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ASSIGNMENT 1

(CALCULUS)

Assignmnet Title : Limits And Continuity

Submitted By

Name: Arooba pervaiz

Student id:bsf23006489

Submitted To

Name: sir shafique

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Definition of a Limit:

The limit of a function f(x) as x approaches a specific value, say c, is denoted as:

\[ \lim_{x \to c} f(x) = L \]

This notation represents that as x gets closer and closer to c (but never actually equals c), the
function f(x) approaches the value L. The formal definition of a limit involves the use of epsilon
(ε) and delta (δ) to capture this idea:

For every ε (epsilon) greater than 0, there exists a δ (delta) greater than 0 such that for all x
within the interval (c - δ, c + δ) but not equal to c, the value of f(x) falls within the interval (L - ε,
L + ε).

In simpler terms, this means that you can make the values of f(x) as close as you want to L by
choosing x close enough to c (but not equal to c).

Properties of Limits:

Understanding limits also involves recognizing and applying various properties:

 Limit of a Sum: \[ \lim_{x \to c} [f(x) + g(x)] = \lim_{x \to c} f(x) + \lim_{x \to c}
g(x) \]

 Limit of a Difference: \[ \lim _{x \to c} [f(x) - g(x)] = \lim_{x \to c} f(x) - \lim_{x \
to c} g(x) \]

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 Limit of a Product: \[ \lim_{x \to c} [f(x) \cdot g(x)] = \lim_{x \to c} f(x) \cdot \
lim_{x \to c} g(x) \]

 Limit of a Quotient (provided that the limit of the denominator is not

zero):\[ \lim_{x \to c} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \frac{\lim_{x \to c} f(x)}{\lim_{x \to c}
g(x)} \]

 Constant Multiple Rule:\[ \lim_{x \to c} [k \cdot f(x)] = k \cdot \lim_{x \to c}
f(x) \]

 These properties allow you to simplify finding limits by breaking down more complex
functions into simpler parts.

 One-Sided Limits:

 When discussing limits, it's essential to consider one-sided limits:

 Left-Hand Limit (LHL): \[ \lim_{x \to c^-} f(x) \] This represents the limit as x
approaches c from the left side (values of x less than c).

 Right-Hand Limit (RHL): \[ \lim_{x \to c^+} f(x) \] This represents the limit as x
approaches c from the right side (values of x greater than c).

 One-sided limits help in analyzing the behavior of a function as it approaches a specific

point from different directions.

 Infinite Limits:

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Limits can also be infinite:

- \[ \lim_{x \to c} f(x) = +\infty \] represents the function growing without bound as x approaches
c.
- \[ \lim_{x \to c} f(x) = -\infty \] represents the function decreasing without bound as x
approaches c.

These infinite limits are crucial for understanding vertical asymptotes and the behavior of
functions towards infinity.

 Limits at Infinity:

- \[ \lim_{x \to +\infty} f(x) \] represents the limit as x approaches positive infinity.
- \[ \lim_{x \to -\infty} f(x) \] represents the limit as x approaches negative infinity.

These limits help analyze the long-term behavior of functions.

Indeterminate Forms and L'Hôpital's Rule:

In some cases, you might encounter indeterminate forms like 0/0 or ∞/∞. L'Hôpital's Rule is a
technique to evaluate limits in these situations. It states that if the limit of the ratio of two
functions is an indeterminate form, then the limit of the ratio of their derivatives can be taken
instead.

Definition of Continuity:

A function \(f(x)\) is continuous at a point \(x = c\) if three conditions are met:

1. \(f(c)\) is defined: The function must have a value at \(x = c\); in other words, \(f(c)\) is not
undefined or infinite.

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2. The limit exists:\(\lim_{x \to c} f(x)\) must exist, which means that as \(x\) approaches \(c\),
the values of \(f(x)\) approach a finite limit.

3. The limit equals the function value: The limit of the function at \(x = c\) must equal the
function value at \(x = c\), i.e., \(\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = f(c)\).

