G 4G Volcker's LTE 5G
First-generation connected-car Second-generation connected-car services Third-generation connected-car services
services (based on embedded TCU) (embedded/CE device, hybrid system)

Vehicle management (information, Real-time traffic Connected apps Autonomous drive Artificial
temperature, localization) intelligence

Digital key Fleet management XR Video streaming

Emergency call/
Breakdown call
OTA Full upgradeability C-V2X
update Cybersecurity
Stolen vehicle tracker
MaaS Remote driving
Hotspot Location based Platooning
Remote controls functions commerce
Smart cities
Remote Usage-based (smart traffic lights, Cooperative driving
diagnosis insurance intelligent traffic sensor sharing
control)

Electric vehicle
charging information
Source: S&P Global Mobility ‘How to leverage connectivity for profitability, Nov. 28. 2022’.

© 2024 S&P Global. 20

Enhanced connectivity: New connected vehicles with over-the-air updates
More than 70 million vehicles will be updated over the air; cockpit and ADAS domains software will be
regularly updated
Connected vehicles with OTA capability- Global (volume)
OTA Fitment: ADAS ECU OTA Fitment: IVI Media OTA Fitment: Navigation
OTA Fitment: Virtual Personal Assistant OTA Fitment: Body, Convenience and Comfort OTA Fitment: Powertrain
OTA Fitment: Chassis
80,000,000

70,000,000

60,000,000

50,000,000

40,000,000

30,000,000

20,000,000

10,000,000

0
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029

Data compiled February 2024.

Source: S&P Global Mobility.

© 2024 S&P Global. 14

Enhanced connectivity: Brand-level over-the-air updates analysis
OTA frequency: New players with bimonthly OTA updates
Brand-level OTA frequency in China, 2023
Sales Brand Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec

Aito

BMW

BYD

Changan Avatr

Geely Zeekr

IM

LiXiang

Mercedes-Benz

NIO

Tesla

Toyota

Xpeng

Volkswagen

Source : S&P Global Mobility.

© 2024 S&P Global. 14

Popular features updated over the air in China
Entertainment and automated driving features most frequently updated
IM brand: 7 software releases in 2023 Aito brand: 6 software releases in 2023

• ADAS features • ADAS features

• IM AD NOA • ADS 2.0: NCA without HD map
• Automatic parking • Automatic parking assist
• Blind spot view • Entertainment
• Entertainment • New apps in app store, games
• Vehicle theme • Personalized sound system setting
• Carlog • Karaoke
• Navigation and map • Connection between smartphone, pad and infotainment
• Voice assistant • Navigation and map
• One shot, voice control online music and videos • Voice assistant
• GPT integration • No weak up words, natural interaction
Source: IM LS6. Source: Aito M7.

© 2024 S&P Global. 17

Outline

• Introduction to software defined vehicle

• SDV readiness
• Is the industry ready for SDV?
– Hardware readiness i.e. E/E Architecture migration
– Software readiness
– Connectivity readiness
– Cloud readiness

© 2024 S&P Global.

Future application processing will occur in edge computing or in the cloud
Source: S&P Global Mobility, AutoTechInsight, SDV cloud and edge computing: market outlook (Jan 2024)

▪ Connected car (C) ▪ Autonomy (A)

Regional
• Connected intelligent voice • Autonomous driving National

• Traffic information & assistance L2+/L3/L4 Application

• Connected App store • Robo-taxi (L4/L5) provider
• Cloud-based gaming platform • AV remote monitoring
• Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) services
• Data monetization • Deep-learning and training
data sets Cloud
• Emergency services & monitoring
• Intelligent transport solution (ITS) • Over-the-air update
• Remote diagnostics

▪ Shared mobility (S) ▪ Electric vehicle (E) OEM backend

• Mobility as a service (MaaS) • Predictive battery lifecycle Edge
• Car-sharing profile broker • Charging station services
• Location-based services (LBS) • Charging infrastructure
• Digital vehicle authentication footprint optimization
• Battery swap monitoring and
notification
• Secure user authentication at
charging station
• Charging prices and user
preferences optimization

Source: S&P Global Mobility, AutoTechInsight, SDV cloud and edge computing: market outlook (Jan 2024).

