Week 3 Muscular System 1

Chapter 3
Muscular System
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Chapter 7-Muscular System
Functions
1. Movement
2. Maintain posture
3. Respiration
4. Production of body heat
5. Communication
6. Heart beat
7. Contraction of organs
and vessels
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Types of Muscles
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
3
Abilities of Skeletal Muscles
• Contractility:
ability to shorten
• Excitability:
respond to stimulus
• Extensibility:
can stretch
• Elasticity:
recoil
4
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
• Makes up 40% of body weight
• Named because attached to bones (skeleton)
• Many nuclei per cell (near periphery)
• Striated
• Longest of muscle types

5
Skeletal Muscle Structures-
Connective Tissue Coverings
• Epimysium:
connective tissue that surrounds entire skeletal
muscle (outside)
• Muscle fasciculus:
bundle of muscle fibers
• Perimysium:
connective tissue around each muscle fasciculus
6
• Muscle fiber:
- skeletal muscle cells
- many nuclei
• Endomysium:
connective tissue that surrounds each muscle
fiber
7
Muscle Fiber Structure
• Myofibril:
thread-like proteins that make up muscle fibers
• Myofilament:
- proteins that make up myofibrils
- Ex. actin and myosin
• Sarcoplasm:
cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell) 9
• Sarcolemma:
- cell membrane
- contains T-tubules
• T-tubules (transverse):
- wrap around sarcomeres at A band
- associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum:
- type of SER
- surrounds myosin
- stores and releases Ca2+
11
Actin and Myosin Myofilaments
• Actin:
- thin myofilament
- resemble 2 strands of pearls
• Myosin:
- thick myofilament
- resemble golf clubs
• Troponin:
attachment site on actin for Ca2+
• Tropomyosin:
- filament on grooves of actin
- blocks attachment site on actin for myosin
14
15
16
Sarcomeres
• Sarcomere:
- contractile unit
- contains actin and myosin
• Z disk:
protein fibers that form attachment site for actin
• H zone:
- center of sarcomere
- contains only myosin
• I band:
contains only actin
• A band:
where actin and myosin
overlap
• M line:
where myosin are anchored

19
Resting Membrane Potential
Outside cell Inside cell
Na+ K+
+ charge – charge
Na+ channels closed Some K+ channels open
• Why is the inside of cell negative if K+ is positive?

K+ is able to diffuse out of cell freely but other
larger negative molecules cannot.
20
Na+ Charge Difference

Across the Cell
Na+ K+ Membrane
Extracellular channel channel
fluid
K+ concentration gradient
1 Resting membrane potential.

Na+ channels (pink) and some, + + + +
but not all, K+ channels (purple) + + +
– – –
are closed. K+ diffuses down its – – –
concentration gradient through the –
1
open K+ channels, making the
inside of the cell membrane
negatively charged compared to
the outside.
Cytoplasm
K+
21
Depolarization
- change in charges
- inside becomes more + and outside more –
- Na+ channels open
Na+ channels
Na+
Na+ open
Na+ concentration gradient
2 Depolarization. Na+ channels are

open. Na+ diffuses down its – – – –
concentration gradient through the – – –
open Na+ channels, making the
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
positively charged compared to 2
the outside.
Na+ diffuse
into cell
22
Repolarization
- Na+ channels close
- change back to resting potential
Na+
K+ diffuses
K+ concentration gradient out of cell
3 Repolarization. Na+ channels are

closed, and Na+ movement into + + + +
+ + +
the cells stops. More K+ channels
– – –
open. K+ movement out of the cell – – –
increases, making the inside of – 3
the cell membrane negatively
charged compared to the outside,
once again
K+ K+
K+ channels Na+ channels
open close

Na+ Charge Difference
Na+ K+ Across the Cell
Extracellular channel channel Membrane
fluid
1 Resting membrane potential.

Na+ channels (pink) and some, ++ + + +
++
but not all, K+ channels (purple)
are closed. K+ diffuses down its – – – – – –
– 1
concentration gradient through the
open K+ channels, making the
negatively charged compared to
the outside. Cytoplasm
K+
Na+ channels
Na+ concentration gradient

Na+ Na+
open
2 Depolarization. Na+ channels are

open. Na+ diffuses down its –– – – –
––
concentration gradient through the
+
+
+
+
+
open Na+ channels, making the
+
+
inside of the cell membrane 2
positively charged compared to
the outside.
Na+ diffuse
into cell
Na+
K+ diffuses
out of cell
3 Repolarization. Na+ channels are

