CLASSV Edited 7

Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION
CURVE LANE AUTOMATIC SENSOR SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE (CLASSV): A

DEVELOPMENT STUDY
A Thesis Prepared to
The Faculty of the College of Technological and Developmental Education
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
Nabua
In Partial Fulfillment
Of The Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Technical-Vocational
Teacher Education
Major in Electronic Technology
Julianes, Benjie B.
Llorin, Arnel Jr. R.
Soliven, John Andrei B.
Tino, Jefferson G.
2024
CHAPTER I
The Problem
Introduction
In today's fast-paced world, technology continues to redefine the way we
live, work, and connect with one another. Curve Lane Automatic Sensor for
Vehicles (CLASSV), is a revolutionary prototype balanced to redefine road safety.
Imagine a sharp curve on a winding road, wherein vehicles approach from various
directions. Our innovative device, equipped with advanced sensors, senses
approaching vehicles and swiftly ensures seamless and secure traffic flow.
In today's world of advancement, the recreation of enhanced road safety
takes a significant leap forward, and at its forefront stands the Curve Lane
Automatic Sensor System, known as CLASSV. This study delves into the
development and evaluation of a prototype device that seeks to revolutionize the
navigation of curved lanes on our roads.
Driving through curves has always been a challenging task for drivers
worldwide. These curves demand attention and precise timing, as even a minor
error can lead to accidents and collisions. While traditional signs and road
markings offer some guidance, their effectiveness diminishes in adverse weather
conditions and low-visibility situations.
1
The problem addressed in this research is the need for an efficient and safe
solution for managing sharp curve lanes on roads. Sharp curve lanes pose a
challenge for drivers, as they require careful navigation to ensure the safety of both
the driver and other vehicles on the road. Currently, there is a lack of automated
systems specifically designed to address this issue.
The system will contribute to smoother traffic flow by providing clear
indications to drivers approaching the curve lane. The research will involve
designing and developing the curve lane automatic sensor system, testing its
effectiveness in real-world scenarios, and evaluating its impact on road safety and
traffic flow. The data collected from the research will be analyzed to assess the
system's reliability, efficiency, and potential for wider implementation.
The innovative CLASSV system offers a real-time solution to this problem.
By combining sensor technology with advanced algorithms, this device
significantly enhances driver awareness and decision-making when maneuvering
through challenging curved lanes.
This research addresses the pressing need for an efficient and safe solution
to manage sharp curve lanes on roads. Sharp curve lanes pose a considerable
challenge for drivers, requiring careful navigation to ensure the safety of both the
driver and other road users. Currently, there is a notable absence of automated
systems specifically specialized to address this issue.
2
The objective of this research is to develop a curve lane automatic sensor
system designed for installation on sharp curve lanes, especially on secondary and
barangay roads. This alert system device employs a sensor to detect approaching
vehicles at a sharp curve, the function of this device is when a vehicle approaching
the sensor automatically triggering a signal to switch the traffic light to red to stop
the driver and the connected device is green allowing to pass the other vehicle
from the different lanes and it is also have a flashing yellow light to slow down
while passing on the sharp curve road to pass safely.
By implementing this device, the researchers aim to enhance road safety
and reduce the risk of accidents and collisions in sharp curve lanes. Moreover, this
system will contribute to smoother traffic flow by providing clear indications to
drivers approaching the curve lane.
The research encompasses the design and development of the curve lane
automatic sensor system, persistent testing in real-world scenarios, and an
evaluation of its impact on road safety and traffic flow. The data collected will be
analyzed to assess the system's reliability, efficiency, and potential for broader
implementation.
In summary, the researchers seeks to provide a practical and effective
solution to enhance the safety and efficiency of sharp curve lanes on the road,
ultimately improving the overall driving experience and reducing the risk of
accidents in challenging road conditions.
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Assumption of the Study
1. The researchers will aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed design of
the Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System (CLASSV) in enhancing road safety.
2. The researchers will assess the acceptability and usability of the device in terms
of characteristics, availability, function, layouts, and design.
3. The researchers will use research methods and survey instruments that are
validated and reliable in measuring the acceptability and usability of the device.
4. The researchers will seek to gain an understanding of the benefits of the Curve
Lane Automatic Sensor System (CLASSV), including improved safety, increased
driving awareness, and reduced road accidents.
Statement of the Problem
1: What is the design of the Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles
(CLASSV) in terms of:
a. Diagram
b. Algorithm (code)
c. Construction process
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2: What is the level of acceptability of the developed Curve Lane Automatic Sensor
System for Vehicles (CLASSV) in terms of:
a. Availability
b. Functionality
c. Layout
d. Design
3: What is the level of usability of the developed Curve Lane Automatic Sensor
System for Vehicles (CLASSV) in terms of:
a. Safety
b. Awareness and Driving
c. Reduction of Road Accidents
4: What recommendations can be proposed to improve the Curve Lane Automatic
Sensor System for Vehicles (CLASSV)?
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The researchers involved in this study are responsible for conducting surveys and
gathering data to potentially produce outcomes that could benefit society, especially
licensed drivers.
5
This research may help the community prevent unnecessary accidents on curved
roads, focusing specifically on sharp turns in barangays and secondary roads.
The respondents are the most important part of the research in
administering a survey and collecting the data sheets that a developmental
research instruction as the guide and instrument to make this research successful,
laboratory expertise for needed laboratory equipment, the staff and management
of the Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges for the support they provide in
conducting this research study.
This research, titled "Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System (CLASSV)," is
primarily focused on innovating a prototype device aimed at enhancing road safety
for all drivers with valid driver's licenses. This device, the CLASSV, is designed to
improve safety while navigating curves on the road. The research employs a
questionnaire to assess the device's effectiveness.
The researcher will be conducting a research study specifically in the group
of drivers or in one establishment where the researcher can gather respondents
for an interview and for answering the prepared questionnaires of the researcher. A
researcher will be placed in the timely scheduling of drivers with licenses who
have permission from respondents and a group of drivers.
Thus, the boundaries of this study restrict its extent and outline its limits,
such as the geographical place that must be taken into account previously.
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Installing this device or the location where the study occurs, for instance places
with few vehicles. This study also considers the population size in the area.
Additionally, the researcher might also choose to use some research tools
and methodologies to collect data but not others. These delimitations might be
imposed for practical reasons, such as lack of time or financial resources to carry
out a more thorough investigation. The delimitation section of the study should
clarify why certain choices were made while others were omitted and how this may
influence the results of the research.
In the example mentioned above, the researcher might state why he/she
chose to study a sample population of 30 drivers with driver licenses, why he/she
selected drivers with licenses from Nabua Jeep Terminal and not all the drivers in
the Nabua area, and why he/she chose drivers with driver licenses of the Nabua
Jeep terminal.
Significance of the Study
This study is deemed significant to the following: Research conducted
by the researcher would be useful if the study will prove favorable and usable to
the following.
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Drivers and riders. The foremost beneficiaries of this study are the
(CLASS-V) Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles arewhich focuses
on drivers with driver licenses, instead of needing someone to make a signal it
turns into an automatic sensor system to prevent road accidents in curve lane
sections, which will make the job easier, because there is no need for someone to
operate this device.
The Land Transportation Office (LTO) in the Philippines is one of the
beneficiaries of Curved Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles (CLASS-V).
Such as improved traffic flow in curved lane sections who can help optimize the
flow of traffic, especially in areas with complex road layouts or intersections. This
can result in reduced congestion and smoother traffic movements. Then it will
enhance road safety with automatic sensors that can contribute to road safety by
detecting and responding to vehicles in real-time. This can help prevent accidents,
particularly in situations where there is a need for precise control of vehicle
movements in curved lanes.
The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). When it
comes to the implementation of automatic sensor systems for vehicles, there can
be several potential benefits for DPWH, such as traffic managing and optimizing traffic
flow.
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By using sensors to monitor vehicle movements in curve lane sections and
traffic conditions in real-time, DPWH can make informed decisions to alleviate
congestion, reduce travel times, and improve overall traffic management.
Additionally, vehicle sensors can contribute to enhanced road safety by detecting
potential hazards or accidents while crossing in curved road sections. This
information can be used to alert authorities and drivers, allowing for a swifter
response to emergencies and reducing road accidents.
Community. The first and foremost beneficiaries of this conducted
research, because as this researcher aim the improvement and development of
Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles in road safety on the
communities.
Respondents. To be knowledgeable and mindful to the existing Curve
Lane Systems. Furthermore, to engage and share their own knowledge by
responding to questionnaires and answering possible interview questions.
Future researchers. To inspire, encourage, and motivate future
researchers to conduct this kind of research for more depth and meaningful
experimentation and development of this device to be useful, the Curve-lane
Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles in reducing road accidents in curve lane
sections.
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Researcher. As a researcher, the research will help them to engage in
actual process of improving and a development to the prototype Curve Lane
Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles (CLASSV) helps develop skills in planning,
designing, adding functions, and troubleshooting the prototype for the Curve Lane
Automatic Sensor System for vehicles.
Definition of Terms
In this section of the research paper, key terms and concepts are
explained to ensure the readers' understanding of the content. It provides clear and
concise definitions to establish a common language for the rest of the document.
Acceptability. This is something considered to be socially acceptable or
within the realm of what is appropriate or something that is permitted but not
necessarily preferred.
Algorithm. A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other
problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.
Curve lane. The irregular bends on roads to bring about a gradual change
of direction. Curves provided in the horizontal plane are known as horizontal
curves and generally circular or parabolic.
CLASSV. A new automated device that will serve as an early warning
system in curve lanes, in secondary and barangay roads.
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Construction - process. The combination of processes or arts involved in
constructing1. It involves assembling a variety of materials and components,
Diagram. A simplified drawing showing the appearance, structure, or
workings of something; a schematic representation.
Development. The process that creates growth, progress, positive change
or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic
components.
Innovation. The practical implementation that is required to create new
ideas. Methods, process or products which when implemented lead to positive
effective change.
Prototype. The typical preliminary model of something specially a machine
it evaluates a new design to enhance precision which when implemented lead to
positive effective change.
