Construction Materials Methods and Techniques Building For A Sustainable Future 5Th Edition Eva Kultermann Full Chapter

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Fifth Edition
Construction,
Materials, Methods,
and Techniques
Building for a sustainable future
Eva Kultermann | William P. Spence
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Table of Contents
Part I Introduction Chapter 02 Regulatory Constraints, Standards,
and Green Building Rating Systems 21
Division 00 Procurement and Learning Objectives 21
Contracting Requirements
The Regulatory Environment—
Csi MasterFormat®1
Zoning and Codes 21
Zoning Ordinances 21
Division 01 General Requirements 2 Building Codes 22
The Development of Building Codes 22
Chapter 01 The Construction Industry: The International Residential Code 24
An Overview 3 The International Building Code (IBC) 24
Organization and Content of the
Learning Objectives 3 International Building Code 25
Construction: A Dynamic Industry 4 Americans with Disabilities Act
Pre-Construction Activities 5 (ada)/Universal Design 27
Pre-Design and Design Standard Development Organizations 28
Development 6 National Institute of Building Sciences
Building Information Modeling 9 (NIBS) 28
Construction Documents 9 International Organization for
Specifications and the Standardization (ISO) 28
MasterFormat 9 American National Standards Institute
The Project Delivery Process 11 (ANSI) 29
Construction Contractors 11 ASTM International 29
Selecting the Contractor 12 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) 29
Project Delivery Methods and American Society of Heating,
Types of Construction Contracts 12 Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Design-Bid-Build 13 Engineers (ASHRAE) 30
Design-Build 13 National Association of Home Builders
Construction Management (CM) 13 of the United States (NAHB) 30
Integrated Project Delivery 14 Trade Associations 30
Lean Construction 14 American Concrete Institute (ACI) 31
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) 14 Portland Cement Association (PCA) 31
The Construction Process 14 The Masonry Institute of America 31
Construction Methods: American Institute of Steel
Subcontractor Agreements 15 Construction (AISC) 31
American Wood Council (AWC) 31
Construction Scheduling 15
Permitting 15 Sustainable Design and Green
Pre-Construction Planning and Building Rating Systems 32
Temporary Facilities 16 The Environmental Impact of the
Shop Drawings, Submittals, Construction Industry 32
and Mock-Ups 16 Sustainable Construction 33
Construction Observation 18 Sustainable Design 34
Contractor Requests for Sustainable Building Certification
Information (RFI) 18 Systems 34
Modifications to the Construction The U.S. Green Building Council
Contract 18 (USGBC) and LEED Rating System 34
Project Close Out 19 LEED NC Version 4 36
Construction Safety 19 Green Globes 37
Review Questions 19 NAHB National Green Building
Program™ 37
Key Terms 20
Energy Star 38
Activities20 Other Assessment and
Additional Resources 20 Certification Programs 38
iii
iv Table of Contents
Review Questions 40 Earthwork61

Key Terms 40 Grading 62
Excavation 63
Activities41 Sheeting 63
Additional Resources 41 Cofferdams and Caissons 65
Construction Techniques:
Part II Site Construction and Blasting67
Earthwork Dewatering Techniques 67
Underpinning Techniques 68
Chapter 03 Properties of Materials 42 Paving68
Asphalt Paving 68
Learning Objectives 42 Concrete Paving 69
Unit Paving 69
Material Groups 42
Seismic Considerations 71
Material Properties 43
Mechanical Properties 44 Review Questions 71
Thermal Properties 47 Key Terms 72
Acoustical Properties 48
Chemical Properties 48 Activities72
Environmentally Preferable Additional Resources 72

Products (Epps) 49
Embodied Energy 49 Chapter 05 Soils73
Construction Methods:
Learning Objectives 73
Composite Materials 50
Types of Soils 73
Natural Resources/Habitat Degradation 50
Renewable Materials 51 Soil Classification 73
Recycled and Post-Consumer/Post- Unified Soil Classification System 74
Industrial/Agricultural Materials 51 American Association of State
Toxicity to the Environment 51 Highway and Transportation
Sustainable Construction Materials Officials System 74
Assessment Criteria 52 Subsurface Soil Testing 75
Review Questions 52 Field Classification of Soil 77
Key Terms 52 Testing for Soil Coarseness 78
Dry Strength Test 78
Activities53
Toughness Test 78
Additional Resources 53 Shaking Test 78
Division 02 Existing Conditions CSI Soil Volume Characteristics 79
MasterFormat54 Soil Water 79
Division 31 E arthwork CSI MasterFormat 55 Soil-Bearing Capacities 79
Soil Alterations 80
Chapter 04 The Building Site 56
Compaction 81
Soil Stabilization with Admixtures 82
Review Questions 83
Site Assessment 56
Land Surveying 56 Key Terms 84
Environmental Assessment 57 Activities84
Subsurface Investigation 58
Site Plans 58 Additional Resources 84
Site Work Activities 58 Chapter 06 Foundations 85

Sedimentation and Erosion
Control 58 Learning Objectives 85
Storm-Water Drainage 60
Demolition 61 Foundation Design 85
Site Remediation 61 Foundation Types 86
Shallow Foundations 87
Table of Contents v
Spread Footings 88 Aggregates 115

Slab and Raft Foundations 89 Entrained Air 115
Deep Foundations 90 Slump 115
Displacement Piles 91 Concrete Design 115
Methods of Driving Displacement Piles 93 Normal-Weight Concrete 116
Non-Displacement Piles 94 Lightweight Insulating Concrete 116
Geopier Foundations 95 Lightweight Structural Concrete 116
Review Questions 97 Heavyweight Structural Concrete 116
Key Terms 97 Concrete Tests 116

Tests with Fresh Concrete 116
Activities97 Tests with Hardened Concrete 119
Additional Resources 97 Nondestructive Tests 120
Emerging Trends in Concrete 120
Part III Concrete and Masonry Review Questions 121
Key Terms 122
Division 03 Concrete CSI MasterFormat 98
Activities122
Additional Resources 122
Chapter 07 Concrete 99
Chapter 08 Cast-in-Place Concrete 123
Portland Cement 100 Learning Objectives 123
ASTM-Designated Types of
Building Codes 123
Portland Cement 100
Properties of Portland Cement 102 Preparing Concrete 124
Storing Portland Cement 103 Batching 124
Mixing 124
Water103
Stationary Mixing 124
Construction Methods: Ready-Mix Concrete 124
Supplementary Cementing Remixing 124
Materials (SCMs) 104
Transporting, Handling,
Aggregates104 and Placing Concrete 125
Characteristics of Aggregates 104 Moving Concrete 125
Grading Aggregates 106 Placing Concrete 126
Structural Lightweight Aggregates 107 Placing Concrete in Cold Weather 126
Insulating Lightweight Aggregates 108 Placing Concrete in Hot Weather 127
Heavyweight Aggregates 108 Pneumatic Placement 127
Testing Aggregates for Impurities 108 Finishing Concrete 127
Handling and Storing Aggregates 108
Curing Concrete 128
Admixtures108
Air-Entraining Agents 108 Formwork129
Retarders 109 Concrete Reinforcing Materials 133
Water Reducers 110 Steel Reinforcing Bars 133
Accelerators 110 Welded Wire Reinforcement 134
Pozzolans 110 Fiber Reinforcement 139
Workability Agents 110
Cast-in-Place Concrete Elements 140
Superplasticizers 111
Casting On-Grade Slabs 140
Permeability-Reducing and
Cast-in-Place Reinforced
Damp Proofing Agents 111
Concrete Walls 140
Bonding Agents 112
Reinforcing Cast-in-Place Beams 142
Coloring Agents 112
Reinforcing Cast-in-Place Columns 142
Hardeners 112
Grouting Agents 113 Cast-in-Place Concrete
Gas-Forming Agents 113 Framing Systems 142
General Construction Procedures 142
Basics Of Concrete 113
One-Way Flat Slab Floor
Water–Cement Ratio 113
and Roof Construction 143
Minimum Cement Content 114
vi Table of Contents
Two-Way Flat Slab Floor Properties of Hardened Mortar 172

and Roof Construction 144 Bond Strength 172
Tilt-Up Wall Construction 145 Durability 173
Construction Methods: Compressive Strength 173
Strip-Applied Waterstops 147 Low Volume Change 173
Appearance 173
Lift-Slab Construction 147
Rate of Hardening 173
Slip Forming 148
Colored Mortar 173
Review Questions 148
Mortar in Cold Weather 174
Key Terms 149
Surface-Bonding Mortars 175
Activities149
Key Terms 175
Chapter 09 Precast Concrete 150 Activities176
Learning Objectives 150 Additional Resources 176
Advantages of Precast Concrete Units 150 Chapter 11 Clay Masonry 177

Building Codes 150
Pre-Stressing Precast Concrete 151
Pre-Tensioned Units 152 Clays177
Post-Tensioned Units 153 Manufacturing Clay Bricks 177
Precast Concrete Elements 153 Winning and Storage 178
Precast Concrete Slabs 153 Forming the Bricks 178
Precast Concrete Columns 154 Drying 179
Beams and Girders 154 Glazing 179
Precast Concrete Wall Panels 155 Burning and Cooling 179
Drawing and Storage 179
Connecting Precast Units 156
Types of Connections 156 Clay Masonry Units 179
Grout, Mortar, and Drypack 156 Solid Masonry 179
Connection Details 156 Brick Pavers 180
Firebrick 180
Erecting Precast Concrete 158
Thin Brick 181
Construction Planning 158
Hollow Masonry 181
Transporting Units to the Site 160
Erecting Precast Concrete 162 Material Specifications for Clay
Review Questions 164 Masonry183
Weathering Index 183
Key Terms 165 Grades, Types, and Classes 183
Activities165 Properties of Clay Brick and Tile 185
Additional Resources 165 Compressive Strength 185
Durability 185
Division 04
Masonry CSI MasterFormat 166 Absorption 185
Color 185
Texture 185
Chapter 10 Mortars for Masonry Walls 167 Heat Transmission 186
Fire Resistance 186
Other Fired Clay Products 188
Mortar Composition 168
Architectural Terra-Cotta
Cementitious Materials 168
and Ceramic Veneer 188
Masonry Cements 168
Other Mortar Ingredients 168 Review Questions 189
Types of Mortar 168 Key Terms 189
Sources of Mortar 169 Activities189
Properties of Plastic Mortar 171 Additional Resources 189
Workability 171
Water Retention 172
Table of Contents vii
Chapter 12 Concrete Masonry 190 Types of Masonry Walls 217

Reinforced Masonry 218
Learning Objectives 190 Masonry Composite Walls 218
Manufacture of Concrete Masonry Cavity Walls 221
Masonry Units190 Insulated Masonry Cavity Walls 223
Masonry Veneer 224
Physical Properties of Concrete
Brick Masonry Columns 224
Masonry Units191
Masonry Construction Details 224
Types of Concrete Masonry Units 193
Modular Size Blocks 193 Stone Masonry Construction 224
Concrete Brick 193 Structural Clay Tile Construction 228
Slump Block 193 Laying Structural Clay
Concrete Block 193 Tile Walls 228
Concrete Retaining Walls 198
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Estimating Masonry Materials 228
Block (AAC) 198 Review Questions 230
Material Specifications 198 Key Terms 231
Grades 199 Activities231
Types 199
Weights 200 Additional Resources 231
Part IV Metals, Wood, and Plastics
Key Terms 201
Activities201
Division 05 Metals CSI MasterFormat 232
Chapter 13 Stone 202 Chapter 15 Ferrous Metals 233
Learning Objectives 202 Learning Objectives 233

Basic Classifications of Rock 202 Iron233
Igneous Rock 202 Mining and Processing Iron Ore 234
Sedimentary Rock 203 Producing Iron from Iron Ore 234
Metamorphic Rock 203 Cast Irons 236
Types and Uses of Stone 204 Steelmaking237
Basic Oxygen Process 237
Quarrying and Producing
Electric Steelmaking Processes 237
Natural Stone 205
Manufacturing Steel Products 238
Choosing Stone 205
Steel Recycling 240
Manufactured Stone 206
Steel Identification Systems 240
Stone Composite Panels 206
The Unified Numbering System
Review Questions 207 for Metals and Alloys 241
Key Terms 207 Steel and Steel Alloys 242
Activities207 Plain Carbon Steels 242
Alloy Steels 242
Additional Resources 207 Types of Structural Steel 243
Stainless and Heat-Resisting
Chapter 14 Masonry Construction 208
Steels 244
Learning Objectives 208 Steel Products 246
Structural Steel Products 246
Masonry Walls 209
Sheet Steel Products 248
Masonry Unit Positions 209
Other Products 250
Masonry Bond Patterns 209
Laying Brick Masonry Walls 210 Testing Metals 252
Mortar Joints 211 Review Questions 253
Laying Concrete Masonry Walls 211
Openings in Masonry Walls 211 Key Terms 253
Control and Expansion Joints 217 Activities254

viii Table of Contents
Chapter 16 Nonferrous Metals 255 Tin275

Properties and Working
Learning Objectives 255 Characteristics of Tin 275
Aluminum255 Production of Tin 275
Mining Aluminum 255 UNS Designations 276
Refining Bauxite Ore 255 Uses of Tin 276
Construction Materials: Terneplate276
History of Aluminum 256 Uses of Terneplate 276
The Bayer Process 256 Production of Terne Sheets 276
The Hall–Héroult Electrolytic Process 256 Titanium276

Aluminum Alloys 257 History 276
UNS Designations 257 Properties 277
Temper Designations 258 Working Characteristics 277
Aluminum Castings 259 Production of Titanium 277
Aluminum Finishes 259 Titanium Alloys 277
Natural Finishes 259 UNS Designations 277
Mechanical Finishes 259 Uses of Titanium 277
Chemical Finishes 259 Nickel277
Anodic Finishes 261 History 277
Coatings 265 Properties 278
Protecting a Finished Aluminum Working Characteristics 278
Product 265 Production of Nickel 278
Routine Maintenance of Aluminum Nickel Alloys 278
Surfaces 266 UNS Designations 278
Joining Aluminum Members 266 Uses of Nickel 278
Aluminum Products 266 Zinc278
Copper267 Properties 278
History of Copper 267 Working Characteristics 278
Properties of Copper 267 Production of Zinc 278
Production of Copper 267 Zinc Alloys 279
Classifying Copper and Copper UNS Designations 279
Alloys 268 Uses of Zinc 279
Copper Alloys 269 Zinc Galvanizing Processes 279
Copper Alloy Finishes 270 Galvanic Corrosion 280
Care of Copper and Copper Alloys 270
Uses of Copper 270 Review Questions 280
Brass270 Key Terms 281
History of Brass 271 Activities281
Plain Brasses (Copper-Zinc Alloys) 271
Leaded Brasses
(Copper-Zinc-Lead Alloys) 272 Chapter 17 Steel Frame Construction 282
Tin Brasses (Copper-Zinc-Tin Alloys) 272
Bronze272 Learning Objectives 282
Lead273 Structural Steel Drawings 283
History of Lead 273 The Steel Frame 284
Properties of Lead 273 Frame Stability 285
Production of Lead 273
Steel Frame Connections 285
Grades of Lead 273
Simple Connections 286
Lead Alloys 274
Moment Connections 287
UNS Designations 274
Riveted Connections 288
Uses of Lead 274
Bolted Connections 289
Solders274 Welded Connections 290
Properties 274 Construction Methods:
Types of Solder 275 Fasteners for Metal-Building
Fluxes 275
Construction291
Table of Contents ix
The Erection Process 292 Construction Materials:

Decking295 Sustainable Forestry 326
Metal Decking 295 Specific Gravity 327
Concrete Decking 298 Structural Properties of Wood 327
Pre-Engineered Metal Building Systems 298 Bending 328
Other Steel Construction Systems 300 Shear 329
Light-Gauge Steel Framing 300 Modulus of Elasticity 329
Tension 329
Fire Protection of the Steel Frame 301 Compression 329
Review Questions 304 Gluing Properties 330
Key Terms 304 Other Properties of Wood 330
Thermal Properties 330
Activities304
Decorative Features 330
Additional Resources 304 Decay Resistance 331
Insect Damage 331
Division 06 Wood, Plastics, and
Composites CSI MasterFormat 305 Pressure-Treated Wood and Plywood 332
Safety Information 332
Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) 332
Chapter 18 Wood, Plastics, and Composites 306 Alkaline Copper Quat (ACQ) 332
Bardac-Treated Wood 332
Learning Objectives 306 Copper Azole (CA) 333
Tree Species 306 Pentachlorophenol 333
Softwoods 306 Methyl Isothiocyanate 333
Hardwoods 308 Applying Preservatives 333
The Structure of Wood 308 Effect of Treatment on Strength 333
Quality Certification 333
Wood Defects 308
Fire-Retardant Treatments 334
Lumber Manufacturing 308
Seasoning Lumber 310
Air-Dried Lumber 311 Key Terms 334
Kiln-Dried Lumber 312 Activities335
Dehumidification and Solar Kilns 312 Additional Resources 335
Unseasoned Lumber 312
Lumber Sizes 312 Chapter 19 Products Manufactured from Wood 336
Softwood Lumber 312
Hardwood Lumber 314 Learning Objectives 336
Buying Lumber 314 Plywood and Other Panel Products 336
Lumber Grading and Testing 315 Plywood Panel Construction 336
Lumber Grades 315 Specifications for Plywood Panels 337
Lumber Classifications as to Construction and Industrial Plywood 337
Manufacture 315 APA Performance-Rated Panels 339
Size Classifications 316 Specialty Plywood 340
Stress-Rated Lumber 317 Hardwood Plywood 340
In-Grade Testing Program 319 Reconstituted Wood Products 343
Physical and Chemical Structural Building Components 345
Composition of Wood 320 Other Products Manufactured
Porosity of Wood 320 from Wood 350
Composition of Wood 321
Hygroscopic Properties of Wood 321
Moisture Content 321 Key Terms 351
Fiber Saturation Point 323 Activities351
Equilibrium Moisture Content 323
How Moisture Affects Wood
Properties 325
x Table of Contents
Chapter 20 Wood and Metal Light Frame Review Questions 390

Construction353 Key Terms 390
Learning Objectives 353 Activities390
Wood Framing and the Additional Resources 390
Building Codes 354
Building Codes 354 Chapter 22 Finishing the Exterior and
Interior of Light Wood Frame
Preparing the Site 354
Buildings391
Excavation 354
Foundations for Light Wood Frame Learning Objectives 391
Construction354 Finishing the Exterior 391
Wood Foundations 358 Framing the Eaves and Rake 391
Interior Piers and Columns 358 Ventilating the Attic 393
Evolution of Light Wood The Finished Roof Material 393
Frame Construction 358 Installing the Weather Shield 394
Installing Windows 395
Platform Framing 359
Exterior Door Installation 396
Floor Framing 361
Installing the Exterior Finish 396
Wall Framing 361
Ceiling Framing 365 Finishing the Interior 400
Framing the Roof 366 Installing Insulation 401
Wood Trusses 366 Interior Wall and Ceiling
Wood Roof Trusses 366 Finishes 401
Wood Floor Trusses 366 Interior Finish Carpentry 402
Pre-Manufactured Wood Installing Interior Doors 402
Construction 366 Installing Casings and
Construction Methods: Moldings 403
Optimum Value Engineering 367 Installing Cabinets 404
Installing Stairs 405
Fasteners for Wood Frame Other Finish Items 405
Construction367
Nails 368 Review Questions 407
Wood Connectors 370 Key Terms 407
Light-Gauge Steel Framing 370 Activities 407
Review Questions 374 Additional Resources 408
Key Terms 374
Chapter 23 Plastics 409
Activities374
Additional Resources 375 Learning Objectives 409
Molecular Structure of Plastic 410
Chapter 21 Heavy Timber Construction 376 Classifications 410
Thermoplastics 410
Learning Objectives 376 Thermosetting Plastics 411
Building Codes 377 Bioplastics 411
Fire Resistance 377 Additives411
Plasticizers 411
Timber Frame Construction 377
Fillers 412
Timber Joinery 378
Stabilizers 412
Engineered Timber Frame Construction 378 Colorants 412
Arches and Domes 378
Properties of Plastics 412
Columns, Beams, and Trusses 383
Mechanical Properties 413
Connection Details 384
Electrical Properties 413
Decking 385
Sheathing 385
Chemical Properties 414
Mass Timber Construction 386
Density 414
Specific Gravity 414
Metal Fasteners 388
Table of Contents xi
Optical Properties 414 Sealers for Exterior Materials 440

Manufacturing Processes 414 Wood Sealers 441
Recycled Plastic Products 415 Sealants442
Plastic Construction Materials 416 Sealant Performance
Thermoplastics 416 Considerations 442
Thermosets 418 Types of Sealants 443
Sealants and Joint Design 444
Review Questions 420 Backup Materials 444
Key Terms 420 Caulking and Glazing 446
Activities421 Waterproofing Membranes
Additional Resources 421 and Coatings 446
Bituminous Coatings 446
Part V Thermal and Moisture/ Waterproofing Tips447
Openings/Finishes Liquid Coatings 448
Synthetic Sheet Membranes 448
Division 07 Thermal and Moisture Protection Cement-Based Waterproofing 449
CSI MasterFormat 422 Lead Waterproofing 450
Bentonite Clay Waterproofing 450
Chapter 24 Thermal Insulation and Review Questions 450

Vapor Barriers 423 Key Terms 451
Activities451
Heat Transfer 424
Conduction 424
Chapter 26 Bituminous Materials 452
Convection 425
Radiation 425
Insulation Materials 426
Properties of Bitumens 452
Batts and Blankets 426
Loose-Fill Insulation 428 Asphalt453
Rigid Insulation 429 Asphalt Paving 455
Blown Insulation 429 Laboratory Tests of Asphalt 455
Aerogel and Other Innovations 430 Other Products Made with
Reflective Barriers 431
Bituminous Materials457
Construction Materials: Coal Tar Pitch 457
Superinsulation 431 Felts 457
Water and Vapor Considerations 432 Ice and Water Shield 457
Rainwater Protection 432 Fiberglass Sheet Material 457
Water Vapor Transfer 432 Fireproofing Paper 457
Vapor Retarders 433 Waterproof Coatings 457
Control of Air Leakage 434 Bituminous Roof Coverings 458
Review Questions 435 Roll Roofing 458
Asphalt and Fiberglass Shingles 458
Key Terms 435
Hot Bitumen Built-Up Roof
Activities 436 Membranes 458
Additional Resources 436 Modified Asphalt Roofing
Systems 459
Chapter 25 Bonding Agents, Sealers, Cold-Applied Asphalt Roofing
and Sealants 437 Systems 460
Key Terms 461
Bonding Agents 437
Curing of Bonding Agents 437 Activities461
Types of Bonding Agents 438 Additional Resources 461
xii Table of Contents
Chapter 27 Roofing Systems 462 Electrical Properties 491

Optical Properties 491
Heat-Treating Glass 492
Building Codes 462 Annealing 492
Roofing Components 463 Tempering 492
Roof Decks 463 Heat Strengthening 492
Vapor Retarders 464 Chemical Strengthening 492
Insulation 464 Finishes 492
Flashing 465 Etching 492
Finished Roofing 465 Sandblasting 492
Low-Slope Roof Assemblies 465 Patterned Finish 492
Built-Up Roofing 465 Silvering 492
Modified Bitumen Membranes 467 Ceramic Frit 493
Single-Ply Membranes 468 Tinting 493
Spray- and Liquid-Applied Physical Properties of Glazing Systems 494
Membranes 469 Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) 494
Low-Slope Metal Roofing 470 U-Value (U) 494
Low-Slope Roof Flashing 470 Visible Light Transmittance (Vt) 494
Low-Slope Roof Drainage 471 Shading Coefficient (Sc) 494
Steep-Slope Roof Assemblies 472 Emissivity (e) 494
Shingle Roofing 472 Glass Products 494
Asphalt Shingles 472 Tempered Glass 494
Wood Shingles and Shakes 475 Laminated Glass 495
Slate Shingles 477 Reflective Glass 496
Clay and Concrete Roof Tiles 478 Low-E Glass 496
Photovoltaic Roofing 479 Insulating Glass 496
Steep-Slope Metal Roofing Assemblies 480 Wired Glass 498
Metal Roofing Materials 480 Spandrel Glass 499
Bent Glass 500
Standing Seam Roofing 481
Ceramic Glass 500
Flat and Batten Seam Roofing 482
Architectural Beveled Glass 500
Exposed Fastener Metal Roofing 482 Channel glass 500
Steep-Roof Flashing and Drainage 483 Glass Block 500
Cool Roofing 484 Smart Glazing 501
Construction Methods: Photovoltaic Glazing 502
Green Roofs 485 Self-Cleaning Glass 502
Key Terms 503
Key Terms 486
Activity 503
Activities486
Division 08 Openings CSI MasterFormat 487 Chapter 29 Doors, Windows, Entrances,

and Storefronts 504
Chapter 28 Glass 488
Learning Objectives 488 Doors 504
Types of Glass 489 Door Operating and Material Types 504
The Manufacture of Glass 489 Swinging Doors 505
Float Glass 489 Bypass and Folding Doors 506
Sheet Glass 489 Revolving Doors 507
Specialty Doors 507
Properties of Soda-Lime-Silica Glass 490
Wood and Plastic Doors 508
Mechanical Properties 490
Fiberglass Doors 509
Hollow-Core Metal Doors 509
Chemical Properties 491
Hollow Metal Doorframes 509
Table of Contents xiii
Metal Fire Doors and Frames 510 Key Terms 549

Glass Doors 511 Activities 549
Door Hardware 512 Additional Resources 550
Hinges 513
Locking Mechanisms 515 Division 09 Finishes, Paints, and Coatings
Windows 515 CSI MasterFormat 551
Window Terms and Types 516
Wood Windows 516 Chapter 31 Interior Finishes, Paints, and
Plastic Windows 517 Coatings552
Steel Windows 517
Aluminum Windows 517 Learning Objectives 552
Composite Materials 521 Performace Criteria for Interior Finishes 553
Special Windows 521 Environmental Concerns 553
Entrances and Storefronts 522 Appearance 554
Cost 554
Review Questions 523 Code Requirements 554
Key Terms 523 Durability and Maintenance 556
Acoustical Considerations 556
Activity 523
Electrical and Mechanical Systems
Integration556
Chapter 30 Cladding Systems 524 Paints and Coatings 558
Federal Regulations 558
Learning Objectives 524 Lead in Coatings 558
Cladding Design Considerations 524 Air-Quality Regulations 558
Structural Performance 524 Composition of Coatings 558
Control of Movement 526 Wet Film Thickness 559
Control of Wind Forces 526 Dry Film Thickness 560
Connections 528
Solar Control 528 Factors Affecting Coatings 560
Fire, Noise, and Pollution Control 529 Clear Coatings 560
Maintenance Concerns 529 Natural-Resin Varnishes 560
Water Management for Cladding Synthetic-Resin Varnishes 561
Systems 531 Lacquer 562
Methods of Water Penetration 531 Opaque Coatings 562
The Rainscreen Principle 532 Primers for Opaque Coatings 564
Metal and Glass Curtain Wall Systems 533 Types of Opaque Coatings 565
Stick System 534 Phenolic Coatings 566
Unitized System 534 Urethane or Polyurethane Coatings 566
Unit and Mullion System 535 Construction Techniques:
Column- Cover- and- Spandrel System 535 Testing for Lead Paint 567
Glass-Fixing Methods 536
Special-Purpose Coatings 567
Point-Supported Glazing 536
Reflective Coatings 567
Structural Glazing Systems 539
Pigmented Fire-Retardant
Masonry, Stone, Eifs, and Metal Cladding Coatings 567
Systems 540 Intumescent Fire-Retardant
Masonry Curtain Walls 540 Coatings 567
Stone Curtain Walls 541 Stains568
Precast Concrete Cladding 543 Exterior Stains 568
Modified Stucco Curtain Walls 544 Interior Stains 568
Metal Cladding Systems 546 Fillers 569
Sealing Joints for Cladding Systems 546 Review Questions 569
Sealant Joints 546
Types of Sealant Materials 547 Key Terms 570
Solid Sealant Materials 548 Activities570
Review Questions 549 Additional Resources 570
xiv Table of Contents
Chapter 32 Acoustical Materials 571 Chapter 34 Flooring 598
Learning Objectives 571 Learning Objectives 598

Sound 571 Performance Criteria for Flooring 599
Sound Waves 571 Hard-Surface Flooring 599
Frequency of Sound Waves 572 Concrete Flooring 599
Sound Intensity 572 Brick and Stone Flooring 600
Sound Control 572 Clay Tile Flooring 601
Sound Transmission Class 573 Mortars and Adhesives for Tile Floors 602
Impact Isolation Class 573 Tile Grout 602
Noise-Reduction Coefficient 573 Terrazzo Flooring 602
Acoustical Materials 574 Wood Flooring 603
Floor Coverings 574 Solid Wood Flooring 603
Acoustical Plaster 574 Strip Flooring 604
Acoustical Ceiling Tile and Planks 604
Wall Panels 575 Wood Strip and Plank Floor
Sound Barriers 577 Installation 604
Construction Techniques 577 Parquet Flooring 606
Controlling Sound from Vibrations 578 Engineered and Laminate
Wood Flooring 607
Review Questions 579 Bamboo Flooring 607
Key Terms 580 Resilient Flooring 608
Activities 580 Linoleum and Sheet Vinyl 608
Vinyl Composition Tile (VCT) 608
Rubber Flooring 609
Cork Flooring 610
Chapter 33 Interior Walls, Partitions,
Seamless Flooring Materials 610
and Ceilings 581
Carpeting611
Learning Objectives 581 Introduction to Carpet Systems 611
Carpet Fibers 611
Fire-Resistant Interior Assemblies 581
Carpet Construction 612
Interior Gypsum Wall Partitions 583
Woven Carpets 612
Metal-Stud Nonbearing
Tufted, Knitted, Flocked,
Interior Walls 583
and Bonded Carpet 613
Gypsum 585
Carpet Cushions 613
Types of Gypsum Board Products 585
Carpet Installation 614
Installing Gypsum Wallboard 586
Finishing Gypsum Wallboard 587 Raised-Access Flooring 615
Plaster Finishes 588 Review Questions 615
Plaster over Masonry and Key Terms 616
Concrete Walls 590
Activities616
Structural Clay Tile Partitions 591
Ceramic Tile-Wall Finishes 591
Wood-Product Wall Finishes 591 Part VI Specialties, Equipment, and
Ceiling Construction 593 Furnishings
Suspended Ceilings 594
Furred and Direct-Contact
Ceilings 596 Division 10 Specialties
CSI MasterFormat 617
Key Terms 597 Division 11 Equipment
Activities597 CSI MasterFormat 618
Table of Contents xv
Division 12 Furnishings Rugs and Mats 634