© 2024 S&P Global. 25

Automotive technology companies’ suppliers are actively engaged in
development of edge computing platform to support future use cases
Tier-1 suppliers Technology companies Semiconductor companies Mobile network companies
• Harman • Wind River • NVDIA • Ericsson
– Automotive Use Case: V2X & – Automotive Use Case: – Automotive Use Case: Intelligent – Automotive use case: Intelligent
connected Infotainment Connectivity, embedded driver assistant, autonomous driving, connected HD maps,
– Product/Solutions: Savari processing compute, intelligent vehicle platform, AI infrastructure connected services
MECWAVE for smart city solutions control for edge computing – Product/Solutions: NVDIA driver – Product/solutions: Ericsson Edge
software OS gateway for connecting to the 5G
• Bosch Mobility – Product/Solutions: Wind River network for wireless connectivity
– Automotive use cases: cloud- Intelligent Edge powered by • Qualcomm
based services, connected VxWorks and Wind River Studio – Automotive use cases: connected • Vodafone
charging station, connected map services, ADAS, connected – Automotive use cases: C-V2X with
services, wireless localization and • Siemens Infotainment, V2X real-time video and processed
secure key management – Automotive use cases: • Product/solutions: Car-to-Cloud data
• Product/solutions: Bosch Mobility Autonomous vehicles, vehicle Snapdragon, Connected Intelligent • Product/solutions: Vodafone “Multi-
solutions comprising SDV and electrification, software Edge access Edge Computing (MEC)”
cloud architecture development, smart for all vehicle to infrastructure
manufacturing • NXP connections
• Continental AG • Product/solutions: Siemens – Automotive use case: connectivity,
– Automotive use cases: industry edge platform energy efficiency, vehicle security, • AT&T
development of software intensive connected intelligent voice – Automotive use case: Autonomous
vehicle architecture, C-V2X – Product/solutions: EdgeVerse Driving, Intelligent assistant,
– Product/solutions: CAEdge platform for all primary edge connected services
(Continental Automotive Edge) for computing capabilities – Product/solutions: AT&T private
software function generations and 5G edge
data processing/storage

Source: S&P Global Mobility, AutoTechInsights, SDV cloud and edge computing: market outlook (Jan 2024).

© 2024 S&P Global. 26

Outline

• Introduction to software defined vehicle

• SDV readiness
• Is the industry ready for SDV?
• Conclusion

© 2024 S&P Global.

Conclusion

• Software-defined vehicles are set to revolutionize the automotive industry.

• Tesla is the benchmark, being the first company to implement a “full SDV ready vehicle” since 2017.
– Hardware: centralized zonal architecture
– Software: unified middleware, signal type software architecture
– Connectivity: all domains updatable via OTA

• Chinese OEMs are fast followers of Tesla, e.g., BYD

• Few OEMs are jumping right ahead to “full SDV” vehicles. Most OEMs take intermediate steps based on their portfolio,
their strength and resources.

• S&P Global Mobility is currently building model-level SDV readiness vehicle forecast.

© 2024 S&P Global. 28

Software-defined vehicle readiness forecast
Q4 2024 publication

Software-defined Vehicle Readiness

LV: ProdRegion LV: SalesParent LV: Brand LV: PlatformName LV: ProgramName LV: ProdNameplate VP: SOP Vehicle SDV level SDV HW readiness SDV SW readiness SDV Connectivity readiness E/E Architecture Backbone BUS Software Architecture Type Auto OS Cybersecurity OTA Connectivity Services Autonomy levels Propulsion LV Production Volume 2022
Greater China BYD BYD BLP EKE Seal 08/01/2022 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Full Service Oriented Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L2 100% BEV platform 52079
South Asia BYD SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready 0
BYD BLP EKE Seal 01/01/2026 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Full Service Oriented Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L2 100% BEV platform
Greater China Ford SW: not SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready
Ford C2/GE1 CX727 Mustang Mach-E 10/01/2021 Basic SDV HW: not SDV-ready Distributed ECU CAN-HS Signal w ith basic HW abstraction No OEM auto OS Basic cybersecurity Full OTA Basic Connectivity Intermediate services Up to L2 Mixed propulsion platform 8185
North America Ford SW: not SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready
Ford C2/GE1 CX727 Mustang Mach-E 10/01/2020 Basic SDV HW: not SDV-ready Distributed - Domain CAN-HS Signal w ith basic HW abstraction No OEM auto OS Basic cybersecurity Full OTA Basic Connectivity Intermediate services Up to L2+ Mixed propulsion platform 77959

North America Ford Ford TE1 P800 F-150 Lightning 08/01/2025 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Domain controller Ethernet Mix Signal-Service Intermediate Auto OS Full embedded cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L2+ 100% BEV platform 0

North America Ford Lincoln T3 U718 Navigator 10/01/2024 Basic SDV HW: not SDV-ready SW: not SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Distributed ECU CAN-HS Signal w ith basic HW abstraction No OEM auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Intermediate OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L2+ 100% ICE platform 0