Technology. The application of scientific knowledge to practical human
needs involves understanding how knowledge is creatively used for organized
activities involving people and machines that will be environmentally friendly.
Notes
R. Fu et al. (2017) Dynamic driver fatigue detection using hidden Markov
model in real driving conditions.
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Oh, Kang et al., (2017) Wang, Assogba, Liu & Ma, et al., (2018) Based on
vehicle-infrastructure cooperation, an automatic driving vehicle gets rid of a driver's
subjective interference to better ensure traffic safety, for which expert and
intelligent systems have been widely applied.
Rahim et al., (2018) Kong, Song, et al., (2018) Collision avoidance
represents a central safety issue for automatic driving vehicles. Compared to
decelerating to a full stop without hitting an obstacle, a lane-change maneuver is
generally more desirable, because it disturbs traffic flow the least.
Kong, Xia, et al. (2018) A control strategy must also be proposed to
ensure good tracking and global stability, based on specific traffic conditions.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND RELATED LITERATURE
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
Reviewing related literature is very important in this study. It provided
important insights in the development of Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for
Vehicles (CLASSV) in terms of its theories and principles which will serve as basis
or background of this study.
Foreign
According to Jun Wen, Guoen Wei, Runfa Zhu (2018) Titled: The Design
and Implementation of the Curved Road Radar Early-Warning System. The curved
road radar early-warning system effectively decreases traffic accidents by
providing real-time alerts for vehicles, thereby enhancing safety.
According to Sara Nygårdhs (2021) Road equipment is used to help the
road users read and understand the traffic environment. Statens väg-och (2021)
focused on the perspective of motor vehicle drivers and how motorized drivers
respond to these infrastructure situations. At positions where vulnerable road users
cross, it is crucial that drivers of motor vehicles pay attention to cyclists and
pedestrians.
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Vision-Based Ingenious Lane Departure Warning System for Autonomous
Vehicles Sudha Anbalagan, Ponnada Srividya, B Thilaksurya, Sai Ganesh
Senthivel, G Suganeshwari, Gunasekaran Raja Sustainability 15 (4), 3535,
2023Lane detection is necessary for developing intelligent Autonomous Vehicles
(AVs). Using vision-based lane detection is more cost-effective, requiring less
operational power. Images captured by the moving vehicle include varying
brightness, blur, and occlusion caused due to diverse locations.
We propose a Vision-based Ingenious Lane Departure Warning System
(VILDS) for AV to address these challenges. The Generative Adversarial Networks
(GAN) of the VILDS choose the most precise features to create images that are
identical to the original but have better clarity. The system also uses Long Short-
Term Memory (LSTM) to learn the average behavior of the samples to forecast
lanes based on a live feed of processed images, which predicts incomplete lanes
and increases the reliability of the AV’s trajectory.
Further, we devise a strategy to improve the Lane Departure Warning
System (LDWS) by determining the angle and direction of deviation to predict the
AV’s Lane crossover. An extensive evaluation of the proposed VILDS system
demonstrated the effective working of the lane detection and departure warning
system modules with an accuracy of 98.2% and 96.5%, respectively.
14
Wiel H Janssen, SN de Ridder, RF BROUWER identifying the response of
the driving public to changes in road design, in order to prevent severe
consequences of single vehicle run-off-the-road accidents. This deliverable (D 02)
serves as a starting point to include human factors principles within the realm of
roadside infrastructure design by means of developing guidelines and analysis
procedures necessary to select, implement, and operate a safe, efficient and
affordable roadside infrastructure.
According to AHM Almawgani Int. J. Ind. Electron. Traffic jam is a big
problem that faces the specialists who work on traffic management. It is a
common problem in many countries and it differs in degree and varies from place
to place according to population and the good infrastructure of that country.
Almawgani says that a common and old technique is to use a timer which controls
traffic lights in each line. But in today's advancement, they create or discover other
techniques utilizing electronic sensors which are used to detect cars and vehicles.
Image processing is one of the smart and intelligent techniques to detect cars and
vehicles. In this paper, MATLAB software was utilized to detect and count the
number of cars.
The research of Bo Wang, Shauna Hallmark, Peter Savolainen, Jing Dong
(2017) titled: Crashes and near-crashes on horizontal curves along rural two- lane
highways: Analysis of naturalistic driving data.
15
Shown the probability of a crash occurring on horizontal curves to be significantly
higher than on similar tangent segments, and a disproportionally higher number of
curve-related crashes occurred in rural areas. Challenges arise when analyzing
the safety of horizontal curves due to imprecision in integrating information as to
the temporal and spatial characteristics of each crash with specific curves.
According to Ravinder Kaur, Rydhm Beri, Mithilesh Kr Dubey (2018) today
road safety is a major area of concern. Bad weather conditions are one of the
major reasons behind the rising road accidents. During foggy weather the visibility
on the road is less that results in accidents. The technology has become an
integral part of our day to day life. The technology can be used to improve the road
safety too.
According to Mithilesh Kr Dubey (2018) using technologies like smart vehicles
can help improve driving and in turn reduce road accidents.People do not follow
speed rules during bad weather. There is a need to design an automated system
that will help drivers monitor its speed during less visibility.
The system will be smart enough to alert the driver during bad weather
conditions. For this, vehicles could be embedded with smart sensor technology.
“The research of Hong Cho, Byeong-woo Kim (2015) titled: Performance
improvement of collision warning system on curved road based on intervehicle
communication."
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The vehicle on-board sensor based Advanced Driver Assistant System possesses
limitations on a small road with a small radius of curvature because of the sensor’s
inability to operate in nondetectable domains. This study suggests an Improved
Cooperative Collision Warning System (ICCWS) that considers the curvature of
the road and is based on intervehicle communication. To predict the radius of
curvature of the road, the Arc Relative Distance (ARD), the real relative distance to
a preceding vehicle on a curved road has been used. Byeong-woo Kim (2015) The
risk of collision with the preceding vehicle is decided by calculating an index of the
risk of collision on a curved road using the computed ARD. The effects of ICCWS,
proposed through this simulation, have been reviewed, and the improvement in
performance in following a preceding vehicle has been analyzed quantitatively via
comparative analysis with the conventional forward collision warning system.
Accordingly, if the estimating algorithm for curvature developed in this study is
applied to a real system, the performance of following a preceding vehicle can be
enhanced without any specific modifications to the system."
According to Yongfu Li, Li Zhang, Yu Song (2016) Considering the traffic
safety in the scenario of arterial road with on-ramps, this study proposes a time-to-
collision (TTC) based vehicular collision warning algorithm under connected
environment. Vehicles of interest, i.e., position, traveling direction, and velocity are
assumed to be collected by the roadside device via vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
communications.
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Then, the TTC of a pair of vehicles in an arterial road and on.ramp is estimated
based on the position, traveling direction and velocity difference of that pair of
vehicles. Consequently, the TTC warning messages can be disseminated to
vehicles within the communication range of the roadside device, so as to reduce
the risk of collision. The proposed algorithm can be used in cooperative vehicle
infrastructure systems (CVIS) to improve traffic safety.
Local
According to Mae M. Garcillanosa, Jian Mikee L. Pacheco, Rowie E. Reyes,
and Junelle Joy P. San Juan, one of the causes of local road accidents in
developing countries, such as the Philippines, is due to road damages such as
potholes.
According to DAS Bathan, IM Diaz, AAL Manalo, FP Roman, MAE Latina,
RL Arciaga. An aggressive driving monitoring system for use on public utility
jeepneys is presented in this research. The Graphical User Interface (GUI), the
Main Circuitry, and the Sensors are the three primary parts of the system.
The GUI displays the number of aggressive driving incidents the driver was
observed to have committed during the course of his shift. Everything that is
electrical, including the power source, is housed in the main circuitry. The gadget
that will determine whether an aggressive driving act has been committed is the
sensor.
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According to Luisito L Lacatan, Rico S Santos, Joel W Pinkihan, Roderick Y
Vicente, Roger S Tamargo (2021) Roads are among the most dangerous places
for accidents to happen, but they can happen anywhere and at any time. A rear-
end collision is a common type of vehicle or traffic accident that occurs when a car
strikes or collides with the car in front of it. A number of technologies and
mechanisms have been developed in response to the increasing frequency of
rear-end collisions. These include crash sensors and collision detection systems,
which measure the distance between two cars travelling in the same direction.
Recent studies and research have proposed brake light detection for avoidance or
as a means of preventing rear-end collision situations, with the use of AI developing
technologies.
According to A P Sisbreño1, J A Sumilhig1, T J C Venci1, H A R Canseco-
Tuñacao1 and D B M Cavero1 (2022) Millions of people die in road accidents
yearly, causing significant damage to the economy and humanity. The main focus
of the study is to analyze road accidents through Black Spot Identification and to
establish a prediction model on the Cebu South Coastal Road (CSCR)- N840
Highway. By developing a regression model, the accident rate decreases
gradually with an increase in traffic volume. Also, with the Poisson prediction
model, as the accident probability increases, the accident rate may either increase
or slowly decrease.
19
According to the study of Carlo H Godoy Jr (2021) titled 'Motorcycle system
for optimum road safety with anti-theft capability". is to develop an MCU Based
Motorcycle System for Optimum Road Safety with Anti-theft Capability that will
help motorcycle riders to be safe while travelling on national roads. Using
prototype m e t h o d , the result is that the system will utilize the different functions
of each module to ensure that riders will be able to detect and avoid possible
dangers while on the road. As a result of different literature relating to each
module, the system is expected to provide a new advancement to ensure the
safety of all riders in the Philippines.
According to junjunobisoGgmail. com Jun-Jun Obiso, Lhiera Aparre, Levi
Hector Balboa, Eugene Ybanez. In motorcycle-related accidents in the Philippines,
overspeeding is the main contributing factor. Most motorcycle riders aren't aware
that they've gone over the posted speed limit while operating their vehicle. A
method that uses a Hall Effect sensor to detect overspeeding has been developed
in response to this issue. This device uses a buzzer to notify the motorist when they
are over the speed limit. Additionally, the system can use the Global Positioning
System (GPS) module to relay the motorcycle's location information.
According to Cherry Casuat, Ammar Almasri, Jonel Macalisang, Dexter
James Cuaresma, Reonel Ferreria, Jeddie Zarate (2020) Road accidents are
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common all over the world, and many lives are lost due to required medical
assistance failing to reach patients in time for various reasons. Most accidents are
caused by careless driving and pedestrian behavior. The researchers developed a
system that determines when a critical event occurs to a PTW rider and protects the
rider's chest during an accident, notifying authorities like the police and hospital.
The study of ESTIFANY F FEJER, CILGIEA LOZADA, MARY JOY M
MINAY. sought to present the major features of road signs, as well as the in-
depth analysis of the subjected signage along Metro Manila area Also intended to
discuss the effect of signage and its construction that lead to reveal some
characteristics of the Filipino people.
The study of John Paul T Dacanay, Lestelle V Torio-Kaimo, Lea B
Bronuela-Ambrocio (2023) Titled: An Assessment of Road Condition Monitoring
Practice and Technologies in the Philippines. Road construction has been one of
the main focuses of the Philippine government in the last 6 years under the Build,
Build, Build Program. This continued construction of new roads warrants a road
monitoring system capable of keeping up with the growing inventory of road
networks.Recently, advancements in the road monitoring system have been
prevalent in developing countries, and many developments are geared toward
automating road condition monitoring.