CSI MasterFormat 619 Multiple Seating 635
Interior Plants and Planters 635
Chapter 35
Specialties, Equipment, and
Furnishings620 Review Questions 635
Key Terms 636
Activities636
Visual Display Boards 620
Compartments and Cubicles 621 Additional Resources 636
Louvers, Grilles, Vents, and Screens 621
Service Wall Systems 622 Part VII Special Construction and
Walls and Corner Guards 622 Conveying Systems
Access Flooring 623
Pest Control 623
Fireplaces and Stoves 623 Division 13
Special Construction
Manufactured Exterior Specialties 623 CSI MasterFormat 637
Flagpoles 623
Identifying Devices 623 Chapter 36 Special Construction 638
Pedestrian Control Devices 625
Lockers and Shelving 625 Learning Objective 638
Fire Protection Specialties 625 Special Facility Components 638
Protective Covers 625 Pools and Spas 638
Postal Specialties 625
Special-Purpose Rooms 639
Demountable Partitions 626
Special Structures 640
Operable Partitions 627
Exterior Protection Devices for Fabric and Membrane Structures 640
Openings 627 Fabric Membranes 641
Telephone Specialties 627 Air-Supported Structures 641
Toilet and Bath Accessories 627 Geodesic Structures 643
Scales 627 Space Frames 644
Wardrobe and Closet Specialties 627 Integrated Assemblies 644
Residential and Commercial Pre-Engineered Structures 645
Equipment628
Waste and Utilities Sections 645
Maintenance Equipment 628
Security and Ecclesiastical Measurement and Control
Equipment 628 Instrumentation645
Mercantile Equipment 628 Review Questions 645
Solid-Waste-Handling Equipment 629
Office Equipment 629 Key Terms 645
Construction Materials: Activity646
Security of Valuables 630 Additional Resources 646
Residential Equipment and
Unit Kitchens 630 Division 14 Conveying Equipment
Fluid Waste Treatment and CSI MasterFormat 647
Disposal 630
Medical Equipment 631 Chapter 37 Conveying Systems 648
Furnishings631
Artwork631
Elevator Code Standards 648
Murals and Wall Hangings 631
Sculpture 632 Elevator Components 649
Stained Glass 632 Elevator Hoistways 649
Ecclesiastical Artwork 633 Hoistway Doors 649
Machine Rooms 649
Fabrics633
Venting Hoistways 649
Manufactured Casework 633 Hoistway Sizes 650
Window Treatment 633 Elevator Cars 651
Furniture and Accessories 634
xvi Table of Contents
Elevator Types 652 Manual Fire-Suppression Systems 677

Electric Passenger Elevators 652 Review Questions 679
Traction Driving Mechanisms 652 Key Terms 679
Geared Traction Elevators 652
Gearless Traction Elevators 653 Activities679
Electric Elevator Control 653 Additional Resources 679
Platform Safeties 653
Cables (Roping) 654 Division 22 Plumbing CSI MasterFormat 680
Winding Drum Machines 655
Counterweights 655 Chapter 39 Plumbing Systems 681
Operating Systems 655
Hydraulic Elevators 656 Learning Objectives 681
Freight Elevators 656 Plumbing Codes 681
Observation Elevators 657 Potable Water Supply 681
Residential Elevators 658 Potable Water Distribution Systems 682
Automated Transfer Systems 658 Gas Distribution Systems 683

Dumbwaiters 658 Piping, Tubing, and Fittings 683
Cart and Tote Box Transfer Systems 659 Pipe Connections 687
Wheelchair Lifts and Stair Lifts 660 Water Pipe Fittings 688
Escalators 660 Valves688

Escalator Components 661 Pipe Insulation 689
Standards and Safety 661 Water Pipe Sizing 690
Installation Examples 662
Escalator Sizes 662 Sanitary Piping 691
Calculating Waste Pipe Sizes 694
Moving Walks and Ramps 662 Sanitary Piping Systems 694
Other Conveying Equipment 663 Indirect Wastes 695
Shuttle Transit 663 Residential Sanitary Piping 695
Conveyers and Pneumatic Multistory Building Sanitary
Tube Systems 664 Piping Systems 695
Pneumatic Tube Systems 664 The Sovent System 698
Material Conveyors 665
Cranes and Hoists 666 Non-Potable Water Systems 699
Review Questions 667 Roof Drainage 700
Key Terms 667 Plumbing Equipment 701
Activity667 Water Heating 701
Solar Hot Water 702
Division 21 Fire Suppression Plumbing Fixtures 704
CSI MasterFormat 669
Chapter 38 Fire-Suppression Systems 670 Key Terms 709
Activities709
Fire Codes 670
Fire and Smoke Management 670 Division 23 Heating, Ventilating,
Fire Management 671 and Air-Conditioning
Smoke Control Systems 672 CSI MasterFormat 710
Fire-Suppression Systems 673
Automated Water Sprinkler Chapter 40
Heating, Air-Conditioning,
Systems 673 Ventilation, and Refrigeration 711
Sprinkler Heads 674
Foam Fire-Suppressant Systems 676 Learning Objectives 711
Gas Fire-Suppression Systems 676 HVAC Codes 711
Dry Chemical Systems 677
Table of Contents xvii
Heat Balance 711 Pipe Systems for Water Heating

Heat Transfer 712 and Cooling 739
Two-Pipe Systems 739
Sensible and Latent Heat 712 Four-Pipe Systems 739
Human Comfort 713 Steam Heating Systems 739
Ventilation713 Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems 740
Methods of Ventilation 715 Boilers740
Types of Air Filters 715
Terminal Equipment For Hot-Water
Fuel and Energy Used For HVAC 716
and Steam-Heating Systems 742
Coal 716
Natural Convection Terminal
Fuel Oil 716
Units 742
Natural Gas 717
Forced-Convection Heating
Propane and Butane 717
Units 743
Solid Waste 717
Wood 717 Chilled-Water Cooling Systems
Electricity 718 For Large Buildings 744
Geothermal 718 Centrifugal Chillers 745
Ground Heat 718
Solar 718 The Absorption Chiller Refrigeration
System746
Air Heating Equipment 718 Single-Effect Absorption Chillers 747
Warm-Air Furnaces 718 Double-Effect Absorption Chillers 747
Heat Pumps 720
Positive-Displacement Chillers 748
Air-Conditioning With Duct Systems 724
Evaporative Air Coolers 748
All-Air Distribution Systems 725 Direct Evaporative Air Coolers 748
Single-Zone Systems 725 Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers 748
Multi-Zone Systems 726
Reheat Systems 726 Radiant Heating And Cooling 748
Variable Air Volume Systems 726 Piping in Ceilings 749
Dual-Duct Systems 728 Piping in Floors 749
Types Of Duct Systems 728 Electric Heating Systems 749

Ducts 728 Review Questions 752
Duct Pressure 728
Key Terms 753
Duct Classification 729
Activities753
Forced-Air Duct Systems 730
Supply-Air Outlets and Return-Air
Inlets for Warm-Air Heating Systems 731 Division 26 Electrical
Types of Supply Outlets 732 CSI MasterFormat 755
Diffuser Applications 733
Return-Air Inlets and Exhaust-Air
Chapter 41 Electrical Equipment and Systems 756
Inlets 734
Humidity Control 734 Learning Objectives 756
Humidification Equipment 734 Electrical Loads 756
Construction Materials:
Basics of Electricity 756
Building Commissioning 735
Ohm’s Law 757
Desiccant Dehumidification 735 Conductors 757
Hydronic (Hot Water) Heating Systems 736 AC and DC Current 757
One-Pipe Systems 736
Two-Pipe Direct-Return System 737 Power and Energy 758
Two-Pipe Reverse-Return System 737 Electrical Codes 758
Multi-Zone Two-Pipe Systems 737 Electric Power Sources 758
Hydronic Controls 738 Hydroelectric Power Generation 758
Expansion Chambers 738 Fossil Fuel-Powered Generators 758
Nuclear-Powered Generators 759
xviii Table of Contents
On-Site Power Generation 759 Activities789

Solar Energy 759 Additional Resources 789
Wind Energy Systems 762
Cogeneration 762 Division 28
Electronic
Electrical Supply 763 Safety and Security
Electrical Distribution Systems In CSI MasterFormat 790
Buildings763
The Service Entrance 764 Chapter 42 Electronic Signal and
Switchgear and Switchboards 765 Security Systems 791
Panelboards765 Learning Objectives 791
Electrical Power Conductors 767 Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm
Cables 768 Systems791
Flat Conductor Cables 769
Security Systems 792
Cable Bus and Busways 769
Surveillance Systems 793
Raceways769 Access Control Systems 793
Cable Trays 769
Electronic Monitoring and Control 794
Conduit 769
Meters772 Home Security Systems 795
Motor Control Centers 772 Telecomunications and Data Systems 795
Transformers772 Review Questions 796
Switches773 Key Terms 796
Other Switches 774
Activities796
Overcurrent Protection Devices 775
Lighting776
Illumination Design Appendices
Considerations 776
Lighting-Related Measurements 777 Appendix A: Level 2 Numbers and
Levels of Illumination 777 Titles797
Measuring Illuminance Levels 777 Appendix B: MasterFormat 818
Measuring Luminance 777
Appendix C: U.S. and Canadian
Glare 777
Reflection 777
Professional and Technical
Construction Materials:
Organizations821
Choosing Light and Color 779 Appendix D: Metric Information 837
Room Cavity Ratio 779 Appendix E: Weights of Building
Lighting Systems 780 Materials839
General Illumination 781 Appendix F: Names and Atomic Symbols
Task Lighting 781 of Selected Chemical Elements 841
Selective Lighting 781
Appendix G: Coefficients of Thermal
Daylight Integration 782
Expansion for Selected Construction
Lighting Control Systems 782 Materials843
Types of Lamps 782 Appendix H: Conversion Tables 844
Incandescent Lamps 783
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps 783 Glossary849
Fluorescent Lamps 784
High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 786
Index866
Light-Emitting Diodes 788
Key Terms 788
Table of Contents xix
Construction Materials/Methods/ Case Studies

Techniques
Case Study: Heifer International
Construction Methods: Subcontractor Headquarters39
Agreements15
Case Study: Chicago Center for
Construction Materials: Composite Green Technology 80
Materials50
Case Study: University of Florida
Construction Techniques: Blasting67 Rinker Hall 187
Construction Materials: Supplementary Case Study: Aldo Leopold
Cementing Materials (Scms) 104 Legacy Center 348
Construction Materials: Strip-Applied Case Study: GSW Administration
Waterstops147 Building530
Construction Materials: History Case Study:
of Aluminum 256 Denver International Airport 642
Construction Methods: Fasteners Case Study: Bronx Zoo Eco-Restrooms 696
for Metal-Building Construction 291
Case Study: Hearst Tower 751
Construction Materials: Sustainable
Forestry326
Construction Methods: Optimum
Value Engineering367
Construction Techniques: Metal
Fasteners388
Construction Materials: Superinsulation431
Waterproofing Tips 447
Construction Methods: Green Roofs 485
Construction Techniques: Testing for
Lead Paint 567
Construction Materials: Security
of Valuables 630
Construction Techniques: Solar
Hot Water 702
Construction Methods: Building
Commissioning735
Construction Materials: Choosing
Light and Color 779
Construction Techniques: Home
Security Systems 795
Preface
INTENT OF THIS BOOK ●● Energy-efficient environmental systems