If these three conditions are satisfied, the function is said to be continuous at \(x = c\). To be
considered continuous as a whole, a function must be continuous at every point in its domain.

Types of Discontinuities:

Not all functions are continuous. There are various types of discontinuities that can occur in a
function, which provide insight into the nature of the discontinuity:

1. Removable Discontinuity (Point Discontinuity): This occurs when a function has a

hole or gap at a specific point, but it can be made continuous by redefining the function at that
point. Mathematically, \(\lim_{x \to c} f(x)\) exists, but \(f(c)\) is not defined or is different from
the limit.

2. Jump Discontinuity (Step Discontinuity): A jump discontinuity occurs when the left-
hand and right-hand limits exist at a point, but they are not equal. The graph "jumps" from one
value to another at that point.

3. Infinite Discontinuity: This type of discontinuity occurs when the limit at a point
approaches either \(+\infty\) or \(-\infty\). The function becomes unbounded at that point.

4. Asymptotic Discontinuity:An asymptotic discontinuity occurs when the limit at a point

approaches \(+\infty\) or \(-\infty\), and the function approaches a vertical asymptote.

Properties of Continuous Functions:

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Continuous functions have several important properties:

 . **The Intermediate Value Theorem:** If \(f(x)\) is continuous on a closed interval \([a,

b]\), and \(k\) is any number between \(f(a)\) and \(f(b)\), then there exists at least one \
(c\) in \((a, b)\) such that \(f(c) = k\).

 **The Extreme Value Theorem:** If \(f(x)\) is continuous on a closed interval \([a, b]\),
then \(f(x)\) attains both a maximum and a minimum value on that interval.

 . **Continuous Arithmetic:** Continuous functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied,

and divided (provided the denominator is not zero), and the result is still a continuous
function.

 Composite of Continuous Functions: The composition of two continuous functions is also

continuous.

 Limits and Continuity: The limit of a continuous function as \(x\) approaches a point \(c\)
is equal to the function's value at that point, i.e., \(\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = f(c)\).

 Continuity at a Closed Interval: A function is continuous on a closed interval \([a, b]\) if

it is continuous at every point in that interval.

Relationship Between Limits And Continuity

The relationship between limits and continuity is fundamental in calculus. Continuity is a

property of functions, and limits are used to determine whether a function is continuous at a
particular point. Specifically, a function is continuous at a point if and only if the limit of the
function at that point exists and is equal to the function value at that point.

Here's the relationship between limits and continuity in a mathematical statement:

A function \(f(x)\) is continuous at a point \(x = c\) if and only if \(\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = f(c)\).

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In simpler terms, for a function to be continuous at a point, these conditions must be met:

1. The limit exists: \(\lim_{x \to c} f(x)\) must exist, meaning that as \(x\) approaches \(c\), the
values of \(f(x)\) approach a finite limit.

2. The limit equals the function value:The limit must be equal to the function value at \(x = c\),
i.e., \(\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = f(c)\).

If both of these conditions are satisfied, the function is continuous at \(x = c\).

Numerical Example:

Let's consider a simple numerical example to illustrate this relationship:

Suppose we have the function \(f(x) = 2x\) and we want to determine whether it is continuous at \
(x = 3\). We'll use the relationship between limits and continuity to do this.

1. The limit exists:

Calculate the limit of \(f(x)\) as \(x\) approaches 3:

\[ \lim_{x \to 3} 2x = 2 \cdot 3 = 6 \]

The limit exists, and it is equal to 6.

2. The limit equals the function value:

Calculate the value of \(f(3)\):

\[ f(3) = 2 \cdot 3 = 6 \]

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The function value at \(x = 3\) is also 6.

Since the limit \(\lim_{x \to 3} 2x\) equals the function value \(f(3)\), we can conclude that the
function \(f(x) = 2x\) is continuous at \(x = 3\). This means that there are no abrupt jumps,
breaks, or holes in the graph of the function at that point, and it exhibits smooth and connected
behavior.

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