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The study of Judy Riza Bañares, Shirley Ann Caballes, Mary Joy Serdan,
Alaine T Liggayu, Miriam F Bongo (2018) Safety on the road depends on how
understandable road warning signs are. Because of the common road accidents
related to human mistakes and misunderstandings of road warning signs, signs
that drivers do not comprehend well need to be examined and revised further.
This paper aims to measure how well drivers understand road warning signs in the
Philippines and propose redesigning alternative road warning signs with reference
to ergonomic principles of display design.
REVIEW RELATED STUDIES
Foreign
Lane departure and advance curve warning are critical among several
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) they proposed a lane departure
detection which uses a standard GPS receiver without any lane-level resolution
maps. Now, we have added another feature in this algorithm to detect an upcoming
curve in advance and warn the driver about its advisory speed at a safe distance
so that driver can adjust vehicle speed accordingly before reaching the curve.
Published: 28 December 2020, Traffic accidents on highways are attributed
mostly to the "invisibility" of oncoming traffic and road signs. "Speeding" also
cause drivers to reduce the effective radius of the vehicle path in the curve,
22
thus trespassing into the lane of the oncoming traffic.The main aim of this paper
was to develop a multisensory obstacle-detection device that is affordable, easy to
implement and easy to maintain to reduce the risk of road accidents at blind
corners. An ultrasonic sensor module with a maximum measuring angle of 15° was
used to ensure that a significant portion of the lane was detected at the blind
corner.
The study of the Franklin Institute This paper presents research results regarding
a vehicle collision avoidance system that uses a wireless sensor network platform
and communication based on 802.15.4 standard. The system is comprised of two
components: monitoring stationary nodes mounted on the road and mobile nodes
installed in vehicles.Signal strength and link quality indicators are evaluated to
assist in the sequential identification of vehicles as they approach each other at an
intersection. The study d e m o n s t r a t e s the f e a s i b i l i t y of i m p l e m e n t i
n g t h e 802.15.4 standard in wireless sensor network communication to serve
as a time- critical vehicle warning system that can be used utilized for safety
applications.Transportation Safety and Environment Published: 28 December
2020, Traffic accidents on highways are mostly attributed to the "invisibility" of
oncoming traffic and road signs. "Speeding" also causes drivers to reduce the
effective radius of the vehicle path in the curve, thus trespassing into the lane of the
oncoming traffic.
23
The main aim of this paper was to develop a multisensory obstacle-
detection system. Device that is affordable, easy to implement and easy to
maintain to reduce the risk of road accidents at blind corners. An ultrasonic sensor
module with a maximum measuring angle of 15° was used to ensure that a
significant portion of the lane was detected at the blind corner. The sensor covered
a minimum effective area of 0.5 m2 of the road for obstacle detection. Yellow light
was employed to signify caution while negotiating the blind corner. Two
photoresistors (PRs) were used as sensors because of the limited number of pins
on the microcontroller (Arduino Uno). However, the device developed for this
project achieved obstacle detection at blind corners at a relatively low cost and
can be accessed by all road users. In real-world applications, the use of
piezoelectric accelerometers (vibration sensors) instead of PR sensors would be
more desirable in order to detect not only cars but also motorcycles. Advanced
Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) assist in driver safety (C. Maag et al., 2012).
Lane departure and advance curve warning are critical among several Advanced
Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) functions, which have significant potential to
reduce crashes. Generally, lane departure and advance curve speed warning
systems either use different image processing techniques or GPS technology with
digital maps of lane-level resolution.
24
However, these systems are expensive to implement and also have some
limitations, such as how harsh weather or irregular lane markings can negatively
influence their performance. Previously, we proposed a lane departure detection
method that uses a standard GPS receiver without any lane-level resolution
maps. Now, we have added another capability to this algorithm to detect an
upcoming curve in advance and alert the driver of its recommended speed at a
safe distance so the driver can adjust the vehicle's speed accordingly before
reaching the curved. We have implemented our algorithm in a prototype system
and demonstrated it in the field. We have conducted extensive field tests, and the
results show that each time a vehicle approaches a curve, our algorithm issues a
warning and correctly determines the recommended speed for the curve to alert
the driver at a safe distance before the curve begins. Development of a Passing
Collision Warning System Prototype for Overtaking Trucks on Two-Lane Highways.
September 2018 Conference: 2018 Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual
Conference At: New Brunswick, Fredericton Passing collisions are one of the most
serious traffic safety problems on two-lane highways. These collisions occur when
The driver cannot correctly assess the situation. This paper provides the
framework design for a Passing Collision Warning System (PCWS) that assists
drivers in avoiding passing collisions on two-lane highways by decreasing the
likelihood of human error.