●● Sustainable construction operations and practices
This book is designed to support introductory courses on ●● New organizations and resources actively providing metrics and
construction materials and methods, construction man- research
agement, and professional programs in architecture at
two-year and four-year universities. The text follows the
logical progression of the construction sequence, with
reference to the 2020 edition of the MasterFormat, devel-
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
oped by the Construction Specifications Institute and This text provides a detailed view of modern construction
Construction Specifications Canada. Students are able to processes, building assemblies, systems, and the vast
develop a foundation of knowledge pertaining to individual array of materials and products provided by manufacturers
construction components and details, their performance supplying the construction industry.
requirements, process of manufacture and assembly, and
The first part of the text gives a brief overview of the basic
systematic organization into various building assemblies.
characteristics and procedures of the construction industry.
The text also gives insight into current best practices in the
Pre-construction activities, the role of design professionals,
construction industry.
various project delivery methods, and the MasterFormat
specification system are covered. A discussion of zoning and
building codes is followed by information about some of the
PREFACE TO THE FIFTH industry’s major professional and technical organizations. A
section on sustainable design and construction discusses
EDITION the environmental impact of the construction industry and
provides an introduction to LEED and other sustainable
This fifth edition of Construction Materials, Methods, and building certification systems.
Techniques has been revised to integrate the latest advances in
Early in the text, the physical properties of construction
materials science, and construction methods and techniques.
materials are outlined. This overview provides a basis for under-
This revision continues to assimilate sustainable construction
standing all of the materials in the remainder of the book. New
innovations holistically into the larger construction context.
materials are developed each year, and the architect, contrac-
Sustainable, or high-performance, construction seeks to miti-
tor, and engineer must be informed of their properties in order
gate the negative impacts of inefficient construction practices
to use these materials in the most effective and safe manner.
by promoting strategies that will conserve natural resources,
advance energy and resource efficiency, deal responsibly with The remainder of the text is organized following selected
waste, and create healthy environments. divisions of the 2020 Edition of the MasterFormat.
Sustainable construction is no longer a unique means Division 1 addresses general requirements, including activ-
of building, but rather an integral part of how the industry ities such as contractor selection, price and payment proce-
is being revolutionized. Cutting-edge building materials, dures, administrative requirements, and various legal controls
systems, and construction practices have been added to and requirements. Additional details are given in Appendix B.
the existing knowledge in each chapter. Types of materials, Division 2 outlines the existing conditions present on a
environmentally friendly options, and rating and certification project site, their assessment, and technologies available
systems are explored, as well as industry trends. This book for remediation.
has been thoroughly updated and revised to remain current Division 3 presents a detailed study of the manufacture,
with industry technologies and standards: types, characteristics, and properties of concrete. Consid-
●● The U.S. Green Building Council and LEED V.4.1 rating system eration of the impact of admixtures, proportioning, water,
mixing, placing, and curing is included. Emerging technolo-
●● Effective construction planning for efficient material use
gies, such as smog-eating and 3-D printed concrete, have
●● Environmentally friendly building materials with emphasis on recy- been added. Drawings and photos are used extensively to
cled content and materials that promote manufacturer, contractor, illustrate cast-in-place and precast concrete construction
and occupant health systems.
xx
Preface xxi
Division 4 includes detailed information on mortar, the key to provide enclosure for a variety of activities. This division
to durable masonry construction. The materials, manufactur- discusses and illustrates a diverse offering, including air-
ing processes, and construction techniques utilized in clay supported and fabric structures, geodesic domes, and other
brick, concrete masonry, and stone construction are explained pre-engineered assemblies.
in detail and generously illustrated. Division 14 examines the range of conveying systems in
Ferrous and nonferrous metals are presented in Division 5. current use, including conveyors, elevators, escalators, mov-
Their characteristics, mechanical properties, and practical ing walks, and material-handling systems.
applications are discussed. Steel frame and pre-fabricated Division 21 organizes the many complex factors related to
construction systems and details are illustrated. the regulation, operation, and maintenance of fire-suppression
One of the largest divisions in the book, Division 6, covers systems, including installation, instrumentation, and control.
the vast array of wood and plastic materials that are used in Water, carbon dioxide, clean-agent, wet chemical, and dry
construction. Their properties, characteristics, and recom- chemical fire-extinguishing systems are covered.
mended applications are explained. Several chapters detail A basic need for a successful building is a well-functioning
wood structural framing systems, including light wood frame, plumbing system. Division 22 summarizes the system of pipes
heavy timber, and innovative new panelized mass wood and other devices installed in a building for the distribution of
assemblies. The remainder of this division is used to present potable water and the removal of waterborne wastes. Innova-
the various types of composites and plastic materials that find tive new water-saving technologies and fixtures for a variety of
increasing use in modern construction. applications are outlined.
Division 7 is concerned with insulating, waterproofing, and Division 23 is a large one, encompassing heating, venti-
sealing buildings against the weather. Structures are exposed lating, and air-conditioning systems. Basic methods of heat
to a variety of climate extremes, including temperature swings, transfer, the fuels employed, and the types of heating and
driving rain and wind, and subsurface water. Walls, ceilings, cooling systems and equipment are explained and illustrated.
and floors must be properly insulated and sealed against
Electrical distribution systems inside a building supply
moisture penetration. Bituminous materials, bonding agents,
electrical power and transmit information through an internal
sealers, and sealants are covered. Details, components, and
communications system. Division 26, Electrical Systems, car-
materials commonly used for both residential and commercial
ries the discussion from the generation and transmission of
roofing systems conclude this division.
electrical power to the service components in both residen-
The types, styles, methods of operation, and materials tial and commercial buildings. Renewable power systems are
used for doors and windows continue to develop. Many of the illustrated, and extensive information on lighting technologies
products frequently employed are illustrated in Division 8, in is accessible. Equipment for controlling and operating the
addition to stock and custom-made storefronts. Glass is used electrical system, as well as equipment used for communi-
extensively in facade and window assemblies, so the types, cation, such as alarm, television, public address, and other
properties, and uses of the numerous glass products avail- communication systems, is presented.
able are discussed. New and innovative glass products are
Division 28 covers the various electronic safety and secu-
increasing the range of uses and applications of the material
rity systems in buildings and related exterior areas where secu-
in modern commercial construction. Finally, an entire chapter
rity is important. Video surveillance and personal protection
is devoted to discussing and illustrating various types of clad-
systems are included, as are electronic detection and alarm
ding systems that find common use in commercial buildings.
systems for fire detection.
Finishing the interior of a building involves an incredi-
Division 31 encompasses the full range of site construc-
bly diverse range of products. Division 9 combines interior
tion activities, including soils and subsurface investigations,
finishes; decorative and protective coatings; gypsum, lime,
site preparation, excavations, earthwork, foundations, and the
and plaster products; acoustical finishes and materials; and all
installation of utilities and drainage systems.
types of finish flooring. Construction and finishing procedures
for interior walls, partitions, and ceilings, their properties, and Review questions at the end of each chapter provide the
fire resistance requirements are integrated. reader with a means of reconsidering what has been read and
reinforcing the learning objectives. Key terms are listed and
Divisions 10, 11, and 12 cover the variety of specialty prod-
sources of additional information are provided to enable the
ucts, equipment, and furnishings that find use both within buildings
reader to explore areas in greater depth.
and on project sites. Examples include visual displays, telephone
enclosures, vending equipment, casework, and furniture. A master glossary at the end of the text provides detailed
definitions for all key terms throughout all divisions. Appendix
The most interesting compilation of special construction
A furnishes the MasterFormat numbering system in its entirety.
assemblies are found in Division 13. Special structural sys-
Appendix B provides details concerning the information in
tems refer to innovative long-span structures that are used
xxii Preface
Division 1, General Requirements. Appendix C provides an advances in the field, many topics have been updated while
extensive listing of U.S. and Canadian professional and trade others have been expanded and reorganized. New topics
organizations. These organizations provide information that is include the following:
vital to the continual development of materials and construc- ●● An extensive discussion of the increasing use of digital technologies
tion techniques. They create materials standards and installa-
in construction including Artificial Intelligence, GPS/Robotic earthwork
tion specifications and publish building codes, manuals, and
technologies, and 3-D printing applications.
technical reports on an ongoing basis. Readers can refer this
information to gain additional insight as they read the chap-
●● New project delivery approaches such as Lean Construction and
ters in this book. Detailed metric information is available in Public-Private Partnerships.
Appendix D. This information is essential because construc- ●● An expanded section on the development of mass timber construction
tion is moving toward using the metric system in the future. techniques.
Appendix E lists the weights of commonly used construction ●● Additional information on modular and pre-manufactured construc-
materials. Appendix F gives the names and atomic symbols of tion components.
selected chemical elements, and Appendix G provides data ●● New information on recent advances in telecommunications and data
on the coefficients of thermal expansion of selected construc-
systems.
tion materials.
●● A fully updated list of the latest U.S. and Canadian professional and
technical print and online resources.
The entire text has been updated with extensive new photos and
FEATURES OF THIS BOOK
●●
revised detail drawings of the construction process for various

assemblies.
This book includes many features to assist students as they
progress through the chapters:
Correlations to the MasterFormat are included at the beginning of

SUPPLEMENTS
●●
each chapter, providing students with a quick reference to this essen-

tial manual.
●● Individual case studies provide examples of the application of new Instructor Companion Site
construction materials and engineering strategies. Spend less time planning and more time teaching with the
●● Inserts on Construction Materials, Methods, and Techniques provide Instructor Companion Site: Everything you need for your
detailed information on selected areas of interest. course in one place! This collection of book-specific lecture
●● Learning Objectives and Review Questions open and close each and class tools is available online via www.cengage.com/
chapter to provide students with a framework for study to ensure full login. Access and download PowerPoint presentations,
comprehension of the material. images, instructor’s manual, and more.
●● Key Terms are in color throughout the text and are listed at the end
of each of the chapters, highlighting essential terminology. Complete
definitions are provided in the Glossary.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by
●● Activities encourage students to apply what they have learned in the
Cognero
chapter and to build experience for actual on-the-job tasks. The Instructor Companion Site features Cengage Learning
●● Additional Resources are listed at the end of each chapter that point Testing Powered by Cognero. This flexible, online system
students in the direction of organizations, periodicals, Web links, and allows you to:
other references to further learning on selected topics. ●● author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage
Learning solutions.
●● create multiple test versions in an instant.
NEW TO THIS EDITION ●● deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want.
This new edition emphasizes innovative materials and tech- Start right away!
nologies that encourage the student of construction to knowl- Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero works on
edgeably address the challenges of building in today’s global any operating system or browser.
environment. Since construction technology is constantly
evolving, the text provides an understanding of the myriad of
●● No special installs or downloads needed.
new materials, methods, and techniques, and how to properly ●● Create tests from school, home, the coffee shop—anywhere with
apply them to contemporary construction challenges. In light of Internet access.
Preface xxiii
What will you find? emeritus at Pittsburg State University, KS. We owe a great
debt to the technical knowledge of William Spence, who, while
●● Simplicity at every step: A desktop-inspired interface features drop-
no longer involved in this revision, provided the core around
down menus and familiar intuitive tools that take you through content
which the text is structured.
creation and management with ease.
●● Full-featured test generator: Create ideal assessments with your
choice of fifteen question types (including true/false, multiple choice,
opinion scale/likert, and essay). Multi-language support, an equation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
editor, and unlimited metadata help ensure your tests are complete
and compliant. A major factor in the organization, writing, and illustrating of
this book was the help given by hundreds of manufacturer
●● Cross-compatible capability: Import and export content into other
representatives. Representatives of many of the professional
systems.
and technical organizations supporting the construction
industry also made important contributions. A special note
of appreciation is due to the consultants located at univer-
ABOUT THE AUTHORS sities across the country for their assistance in reviewing the
manuscript and the illustrations. Few notable contributions
Eva Kultermann is a licensed architect, associate professor are from:
and associate dean of academic affairs at the Illinois Institute Barry K. Hallsted, Ph.D. Utah Valley University;
of Technology, College of Architecture. She has a background
Aloysius A. Attah, P.E., University of North Texas-Denton;
in construction and is currently involved in developing, review-
ing, and revising the institution’s architectural curriculum. Willis Kennedy Jr., Metropolitan Community College-Omaha;
William P. Spence was Dean of the College of Technol- Josh Steele, Metropolitan Community College;
ogy and Professor of Construction Engineering Technology John M. Travis, North Dakota State College of Science.
Disclaimer
The information presented in this book was secured from a accurate presentations. However, the author and publisher
wide range of manufacturers, professional and trade asso- assume no liability for the accuracy of applications shown.
ciations, government agencies, and architectural and engi- It is essential that appropriate architectural and engineering
neering consultants. In some cases, generalized or generic staff be consulted and specific information about products
examples are used. Every effort was made to provide be obtained directly from manufacturers.
xxiv
Part I
Introduction
00
Procurement and
Contracting Requirements
Csi MasterFormat®
00 10 00 Solicitation
00 20 00 Instructions for Procurement
00 30 00 Available Information
00 40 00 Procurement Forms and Supplements
00 50 00 Contracting Forms and Supplements
00 60 00 Project Forms
00 70 00 Conditions of the Contract
00 90 00 Revisions, Clarifications, and Modifications
DimiSotirov/Shutterstock.com
01
General Requirements
01 00 00 Summary
01 20 00 Price and Payment Procedures
01 30 00 Administrative Requirements
01 40 00 Quality Requirements
01 50 00 Temporary Facilities and Controls
01 60 00 Product Requirements
01 70 00 Execution and Closeout Requirements
01 80 00 Performance Requirements
01 90 00 Life Cycle Activities
Andrey_Popov/Stock/Shutterstock.com
1
The Construction Industry: An Overview
L E AR N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to: ●● Be familiar with the roles and responsibilities of owners,
●● Gain an understanding of the scope of the construction architects, and contractors.
industry. ●● Recognize the structure and organization of construction
●● Identify the different phases and activities that make documents.
up the building design and construction planning ●● Categorize the types of project delivery methods used in
process. commercial construction and how they are administered.
●● Define the types of drawings and specifications that ●● Describe the phases and administrative procedures that
make up a set of construction documents. serve to organize the on-site construction phase.
The construction industry is one of the largest commercial Figure 1.1 The process by which a building or other project is
activities in the United States, encompassing establishments designed and built can be divided into four discreet project phases.
engaged in the construction of buildings and larger engi-
PROJECT CONCEPTION BY OWNER
neering projects, such as roadways and utility infrastructure.
Construction with all of its related and supporting industries has PRE-DESIGN PLANNING
always played a vital role in the nation’s economy, accounting
for an annual average of 5 to 10 percent of the gross domestic
product.
Compared with other large industries, some characteris- BUILDING DESIGN
DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS
tics are unique to the planning of buildings and infrastructure.
Most new buildings are custom designed and constructed, BIDDING AND NEGOTIATION
involving long development schedules. Because each proj-
ect is site specific, its execution is influenced by physical,
social, and regulatory conditions, such as weather, availability
of skilled workers, and local building codes. Since the
PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
service life of a commercial building can be more than
50 years, future technical requirements must be considered
throughout the planning process. Because of the techno-
logical complexity of construction, building plans must be
CONSTRUCTION
flexible enough to allow for changes and adjustments both
during construction and after. PROJECT CLOSE OUT
The process by which a building or other project is
designed and constructed can be divided into four discreet
project phases (Figure 1.1). The pre-design phase sets structure. The pre-construction phase selects the various
the initial objectives and criteria under which a building will be project participants and outlines their contractual agreements.
planned. The design phase determines the actual geometry, Finally, the construction phase is involved with the physical
materials, and performance characteristics of the finished realization of the finished building.
4 Division 1 General Requirements
CONSTRUCTION: A DYNAMIC All construction involves the confluence of skilled workers,

architects, engineers, and a vast array of materials and equipment
INDUSTRY to execute a carefully conceived plan. Supporting them is a
broad range of industries that manufacture the materials and
The construction industry is divided into three major areas: building components designated for a project. These can include suppliers
construction, heavy or infrastructure construction, and industrial of aggregate and cement products, manufacturers of lumber,
construction. Building construction involves the assembly of a structural beams, doors and windows, siding, roofing, and finish
building on a piece of property, encompassing residential, com- materials, and dealers of appliances and mechanical equipment
mercial, civic, educational, religious, and agricultural buildings, (Figure 1.4). Many manufacturing endeavors involve the cutting,
among others (Figure 1.2). While many building projects con- shaping, and assembling of various materials into a useful
sist of new construction, a considerable amount of construction product. Each product area has a tremendous variety of materials
activity is concerned with the renovation, repair, or the provision and installation methods, requiring extensive technical expertise.
of additional space for existing buildings. Heavy construction Consider just the electrical and mechanical components involved
is the term used for larger infrastructure projects, such as high- in servicing a building and the procedural knowledge required to
ways, bridges, canals, dams, subways, tunnels, utility piping sys- design, specify, manufacture, and install them.
tems, water control construction, and communications networks Construction materials and methods are constantly
(Figure 1.3). Heavy construction projects are usually financed changing, with new products and equipment being devel-
by governmental agencies and other institutions, or are incorpo- oped continuously. The construction workforce must be
rated into master plans (such as universities) to serve the public highly skilled and constantly kept up to date as new materials
good. Industrial construction refers to the building of large- and systems of construction are introduced. Individuals are
scale manufacturing and processing plants or utility generation encouraged to maintain membership in professional organi-
installations. Regardless of the type of construction, each requires zations, attend conferences, and study professional journals
planning, financing, and compliance with regulatory constraints. to appreciate the value of new technical developments and
their proper application.
Figure 1.2 Building construction involves the assembly of a The industry is currently in the midst of profound changes
building on a piece of property. caused by unprecedented technological advances that are
reshaping all areas of production. Borrowing some of the
cost-efficient practices of manufacturing for construction, the
industry is moving toward modularization and prefabrication
of components by assembling building elements that can be
transferred to a construction site for rapid assembly. While still
not widely adopted, the use of pre-manufacturing techniques
is increasing due to its numerous advantages. Because
components are assembled in controlled manufacturing
conditions, both quality and productivity are increased. Pre-
manufacturing also results in shorter construction schedules,
lower costs and reduced site disturbance.
Another development is the rise of smart project man-
agement, adopting a variety of emerging digital technologies.
Automation of construction sites through robotics, drones, and
state-of-the-art budgeting and scheduling tools and technologies
all promise to be productivity-enhancing changes (Figure 1.5).
The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) is also making its mark
on construction. Digital capabilities surrounding predictive
design, digital building doubles, and the use of augmented and
virtual reality during project planning can eliminate errors and
shorten the development timeline for complex projects.
Finally, the industry is aggressively developing strategies
for using natural resources in ways that will sustain the natural
environment for generations to come. The importance of the
construction industry instituting changes that promote both
energy and resource efficiency cannot be overstated and is
covered in Chapter 2.
Chapter 1 The Construction Industry: An Overview 5
Figure 1.3 “Heavy construction” is the term used for larger infrastructure projects, such as highways, bridges, and canals.
Daniel Jedzura/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1.4 The construction industry is supported by a broad Figure 1.5 A construction drone program can dramatically
range of industries that manufacture the materials and components improve the accuracy of construction surveys, progress reporting,
designated for a project. safety, and inspection processes.
Prasit photo/Moment/Getty Images

