TISSUES

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 Introduction
• Similar cells with a common function are
called tissues.

• The study of tissues is called histology.

• There are four (4) primary or major tissue types:
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
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 Intercellular Junctions
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Tight junctions Cell membrane

• Close space between cells

• Located among cells that Tight junction

form linings Cell membrane

Desmosomes
• Form “spot welds” between cells
• Located among outer skin cells Desmosome

Gap junctions Cell membrane

• Tubular channels between cells

• Located in cardiac muscle cells Gap junction

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 Epithelial Tissue
• General characteristics:
• Cover organs and the body
• Line body cavities
• Line hollow organs
• Have a free surface
• Have a basement membrane
• Are avascular
• Cells readily divide
• Cells tightly packed
• Cells often have desmosomes
• Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion
• Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers
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 Epithelial Tissue
• Simple squamous: • Simple cuboidal:
• Single layer of flat cells • Single layer of cube-shaped cells
• Substances pass easily through • Line kidney tubules
• Line air sacs • Cover ovaries
• Line blood vessels • Line ducts of some glands
• Line lymphatic vessels
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Free surface Lumen
of tissue

Nucleus
Simple
squamous
Basement
epithelium membrane
Basement Free surface
of tissue

Nucleus Simple
cuboidal
epithelium
Connective Connective
tissue tissue
(a) (b)
(a) (b)

b,d: © Ed Reschke
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

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 Epithelial Tissue
• Simple columnar: • Pseudostratified columnar:
• Single layer of elongated cells • Single layer of elongated cells
• Nuclei usually near the basement • Nuclei at two or more levels
• Membrane at same level • Appear striated
• Sometimes possess cilia • Often have cilia
• Sometimes possess microvilli • Often have goblet cells
• Often have goblet cells • Line respiratory passageways
• Line uterus, stomach, intestines Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cilia
(free surface
of tissue)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cytoplasm

Mucus
Goblet cell
Nucleus

Cytoplasm Nucleus

Basement
Microvilli
membrane
(free surface
of tissue) Connective
tissue
Goblet cell (a) (b)

Basement
membrane

Connective b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

tissue
(a) (b)

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b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.
 Epithelial Tissue
• Stratified squamous: • Stratified cuboidal:
• Many cell layers • 2-3 layers
• Top cells are flat • Cube-shaped cells
• Can accumulate keratin • Line ducts of mammary glands,
• Outer layer of skin sweat glands, salivary glands, and
• Line oral cavity, vagina, and the pancreas
anal canal
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Free surface
of tissue
Stratified
cuboidal
epithelium
Squamous Nucleus
cells
Lumen
Free surface
of tissue
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
(a) (b)
Layer of
dividing
cells

Basement
membrane
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.

Connective

(a)
tissue

(b)
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b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
 Epithelial Tissue
• Stratified columnar: • Transitional:
• Top layer of elongated cells • Many cell layers
• Cube-shaped cells in deeper • Cube-shaped and elongated
layers cells
• Line part of male urethra and • Line urinary bladder,
part of pharynx ureters, and part of urethra
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Free surface
of tissue

Unstretched
transitional
epithelium
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Lumen
Basement
Free surface membrane
of tissue
Stratified Underlying
columnar connective tissue
epithelium (a) (b)

Basement
membrane
Free surface
Connective of tissue
tissue Stretched
transitional
epithelium
(a) (b) Basement
membrane
Underlying
connective tissue
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

(c) (d)
b,d: © Ed Reschke
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 Glandular Epithelium
• Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and
secrete substances

• There are two (2) types:

• Endocrine glands are ductless (key word: hormone)
• Exocrine glands have ducts
• Unicellular exocrine gland:
• Composed of one cell
• Goblet cell
• Multicellular exocrine gland:
• Composed of many cells
• Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.
• Simple and compound 9
 Structural Types of
Exocrine Glands
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Tissue surface
Duct

Secretory portion

Simple tubular Simple branched Simple coiled Simple branched

tubular tubular alveolar

Compound tubular Compound alveolar 10

 Types of Glandular Secretions
• Merocrine Glands • Apocrine Glands • Holocrine Glands
• Fluid product • Cellular product • Secretory products
• Salivary glands • Portions of cells • Whole cells
• Pancreas gland (?) • Mammary glands • Sebaceous glands
• Sweat glands • Ceruminous glands
•Serous Fluid
•Mucus Intact
Pinched off
portion of cell
Disintegrating cell
and its contents
(secretion) (secretion)
cell Secretion

New cell
forming by
mitosis and
cytokinesis

(a) Merocrine gland (b) Apocrine gland (c) Holocrine gland

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 Connective Tissues
• General characteristics:
• Most abundant tissue type
• Many functions:
• Bind structures
• Provide support and protection
• Serve as frameworks
• Fill spaces
• Store fat
• Produce blood cells
• Protect against infections
• Help repair tissue damage
• Have an extracellular matrix
• Have varying degrees of vascularity
• Have cells that usually divide 12
 Connective Tissue
Major Cell Types Present
• Fibroblasts • Macrophages
• Fixed cell • Wandering cell
• Most common cell • Phagocytic
• Large, star-shaped • Important in injury or
• Produce fibers infection