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The system uses sensors to identify the type of approaching vehicle type
and to detect opposing vehicles traveling in the lane going in the opposite direction.
The objectives of this research are: to design driving simulator experiments for
data collection to calculate passing parameters, to develop the PCWS algorithm
based on camera and radar sensor signals for the detection of a truck (impeding
vehicle), to develop driver handling m o d e l s that describes s i t u a t i o n s in
which steering wheel operation is essential for lane alterations and maneuver
disruptions, and to create SUV and articulated vehicle dynamic models which are
portrayed as universal Simulink blocks combined in one simulation situation.
The simulations series were carried out to confirm the effectiveness of the
PCWS algorithm. This study included examining the impact of driver conduct on
passing maneuvers, and developing algorithms for a PCWS that aids drivers in
choosing appropriate passing spaces during passing maneuvers. Certain
techniques, such as mathematical and imitation models, were improved to
replicate real-life driving circumstances in Simulink. The various factors that
influence system precision were also analyzed. Accident avoidance system in blind
curves and fog using integration of technologies Adityapratap Singh, Rajasi
Ratnakar, Ankit Rajak, Neha Gurale, Utkarsha S Pacharaney Sustainable
Communication Networks and Application: ICSCN 2019,
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119-134, 2020 In India, the number of road accidents and deaths caused by fog
and mist has steadily increased over the years. Visibility is greatly reduced due to
the dense fog. Also at a blind curve, approaching vehicles tend to collide with each
other due to lack of visibility over the other vehicles. Such conditions increase the
demand for widely accessible information and communication technologies across
road networks to help prevent vehicle accidents.
In this document, we have suggested a system founded on incorporating
diverse components including radio frequency transmitter and receiver pair,
temperature and humidity sensor, ultrasonic distance sensor of long range, AT
mega microcontroller, etc. to avoid collision of vehicles due to fog and blind curves.
The purpose of the system is to sound an alarm at blind curves when vehicles
near each other and alert drivers in foggy conditions. This system includes a
sensor set, a management unit, and a monitoring platform.
Local
The study of Maboudi, J Amini et. Al.,titled conference on remote sensing,
Manila, Philippines, 2015 – Citeseer. In this research, a general object-based
framework for road This research will present an automatic object- based
simplified road curve not to be worse than a specified tolerance. Mehdi Maboudi
and Jalal Amini Faculty of Surveying Engineering, Collage of Engineering.
27
One of the causes of local road accidents in developing countries, such as the
Philippines, is due to road damages such as potholes. In addition, there is no
proper road maintenance in the local roads, and so the checking of potholes is
done manually. Hence, in this paper we propose a simple and robust design of a
portable and affordable device that will be suitable for local jeepney (cab) drivers
here in the Philippines. A distinguishing feature of this proposal is that it does not
need a sophisticated smartphone to automatically send the reports, and was
tested in an actual moving vehicle. Furthermore, the system can be installed in a
moving vehicle to automatically detect and report potholes via image-
processing.
Raspberry-Pi microcontroller. Integration of several image-processing
schemes has been used to produce an algorithm using the Python Language from
the OpenCV library that can detect and report potholes automatically from a
moving vehicle. The reported image of the pothole and its location are stored and
viewed through the use of the Internet, Dropbox, and web server. The system was
tested on a Hyundai Eon city car with maximum speed of 10kph-40kph during
daytime. With a rate of about 8 frames per second, images were processed per
frame to detect potholes by analyzing its color, depth, and area. Overall, the whole
system was successfully implemented using the Raspberry-Pi microcomputer and
was able to detect and report potholes from a moving car with 100% reporting
success rate. Wei-Hsin Chen, Alvin B. Culaba, Aristotle T. Ubando and Steven
28
Lim Received: 9 May 2021 Accepted: 8 June 2021 Published: 11 June 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations. The general framework of the bottom-
up approach for modeling mobile emissions and energy use involves the following
major components: (1) quantifying traffic flow and (2) calculating emission and
energy consumption factors. In most cases, researchers deal with complex and
arduous tasks, especially when conducting actual surveys in order to calculate
traffic flow. In this regard, the authors are introducing a novel method in
estimating mobile emissions and energy use from. road traffic flow utilizing
crowdsourced data from Google Maps. The method was applied on a major
highway in the Philippines commonly known as EDSA. Results showed that a total
of 370,855 vehicles traveled along EDSA on average per day in June 2019. In
comparison to a government survey, only an 8.63% error was found with respect to
the total vehicle count. However, the estimated error could be further decreased to
4.63% if cars and utility vehicles are combined into a single vehicle classification.
Synthesis of State-of-the-Art
The researchers gathered and present the various related literature and studies
for them to have a fruitful insight and understanding about the present study. By
2022, vehicles with lane-keeping and curve-following systems will generally
depend on a combination of actuators, sensors, and advanced algorithms to assist

29
drivers in maintaining proper lane positioning, especially when navigating curves.
The following are some essential parts and technologies found in these systems.
Camera systems to take pictures of the road in Real Time Using High-resolution
cameras. These photos are analyzed by sophisticated image processing
algorithms, which find lane markings and other pertinent data.The location,
orientation, and velocity of the vehicle can be obtained using data from both the
Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs).
Integrating additional sensors improves the system's accuracy. In processing
sensor data, advanced algorithms such as machine learning and computer vision
are essential.These algorithms can identify lane markers, forecast the path of the
car, and make choices in response to different environmental conditions.
Actuators and Steering Control: These lane-keeping systems are often coupled
with electric power steering systems. To maintain the car in the assigned lane, the
onboard computer of the vehicle can modify the steering input.
Driver Monitoring and Haptic Feedback: Some systems warn drivers when they
are straying from the lane by vibrating the steering wheel or applying haptic
feedback. Driver monitoring systems can also be utilized to make sure the driver
stays focused and prepared to take over if needed. The study also includes a
discussion about high-risk accidents occurring on sharply curved roads that create
blind spots for drivers where they cannot see other vehicles approaching from
different lanes.
30
The authors of other research share the same perspectives as the current study,
which aims to guarantee the safety of all motorists, restrict and decrease the
significant number of crashes while operating a vehicle and navigating winding,
curved roads.
Gap Bridged by the Study
This study differs from previous research because, as Kung sing et al.
(2018), collision avoidance represents a major safety concern for automated
driving vehicles when compared to declaring a full stop without hitting an
obstacle.This is generally more undesirable because it causes the least amount of
disturbance to traffic flow. This study looks at every nation, avoids precedents that
create a barrier to ensure the safety of vehicle drivers, such as curve lanes for
illustration. This research differs as it possesses a signaling system, solar system,
and sensor unit that generate a green light to indicate proceeding and a red light to
regulate speed while deciding whether or not to encounter on the road so as to
prevent an accident. This study aims to decrease the number of accidents
occurring in sharp curved lanes, particularly in village roads and secondary roads
in the Riconada area, without any advance warning systems installed in curved
roads that could potentially lead to accidents. The goal of this prototype study is to
alert and warn drivers in advance.

31
Conceptual Framework
Input. Refers to the development of a curved lane automatic sensor system for
vehicles (CLASSV) will determine how the acceptability of the design in terms of
the cost-effectiveness, operation and efficiency of the curved lane automatic
sensor system for vehicles (CLASSV) for the experts and users. The researcher
will also identify other potential improvements based on recommendations from experts.
the context of a vehicle's curving lane automatic sensor system, the independent
variable in term refers to the element and its adjusted or modified in order to track
its impact on the system. A curved lane automatic sensor system can accept
types and locations of sensors.It is possible to use a variety of sensors, including
radar, cameras, and combinations thereof. It is possible to change the location of
sensors on the vehicle, including altering their height, angle, and distance from the
vehicle's center. Sensor calibration parameters, such as sensitivity, precision, and
range, can be altered. Modifications can be made to the algorithms used to
process sensor data and identify curved lanes.
Process. Researchers will be gathering the data through questionnaires for
validation of responses. A survey questionnaire will be used to collect data about
the acceptability of the curve lane automatic sensor system for vehicles (CLASSV)
and other possible enhancements that may also be suggested based on expert
guidance and suggestions.
32
Respondents will be selected who can answer the prepared questionnaires
based on their experience and knowledge about the device, and validate the
responses through interviews.
Output. Researchers will be guided by feedback on input, process and
output to focus this study on identifying potential designs for further improving the
curve lane automatic sensor system for vehicles (CLASSV). Researchers would
develop a model of a newly innovated curve lane automatic sensor system for
vehicles (CLASSV) with new designs and functions that summarize the entire
development of the curve lane automatic sensor system for vehicles (CLASSV).
The accuracy of the system in detecting and tracking curved lanes is a critical
dependent variable. Researchers will assess how well the system performs in
correctly identifying the curvature of lanes under various conditions.
The time required for the system to react to alterations in lane curvature or
other environmental elements is an important aspect.A shorter response time is
generally desirable for safety and efficiency. The system's ability to adapt and
function effectively under different environmental conditions, such as varying light
levels, adverse weather, and road surface conditions, is a key measure of its
performance. The new design integrates with other vehicle systems, such as
adaptive cruise control or steering assist, is a dependent variable. Smooth
integration enhances overall vehicle performance and safety.