stockstudioX/E+/Getty Images
PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES is the result of the collective ideas, talents, and services of a
large and diverse group of professionals. A vast array of planning
Owners, both public and private, plan buildings and other decisions must be made at the onset of any construction project.
construction projects to accommodate desired functional and These include an evaluation of the vision for a project, its scope,
spatial needs. The design and construction of a building project functional requirements, the determination of a site, budgets
Figure 1.6 The design and construction of a building project is ●● Financial advisers and institutions that arrange the project
the result of the collective ideas, talents, and services of a large and financing, and attorneys who coordinate the legal and
diverse group of professionals. contractual issues of the project
●● Insurance companies that provide risk coverage to the
owner, contractor, and design consultants
●● Authorities and regulatory agencies that have jurisdiction
over the construction and establish standards in the form
of codes, ordinances, and permits
Once the project team is established, it begins the inves-

tigation of the multitude of project parameters required for the
development of project definition and feasibility, referred to as
the pre-design phase.
Geber86/E+/Getty Images
Pre-Design and Design Development
Owners most often procure the services of an architect or
an architect/engineering/contracting firm (AEC) to help in the
and financing, project scheduling, and assurance that regulatory development of project definition and feasibility. Once an archi-
constraints such as zoning and code regulations will be satisfied. tect or AEC firm has been identified, the pre-design portion of
the work can begin. In this phase, sometimes referred to as a
One of the first tasks in commencing larger construction
feasibility study, the architect, other design consultants, and
projects is the selection of the project team participants.
the owner mutually determine the goals and objectives of the
Members of this multi-disciplinary group are selected based
project. Most projects begin with a thorough examination of
on their professional credentials, experience with projects of
the existing needs, goals, and constraints that will influence a
similar size and scope, and, sometimes, previous working
design. Typical pre-design considerations include: title search
collaboration among the various team members (Figure 1.6).
and zoning analysis, site search and selection, financial plan-
The established project team works together in developing a
ning, scheduling and programming among others.
project plan that addresses the roles and responsibilities of
each member, and identifies at what point in the process each Programming is the research and decision-making pro-
member will join in the work. cess that determines the specific set of needs that a building
is expected to fulfill, and identifies the scope of work to be
Regardless of size, the three main players in any con-
accommodated and designed.
struction team are:
Design sketches and feasibility studies are developed
●● The owner that initiates the project as a series of alternatives for approval by the owner. Early
●● The architect and engineers who design the building design efforts focus on establishing what is known as the
●● The general contractor who completes the actual design intent. Design intent is a statement that defines the
construction anticipated aesthetic, functional, and performance character-
istics of the finished building or project. Functional and spa-
Supporting these main players is a team of other profes-
tial requirements, including types, sizes and adjacencies of
sionals, each involved with particular aspects of the larger
spaces, are defined and tabulated. The architect will conduct
project. These include:
initial checks that zoning and building code requirements can
●● Consultants that provide professional services to the be met within the design concept. Surveys and drawings of
architect, contractor, or owner existing conditions are obtained or prepared. The result of
●● Subcontractors who perform portions of the work under pre-design work will be a written program. A program is a
the direction of the general contractor written document that explains design intentions, controls,
●● Product representatives who assist with submittals and and standards for a project, including detailed space require-
furnish field services such as consulting, and inspecting ments and the types of equipment and systems to be used.
the installed work This phase is complete when the owner and architect agree
●● Manufacturers who produce materials or products, and that the scope of work, anticipated construction cost, and
material suppliers who furnish materials and products of time schedule are well defined.
construction During design development, initial design ideas are further
●● Testing laboratories and inspection agencies provide developed into detailed drawings of the building, indicating
quality control services to the owner and contractor exact sizes and relationships between building elements.
Architects use a system of orthographic drawings of a also used for interior finishes, partition types, and structural
building or structure to simplify the graphic understanding elements of a building.
of complex assemblies. The floor plan is a representation Most architectural drawings generated today use a sys-
of a building looking down after a horizontal plane has been tem of computer-aided drafting, known as CAD. Before
cut through it and the top portion removed (Figure 1.7). the advent of CAD, drawings were painstakingly generated
A building section gives a view of a building after a vertical by hand, and making significant changes to the drawings
plane has been cut through it and the front portion removed was difficult and time consuming. CAD software enables the
(Figure 1.8). An elevation drawing shows the exterior facade design team to efficiently create and manage modifications
of a building, delineating geometries and the materials of to the architectural drawing set. The use of the software also
construction (Figure 1.9). facilitates effective communication between the various con-
Since plans, sections, and elevations cannot show all sultants on a project through digital file sharing.
the specific aspects of the construction, larger-scale detail Because of the multitude of systems under consideration
drawings are used to explain the joining of materials, ele- at this stage, the architect will normally hire the services of
ments, and components of the various building assemblies. other design consultants in the development of systems. Struc-
Detail drawings are keyed into plans and sections drawings tural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing and civil engineers, fire
to give more information on the specific means of assembly. protection consultants, interior and landscape designers, and
Other information included in the drawings are schedules that cost-estimating consultants are common on most projects of
reduce the amount of information that must be placed directly larger scale. Depending on the type of building being designed,
on the drawings themselves. Door and window schedules, for other specialty consultants, such as traffic and parking con-
instance, use graphic symbols on the plan drawings that are sultants, lighting designers, or acoustical specialists, may be
keyed into a schedule, a table format that lists the type, size, brought into work with the team. During this stage of the work,
and operating characteristics of each element. Schedules are most substantive decisions regarding the structural frame,
Figure 1.7 The floor plan is the most-often-referred-to drawing in a set of construction documents showing the relationship of spaces and
overall building dimensions.
Courtesy: Eva Kultermann
Figure 1.8 A building section graphically illustrates a cut through the building from foundation to roof, showing interior spaces and the
materials of construction.
Date
Descriptions
REVISIONS

Rev
SHEET TITLE
SHEET NO.
A-5.1
Figure 1.9 An elevation drawing shows the exterior facade of a building, delineating geometries, building heights, and the materials of
construction.
PRODUCED
BY
THE STUDENTS
AND FACULTY
OF THE CoA IIT
METAL ROOFING W/ 3360 South State Street
COOL ROOF COATING Chicago, IL 60616
NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION

TAPERED
GLUELAM FASCIA
1" X 6" IPE WOOD SIDING

ELLIOTT DONNELLEY SUSTAINABLE
GREENHOUSE
R: 1-A6
3904 South Indiana Avenue
COMMUNITY PROJECT
Chicago, Illinois 60653

Date
METAL ROOFING W/
COOL ROOF COATING
Descriptions
REVISIONS
TAPERED
GLUELAM FASCIA
1" X 6" IPE WOOD SIDING

Rev
SHEET TITLE
3-A5.2
EXTERIOR
ELEVATIONS
1-A5.3
SHEET NO.
A-4.1
mechanical systems, materials, and construction methods are The use of the Building Information Modeling system results
determined. If a contractor for the project has been selected, it in enhanced efficiencies during the construction process itself.
is advisable to include them in the development of solutions for Construction methods, sequences, and details can be studied
constructability and other technical aspects of the construction. using the modeling process, resulting in fewer mistakes, fewer
changes, and, ultimately, shorter construction schedules. The
software allows for complete material takeoffs to be generated,
Building Information Modeling eliminating the painstaking process of calculating material
quantities by hand. By designing in a three-dimensional model
Building information models (BIMs) are computer files which
systems integration can be visualized and better coordination
serve to manage the complexity of the interdisciplinary
realized. Information from models can be fed directly to mate-
information that goes into the design and construction phase
rial fabricators, eliminating the need for shop drawings and
activities of a building that can be exchanged and networked
ensuring tight dimensional tolerances. Students of construc-
to support decision-making. The National Institute of Building
tion should become familiar with the BIM software, because its
Sciences (NIBS) sponsors the buildingSMART alliance, whose
use in the construction industry is now widespread.
aim is to optimize a computer software system that standardizes
the design, construction, operation, and maintenance process
for buildings by compiling all of the related information in a Construction Documents
single electronic format. The software, known as Building
Information Modeling (BIM), has revolutionized the way Once all basic decisions have been approved by the owner, the
buildings are designed, constructed, and maintained. Architects architect and consultants will commence with the final phase
and engineers use BIM to generate a three-dimensional of the design process, the preparation of construction docu-
model of a building with embedded links to other project ments. Construction documents (CD) consist of two inter-
information. In its current state, BIM has a range of capabilities, dependent components: the drawings and the specifications.
including drawing, construction estimating and scheduling, Construction drawings, sometimes referred to as work-
interdisciplinary coordination, and generating fabrication ing drawings, visually outline the dimensional relationships
protocols. BIM also runs analysis of structural design solutions, between all aspects of the building including their location,
building code compliance, projected energy performance and form, size, and quantities, as well as the materials used, and
consumption models, and daylight penetration (Figure 1.10). their colors and textures. Working drawing sets are organized
The buildingSMART alliance publishes the National BIM from the general overall building plans, sections, and eleva-
Standard – United States® which consists of reference standards, tions, down to the level of the detail, indicating fasteners and
terms, and definitions; information exchange standards; and prac- connections. Full drawing sets are collated according to dis-
tice guidelines to support users in their implementation of BIM. cipline and include civil, architectural, structural, mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing (MEP), and fire protection sheets,
among others (Figure 1.11). The drawings are the basis on
Figure 1.10 A BIM model illustrating the capability of which the contractor generates cost estimates, and are used
visualization and integration of various building systems. to guide the actual construction of the building on the site.
Since working drawings cannot give all of the details
involved in describing the quality and performance charac-
teristics of specific materials, construction methods, and
project procedures, the construction documents include a
written manual called the specifications. The specifications
describe in writing more detailed information on the exact
types of materials to be used and the ways in which con-
Image courtesy of Mortenson Construction and McKinstry Company
struction processes are conducted. The drawings graphically

indicate the relationship between elements, while the specifi-
cations spell out the specific types, qualities, and properties
of those materials; their installation; and other information not
able to be shown in the drawings.
Specifications and the MasterFormat

Construction specifications for buildings and other projects are
written using the MasterFormat. The MasterFormat system was
developed by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
Figure 1.11 Construction drawings are organized sequentially from the general to the detail and in order of design discipline.
INDEX OF DRAWINGS
COVER CODE MATRIX/SITE LOCATION
C1.1 SITE PLAN
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURAL
A1.1 BASEMENT AND 1ST FLOOR DEMOLITION PLANS S1.1 FOUNDATION PLANS
A1.2 2ND FLOOR AND ROOF DEMOLITION PLANS S1.2 1ST AND 2ND STRUCTURAL FLOOR PLANS
ST
A2.1 BASEMENT AND 1 FLOOR PLANS S1.3 STRUCTURAL DETAILS
A2.1 2ND FLOOR PLAN/DOOR AND FINISH SCHEDULE MECHANICAL
A3.1 ENLARGED INTERIOR PLANS M1.1 1ST AND 2ND FLOOR MECHANICAL PLANS
ST ND M1.2 MECHANICAL DETAILS AND SCHEDULES
A4.1 1 AND 2 FLOOR REFLECTED CEILING PLANS
A5.1 EXTERIOR ELEVATIONS PLUMBING
A6.1 BUILDING SECTIONS P1.1 PLUMBING RISER DIAGRAMS
A7.1 STAIR SECTIONS AND DETAILS P1.2 PLUMBING SCHEDULES AND DETAILS
A8.1 ENLARGED WALL SECTIONS ELECTRICAL
A9.1 DETAILS E1.1 BASEMENT ELECTRICAL PLANS AND NOTES
A9.2 SOLAR CHIMNEY DETAILS E1.2 1ST AND 2ND FLOOR POWER PLANS
A9.3 MILWORK AND TRIM DETAILS E1.3 1ST AND 2ND FLOOR LIGHTING PLANS
and Construction Specifications Canada. It is used by U.S. and Figure 1.12 The 2020 MasterFormat is used by U.S. and
Canadian construction companies and material suppliers, the Canadian construction companies and material suppliers to
McGraw-Hill Information Systems as a basis for their Sweet’s organize construction activities, products, and requirements into
Catalog Files, and the R. S. Means Company construction a standard order.
cost data publications. MasterFormat provides a standard
for writing specifications using a system of descriptive titles
and numbers to organize construction activities, products, and
© 2020 The Construction Specifications Institute, Inc. (CSI).MasterFormat® image and trademarks used under permission from CSI.
requirements into a standard order that facilitates the retrieval
of information and serves as a means for all participants within
the construction industry to communicate (Figure 1.12). Since
the design and completion of construction projects involves
individuals in many technical fields, the ability to communicate
effectively by having a standard sequence for identifying and
referring to construction information is essential.
MasterFormat
The numbers and titles in MasterFormat are divided into ®
50 basic groupings called divisions, 34 of which are active,
with 16 reserved for future expansion. Each division has a
2020 EDITION
title and identifying number (Table 1.1). Division 1 describes Master List of Numbers and Titles
for the Construction Industry
the general requirements of the contract, outlining admin-
istrative requirements for a construction project, such as
project management procedures, and construction facili-
ties and controls. See Appendix B for more information on
Division 1. Divisions 2 through 19, the Facility Construction
Subgroup, deal mainly with the materials of construction ®
for buildings. The Facilities Services Subgroup, Divisions 20

through 29, deal with mechanical, electrical, plumbing, fire
protection, and communications equipment. Divisions 30
through 39, the Site Facilities Subgroup, are concerned
with earthwork, transportation, and marine construction
topics, while the final subgroup, Process Equipment, deals
Table 1.1 Divisions 2–19 MasterFormat Facilities Subgroup In addition to purely technical information, Division 00
of the specifications outlines the guidelines for the pre-
DIVISION 02 EXISTING CONDITIONS construction phase of the project. These include the General
DIVISION 03 CONCRETE Conditions of the contract, a blueprint for the construction
DIVISION 04 MASONRY delivery process. Division 00 addresses such issues as how
the bidding process will be conducted, what kinds of bonds
DIVISION 05 METALS
and insurance the contractor is required to hold, and when
DIVISION 06 WOOD, PLASTICS, AND COMPOSITES
the actual on-site construction may commence. It includes
DIVISION 07 THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION the bid forms that the contractor will use in submitting the
DIVISION 08 OPENINGS proposal for construction. The completed specifications are
DIVISION 09 FINISHES known as the project manual. The completed contract
documents then consist of the construction drawings, and
DIVISION 10 SPECIALTIES
© Construction Specifications Institute