• Mast cells
• Fixed cell
• Release heparin
• Release histamine
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 Connective Tissue
Fiber Types Present
• Collagenous fibers • Elastic fibers
• Thick • Bundles of microfibrils
• Composed of collagen embedded in elastin
• Great tensile strength • Fibers branch
• Abundant in dense CT • Elastic
• Hold structures together • Vocal cords, air passages
• Tendons, ligaments
• Reticular fibers
• Very thin collagenous fibers
• Highly branched
• Form supportive networks
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 Connective Tissues
• Connective Tissue Proper: • Specialized Connective Tissue:
• Loose connective tissue • Cartilage
• Adipose tissue • Bone
• Reticular connective tissue • Blood
• Dense connective tissue
• Elastic connective tissue

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 Connective Tissue Types
• Loose Connective Tissue • Adipose Tissue
• Mainly fibroblasts • Adipocytes
• Fluid to gel-like matrix • Cushions
• Collagenous fibers • Insulates
• Elastic fibers • Store fats
• Bind skin to structures • Beneath skin
• Beneath most epithelia • Behind eyeballs
• Blood vessels nourish • Around kidneys and heart
nearby epithelial cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Between muscles
Cytsol

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Fat droplet

Collagenous Cell
fiber membrane

Fibroblast Nucleus

Ground (a) (b)

substance

Elastic
fiber
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
(a) (b)

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b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
 Connective Tissue Types
• Reticular Connective Tissue • Dense Connective Tissue
• Composed of reticular fibers • Packed collagenous fibers
• Supports internal organ walls • Elastic fibers
• Walls of liver, spleen, • Few fibroblasts
lymphatic organs • Bind body parts together
• Tendons, ligaments, dermis
• Poor blood supply
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fibroblasts

Collagenous
fibers
Collagenous
fibers

White blood (a) (b)

cell

Fibroblast

(a) (b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

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 Connective Tissue Types
• Elastic Connective Tissue • Bone (Osseous Tissue)
• Abundant in elastic fibers • Solid matrix
• Some collagenous fibers • Supports
• Fibroblasts • Protects
• Attachments between bones • Forms blood cells
• Walls of large arteries, airways, heart • Attachment for muscles
• Skeleton
• Osteocytes in lacunae
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Collagenous
fibers Osteon

Lamella

Fibroblast
Central
canal
Elastic fibers

Osteocyte
in lacuna

(a) (b) Canaliculi

(a) (b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

Osteocyte

Nucleus
Cell process in
canaliculus
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b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
 Connective Tissue Types
• Hyaline cartilage
• Most abundant
• Ends of bones
• Nose, respiratory passages
• Cartilage • Embryonic skeleton
• Rigid matrix
• Chondrocytes in lacunae • Elastic cartilage
• Poor blood supply • Flexible
• Three (3) types: • External ear, larynx
• Hyaline Cartilage
• Elastic Cartilage
• Fibrocartilage
• Fibrocartilage
• Very tough
• Shock absorber
• Intervertebral discs
• Pads of knee and pelvic girdle
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 Connective Tissue Types
Three (3) types of cartilage:
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Elastic fibers

Nucleus
Nucleus
Lacuna
Lacuna

Chondrocyte Chondrocyte

Extracellular
matrix
Extracellular
(a) (b) matrix
(a) (b)

b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage

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Lacuna
Chondrocyte

Nucleus

Collagenous
fiber

Extracellular
matrix

(a) (b)

b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

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Fibrocartilage
 Connective Tissue Types

• Blood
• Fluid matrix called plasma
• Red blood cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• White blood cells

White blood
cell

• Platelets
Red blood
cells

• Transports
Plasma
(extracellular
matrix of blood)

• Defends Platelets

• Involved in clotting (a) (b)

• Throughout body in blood

b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

vessels
• Heart

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 Types of Membranes
• There are four (4) types of epithelial membranes:
1. Serous Membranes 2. Mucous Membranes
• Line body cavities that • Line tubes and organs
do not open to the that open to outside world
outside • Lining of mouth, nose,
• Reduce friction throat, etc.
• Inner lining of thorax • Secrete mucus
and abdomen
• Cover organs of thorax
3. Cutaneous Membranes
• Covers body
and abdomen
• Skin
• Secrete serous fluid
4. Synovial Membranes
• Composed entirely of
connective tissue
• Lines joints
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 Muscle Tissues
• Skeletal muscle
• Attached to bones
• Striated
• General characteristics: • Voluntary
• Muscle cells also called
muscle fibers • Smooth muscle
• Contractile • Walls of organs
• Three (3) types: • Skin
• Skeletal muscle • Walls of blood vessels
• Smooth muscle • Involuntary
• Cardiac muscle • Non-striated
• Cardiac muscle
• Heart wall
• Involuntary
• Striated
• Intercalated discs 23
 Muscle Tissue
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Striations
Cytoplasm

Nuclei Nucleus

Portion of a
muscle fiber

(a) (b)
(a) (b)

b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle

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Striations

Nucleus

Intercalated
disc

(a) (b)

b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

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Cardiac Muscle
 Nervous Tissue

• Found in brain, spinal cord, and

peripheral nerves
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• Functional cells are neurons Cellular

process

Cytoplasm

• Neuroglial cells support and Nucleus

bind nervous tissue components

Cell
membrane

Neuroglial
cells

• Sensory reception
(a) (b)

b: © Ed Reschke.

• Conduction of nerve impulses

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