33
Conceptual Paradigm:
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Statement of the  Design a Curve Lane  Prototype of Curve
problem 1: What is the Automatic Sensor Lane Automatic
design of the System for Vehicles Sensor System for
Curve Lane Automatic (CLASSV) prototype. Vehicles (CLASSV)
Sensor System for Vehicles  Gathered materials, start
(CLASSV) in terms of making the design of the  Further suggested of
Diagram, Algorithm (code) prototype. the design based on
and Construction process.  Prepare the the experts
 2: What is the level of questionnaire and suggestions &
acceptability of the venue. recommendations
developed Curve Lane  Presentation of Curve
Automatic Sensor System Lane Automatic Sensor
for Vehicles (CLASSV) in System for Vehicles
terms of Availability, (CLASSV) for testing and
Functionality, Layout and evaluation.
Design.  Experts will answer the
 3: What is the level of questionnaire after the
usability of the developed testing.
Curve Lane Automatic  Gathering data through
Sensor System for Vehicles questionnaires.
(CLASSV) in terms of  Validation of responses
Safety, Awareness and through interview.
Driving and Reduction of
Road Accidents.
 4: What
recommendations can be
proposed to improve the
Testing of (CLASSV).
FEEDBACK
Figure 1, Conceptual Paradigm

34
Theoretical Framework
This current study was conceived through several theories that proved very
helpful in conceiving and developing the study. The following theories serve as
important basis in developing of curve lane automatic sensor system for vehicles
(CLASSV). Such as the Road Safety Theory there is convincing data showing that
a small reduction in impact speed leads to a relatively big reduction in road
accidents on the primary and secondary roads and it helps more efficiently all
drivers using cars or trucks. There’s great interest at present in AEB (Autonomous
Emergency Braking). With it, a car detects an obstacle and brakes itself, without a
command from the driver. A small reduction in travelling speed, or braking earlier
by a fraction of a second, or a small improvement in strength of braking any of
these, whether achieved by AEB or by other means, will greatly reduce road
fatalities. Safety testing of vehicles is an important part of the total road safety
system. It includes AEB testing, and impact testing in which an instrumented head
form (representing a pedestrian's head) strikes a car's exterior. It is desirable for
test results to be of some relevance in conditions other than those directly tested.
The above matters are dealt with in this book. They are the nearest I can get to a
useful road safety theory. I am unable to provide explanations for the mistakes and
misbehaviors of people driving on roads. Review of road traffic theories It has been
a hundred years since the first attempts at explaining the different aspects of how
road accidents happen.

35
During this time, there have been numerous theories seeking to explain the
causes of accidents. There are four eras of the history of road accident research.
Each of these periods was dominated by one of four groups of road accident
theories: stochastic, causal, systemic and behavioral. Stochastic theories
dominated road accident analyses in the first half of the previous century.Within this
period road accidents are analyzed as random events and from the point of
statistical accident theories. The precursor of the random events theory is
Brotkiewicz, who discovered that the distribution of fatalities in a year is almost
perfectly random and the Poisson model provides a good description of the
random process. Bortkiewicz’s results helped to accept the idea that accidents are
purely random and that man has no control over them. Additional research
conducted by other scholars moved away from the view that accidents occur by
chance to asserting that they result from individuals experiencing personal
disorders.The second model that takes into account the abnormal concentration of
accidents in some road users was the negative binomial model, which is still used
today to describe the distribution of road accidents because of today’s time all the
people are car enthusiast so that we develop a device that helps the drivers to
assist them. The use of other stochastic models to describe road safety in detail,
such as regression, time series analysis, stochastic processes, spatial analysis,
econometrics, etc. Ferrell’s Human Factor Model Ferrell identifies three general
causes of accidents: overload, incompatibility and improper activities.
36
Each of these are actually broad categories that contain several more
specific causes. Activities are perhaps the simplest of the concepts as they
encompass two straightforward concepts sources of accidents. First, it is
possible that the responsible person simply lacked knowledge. Alternatively, he or
she may have known that an accident could arise from an action but one
deliberately chose to take that risk. The cause of incompatibility is somewhat more
complex than improper activities. It includes both an incorrect response to a
situation by an individual, as well as subtle environmental characteristics, such as
a work station that is incorrectly sized. The remaining cause, overload, is the most
complex of Ferrell’s causes. It can be further divided into three subcategories.
First, the emotional state of the individual accounts for part of an overload. These
states include conditions such as being unmotivated and agitated. Second, the
capacity refers to the individual’s physical and educational background. Physical
fitness, training, and even genetics play a role in this. Situational factors, such as
exposure to drugs and pollutants, as well as job-related stressors and pressures,
also affect one’s capacity. Finally, the load of the individual can also contribute to
an overload. This includes the difficulty of the task, the negative or positive effects
of the environment (noise, distractions, etc.), and even the danger level of the task.
Separately, overload, incompatibility, and improper activities can all cause human
error and sometimes due to mechanical error the driver are became panic which
can lead to a fatal accident.
37
Social Environment and Ancestry
Faults of a person
Unsafe Act or Condition
Accident
Injury
Figure 2. Theoretical Paradigm
38
Notes
model in real driving conditions.
Oh, Kang et al., (2017) Wang, Assogba, Liu & Ma, et al., (2018) Based on
vehicle-infrastructure cooperation, an automatic driving vehicle gets rid of a driver's
subjective interference to better ensure traffic safety, for which expert and
intelligent systems have been widely applied.
Janssen, W. H., de Ridder, S. N., & BROUWER, R. F. (Year). Driver
Behavior and Interactions with Roadside Infrastructure: A Literature Review.
Adedokun, A., Ahlberg, J., Varhelyi, A., & Thorslund, B. (Year). Interaction
between Cyclists and Motor Vehicles: The Role of Infrastructure Design and
Vehicle Characteristics. Retrieved from lup.lub.lu.se
39
Almawgani, A. H. (2018). Design of Real-Time Smart Traffic Light Control
System. International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering,
6(4), 43-47.
Jahnavi, S., Prasanth, G., Priyanka, D., Sneheth, A., & Navya, M. (2021).
Intelligent Traffic Light Management System. In Proceedings of International
Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Communication Systems:
ICACECS 2020 (pp. 489-498). Springer. Retrieved from link.springer.com Road
equipment in curves, intersections, and crossings with vulnerable road users
Khalil, U., Nasir, A., Khan, S. M., Javid, T., Raza, S. A., & Siddiqui, A.
(2018). Automatic Road Accident Detection Using Ultrasonic Sensor. In 2018 IEEE
21st International Multi-Topic Conference (INMIC) (pp. 206-212). IEEE.
Kaur, R., Beri, R., & Dubey, M. K. (2018). Smart Vehicle System for Road
Safety During Foggy Weather. In 2018 7th International Conference on Reliability,
Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO)
(pp. 343-346). IEEE. Retrieved from ieeexplore.ieee.org
Crashes and near-crashes on horizontal curves along rural two-lane
highways: Analysis of naturalistic driving data Bo Wang, Shauna Hallmark, Peter
Savolainen, Jing Dong Journal of safety research 63, 163-169, 2017
40
Cho, H., & Kim, B. (2015). Performance Improvement of Collision Warning
System on Curved Road Based on Intervehicle Communication. Mathematical
Problems in Engineering, 2015.
Li, Y., Zhang, L., & Song, Y. (2016). A Vehicular Collision Warning Algorithm
Based on Time-to-Collision Estimation Under Connected Environment. In 2016
14th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision
(ICARCV) (pp. 1-4).
Garcillanosa, M. M., Pacheco, J. M. L., Reyes, R. E., & San Juan, J. J. P.
(Year). Smart Detection and Reporting of Potholes via Image-Processing using
Raspberry-Pi Microcontroller. IEEE. Retrieved from IEEE
Bathan, D. A. S., Diaz, I. M., Manalo, A. A. L., Roman, F. P., Latina, M. A.
E., & Arciaga, R. L. (2018). Monitoring of Public Utility Jeepney Drivers’ Aggressive
Driving Through Vehicle-to-Vehicle Distance Using Proximity Sensors. AIP
Conference Proceedings, 2045(1).
Lacatan, L. L., Santos, R. S., Pinkihan, J. W., Vicente, R. Y., & Tamargo,
R. S. (2021). Brake-Vision: A Machine Vision-Based Inference Approach of
Vehicle Braking Detection for Collision Warning Oriented System. In 2021
International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy
(ICCIKE) (pp. 485-488).