the project manual consisting of the final specifications.
DIVISION 11 EQUIPMENT
GreenFormat, a newly released version of the Master-
DIVISION 12 FURNISHINGS
Format, was introduced to incorporate new environmentally
DIVISION 13 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION friendly products and construction procedures that were pre-
DIVISION 14 CONVEYING SYSTEMS viously not included. GreenFormat is a new CSI framework
DIVISIONS 15–19 RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION that provides designers, contractors, and building operators
with basic information to help meet green building require-
with larger industrial processes. A complete listing of the ments. The new format is entirely web based and gives build-
2020 MasterFormat level-two numbers and titles is given ing product manufacturers a process by which to describe
in Appendix A. the sustainable aspects of the products for incorporation in
the MasterFormat sequence.
Divisions 1 through 16, which previously encompassed
the entire MasterFormat, are primarily concerned with the
construction of buildings. The division ordering is loosely
arranged to follow the sequence of the construction process
itself, helping to facilitate easy recall of where information
THE PROJECT DELIVERY PROCESS
is located. Division 3, concrete, is the material from which
Crucial for the successful delivery of a complex building project
most foundations are built. The divisions move on through
is the selection of a qualified contractor and an effective project
major structural and cladding materials, to interior furnish-
delivery process. A project delivery method governs the con-
ings and components, and finally mechanical and electrical
ditions under which a construction project will be completed,
systems.
and defines the relationships between the owner, architect or
Under each division, section numbers are generally com- AEC firm, and contractor.
posed of six digits, although they may be extended to eight
digits. Each section should be read as pairs of numbers, for
example: Section 07 32 13 describes Clay Roof Tiles. The Construction Contractors
first two numbers indicate the division, the second pair, the Construction contractors perform the on-site construction of a
broad topic scope, and the third pair, the narrow scope. project. They are generally divided into general contractors and
specialty contractors. General contractors (GCs) assume
Level 1: Division 07: Thermal and Moisture Protection
the responsibility for the construction of an entire project at a
Level 2: Broad scope number 32: Roof Tiles specific cost and by a specified date. They are responsible for
Level 3: Narrow scope number 13: Clay Roof Tiles developing project schedules and sequencing, and coordinat-
ing the work of all subcontractors. The general contractor also
Each Level 3 heading is further subdivided into three
determines the actual methods and techniques of construction,
parts. Part one describes the general requirements for the
and implements safety precautions on the building site. In the
category dealing with definitions, referencing standards,
United States, there are no Federal licensing requirements to
quality control, and warranties. Part two describes the actual
become a general contractor, although most states require gen-
materials and products, their physical properties, manufactur-
eral contractors to obtain a license and be bonded to operate.
ers, and performance requirements. Part three describes how
and under what circumstances the product must be installed A general contractor signs contracts with subcontractors
in the field. Within this system, every building component can who perform the focused labor within their technical areas,
be easily found under its division and number. such as the electrical, plumbing, roofing, bricklaying, carpentry,
Figure 1.13 General contractors assume the responsibility for the a team approach that incorporates design, construction, and
construction of an entire project at a specific cost and by a specified budget planning with owner involvement in a cooperative and
date. The general contractor signs contracts with subcontractors, coordinated effort. This integration, which integrates estimating
who perform the required work within their technical areas, such as and cost control throughout the design and development effort
this electrician. rather than at its conclusion, often facilitates the best overall
solutions.
Most projects select a single contractor to oversee and
complete the work on an entire project. The single prime
contractor is responsible for all of the work, including that
which has been subcontracted. An alternative method is to
divide portions of the work among more than one entity by
employing the services of multiple prime contractors. Multiple
prime contracts are often used on large and complex
Bunwit Unseree/Stock/Shutterstock.com
projects where a number of specialty contractors are engaged
to complete different parts of the work. A high-rise building,
for instance, may use one contractor for the foundations and
site work, another for the building structure, and a third for the
interior build out and finishes. In this case, each will enter into
a separate contractual agreement with the owner. The use of
multiple prime contracts also has the advantage of reducing
construction costs by eliminating the general contractor’s fee.
or concrete work. Specialty contractors do the work required Multiple prime contracts are often used for projects that
in a limited area, like elevator or communication equipment are fast tracked. Fast tracking a project shortens the over-
installation, for example (Figure 1.13). Both specialty and all construction time by beginning work on site prior to the
subcontractors are independent contractors employed by the completion of the construction documents. Construction
general contractor to perform specific work at a specified cost. documents for fast-track projects are often completed in
While subcontractors work independently on a site, bringing their sequenced packages. A first package may be for site prepa-
own employees, supervisors, and tools to the job, their work is ration and foundations, a second for the structural frame, and
overseen by a project superintendent. The superintendent is a third for the installation of the exterior envelope. Careful
the general contractor’s on-site representative responsible for coordination between the design team and multiple contrac-
continuous field supervision, coordination, and completion of tors is essential for a fast-track project.
the work. The superintendent makes sure that work proceeds
according to the project schedule, and that the activities of the
various subcontractors working on the site will not interfere
Project Delivery Methods and Types of
with one another. Construction Contracts
A project delivery method determines how a construction
Selecting the Contractor project will be completed; delegates the responsibilities,
rewards, and risks between participants; and regulates the
A number of different options are available in the selection of a relationship between the owner and the contractor. Division 00
contractor for construction. For publicly financed projects, con- of the written specifications, General Requirements, outlines
struction contractors are generally sought through a process the general conditions of the construction contract. This
of competitive bidding. In this method, qualified construction information provides the basis upon which the contractual
contractors are invited to bid on the project on a competitive relationships between all parties involved in a project will be
basis, with the contract often being awarded to the contractor administered. Standard forms for construction contracts,
that submits the lowest bid. A variation of this process used which can be modified to suit conditions, are available from
more on privately funded projects is called invitational bidding, the American Institute of Architects (AIA). A number of options
wherein only preselected contractors are asked to provide bids exist to define the contractual relationship between the owner
on a project. and contractor on a particular project. The three most common
An owner may decide on a contractor with whom they project delivery methods currently in use are:
have worked on previous projects without seeking other bids ●● Design-Bid-Build (DBB)
and agree upon a negotiated contract. A negotiated con-
tract can have the advantage of bringing a contractor into the
●● Design-Build
project in the pre-construction phase of the work, encouraging ●● Construction Management (CM)
Design-Bid-Build Figure 1.15 In the design-build delivery process, the owner

contracts with a single entity that provides both design and
Design-Bid-Build (DBB) is the traditional method of project construction services for the project.
delivery that moves sequentially from conception of a project
OWNER
through its construction. The owner contracts initially with an
architect to define the project scope, perform pre-design services,
and produce the construction documents. Once the construction DESIGN BUILD
ARCHITECT CONTRACTOR
documents are complete, the project is sent out for proposals FIRM
to qualified contractors. Division 00 of the written specifications,

CONSULTANTS SUBCONTRACTORS
Procurement and Contracting, gives instructions to bidders for
how to prepare the proposal and bidding forms. The contract is
usually awarded to the most-qualified bidder who submits the
construction at the onset of a project, resulting in earlier and
lowest cost estimate. The general contractor solicits bids from
more tightly constrained cost controls. Because the bidding
subcontractors using the same bidding procedure. The project
portion of the traditional design-bid-build delivery method is
responsibilities are divided among the various team members with
eliminated under this procedure, design-build contracts tend
whom the owner establishes separate contractual relationships
to produce shorter overall project schedules.
(Figure 1.14). Because the design, bidding, and construction
phases occur sequentially, the design-bid-build delivery process Many owners choose Design-Build in order to reduce the
tends to produce longer overall project schedules. The delivery risks associated with a project. By combining the respon-
model generally results in the lowest construction cost by offering sibility for design and construction under a single provider,
the owner the financial advantage of an open competitive bidding coordination, construction process, and project costs are
process. Many state and local government institutions dictate that improved. Most of the risk is borne by the design-builder in
competitive bidding be used in public construction projects. exchange for retaining some or all of any savings identified.
Design-Build Construction Management (CM)

In the design-build contracting method, the owner contracts Owners with less experience in the construction process may
with a single party that completes all portions of the work choose to hire a construction manager to provide manage-
from design through construction. Rather than having multiple ment during the design phase, and oversight and supervision
contracts with the architect and contractor, the design- during both the bidding and construction phase of a project.
build method assigns a single entity with full responsibility Construction management is an umbrella term applied to
(Figure 1.15). The entity may be a construction company a variety of project delivery arrangements in which specific
that has contracted with an architect or engineering firm for construction management services are provided by a sepa-
design services, or one that maintains design professionals rate management firm that completes the services traditionally
as permanent members of their staff. The design-build provided by a general contractor (Figure 1.16).
organization usually provides a bid price for both design and A construction manager is hired early in the design pro-
cess to consult on issues of design, cost, and scheduling,
and continues to supervise the building planning and con-
Figure 1.14 The traditional design-bid-build project delivery
struction. This method is particularly advantageous on large,
method. Solid lines in this image indicate the contractual
relationships that are held between project participants, complicated projects where ongoing oversight can provide
whereas dashed ones indicate lines of communication. innovative and cost-saving solutions to complex problems.
Construction management is contracted in one of two ways.
CONSULTANT
Figure 1.16 In the construction manager delivery method, the
OWNER ARCHITECT owner contracts with a construction manager to oversee both the
CONSULTANT design and construction process. Solid lines in this image indicate the
contractual relationships that are held between project participants,
GENERAL CONSULTANT whereas dashed ones indicate lines of communication.
CONTRACTOR
CONTRACTOR
ARCHITECT OWNER CONTRACTOR
CONTRACTOR
SUB SUB SUB CONSULTANTS CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACTOR CONTRACTOR CONTRACTOR MANAGER
The construction manager may act purely as an advisor, strive to maximize value and minimize waste. The Lean Con-
providing guidance and expertise throughout the design struction Institute defines the process as “…the application of
and construction of a project. Known as Construction lean thinking to the design and construction process creating
Management for Fee, in this method the manager does not improved project delivery to meet client needs and improved
guarantee a budget or schedule, and neither will they perform efficiency for constructors.” Specific techniques include tight
any work on site. Alternatively, the construction manager may scheduling of different trades such that construction contin-
act in an advisory capacity during design and then sign a ues without interruption, reducing material stockpiles and idle
contract with the owner to act as general contractor once the equipment on site, and using modelling and visualization tech-
construction documents are complete. When the management niques to improve planning and communication.
firm acts as general contractor, it assumes all the liability and
responsibility of a general contractor, which is why this delivery
method is known as Construction Management at Risk. Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
In both cases, the construction manager becomes a rep- A Public-Private Partnership (PPP), sometimes referred to
resentative of the owner in overseeing the work of both the as 3P, is a project delivery contract between a federal, state or
architect and the contractor. In the construction management local governing body and a private developer with the aim of
delivery method, the contractor is involved in the planning of a providing a service or development for the benefit of the public.
project prior to the start of construction to help oversee sched- The basic concept is that a public entity can partner with a pri-
uling, cost control, constructability, and additional expertise. vate developer for the construction, operation, and financing of
building or infrastructure projects. In a PPP project, the private
partner hires, supervises and compensates the contractor, and
Integrated Project Delivery participates in the design, financing and construction process.
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is an increasingly com- Public-private partnerships provide enhanced construction
mon project delivery approach that attempts to bring together solutions over those run exclusively as a public or private ini-
all the diverse participants for a project at the beginning of tiative as each entity does what they specialize in. The public
the design phase and throughout the procurement and con- partner is better at identifying the necessary projects, whereas
struction of the project. A project team including the owner, the private partner tends to work more efficiently and effectively
architect or AEC firm, engineers, energy and green design con- because their compensation is dependent on their performance.
sultants, contractor, construction manager, material suppliers, The private developer also has more control and flexibility
facilities manager, and regulatory officials is established at the when compared to a government agency, and can select a
onset of building planning and design. The team meets for a project approach that best suits the project’s needs. Because
brainstorming session at the beginning of a project and con- the private developer assumes the risk of time and cost over-
tinues to work collaboratively in establishing design intent and runs, the approach creates strong incentives to deliver the
functional requirements. By including all stakeholders early in work on time and on budget.
the design process, many coordination issues can be solved
efficiently throughout the design and construction sequence.
This approach considers the multifaceted systems involved in
a project as acting interdependently, and seeks to identify syn- THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
ergies throughout the process. In general, integrated design
is an approach that seeks to achieve high performance on a After the execution of an agreement, the construction stage
wide variety of well-defined environmental and social issues of a project involves the contractors planning, administration,
while staying within budgetary and scheduling constraints. and completion of the actual construction of the final building.
It follows the design through the entire project life, from pre- Construction is without question the most demanding stage of
design through occupancy and into operation. Integrated proj- any project.
ect delivery typically uses a multi-party agreement among key The notice to proceed is a written directive from the
participants. In a multi-party agreement (MPA), the primary owner to the contractor that sets the date that the contractor
project contributors employ a single contract specifying their can begin the work under the conditions of the contract. The
respective roles, rights, obligations, and liabilities. directive identifies the contract delivery method and estab-
lishes the start of the construction schedule. The architect and
Lean Construction other members of the design team are typically responsible
for monitoring the contractor’s compliance with the contract
Closely related to IPD, lean construction adapts lean manufac- documents by conducting site visits, evaluating submittals,
turing techniques and applies them to the construction industry. reviewing requests for contract changes or substitutions, and
Lean construction can be characterized as techniques that certifying applications for payments.
Subcontractor Agreements material, but the general contractor may prefer to purchase the
Seldom does a general contractor have the personnel to com- plumbing fixtures. Drywall installers typically prefer to do the work
plete all of the tasks required to construct a building. Many but expect the general contractor to have the materials available
activities, such as mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) when they appear on the job. If changes are to be made, the
work, are handled by subcontractors employed by the general agreement should specify that the general contractor review these
contractor. It is essential that the general contractor and sub- changes with the owner. The subcontractor should not proceed
contractor have a detailed written contract, stipulating what with changes unless they are approved by the general contractor.
portion of the work is to done by which entity. Following are All trades are subject to meeting safety standards, and even
some of the basic topics covered in subcontractor agreements. though the general contractor may have the overall responsibil-
Contracts should include a schedule that includes the start- ity, the contract should indicate these safety standards must be
ing, interim, and completion dates. Clauses outlining who is to met by all subcontractors. Another concern on all construction
pay for expenses caused by any delays are included. These may jobs is site cleanup. The contract must specify daily and final
define what type of delay would constitute a breach of contract cleanup responsibilities in detail.
that would permit the general contractor to employ a new sub- All contracts should require that the subcontractor is
contractor. Who assumes responsibility for obtaining required responsible for having all the required licenses for his or her
permits and notifying inspectors when the job has progressed trade and for having a comprehensive, up-to-date insurance
to benchmark points should be noted. Some statement regard- policy. Although legal differences exist across the country, it
ing the failure of a subcontractor to complete the work to the is advantageous to have the subcontractor agree to indemnify
required quality expected is necessary. the general contractor if the subcontractor fails to pay workers
Of great importance is a clearly specified payment schedule. compensation or injury claims, and the general contractor is
This includes the costs of materials and labor provided, and the held responsible for paying them. The subcontractor should
terms of payment. Materials suppliers for major portions of the provide a written warranty for the work done so the owner can
work can be specified. Typically, a plumber supplies the pipe contact the subcontractor if something fails or needs repair.
The construction phase typically ends when the owner a project. Computer programs for critical path scheduling are
submits the final payment to the contractor. During the con- widely available and can efficiently schedule large and complex
struction phase of a project, the contractor is the primary par- building projects.
ticipant of the ongoing work.
Permitting
Construction Scheduling Prior to any work commencing on site, the constructor must
The construction schedule assigns progressive dates to all proj- secure a variety of regulatory permits. The building permit is
ect activities and phases. Project scheduling is used to match a certificate issued by the local governing authority having
the resources of equipment, materials, and labor with the proj- jurisdiction (AHJ) authorizing the construction of a project
ect construction phases over time. It indicates the estimated after a thorough review of the construction documents to
start and completion dates of various components, establishing ensure compliance with local building, safety, and fire codes.
milestones and sequences that help in coordinating the numer- The building permit must be posted in a clearly visible
ous subcontractors on the site. Poor scheduling can result in location until the project is completed (Figure 1.17). Specialty
considerable waste as workers and equipment wait for needed subcontractors are responsible for securing permits to allow
resources or the completion of preceding tasks by other trades. their own portion of the work to proceed.
The most widely used scheduling technique is the critical Most commercial projects will require a general building
path method (CPM) for scheduling, sometimes referred to as permit, as well as electrical, plumbing, HVAC, and other per-
“critical path scheduling.” This method calculates the minimum mits. Additional certifications for the use of cranes or other
time required for a certain task, along with the possible start heavy equipment may also need to be secured.
and finish times for the project activities. The duration of the Inspectors employed with the jurisdiction will conduct
critical path represents the minimum time required to complete periodic inspections of the work throughout the progress
Figure 1.17 A building permit is issued by the governing authority Figure 1.18 A field office provides a central command post for the
having jurisdiction that approves the construction of a project after a day-to-day site activities, housing the construction documents, project
thorough review of the construction documents. The permit must be files, and provides an office for the project superintendent.
displayed throughout the duration of construction.
Courtesy Eva Kultermann

