Nuclear Physics

LECTURE 1
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Nuclear Physics It is the branch of physics which deals with
the study of Nucleus.

Physics of the Nucleus

Small volume
at centre of the atom
where all the positive charge
and most of the mass of atom is concentrated
The Nucleus Discovery : by Rutherford

Presence verified by Rutherford’s experiment.

The Nucleus Small volume at centre of the atom where
all the charge is concentrated
Nuclear Constituents
neutrons (n) and protons (p)

collectively known as Nucleons

Nuclear Constituents
Neutron : It is a neutral particle.
It was discovered by J. Chadwick.
Mass of neutron, mn = 1.6749286 × 10–27 kg

Proton : It has a charge equal to +e.

It was discovered by Goldstein.
Mass of proton, mp = 1.6726231 × 10–27 kg

mn > m p

mp= 1840 me-

Atomic Mass Number
It is the nearest integer value of mass
represented in a.m.u. (atomic mass unit)

[ mass of one atom 6C12 atom

1 a.m.u =
at rest and in ground state]

Mass of proton (mp) = mass of neutron (mn) =

1 a.m.u. = 1.6603 x 10-27 kg ; 931.478 MeV/c2
Example
The mass of a neutral carbon atom in ground state is–

A. exact 12u B. < 12u

C. > 12u D. Depends on the form of carbon
such as graphite or diamond
Mass Energy Equivalence
In 1905, Einstein suggested

{matter can be viewed as condensed form of energy}

E = mc2

c : speed of light
Mass Energy Equivalence

From E = mc2

me = 511 kev/c2 = 0.5 MeV/c2

me= 9.1093897 x 10-31kg

mp=1.6726231 x 10-27 kg mp = 938.27 MeV/c2

mn=1.6749286 x 10-27kg mn = 939.56 MeV/c2

rest mass energy

Nuclear Representation

The nucleus of an atom is symbolically written as

A
Z
X
X : chemical symbol of element
A : mass number
Z : number of protons,
N : number of neutrons

A=Z+N
Example
The number of protons in an atom X
of atomic number Z and mass number A is -

A. Zero B. Z C. (A – Z) D. A
Example
The number of neutrons in an atom X
of atomic number Z and mass number A is -

A. Zero B. Z C. (A – Z) D. A
Example
The number of electrons in an atom X
of atomic number Z and mass number A is -

A. Zero B. Z C. (A – Z) D. A
Example
The number of nucleons in an atom X
of atomic number Z and mass number A is -

A. Zero B. Z C. (A – Z) D. A
Nuclear Representation

A : mass number also

total number of nucleons

protons + neutrons ☰ nucleons

A=Z+N

Example
92U
238 has how many neutrons?

Distribution of e-s hence chemical property

of an element is determined by ‘Z’
Example

What is the number of neutrons in an atom of 90Th

230??

A. 90 B. 140 C. 230 D. 320

 Different Types of Nuclei

The nuclei have been classified on the basis of the number of protons
(atomic number) or the total number of nucleons (mass number) as follows

Nuclei having some no. of protons

Isotopes
but different no. of neutrons are called Isotopes.
Different Types of Nuclei

Isotones The nuclei having equal number of neutrons are

called Isotones.

Isobars The nuclei which have the same mass number (A)
but different atomic number (Z) are called Isobars.
Example
As compared to 12C atom, 14C atom has–

A. two extra protons and two extra electrons

B. two extra protons but no extra electron
C. two extra neutrons and no extra electron
D. two extra neutrons and two extra electrons
Size of Nucleus is of the Order of 10–15 m (fermi)

Experimental results indicates that

the nuclear radius is proportional to A1/3

(A: mass no. of nucleus)

Nuclear Radius R = R0 A 1/3

R0 = 1.1 x 10-15 m = 1.1 fm

Hence volume V = 4/3 π R03 A

Total Nuclear Mass m=nA {as mp ≈ mn}

Nuclear Density ρ=?

Example
The density d of nuclear matter varies
with nucleon number A as -

A. d ∝ A3 B. d ∝ A2 C. d ∝ A D. d ∝ A0
Example

For Uranium nucleus how does its mass vary with volume?
[IIT JEE 2003]
A. m ∝ V B. m ∝ 1/V
C. m ∝ √V D. m ∝ V2
Nuclear Density
Mass per unit volume of a nucleus.

Mass of nucleus
Nuclear density (ρ) = =
Volume of nucleus

ρ is independent of A,
and mA = Total Mass of Nucleus it means ρ is same
for all atoms.
m = Average of mass of a nucleon
(= mass of proton + mass of neutron = 1.66 x 10–27 kg)

R0 = 1.1 x 10-15 m = 1.1 fm

Example

Order of magnitude of density of Uranium nucleus is,

[mp = 1.67 × 10-27kg] [IIT JEE 1999]

A. 1020 kg/m3 B. 1017 kg/m3

C. 1014 kg/m3 D. 1011 kg/m3
 Example Let ‘u’ denote one atomic mass unit.
One atom of an element of mass number A
has mass exactly equal to A u.

A. for any value of A

B. only for A = 1
C. only for A = 12
D. for any value of A provided the atom is stable

Ans: C
 Example Fill in the Black type Question

Atoms having the same ........... but different ........... are called
isotopes.
[IIT JEE 1986]

Ans: atomic number, mass number

 Example The radius R of a nucleus changes with the nucleon number A
of nucleus as -
A. R ∝ A2/3 B. R ∝ A1/3 C. R ∝ A0 D. R ∝ A

Ans: B
 Example True/False type Question

The order of magnitude of the density of nuclear matter is

104 kg m-3.
[IIT JEE 1989]

Ans: False
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