41
Sisbreño, A. P., Sumilhig, J. A., Venci, T. J. C., Canseco-Tuñacao, H. A. R.,
& Cavero, D. B. M. (2023). Black Spot Identification and Road Accident Prediction
Model on Cebu South Coastal Road (CSCR). IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, Volume 1184, Second International Symposium on Civil
Engineering and Environmental Research,
Godoy Jr, C. H. (2021). Motorcycle System for Optimum Road Safety with
Anti-theft Capability. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.06096.
\Casuat, C., Almasri, A., Macalisang, J., Cuaresma, D. J., Ferreria, R., &
Zarate, J. (2020). Sa. GI P: A Pre-development of Life Saving Intelligent Fall and
Critical Event Detection System for Power Two-Wheeled Vehicle (PTW). The
Vector: International Journal of Emerging Science, Technology and Management
(IJESTM), 29(1). Retrieved from Vector.unp
Obiso, J.-J., Aparre, L., Balboa, L. H., & Ybanez, E. (Year). Title of the
System. Cebu Technological University, Cebu City. Email: junjunobiso@gmail.com
Espera Jr, D., Fejer, E. F., Lozada, C., & Minay, M. J. M. (Year). An Analysis
of Signage Along Major Roads in Metro Manila. Unpublished manuscript.
42
Dacanay, J. P. T., Torio-Kaimo, L. V., & Bronuela-Ambrocio, L. B. (2023).
An Assessment of Road Condition Monitoring Practice and Technologies in the
Philippines. In International Conference on Civil Engineering (pp. 355-364).
Bañares, J. R., Caballes, S. A., Serdan, M. J., Liggayu, A. T., & Bongo, M.
F. (2018). A comprehension-based ergonomic redesign of Philippine road warning
signs. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 65, 17-25
43
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Locale of the Study
This study will be conducted in the Municipal of Nabua, Philippines.
The respondents will be interviewed in respective person or drivers with driver’s
licenses with their comfortable place that the respondent will choose to. The
researchers also gathered respondents in all drivers with driver licenses in the
Nabua Camarines Sur. These respondents will be interviewed via questionnaire.
The researchers chose a respondent of implementation because it will give the
researchers the actual information for people with gathering the data collection.
Nabua is a landlocked municipality in the coastal province of Camarines Sur. The
municipality has a land area of 96.20 square kilometers or 37.14 square miles
which constitutes 1.75% of Camarines Sur's total area. Its population as
determined by the 2020 Census was 86,490. This represented 4.18% of the total
population of Camarines Sur province, or 1.42% of the overall population of the
Bicol Region. Based on these figures, the population density is computed at 899
inhabitants per square kilometer or 2,329 inhabitants per square mile. Locale map
of Nabua:
44
Research Design
This innovative concept involves developing a new device that could function
as an early warning system to help decrease accidents on curved roads,
particularly in rural and local roads. The aim of this research is that it may offer
extra safety measures for all in curved lanes. The research method used in this
study is quantitative research, because this method focuses on the collection and
analysis of numerical data to understand and explain. It is characterized by its use
of structured data, statistical analysis, and a systematic, objective approach. To
gather the information needed for this study, the researcher will be using a
questionnaire/survey form. Weighted mean and Excel will be used to analyze
the gathered data. Participants w e r e given time to respond and then the
researcher will collect the completed survey questionnaire.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of our study are purposively selected three (3) from the
road safety officer of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), two
(2) Electronics Technology experts from the College of Technical Developmental
Education and twenty-five (25) random drivers at Nabua, Camarines Sur. The
researchers will be sure that all the respondents have enough knowledge to
approve and answer the posed problem of our innovative research study.
45
Research Instrument
To gather the information needed for this study, The researcher will be
using a questionnaire/survey form, they focus on the 30 respondents which is from
the safety officer from DPWH, Electronics Technology experts and all the drivers
with driver license this is to collect the appropriate answer and information for the
effectiveness of an innovative study. This questionnaire is divided into 3 main
sections. The first section is the Profile of the respondents, it will determine the
Age, Gender, Educational Background, How many years have they been driving
and what type of vehicle he/she primarily drives.
Section l. In this section the researchers will develop a questionnaire that is
answerable by Yes or No, in this questionnaire discuss the Perception and
Awareness and the Preference and Usage of the innovating prototype.
Section ll. This section contains the recommendations of the respondents
for enhancing the study.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher had allotted a lot of time, effort and cooperation in developing
their questionnaire so as to serve its intended respondents. The questionnaire was
created using appropriate questions modified from related research and individual
questions formed by the researcher.
46
After the professor approved the questionnaire, copies were distributed to the 30
respondents, 3 from safety officers from the DPWH, 2 Electronics Technology
experts from the College of Technical Developmental Education and 25 random
respondents from Nabua who have a driver's license.Participants were given time
to respond and then the researcher collected the survey questionnaire when they
were done.
The data gathered from this research instrument were tallied and computed
for interpretation according to the frequency of items checked by the participants.
Along with primary data, the researchers will also m a k e use of
secondary resources in the form of published articles and literature to support the
survey results.
Data Analysis
Research Objective: To develop a new device that could function as an early
warning system to help reduce accidents on curved roads, specifically in villages and
secondary roads.
Prototype Development: Create a new prototype. Data Collection: Collect
quantitative data on user satisfaction by conducting surveys with a sample of
potential users who interact with the prototype.
47
Data Cleaning: Clean and preprocess the survey data to ensure accuracy and
consistency.
Factor Identification: Use exploratory data analysis techniques, such as factor
analysis, to identify potential factors (e.g., product features, usability, cost) that
may affect customer satisfaction.
Regression Analysis: Perform regression analysis or another appropriate
statistical method to assess the strength and significance of the factors' impact on
users' satisfaction.
Prototype validation: Assess the prototypes' performance and validity.
Interpretation: Analyze the results and provide perspectives on which factors most
significantly affect user satisfaction with the prototype.
Report Findings: Summarize the findings in a research report along with
suggestions for further research or potential improvements to the prototype based
on the analysis.
48
Notes
model in real driving condition. Oh, Kang et al., (2017) Wang, Assogba, Liu & Ma,
et al., (2018) Based on vehicle-infrastructure cooperation, an automatic driving
vehicle gets rid of a driver's subjective interference to better ensure traffic safety,
for which expert and intelligent systems have been widely applied.
S.
Janssen, W. H., de Ridder, S. N., & BROUWER, R. F. (Year). Driver Behavior and
Interactions with Roadside Infrastructure: A Literature Review.
Adedokun, A., Ahlberg, J., Varhelyi, A., & Thorslund, B. (Year). Interaction
between Cyclists and Motor Vehicles: The Role of Infrastructure Design and
Vehicle Characteristics. Retrieved from lup.lub.lu.se Almawgani, A. H. (2018).
Design of Real-Time Smart Traffic Light Control System. International Journal of
Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 6(4), 43-47.

49
Jahnavi, S., Prasanth, G., Priyanka, D., Sneheth, A., & Navya, M. (2021).
Intelligent Traffic Light Management System. In Proceedings of International
Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Communication Systems:
ICACECS 2020 (pp. 489-498). Springer. Retrieved from link.springer.com Road
equipment in curves, intersections, and crossings with vulnerable road users Khalil,
U., Nasir, A., Khan, S. M., Javid, T., Raza, S. A., & Siddiqui, A. (2018). Automatic
Road Accident Detection Using Ultrasonic Sensor. In 2018 IEEE 21st International
Multi-Topic Conference (INMIC) (pp. 206-212). IEEE.
Kaur, R., Beri, R., & Dubey, M. K. (2018). Smart Vehicle System for Road
Safety During Foggy Weather. In 2018 7th International Conference on Reliability,
Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions)(ICRITO)
(pp. 343-346). IEEE. Retrieved from ieeexplore.ieee.org
Crashes and near-crashes on horizontal curves along rural two-lane
highways: Analysis of naturalistic driving data Bo Wang, Shauna Hallmark, Peter
Savolainen, Jing Dong Journal of safety research 63, 163-169, 2017 Cho, H., &
Kim, B. (2015). Performance Improvement of Collision Warning System on Curved
Road Based on Intervehicle Communication. Mathematical Problems in
Engineering, 2015.
50
Li, Y., Zhang, L., & Song, Y. (2016). A Vehicular Collision Warning
Algorithm Based on Time-to-Collision Estimation Under Connected Environment.
In 2016 14th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and
Vision (ICARCV) (pp. 1-4).
Garcillanosa, M. M., Pacheco, J. M. L., Reyes, R. E., & San Juan, J. J. P.
(Year). Smart Detection and Reporting of Potholes via Image-Processing using
Raspberry-Pi Microcontroller. IEEE. Retrieved from IEEE
Bathan, D. A. S., Diaz, I. M., Manalo, A. A. L., Roman, F. P., Latina, M. A.
E., & Arciaga, R. L. (2018). Monitoring of Public Utility Jeepney Drivers’ Aggressive
Driving Through Vehicle-to-Vehicle Distance Using Proximity Sensors. AIP
Conference Proceedings, 2045(1).
Lacatan, L. L., Santos, R. S., Pinkihan, J. W., Vicente, R. Y., & Tamargo, R.
S. (2021). Brake-Vision: A Machine Vision-Based Inference Approach of Vehicle
Braking Detection for Collision Warning Oriented System. In 2021 International
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE) (pp.
485-488). Sisbreño, A. P., Sumilhig, J. A., Venci, T. J. C., Canseco-Tuñacao, H. A.
R., & Cavero, D. B. M. (2023).
51
Black Spot Identification and Road Accident Prediction Model on Cebu
South Coastal Road (CSCR). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science, Volume 1184, Second International Symposium on Civil Engineering and
Environmental Research,
Godoy Jr, C. H. (2021). Motorcycle System for Optimum Road Safety with
Anti-theft Capability. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.06096. Casuat, C., Almasri, A.,
Macalisang, J., Cuaresma, D. J., Ferreria, R., & Zarate, J. (2020). Sa. GI P: A Pre-
development of Life Saving Intelligent Fall and Critical Event Detection System for
Power Two-Wheeled Vehicle (PTW). The Vector: International Journal of
Emerging Science, Technology and Management (IJESTM), 29(1). Retrieved from
Vector.unp
Espera Jr, D., Fejer, E. F., Lozada, C., & Minay, M. J. M. (Year). An
Analysis of Signage Along Major Roads in Metro Manila. Unpublished manuscript.
Dacanay, J. P. T., Torio-Kaimo, L. V., & Bronuela-Ambrocio, L. B. (2023).
An Assessment of Road Condition Monitoring Practice and Technologies in the