(Figure 1.18). The office provides a central command post for the
day-to-day site activities, housing the construction documents,
project files, and providing an office for the project superinten-
dant. Temporary utilities must be brought to the site to provide
the power and sanitation required by workers and equipment.
Access for deliveries and equipment must be arranged, along
with designated space for the storage and staging of materials.
Many municipalities have instituted construction and

demolition recycling ordinances requiring construction sites
to recycle a percentage of the waste that is generated. This
requires the contractor to identify a portion of the site to be
used for the sorting and storage of construction waste mate-
rials to be picked up by a certified recycling agency. Materials
of construction to ensure that the installed work adheres to such as wood, aluminum, steel, bricks and tile, and pack-
all applicable codes and standards. Permit fees are usually aging materials can be easily recycled in today’s expanding
based on a percentage of the total construction costs. Any recycled materials market.
work involving obtaining utilities from the public right of way A pre-construction conference, attended by the owner,
for the site and building typically requires a Public Way con- architect, general contractor or construction manager, and
struction permit obtained from the local government. A more invited subcontractors is held to communicate the ongoing
thorough discussion of building codes follows in Chapter 2. management procedures of the project. These conferences
establish efficient communication channels, discuss payment
Pre-Construction Planning and Temporary procedures, the sequencing of work, and set a schedule for
ongoing progress meetings. The completed construction
Facilities documents, both drawings and specifications, provide the
Once a building permit has been secured and the contract guidelines under which the project will be completed, but a
between the owner and contractor is signed, the actual on-site number of additional submittals must be generated to fully
construction can begin. The formal notice to proceed indicates define all portions of the work.
that all pre-construction requirements have been met. Require-
ments for temporary facilities are outlined in Division 01 of the
contract documents. On larger projects, the general contractor
Shop Drawings, Submittals, and Mock-Ups
may be required to establish a field office on the construction While the construction documents give detailed information
site. Field offices are often housed in mobile trailers that are fully as to how components and assemblies will be constructed,
furnished and provided with modern communication equipment other more specific drawings are required on most projects.
Figure 1.19 A shop drawing detailing the fabrication of a steel beam and column system.
1"
1 15/16"
PLAN
1'–4" TYP. DRILL 7/16" DIA. HOLE
1 15/16" IN TOP FLANGE OF
DRILL 9/16" DIA. HOLE W8 18, 1 OF 22
IN BOTTOM FLANGE OF
W8 18 W8 18, 1 OF 8
8 1/8"
5 1/4" 5 1/4" 3/8" BEARING PLATE W/4

DRILLED 9/16" DIA. HOLES, LAYOUT TO MATCH
1'–2 3/4" HOLES IN BOTTOM FLANGE OF W8 18, 1 OF 4 1'–4 1/4"
14'–1 1/2"
8'–11 7/8"
3 1/2" DIA. SINGLE STRENGTH PIPE COLUMN

W/ WELDED BEARING PLATE AT EACH END,
1 OF 2
ALL THE COMPONENTS SHOULD BE PRIMED,

FOR MORE INFORMATION REGARDING PAYMENTS AND
DEADLINES, PLEASE CONTACT MY PROFESSOR @:
EVA KULTERMANN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

IIT COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
S.R. CROWN HALL 42
3360 S. STATE ST.
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60616
312.316.4718 SCALE: 3/4"=1'–0"
SECTION ELEVATION
A shop drawing gives precise directives for the fabrication of data submittals are drawings, schedules, performance data,
certain components, such as structural steel work, concrete and brochures that give manufacturer’s information on the
reinforcing, or pre-cast concrete components. It is generated characteristics of a material and allow the architect to verify that
to explain the fabrication and sometimes installation proce- the product under consideration will satisfy the requirements
dures of the items to the manufacturer’s production crew or listed in the specifications. A product sample is an actual
contractor’s installation crews (Figure 1.19). Shop draw- physical example of a material that can be examined to assure
ings are substantially different from architectural drawings that colors, textures, and other characteristics adhere to the
in style and content, including manufacturing conventions, original design intent.
and special fabrication instructions. They are generated by Some contracts will ask for a sample of an entire build-
the manufacturer of the material, reviewed by the contrac- ing component, such as a wall panel, to be built for on-site
tor, and submitted to the architect for final approval. The fast evaluation. A construction mock-up is a full-size model of a
processing of shop drawings is crucial to the start of any proj- proposed construction system built to judge the appearance
ect, as the ordering of materials is often dependent on their of an assembly, examine its construction details, and test for
completion. performance under actual site conditions (Figure 1.20). These
The written specifications of the construction documents models allow the contractor to investigate different means of
typically require the contractor to submit product data and achieving the level of workmanship required by the construc-
material samples to the architect for final approval. The tion documents. Mock-ups often remain on the site throughout
submittal process is an important and time-consuming step at construction, to provide a basis against which to judge the fin-
the beginning of managing any construction project. Product ished construction as it progresses.
Figure 1.20 An example of a full-scale mock-up used to study contract documents do not provide clear and comprehensive
facade details on the Sacramento Civic Center. directives. The request for information (RFI) is used by the
contractor to obtain clarification on specific components and
assemblies that are not fully detailed or understood through
a comprehensive review of the drawings and specifications.
These requests often occur during the bidding phase, as the
contractor examines the documents in detail for the first time.
A contractor could ask, for instance, for more informa-
tion on the details of an interior finish application. In order to
obtain the answer, the contractor can submit a request for
information to the architect. The RFI should not be used to
request that an alternate product model or manufacturer be
substituted for the one originally specified.
The RFI must be processed quickly by the architect, since
both the project budget and schedule may be affected. If
the response to the RFI involves no time or cost changes,
the architect can respond by a memorandum or clarification
notice. If the RFI will substantially change the project sched-
ule and/or budget, the architect may choose to initiate a con-
struction contract modification.
Modifications to the Construction Contract

Almost every construction project encounters conditions that
Courtesy Fentress Architects
require a change to be made to the original contract docu-