++ + + +
closed, and Na+ movement into ++
the cells stops. More K+ channels
– – – – – –
open. K+ movement out of the cell – 3
increases, making the inside of
the cell membrane negatively
charged compared to the outside,
once again K+ K+
K+ channels Na+ channels
open close 24
Nerve Supply
• Motor neuron:
nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle
fibers
• Neuromuscular junction (synapse):

where nerve cell and muscle fiber meet
• Presynaptic terminal:
end of nerve cell (axon)
25
• Postsynaptic membrane:
muscle fiber membrane
• Synpatic cleft:
space between presynpatic terminal and
postsynaptic membrane
• Synaptic vesicle:
- in presynaptic terminal
- store and release neurotransmitters
26
• Neurotransmitter:
- chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle
fiber
- Ex. Acetylcholine
• Motor unit:
group of muscle fibers that motor neuron
stimulates
27
Please update
To 9e Copyright
29
Steps in a Muscle Contraction
(Sliding Filament Theory)
1. An action potential travels down motor neuron
to presynaptic terminal causing Ca2+ channels
to open.
2. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release

acetylcholine into synaptic cleft.
3. Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+

channels, Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes
into postsynaptic terminal (depolarization). 30
4. Na+ causes sarcolemma and t-tubules to
increase the permeability of sarcoplasmic
reticulum which releases stored calcium.
5. Ca2+ binds to troponin which is attached to

actin.
6. Ca2+ binding to troponin causes tropomyosin to

move exposing attachment sites for myosin.
7. Myosin heads bind to actin.

31
8. ATP is released from myosin heads and heads
bend toward center of sarcomere.
9. Bending forces actin to slide over myosin.
10. Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme breaks down

acetylcholine) is released, Na+ channels close,
and muscle contraction stops.
32
33
34
35
36
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sarcoplasmic
T-tubule reticulum
Ca2+
6
Please replace with

Ca2+
portion of Fig. 7.8 7
from 9th edition

ADP
6 Action potentials in the T-tubules cause the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+.
7 On the actin, Ca2+ binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin and exposes myosin 37
attachment sites.
38
39
ATP and Muscle Contractions
• Energy for muscle contractions supplied by ATP
• Energy is released as ATP → ADP + P
• ATP is stored in myosin heads
• ATP help form cross-bridge formation between
myosin and actin
• New ATP must bind to myosin before cross-
bridge is released
• Rigor mortis:
person dies and no ATP is available to release
cross-bridges
Other Information
• ATP is made in mitochondria from aerobic or
anaerobic respiration.
• During a muscle contraction, H zone and I band

shorten but A band stays the same.
• Striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle are due

to sarcomeres (actin and myosin).
42
Terms
• Threshold:
weakest stimulus needed to produce a response
• All or None Law:
muscle contracts or doesn’t (no in between)
• Twitch:
rapid contraction and relaxation of a muscle
• Tetanus:
muscle remains contracted
43
44
45
• Isometric:
amount of tension increases (weight)
• Isotonic:
amount of repetitions increases
• Tone:
constant tension over a long period of time
46
Slow and Fast Twitch Fibers
Slow Twitch Fibers
• Contract slowly
• Fatigue slowly
• Long distance runners
• Use aerobic respiration
• Energy from fat
• Dark meat
• Red or dark because of myoglobin
• Myoglobin: helps O2 bind in muscle
47
Fast Twitch Fibers
• Contract quickly
• Fatigue quickly
• Sprinters
• Use anaerobic respiration
• Energy from glycogen
• White meat
48
Other Facts about Twitch Fibers
• Humans have both types of fibers
• Distribution of fibers is genetically determined
• Neither type can be converted but capacity can be

increased through intense exercise
49
50
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
• Origin:
nonmovable end
• Insertion:
movable end
• Belly:
middle
• Synergists:
muscles that work together
• Antagonist:
muscles that oppose each other
51
Nomenclature
Muscles are named according to
• Location:
Ex. tibialis anterior
• Origin/insertion:
Ex. sternocleidomastoid
53
• Size:
Ex. gluteus maximus
• Shape:
Ex. deltoid (triangular)
• Function:
Ex. masseter

Muscles of Head and Neck
• Occipitofrontalis:
raises eyebrows (forehead)
• Orbicularis oculi:
allows blinking (eyes)
• Orbicularis oris:
kissing muscle (mouth)
55
• Zygomaticus:
smiling muscle (cheek)
• Masseter:
chewing (mastication) muscle

Muscles of Facial Expression &
Mastication

Thoracic Muscles
• External intercostals:
elevate ribs for inspiration
• Internal intercostals:
depress ribs during forced expiration
• Diaphragm:
moves during quiet breathing

Third cervical vertebra

Sternum
Scalenes External
intercostals
First thoracic vertebra
1
External intercostals
Internal
2
intercostals
3
Central tendon 5
of diaphragm
6
8
Internal
9 intercostals
Aorta
10
(a) Anterior view (b) Lateral view

Abdominal Wall Muscles
• Rectus abdominis:
- center of abdomen
- compresses abdomen
• External abdominal oblique:

- sides of abdomen
- compresses abdomen

• Internal abdominal oblique:
compresses abdomen
• Transverse abdominis:
compresses abdomen