52
Bañares, J. R., Caballes, S. A., Serdan, M. J., Liggayu, A. T., & Bongo, M.
F. (2018). A comprehension-based ergonomic redesign of Philippine road warning
signs. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 65, 17-25 G.
Casuat, C., Almasri, A., Macalisang, J., Cuaresma, D. J., Ferreria, R., &
Zarate, J. (2020). Sa. GI P: A Pre-development of Life Saving Intelligent Fall and
Critical Event Detection System for Power Two-Wheeled Vehicle (PTW). The
Vector: International Journal of Emerging Science, Technology and Management
(IJESTM), 29(1). Retrieved from Vector.unp
Espera Jr, D., Fejer, E. F., Lozada, C., & Minay, M. J. M. (Year). An Analysis of
Signage Along Major Roads in Metro Manila. Unpublished manuscript.
Dacanay, J. P. T., Torio-Kaimo, L. V., & Bronuela-Ambrocio, L. B. (2023). An
Assessment of Road Condition Monitoring Practice and Technologies in the
53
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the collected data
and interviews to address the issues outlined in this study. To determine the
effectiveness of the curve lane automatic sensor system for vehicles, the
researchers identified the following: the design and development of a curve lane
automatic sensor system for vehicles (CLASSV). This chapter also includes the
construction process, block diagram, schematic diagram, wiring, matrix layout,
materials, tools, parts and functions.
1. Design and development of the curve lane automatic sensor system for
vehicles.
The design and development of the curve lane automatic sensor system
for vehicle included sensor, the electrical and electronic components used. It also
includes the construction process and the functions of the prototype. Curve Lane
Automatic Sensor for Vehicles (CLASSV), is a prototype balanced to increase
road safety. T h i s innovative device, equipped with advanced s e n s o r s ,
senses approaching vehicles and swiftly ensures seamless and secure traffic flow.
To better comprehend the design, the specifications of this device are discussed
in the following paragraphs.
54
1.1 The Design
The block diagram of the Curve Lane Automatic Sensor for Vehicles is
shown in figure 1 which represented the basic components of a Curve Lane
Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles system such as the arduino board as the
main circuit module and motion detector sensor, the sensor is connected to the
arduino board as the main circuit module. A device utilizes 1 Arduino Uno board,
which connects to the detection system of this device. The Arduino board is
programmed based on each specific detection system. The 12 voltsbatterybattery
serves as the main power source in order for the device to operate. The PIR
sensor detects incoming vehicles and relays the command to the primary module
to activate the system. It also connects to a flasher relay to regulate the blinking time of
the light bulb. A fuse is also included in the device to safeguard the other components
in the event of device malfunction.
The main purpose of the solar panel that is installed to the device is to
charge the 12 volts battery for a longer function of the device, it was connected a
solar battery charger connected directly to the battery, the solar panel also act as
the roof of the device. To prevent damage to the various components, a fuse is
incorporated into the circuit design to ensure safety when using the CLASSV
device.
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Figure 1. Block Diagram of the “Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles”
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1.1.1 Schematic Diagram of the Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles
Figure 2. Motion Detection System
For the motion detection system, it is composed of PIR sensor, buzzer, LED
and resistor. The PIR motion sensor has the ability to detect movement. The PIR
stands for Passive Infrared, it measures infrared light from objects in its field of
view. The PIR sensor has only three (3) pins: GND which is connected to the
negative side of the circuit. The OUT is connected to the analog pin #2 of the
circuit.
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Arduino board and the VCC is connected to the 5V being supplied by the
Arduino board. The resistors served as current limiters for the two (2) LEDS. The
LEDS served as indicators of whether the system is energized and is in operation.
The buzzer emits a sound whenever the PIR sensor detects any movement.
1.1.2 Wiring diagram of Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles
Figure 3. Wiring diagram of Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles
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For the Motion detection system, pins 2,9,10 VCC, GND and the positive and
negative of the 12V battery are used. The B of the flasher relay is connected to the
positive of the battery and the B is connected to the positive side of LED 1 and
LED 2 and the negative side of the LED 1 and 2 connected directly to the negative
of the battery. To power up the Arduino Uno it is connected too to a 12v battery.
To run the PIR sensor the pin 2 of Arduino Uno is connected to the OUT portion of
the PIR sensor and VCC of the PIR connected to VCC of the Arduino while the
GND is connected to the negative sides of PIR sensor. Pin 9 of the Arduino is
connected to the positive sides of LED 3 and pin 10 is connected to the positive
side of LED 4.
1.1.3 The Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles Design
1. 1
2
2
3
3
4
4
7
5 7
5
6
6
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Figure 4. The Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles (Rear View)
Legend:
1. Solar panel
2. Green bulb
3. Yellow bulb
4. Red bulb
5. Switch
6. Based/Stand
7. Sensor
1
2
Figure 5. The Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles (Front View)
60
Legend:
1. Solar panel
2. Green bulb
3. Yellow bulb
4. Red bulb
5. Sensor
6. Base/stand
1.1.4 The Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles Enclosure
Design
Figure 6 shows the isometric view of the enclosure. The enclosure or case
served as the body of the device, where all parts are installed and properly kept.
The enclosure was made up of aluminum materials in order to form the enclosure.
It is reinforced with aluminum square tubes that comprised all of the portions of the
enclosure. The upper portion served as the cover, while the lower portion served
as the housing of the device. The aluminum sheet served as an internal
reinforcement for the aluminum tube sidings. For convenience in handling the
device, a glass cover is incorporated for its portability in carrying.In order to
assemble this enclosure, different sizes of blind rivets were used to fasten the
different portions of the aluminum to form the box. The enclosure design of the
device is composed of scrap aluminums as the frame.
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Figure 6. Isometric view of the Device
1.1.5 Materials
Table 1 shows the materials used in the development of the Curve Lane
Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles. This includes the components used, its value
and its function in this device.

62
Table 1
Parts list of the Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles
Parts Value function
Switch 10watt To on and off the
s power
Fuse 1owatt To protect the components
s
Relay 12v For flashing
Arduino 12v Control module
Solar 12v Battery charging

battery
charger
Power 12v Load controller

converter
IRF520 12v To power up the 12v

bulb
AC-DC 12v Convert Alternating

Converter current to Direct current
YX850 12v To switch the

Power power source dc- dc
failure
automatic
switching
Bulb 12v For blinking
Sensor 5v Infrared sensor (5

meters range)
Battery 12v Power supply
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1.2 Construction process of the Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System for
Vehicles
In this portion the steps in the construction of the Multi-Functional Burglar
Alarm Trainer are enumerated such as the procedure in assembling the circuits,
mounting of the different components for the trainer and the construction of the
enclosure of this trainer. The trainer circuit consists of 4 Arduino microcontroller
boards for the different detection systems.
The assembly procedures are as follows:
1. Preparing the codes for the Arduino boards.
2. Cutting and measuring
3. Preparation of the base/stand
4. Laying out the frame of the device
5. Covering the frame
6. Assembling the wire connections
7. Assembled wire connectors
8. Soldering the wiring connection from different connections
9. Testing of the device
The following plates illustrate the steps outlined in the process of assembling the
circuit.
64
Plate 1. Preparing the codes for the Arduino boards
The preparation of codes uses the Arduino software to configure the desired
functions of how the Arduino Uno boards will operate in this device.
65
Plate 2. Cutting and measuring
Cutting the necessary parts of the base and stand accurately and connecting
them.
Plate 3. Preparation of the base/stand
Once the base is connected to the stand, it is secured with rivets to ensure
that the stand and base do not separate.