Europe Geely Volvo GPA V436 EX60 11/01/2025 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Mix Signal-Service Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Basic Connectivity Intermediate services Up to L2+ 100% BEV platform 0
Greater China Geely Volvo GPA V436 EX60 04/01/2026 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Mix Signal-Service Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L2+ 100% BEV platform 0
South Asia Geely Volvo GPA V436 EX60 07/01/2026 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Mix Signal-Service Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L2+ 100% BEV platform 0
South Asia Geely Volvo GPA V436 EX60 07/01/2026 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Mix Signal-Service Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L2 100% BEV platform 0
Greater China NIO SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready 26488
NIO NPE Force ET7 09/01/2021 Intermediate SDV HW: not SDV-ready Distributed - Domain CAN-HS Full Service Oriented Full Auto OS Full embedded cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Full services Up to L2+ 100% BEV platform
Greater China NIO SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready
NIO NPE Leo ET9 04/01/2025 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Domain controller Ethernet Full Service Oriented Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Full services Up to L4 100% BEV platform 0
Europe Stellantis SW: not SDV-ready Connectivity: not SDV-ready
Opel EMP2 OV5 Astra 02/01/2022 No SDV HW: not SDV-ready Distributed - Domain CAN-HS Signal w ith basic HW abstraction No OEM auto OS Basic cybersecurity Basic OTA Basic Connectivity Basic services Up to L3 Mixed propulsion platform 21386
Europe Tesla Tesla GEN III NV56 Model Y 03/01/2022 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Full Service Oriented Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 4G+ Full services Up to L2+ 100% BEV platform 51630
Greater China Tesla Tesla GEN III NV56 Model Y 12/01/2020 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Mix Signal-Service Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 4G+ Full services Up to L2+ 100% BEV platform 464016
North America Tesla Tesla GEN III NV56 Model Y 01/01/2020 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Mix Signal-Service Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 4G+ Full services Up to L2+ 100% BEV platform 301488
North America Tesla Tesla NV NV91 Robotaxi 10/01/2027 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Full Service Oriented Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Full services Up to L4 100% BEV platform 0
Europe Tesla Tesla NV NV92 C-CUV EV 10/01/2026 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Full Service Oriented Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Full services Up to L4 100% BEV platform 0
Greater China Tesla Tesla NV NV92 C-CUV EV 10/01/2025 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Full Service Oriented Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 4G+ Full services Up to L4 100% BEV platform 0
North America Tesla SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready 0
Tesla NV NV92 C-CUV EV 06/01/2025 Full SDV HW: SDV-ready Centralized Zonal - Central computer Ethernet Full Service Oriented Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Full OTA Up to 5G or 6G Full services Up to L4 100% BEV platform
Japan/Korea Toyota SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready
Lexus BEV-F 200B(2) LS 04/01/2028 Intermediate SDV HW: not SDV-ready Distributed ECU CAN-HS Mix Signal-Service Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Intermediate OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L3 Mixed propulsion platform 0
Japan/Korea Toyota SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready
Lexus BEV-F 200B(3) LS 04/01/2035 Intermediate SDV HW: not SDV-ready Distributed ECU CAN-HS Mix Signal-Service Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Intermediate OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L3 100% BEV platform 0
Japan/Korea Toyota Lexus GA-L 200B LS 09/01/2017 No SDV HW: not SDV-ready SW: not SDV-ready Connectivity: not SDV-ready Distributed ECU CAN-HS Signal w ith basic HW abstraction No OEM auto OS Basic cybersecurity Basic OTA Basic Connectivity Intermediate services Up to L3 Mixed propulsion platform 10296
Japan/Korea Toyota Toyota GA-E 570B(2) Mirai 01/01/2029 Intermediate SDV HW: not SDV-ready SW: SDV-ready Connectivity: SDV-ready Distributed ECU CAN-HS Mix Signal-Service Full Auto OS Full embedded + Cloud cybersecurity Intermediate OTA Up to 5G or 6G Intermediate services Up to L2+ Mixed propulsion platform 0
Japan/Korea Toyota Toyota GA-L 570B Mirai 11/01/2020 No SDV HW: not SDV-ready SW: not SDV-ready Connectivity: not SDV-ready Distributed ECU CAN-HS Signal w ith basic HW abstraction No OEM auto OS Basic cybersecurity Intermediate OTA Basic Connectivity Intermediate services Up to L3 Mixed propulsion platform 3990

• 2024–2036 forecast assessing SDV readiness from no SDV, basic SDV, intermediate SDV to full SDV.
• The forecast reviews hardware readiness (E/E architecture, BUS), software readiness (software architecture, cybersecurity, etc.) and
connectivity readiness (OTA, etc.).
• The forecast also correlates the SDV readiness of each vehicle with the associated features i.e., level of connected services, autonomy
levels and propulsion.

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