Rectus
Rectus abdominis Skin
abdominis (covered by Linea Fat
(sheath sheath) alba External
removed) abdominal
Linea Rectus oblique
abdominis Internal
alba abdominal
External oblique
Umbilicus
abdominal Transversus
External oblique abdominis
Internal (b) Cross section Parietal
abdominal
oblique abdominal peritoneum
oblique
Transversus
abdominis
Tendinous
intersection
(a) Anterior view

63
Upper Limb Muscles
• Trapezius:
- shoulders and upper back
- extends neck and head
• Pectoralis major:
- chest
- elevates ribs

• Serratus anterior:
- between ribs
- elevates ribs
• Deltoid:
- shoulder
- abductor or upper limbs

• Triceps brachii:
- 3 heads
- extends elbow
• Biceps brachii:
- “flexing muscle”
- flexes elbow and shoulder

• Brachialis:
flexes elbow
• Latissimus dorsi:
- lower back
- extends shoulder

69
70
Muscles of Hips and Thighs
• Iliopsoas:
flexes hip
• Gluteus maximus:
- buttocks
- extends hip and abducts thigh
• Gluteus medius:
- hip
- abducts and rotates thigh

72
Muscles of Upper Leg
Quadriceps femoris
4 thigh muscles
• Rectus femoris:
- front of thigh
- extends knee and flexes hip
• Vastus lateralis:
extends knee
• Vastus medialis:
extends knee
• Vastus intermedius:
extends knee
• Gracilis:
adducts thigh and flexes knee
• Biceps femoris, semimembranosus,

semitendinosus:
- hamstring
- back of thigh
- flexes knee, rotates leg, extends hip

Ilium Iliopsoas
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Adductor longus
Gracilis
Adductors Gluteus maximus
Sartorius
Adductor magnus
Rectus femoris
Iliotibial tract Vastus intermedius
(deep to rectus femoris
Quadriceps
and not visible in figure)
femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Patellar tendon
Patella
Patellar ligament
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
Ischial tuberosity
Semitendinosus
Hamstring
muscles Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Tibia Fibula
(c) Posterior view

Muscles of Lower Leg
• Tibialis anterior:
- front of lower leg
- inverts foot
• Gastrocnemius:
- calf
- flexes foot and leg
• Soleus:
- attaches to ankle
- flexes foot
Two heads of
gastrocnemius
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Soleus
Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius
Extensor digitorum
longus
Extensor hallucis
longus Soleus
Fibularis tertius
Calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)
Anterior view Posterior view

(a) (b)
Gastrocnemius
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis
longus
(cut)
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis
brevis Extensor digitorum
longus
Calcaneal
Fibularis tertius (Achilles)
tendon
Tendon of
fibularis
longus (cut)
Lateral view Posterior view

(c) (d)
(d): © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise,photographer
Facial muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Biceps brachii
Linea alba Rectus abdominis

External abdominal oblique
Brachioradialis
Flexors of wrist
and fingers
Tensor fasciae latae
Retinaculum
Adductor
longus Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris
Gracilis
Vastus intermedius (deep Quadriceps
Sartorius femoris
to the rectus femoris and
Patellar tendon
not visible in figure)
Patella
Vastus medialis
Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus
Soleus
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Retinaculum
(a) Anterior view

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Seventh cervical vertebra
Infraspinatus Deltoid
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
External abdominal
Extensors oblique
of the wrist
and fingers
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnus
Iliotibial tract
Semitendinosus Gracilis
Hamstring Biceps femoris
muscles Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)
(b) Posterior view


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Chapter 3

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

4. Production of body heat

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Named because attached to bones (skeleton)

• Many nuclei per cell (near periphery)

• Longest of muscle types

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Why is the inside of cell negative if K+ is positive?

Na+ Charge Difference

1 Resting membrane potential.

2 Depolarization. Na+ channels are

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3 Repolarization. Na+ channels are

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1 Resting membrane potential.

Na+ concentration gradient

2 Depolarization. Na+ channels are

3 Repolarization. Na+ channels are

• Neuromuscular junction (synapse):

2. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release

3. Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+

5. Ca2+ binds to troponin which is attached to

6. Ca2+ binding to troponin causes tropomyosin to

7. Myosin heads bind to actin.

9. Bending forces actin to slide over myosin.

10. Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme breaks down

Please replace with

from 9th edition

• During a muscle contraction, H zone and I band

• Striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle are due

• Distribution of fibers is genetically determined

• Neither type can be converted but capacity can be

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Third cervical vertebra

(a) Anterior view (b) Lateral view

• External abdominal oblique:

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Anterior view

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Biceps femoris, semimembranosus,

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Tensor fasciae latae

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

(c) Posterior view

Anterior view Posterior view

Lateral view Posterior view

Linea alba Rectus abdominis

Tensor fasciae latae

Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior

(a) Anterior view

(b) Posterior view

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