66
Plate 4. lay-outing for the frame of the device
After cutting the aluminum for the frame, we ensure the dimensions are
accurately to construct a flawless container for the prototype.
Plate 5. Covering the frame
After the frame is settled, add the frame covering to ensure the safety of
the components inside the box are safe.

67
Plate 6. Assembling the wire connections.
Assemble the wiring inside the box for proper connections according
to the schematic diagram.
Plate 7. Assembled wire connectors
68
Different wiring connectors are assembledfor use in wiring the board in
terminating/connecting the different components of this device and separating the
connectors that will be used in positive and negative connections.
Plate 8. Soldering the wiring connections from the different connections.
Connecting the different connections and wirings based on the schematic.
diagram.
Plate 9. Testing of the device

69
Testing whether the device functions correctly and if any issues remain
within the system.
2. Level of acceptability and Usability of the developed CURVE LANE
AUTOMATIC SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES (CLASSV).
During the gathering of the data, we interviewed 30 respondents from Nabua,
Camarines Sur. The respondents were composed of 25 drivers and 5 experts who
rated the device based on acceptability and usability.This table shows the level of
acceptability and usability of the device. The acceptability results in tally for the
Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System indicate the overall approval or satisfaction
among 30 respondents regarding the system's effectiveness in collecting
vehicles.data. It reflects how positively or negatively the respondents perceive the
system's performance and its contribution to enhancing traffic safety or efficiency.
Tallying the results helps gauge the general consensus on whether the
respondents find the technology acceptable or not.
Therefore, the results of counting based on the provided table are a much
more suitable basis for the survey of 25 drivers' and 5 experts.Based on their
additional information and recommendations, the device is suitable and permits
pursuing this research to assist them while navigating the curved road sections.
70
Table 2
Level of Acceptability and Usability of the Developed CURVE LANE SENSOR
SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES.
Item WM Verbal Interpretation

1 4.83 Highly Acceptable
Availability 2 4.70 Highly Acceptable
1 4.27 Acceptable
Functionality 2 4.07 Acceptable
3 4.43 Acceptable
1 4.37 Acceptable
Layout 2 4.17 Acceptable
3 4.43 Acceptable
1 3.97 Acceptable
Design 2 4.47 Acceptable
3 4.33 Acceptable
1 4.17 Acceptable
Safety 2 3.80 Acceptable
3 4.40 Acceptable
Awareness in Driving 2 4.50 Highly Acceptable
3 4.07 Acceptable
1 4.40 Acceptable
Reduction of Road Accidents 2 4.43 Acceptable
Average Weighted Mean
Acceptable
4.37
Overall, the rating we gathered for the level of Acceptability and usability of
the developed Curve Lane Sensor Systems for Vehicles based on the feedback of
the respondents is acceptable. It says that the device is acceptable in all the
aspects that we gathered on this study.
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72
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter focuses on summarizing the findings, conclusions, and
recommendations aimed at improving the developed device. These insights are
derived from the collected data and the outcomes of the researchers' study.
Summary
This study involves the development of two connected devices equipped
with sensors using Arduino Uno technology and low-cost electronic components.
The researchers undertook this study with the aim of providing significant
assistance to drivers and individuals navigating curved roads, ultimately reducing
accidents and enhancing safety.
The study aims to develop the Curved Lane Automatic Sensor System for
Vehicle and the specific objectives of this device are: (1) Design (2) Functionality
(3) Availability (4) Awareness in driving (5) Safety (6) Reduction of road accidents.
The researchers approached this study by incorporating modified theories
and principles, along with previous studies related to the current studies.
Developmental research, distinct from basic instructional design, involves the
Systematic creation, evaluation, and refinement of instructional programs to ensure.

73
They are internally consistent and effective. In this study, this method was utilized
for the design, development, and production of the device.
The researchers determined the performance of a Curve Lane Automatic
Sensor System using Arduino Uno Technology and the other components used in
the device. The researchers not only focused on designing, laying out and
availability for the functional CLASSV but also the importance of having this device
on the curvature roads to ensure the safety of all the drivers and people around
the area.
Findings
Based on the results obtained, the following findings:
1. The design of the Curved Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicle was found
feasible and durable.
2. The functionality of this system demonstrated versatility by effectively functioning
under diverse environmental conditions, such as varying lighting and weather.
3. The availability of this device is remarkably adaptable, proving its effectiveness
on various types of roads, such as urban streets, highways, and rural pathways.
Through rigorous testing scenarios, the automatic sensor system demonstrated a
high level of accuracy in detecting lane boundaries. even in challenging
environmental conditions such as low visibility or inclement weather.
74
4. This device contributes to a notable reduction in false alarms, enhancing the
system's reliability and minimizing potential driver distractions.
5. The system effectively issues timely alerts to drivers when their vehicles deviate
from the designated lane, preventing potential collisions and reducing the risk of
accidents.
Conclusions
In light of the findings, the following conclusions are made.
1. The design of the Curved Lane Automatic Sensor System for Vehicles has
proven to be feasible and durable. This positive outcome indicates the
effectiveness and reliability of the system in enhancing vehicle safety and
navigation on curved roads.
2. The functions of this device are adaptable. The system's robustness and
capability to perform reliably across a range of challenging situations emphasize
its practicality and effectiveness in real-world settings.
3. This availability and versatility highlight the device's effectiveness in enhancing
road safety and navigation across different environments, making it a valuable
asset for drivers in various settings.
4. The device's ability to maintain accuracy even in challenging environmental
situations such as low visibility or inclement weather underscores its reliability
and effectiveness in enhancing road safety and navigation.
75
5. This enhanced safety feature highlights the device's effectiveness in delivering
accurate alerts while minimizing unnecessary interruptions to the driver, thereby
fostering a safer and more focused driving experience.
6. This important feature enhances general road safety by offering critical alerts to
drivers, assisting them to follow proper lane rules and avoid dangerous
circumstances, ultimately contributing to a safer driving setting.
Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are
strongly advised.
1. Program the distance only in 1 lane to avoid sensing the 2nd lane.
2. Upgrade the casing for waterproofing to protect the internal components and
prevent malfunctions.
3. Installed the device at least 1 meter away from the road to avoid being run over
by a car.
4. Upgrade the sensors to improve the overall functioning of the device.
5. The height of the device needs adjusting to make it more visible.
6. A locking system should be added to protect the component parts of the device.
7. A cooling system should be added to prevent overheating of the device.
8. The bulb should be replaced with a l a r g e r bulb to make it more visible.
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Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

CURVE LANE AUTOMATIC SENSOR SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE (CLASSV): A

The Faculty of the College of Technological and Developmental Education

Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Of The Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Technical-Vocational

Major in Electronic Technology

Llorin, Arnel Jr. R.

Soliven, John Andrei B.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

In today's fast-paced world, technology continues to redefine the way we

Vehicles (CLASSV), is a revolutionary prototype balanced to redefine road safety.

directions. Our innovative device, equipped with advanced sensors, senses

In today's world of advancement, the recreation of enhanced road safety

development and evaluation of a prototype device that seeks to revolutionize the

navigation of curved lanes on our roads.

markings offer some guidance, their effectiveness diminishes in adverse weather

conditions and low-visibility situations.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

systems specifically designed to address this issue.

The system will contribute to smoother traffic flow by providing clear

system's reliability, efficiency, and potential for wider implementation.

The innovative CLASSV system offers a real-time solution to this problem.

By combining sensor technology with advanced algorithms, this device

significantly enhances driver awareness and decision-making when maneuvering

through challenging curved lanes.

systems specifically specialized to address this issue.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

The objective of this research is to develop a curve lane automatic sensor

while passing on the sharp curve road to pass safely.

By implementing this device, the researchers aim to enhance road safety

system will contribute to smoother traffic flow by providing clear indications to

drivers approaching the curve lane.

automatic sensor system, persistent testing in real-world scenarios, and an

In summary, the researchers seeks to provide a practical and effective

accidents in challenging road conditions.

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

Assumption of the Study

of characteristics, availability, function, layouts, and design.

Lane Automatic Sensor System (CLASSV), including improved safety, increased

driving awareness, and reduced road accidents.

Statement of the Problem

(CLASSV) in terms of:

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

System for Vehicles (CLASSV) in terms of:

System for Vehicles (CLASSV) in terms of:

b. Awareness and Driving

c. Reduction of Road Accidents

4: What recommendations can be proposed to improve the Curve Lane Automatic

Sensor System for Vehicles (CLASSV)?

Scope and Limitation of the Study

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION

roads, focusing specifically on sharp turns in barangays and secondary roads.

The respondents are the most important part of the research in

administering a survey and collecting the data sheets that a developmental

conducting this research study.

This research, titled "Curve Lane Automatic Sensor System (CLASSV)," is

primarily focused on innovating a prototype device aimed at enhancing road safety

questionnaire to assess the device's effectiveness.

The researcher will be conducting a research study specifically in the group

of drivers or in one establishment where the researcher can gather respondents

have permission from respondents and a group of drivers.