ments. Changes may be required for a number of reasons,
including newly discovered conditions, design omissions or
errors, or changes in the scope of the work. For example, a
subsurface site investigation may expose conditions substan-
tially unlike those anticipated during design, requiring additional
work and time from that set forth in the construction contract.
Construction Observation
A number of means exist to process modifications which can
In addition to ongoing inspections by local building department be requested by either the architect or contractor.
officials, continuing inspections are conducted by representatives A construction change directive (CCD) is a written
of the owner to ensure that the completed work complies with order prepared by the architect and signed by the owner
the guidelines set forth in the construction documents. In most directing a change in the work and stating a proposed basis
contracts, this responsibility is held either by the architect or con- for adjustment in the contract time, cost, or both.
struction manager, who will visit the site periodically and prepare
A change order is a written directive to the contractor
written reports to document adherence to the project schedule
issued after the execution of an agreement that authorizes
and keep the owner updated on the progress of the work. Near
an addition, deletion, or revision to the project, along with the
the end of a project, the contractor will request an inspection
related adjustments in contract budget and time.
to document that the work has arrived at a point of substantial
completion, indicating that the building is ready to be occupied Minor changes in the work can be addressed with a writ-
by the owner. Some owners may also secure the services of an ten document issued by the architect to document minor
independent inspection firm to conduct testing and inspections changes in the work that will not involve adjustments to the
in an effort to ensure quality control. If inspections find either project cost or schedule.
materials or workmanship to be in noncompliance, the contrac- Standard forms available from the American Institute of
tor is required to repair or replace the work at their own expense. Architects are used to describe modifications, along with
additional drawings and specifications when necessary. After
completion, the order is approved by the owner and architect
Contractor Requests for Information (RFI) and becomes a modification of the construction contract. It
During the construction process, it is not uncommon for the authorizes the contractor to do the work and obligates the
contractor to encounter portions of the work for which the owner to cover the expense.
Project Close Out Figure 1.21 Examples of common personal protective equipment
used on the construction site.
Prior to all construction being concluded, a number of admin-
istrative benchmarks must be met to complete the contractual
obligations between the owner and the contractor. When the
contractor determines that the work is nearing completion,
the architect or construction manager is asked to return to the
site and conduct an inspection of substantial completion. The
inspection occurs at a point when all major portions of the work
have been completed but a number of final details have yet to
be finished. A listing of the remaining items to be installed or
fcafotodigital/E+/Getty Images
repaired is called a punch list. The punch list is initially pre-
pared by the contractor and then added to by the architect and
engineering consultants during their inspections.
During project close out, the contractor is obligated to
collate and submit all product and equipment warranties for
the installed work to the owner. Warranties are common for
such items as windows, roofing, appliances, and electrical, of fatalities and countless injuries each year. In 1970, the U.S.
heating, and other mechanical equipment. The contractor also Congress passed the Williams-Steiger Occupational Health and
typically provides a warranty that the finished product is free Safety Act (OSHA) that initiated the regulation of safety standards
of all defects and agrees that any work that requires repair will for the construction industry. OSHA develops safety guidelines
be corrected within a one-year period. Operations and main- and administers their enforcement through a system of recur-
tenance manuals are generated to educate building staff in the ring site inspections. OSHA Standards-29 CFR–1926 Safety and
proper use and care of all building systems and equipment. Health Regulations for Construction, give extensive guidelines
Finally, record drawings are completed, indicating where mod- for construction means, methods, and materials handling. The
ifications were made to the original contract documents. standards cover every conceivable aspect of construction safety,
Before a final certificate of completion can be issued, the from personal protective and life-saving equipment (Figure 1.21),
inspecting authority must substantiate that all work is installed tool and equipment safety, fire protection and prevention, mate-
and complete, and that the quality of workmanship meets rials storage, use, and disposal, to the signs, signals, and barri-
the specified standards. All equipment and appliances must cades that are required on a site.
have undergone functional testing and be working properly. The The general contractor is responsible for administering safety
site must be thoroughly cleaned, surplus materials and tempo- procedures on the construction site. Detailed safety procedures
rary equipment removed, and surrounding streets and sidewalks are often specified in the general requirements division of the
returned to their pre-construction condition. The contractor will construction documents. An accident prevention program,
apply to the local jurisdiction for a certificate of occupancy. including training and education, must be implemented at the
The certificate is issued by the local building department indicat- start of any construction project. Workers must be trained in rec-
ing that the building is compliant with locally adopted building ognized safe working practices and the proper use of mandated
codes and is in proper condition to be occupied. personal protective gear. Copies of the current OHSA standards
are required by law to be kept in the field office along with mate-
rial data sheets outlining the hazards associated with certain
Construction Safety construction materials. All safety equipment and barriers must
Throughout any construction project, a thorough accident pre- undergo regular inspections and be documented in a written
vention and safety training program must be implemented and log. With knowledge and expertise in construction safety, gen-
maintained. The construction industry has one of the most haz- eral contractors must provide the quality guidance that workers
ardous work environments in the country, accounting for hundreds must have in order to prevent injury and the loss of life.
Review Questions
1. What are the three major divisions of the construc 3. What is the difference between construction draw
tion industry? ings and specifications?
2. What professionals are responsible for the prepa 4. How does the MasterFormat help all participants
ration of construction documents? in the industry communicate?
Another random document with
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acquérir la vénération du peuple, enfin, elle sauva 145-160, edit.
la vie de la femme de Mihran qui était roi du Allem.]
pays[49]. La conversion de cette princesse permit à
Nino de prêcher hautement l'Évangile, et Mihran [Eugénius,
n'y fut pas long-temps insensible. Le grand temple Essai sur l'hist.
civ. et eccl. de la
du dieu Aramazt ou Armaz[50], qui se voyait non Georgie, en
loin de Mtskhitha, capitale du royaume[51], fut allemand, p. 76.
renversé malgré l'opposition des chefs de la ville,
et Nino éleva sur ses ruines une grande croix, qui
Klaproth,
fut transportée à Pétersbourg en l'an 1801, par le Voyage en
prince George Bagration, mais qui fut bientôt Georg., édit.
reportée, par les ordres de l'empereur Alexandre, allemande, t. 2,
en Georgie où elle avait été révérée pendant une p. 160.]
longue série de siècles comme le palladium de la
monarchie. L'exemple de Mihran fut imité par tous les grands du
pays; le christianisme se répandit dans toute l'Ibérie, il franchit
même le mont Caucase, et par les défilés Caspiens il pénétra dans
les vastes plaines qui s'étendent au nord de l'Ibérie.]—S.-M.
[48] Rufin, Socrate, Sozomène, Théodoret et aucun des auteurs qui, après eux,
ont parlé de la conversion des Ibériens, n'ont fait connaître le nom de la vierge
chrétienne qui fut leur apôtre. Il faut recourir aux auteurs arméniens et georgiens,
pour savoir son nom et celui du prince qui régnait de son temps dans l'Ibérie. Les
Georgiens appellent cette femme Nino, et les Arméniens Nouni.—S.-M.
[49] Selon les chroniques georgiennes ce Mihran, qui était devenu roi d'Ibérie en
l'an 265, aurait été fils du roi de Perse. S'il fallait s'en rapporter à cette indication,
dont nous n'avons pas les moyens d'apprécier l'exactitude, Mihran aurait été fils
de Schahpour Ier, deuxième des princes Sassanides, qui occupaient alors le trône
de Perse. Ce prince aurait fait épouser à son fils, l'héritière de la couronne d'Ibérie,
à laquelle il aurait ajouté quelques provinces limitrophes du Cyrus et enlevées à
l'Arménie. Voyez le Voyage en Georgie de M. Klaproth, t. 2, p. 138. (Édit.
allemande).—S.-M.
[50] Le dieu nommé Armaz par les Ibériens, et Aramazt par les Arméniens, était le
même que le Jupiter des Occidentaux; il était aussi, au moins pour le nom,
l'Ormouzd des Persans. Mais celui-ci n'était, selon la doctrine de Zoroastre, que le
chef des bons génies.—S.-M.
[51] Elle est nommée Mestleta par Ptolémée (l. 2, c. 11), et Mechistha par
Agathias (l. 2, p. 60). On peut voir au sujet de cette ville située à une petite
distance au nord de la moderne Teflis, ce que j'en ai dit dans mes Mémoires
historiques et géographiques sur l'Arménie, t. 2, p. 181.—S.-M.
Le roi, ayant fait bâtir une église, députa à Constantin pour faire
alliance avec lui, et pour lui demander des prêtres capables
d'instruire sa nation. La conquête de ce royaume n'aurait pas causé
autant de joie à l'empereur. Il envoya à ce prince de riches présents,
dont le plus précieux était un évêque[52] rempli de l'esprit de Dieu, et
accompagné de dignes ministres. La foi jeta de profondes racines en
Ibérie, et elle s'y est long-temps conservée dans sa pureté, au milieu
des hérésies qui l'environnaient.
[52] Selon les annales georgiennes (Voyez Klaproth, Voyage en Georgie, en
allemand, t. 2, p. 160), l'évêque envoyé en Ibérie était Eustathius d'Antioche. Ce
prélat, né à Side en Pamphylie, avait été évêque de Bérhée, actuellement Halep,
puis patriarche d'Antioche en l'an 325. Il avait été déposé par les Ariens en l'an
331, et exilé par Constantin. On ignore le temps et le lieu de sa mort, mais on voit
par le témoignage de Socrate (l. 4, c. 14), et par celui de Sozomène (l. 6, c. 13),
qu'il vivait encore en l'an 370, époque à laquelle il sacra Evagrius évêque de
Constantinople. C'est sans doute après son exil en 331, qu'Eustathius entreprit par
l'ordre de l'empereur le voyage d'Ibérie.—S.-M.
Ce qui acheva sous Constantin d'affermir l'église et
de rendre complète, pour ainsi dire, son armée lxvi.
spirituelle, ce fut l'établissement des monastères. Établissement
Les persécutions avaient souvent fait fuir les des
Monastères.
chrétiens dans les montagnes et dans les déserts.
Elles furent ainsi l'occasion de la vie solitaire. Mais
cette même raison les tenait séparés les uns des Euseb. vit.
autres. La paix étant rendue, ces ames célestes se Const. l. 4, c.
réunirent; il se forma des communautés 28.
nombreuses, où les mérites de chaque membre
devenaient le bien commun de tout le corps. Les Soz. lib. 1, c.
déserts furent peuplés de vertus. Saint Antoine 12, 13, 14.
révéré de l'empereur, comme nous le verrons
bientôt, rassembla le premier plusieurs disciples. [Soz. lib. 3, c.
Saint Pacôme fondait le monastère de Tabenne[53] 14.]
dans le temps que Constantin bâtissait
Constantinople. En peu de temps ces premiers plants de la vie
cœnobitique se multiplièrent à l'ombre d'un gouvernement qui les
protégeait; et l'on vit s'élever dans toutes les parties de l'empire ces
monastères, si précieux à l'église tant qu'ils conservent la ferveur du
premier institut ou de la réforme.
[53] Dans la Thébaïde.—S.-M.
Recueillons en peu de mots ce que fit Constantin
pour la religion chrétienne, et l'état où il la laissa. lxvii. Restes de
Disons, pour n'y plus revenir, qu'il la consulta sur l'idolâtrie.
les mesures qu'il prit pour la favoriser, et qu'il
n'employa que les moyens qu'elle approuve elle- Euseb. vit.
même. Il distingua par des faveurs ceux qui la Const. lib. 1, c.
professaient; il s'efforça de faire mépriser et oublier 8, et l. 3, c. 1.
le paganisme en fermant, déshonorant,
démolissant les temples, en les dépouillant de Socr. lib. 1, c.
leurs possessions, en manifestant les artifices des 18.
prêtres idolâtres, en interdisant les sacrifices,
autant qu'il put y réussir, sans violence et sans
compromettre la qualité de père de tous ses Theod. l. 5, c.
21.
sujets, même de ceux qui étaient dans l'erreur. Où
il ne put abolir la superstition, il étouffa du moins
les désordres qui en étaient la suite. Il fit des lois Soz. l. 1, c. 8.
sévères pour arrêter le cours de ces horribles
dérèglements que la nature désavoue. Il prêcha Prud. contra
lui-même Jésus-Christ par sa piété, par son Symm.
exemple, par ses entretiens avec les députés des
nations infidèles, et par les lettres qu'il écrivit aux
Oros. lib. 7, c.
Barbares. Loin de faire aux dieux des païens 28.
l'honneur de placer sa statue dans leurs temples,
comme le dit faussement Socrate, il défendit cet
abus par une loi expresse, selon Eusèbe. Il honora Cod. Th. lib. 12,
les évêques; il en établit en beaucoup de lieux. Il tit. 5.
rendit le culte extérieur auguste et magnifique. Il fit
planter partout le signe salutaire de la croix; ses [Vit. Const. l. 4,
palais présentaient cette image sur toutes les c. 16.]
portes, sur toutes les murailles. On vit disparaître
de dessus ses monnaies les inscriptions qui retraçaient la
superstition: on l'y représenta le visage levé vers le ciel, et les mains
étendues en posture de suppliant. Mais il ne se livra point à un zèle
précipité: il voulut attendre du temps, des circonstances, et surtout
de la grace divine, la consommation de l'ouvrage de Dieu. Les
temples subsistèrent à Rome, à Alexandrie, à Antioche, à Gaza, à
Apamée, en plusieurs autres lieux, où leur destruction aurait
entraîné des suites funestes. Nous avons une loi affichée à
Carthage la veille de sa mort, par laquelle il confirme les priviléges
des prêtres païens en Afrique. Il était réservé à Théodose de porter
les derniers coups. L'humanité et la religion elle-même savent gré à
Constantin de n'avoir pas donné de martyrs à l'idolâtrie.
Ces événements si intéressants pour la religion,
n'ont point de date assurée. Plusieurs peuvent être An 329.
antérieurs même au concile de Nicée; d'autres
postérieurs à la fondation de Constantinople. Ils lxviii. Date de
firent une partie considérable des soins de la fondation de
Constantin depuis qu'il fut seul empereur jusqu'à C. P.
sa mort. Nous les avons réunis sous les yeux du
lecteur, pour n'être plus occupés que de
Theoph. p. 17.
l'établissement de la nouvelle Rome. On sait
certainement en quel temps Constantinople fut
achevée et dédiée: mais on ne convient pas du Cod. orig. C. P.
temps où elle fut commencée. Selon quelques p. 8.
auteurs, ce fut dès l'an 325; selon d'autres,
seulement à la fin de 329. Ce qui nous paraît plus Pagi, diss. p.
probable, c'est que Constantin étant sorti de Rome 145.
en 326 avec le projet formé de donner une rivale à
cette ville, il fut occupé l'année suivante à chercher
Petav, doct.
un lieu propre à l'exécution de son dessein, et temp. l. 11, c.
qu'après un premier essai bientôt abandonné, il se 42.
fixa au terrain de Byzance; où ayant commencé à
bâtir en 328, il continua avec ardeur, et acheva
presque l'ouvrage l'année suivante; en sorte que la Till. not. 60. sur
Const.
ville fut en état d'être dédiée au mois de mai
330[54]. Cette conjecture nous détermine à ranger
sous l'an 329 tout ce qui regarde la fondation de [Chron. Alex.
vel Pasch. p.
Constantinople, l'empereur étant consul pour la
285.]
huitième fois, et son fils aîné pour la quatrième[55]. Il passa la plus
grande partie de ces deux années dans le voisinage de son nouvel
établissement, afin de pouvoir plus aisément se transporter souvent
sur le lieu même, pour diriger et animer les travaux.
[54] Selon la chronique d'Alexandrie et Codin, cette dédicace eut lieu le 11 mai.—
S.-M.
[55] Selon Codin, ce fut un mercredi, le 26 novembre 329, que l'on jeta les
fondements de Constantinople.—S.-M.
Si l'on consulte les règles d'une sage politique, on
ne peut s'empêcher de blâmer Constantin d'avoir lxix. Motifs de
entrepris de bâtir une nouvelle capitale, et de Constantin pour
diviser les forces de l'empire dans un temps où ce bâtir une
nouvelle ville.
grand corps fatigué de la longueur des guerres
civiles, épuisé par la tyrannie et le luxe de tant de
princes qui l'avaient en même temps accablé, avait La Bletterie,
besoin de réunir et de concentrer ses esprits pour hist. de Jovien,
leur donner un nouveau ressort: cette distraction t. 1, p. 353.
ne pouvait que dissiper un reste de chaleur.
Constantinople formée et nourrie aux dépens de Rome, sans
pouvoir jamais l'égaler en vigueur et en puissance, ne servit qu'à
l'affaiblir. Mais les raisons d'état cédèrent aux goûts particuliers du
prince, à l'éloignement qu'il avait conçu pour Rome et pour ses
superstitions, et peut-être aussi à l'ambition d'être regardé comme
fondateur d'un nouvel empire, en transportant le siége de l'ancien.
Cette résolution étant une fois bien arrêtée, il s'agissait de choisir
dans la vaste étendue de sa domination l'emplacement de sa ville
impériale. La Perse était alors la seule puissance qui pût donner de
l'inquiétude aux Romains, et Constantin prévoyait que Sapor ne
resterait pas long-temps en paix. Il crut donc qu'il fallait reculer vers
l'Orient le centre de ses forces, et opposer une barrière plus voisine
à un si redoutable ennemi.
Le bruit avait couru autrefois que Jule-César
voulait transporter à Troie toute la splendeur de lxx. Il veut bâtir
Rome. Ce fut aussi la première vue de Constantin. à Troie.
Le souvenir de Troie était toujours cher aux
Romains; et les Dardaniens d'Europe, chez lesquels il avait pris
naissance, regardaient cette ville comme la patrie
de leurs ancêtres. D'ailleurs, il se laissa sans doute Suet. in Cæs. c.
enchanter par la beauté et la renommée des 79.
rivages de l'Hellespont, plus embellis encore par la
poésie d'Homère que par la nature, et où tout lui Zos. lib. 2, c.
rappelait des idées héroïques. Il traça donc 30.
l'enceinte de sa ville entre les deux promontoires
de Rhétée et de Sigée, près du tombeau d'Ajax, et
Soz. lib. 2, c. 3.
il en jeta les fondements. Les murailles sortaient
déja de terre quand une vision céleste, selon
Sozomène, ou sa propre réflexion lui fit Crevier, Hist.
abandonner l'entreprise, et préférer l'assiette de des empereurs.
Byzance. Les navigateurs apercevaient encore t. 12, p. 186.
long-temps après les portes de cette ville
commencée sur une hauteur.
Les Grecs, jaloux des merveilles qui ont ennobli la
naissance de Rome, font ici usage de leur lxxi. Situation
fécondité dans l'invention: ils promènent le lecteur de Byzance.
de miracle en miracle. Nous nous dispensons d'en
rapporter aucun: il n'en fallait point d'autre pour Cod. orig.
attirer Constantin à Byzance, que l'admirable
situation de cette ville: elle est unique dans
l'univers. Située sur un coteau dans un isthme à la Dionys. Byzant.
pointe de l'Europe et à la vue de l'Asie, dont elle
n'était séparée que par un détroit de sept stades, Zos. lib. 2, c.
elle joignait les avantages de la sûreté et du 30.
commerce avec toutes les faveurs de la nature, et
les charmes de la perspective. C'était la clé de Polyb. l. 4, §.
l'Europe et de l'Asie, du Pont-Euxin et de la mer 38.
Égée. Les vaisseaux ne pouvaient passer d'une
mer dans l'autre sans le congé des Byzantins.
Proc. de ædif. l.
Baignée au midi par la Propontide, à l'orient par le
1, c. 5.
Bosphore, au septentrion par un petit golfe nommé
Chrysocéras ou la Corne-d'Or, elle ne tenait au
continent que par le côté occidental. La Gyll. de Bosp.
température du climat, la fertilité de la terre, la Thrac. l. 1, c. 2.
beauté et la commodité de deux ports, tout
contribuait à en faire un séjour délicieux. Les poissons, et surtout les
thons, qui viennent en affluence du Pont-Euxin dans la Propontide,
effrayés d'une roche blanche qui s'élève presque à fleur d'eau du
côté de Chalcédoine, et se rejetant vers Byzance, y procuraient une
pêche abondante. La ville avait quarante stades de circuit, c'est-à-
dire, près de deux lieues, avant qu'elle eût été ruinée par l'empereur
Septime Sévère.
Les Byzantins ne manquaient pas de faire
remonter leur origine jusqu'aux temps fabuleux. Ce lxxii. Abrégé de
qu'il y a de plus certain, c'est que les Mégariens l'histoire de
ayant bâti Chalcédoine de l'autre côté du détroit, Byzance jusqu'à
Constantin.
Byzas, chef d'une autre colonie de Mégare, vint
fonder Byzance dix-sept ans après, et plus de six
cent cinquante ans avant l'ère chrétienne. On Herodot. l. 4, §.
ajoute que l'oracle d'Apollon lui avait ordonné de 144.
bâtir sa ville vis-à-vis des aveugles: c'étaient les
Chalcédoniens assez peu clairvoyants, pour ne Thucyd. l. 1, §.
s'être pas aperçus de l'avantage que leur offrait le 94.
terrain au-delà du Bosphore. Cette ville, d'abord
indépendante, tomba successivement sous la
Xenoph. hist.
puissance de Darius, des Ioniens, de Xerxès. Græc. l. 1, c. 3.
Pausanias l'assujettit aux Lacédémoniens,
l'augmenta, et y établit une nouvelle colonie: ce qui
l'a fait passer pour le second fondateur de Memnon apud
Byzance. Sept ans après, les Athéniens s'en Phot. cod. 224.
emparèrent, et les deux républiques s'en
disputèrent long-temps la possession. A la faveur Justin. l. 9, c. 1.
de ces querelles les Byzantins reprirent leur
liberté, rendirent respectables leurs forces
Cic. orat. de
maritimes, résistèrent à Philippe de Macédoine qui prov. consul. c.
les assiégea inutilement, et sortirent avec honneur 6.
de plusieurs guerres contre de puissants ennemis.
Ils cédèrent avec le reste de la Grèce à la valeur
romaine; et leurs nouveaux maîtres, pour les payer Hesych. Miles.
de leurs bons services dans la guerre contre
Mithridate, leur accordèrent le privilége de se Herodian. l. 3.
gouverner par leurs lois. Byzance était alors riche, §. 2 et 16.
peuplée, et embellie de magnifiques statues. Elle
avait le titre de métropole. Vespasien lui ôta sa Suet. in Ves. c.
liberté. Pescennius Niger, qui disputait l'empire à 8.
Sévère, s'en étant emparé, et ayant perdu la vie,
elle demeura fidèle au parti de ce prince, même
Treb. Pollio, in
après sa mort, et soutint pendant trois ans contre Gallieno, c. 6.
le vainqueur un de ces siéges mémorables par
l'opiniâtre défense des assiégés, et par les
extrémités les plus affreuses. Sévère, maître enfin Syncell. p. 382.
de Byzance, traita sa conquête avec la plus
grande cruauté: les principaux habitants furent mis Chron. Alex. vel
à mort; les murs renommés pour leur structure Pasch. p. 265.
furent rasés; la ville fut ruinée, et réduite à la
qualité d'un simple bourg, soumis à Périnthe ou Tac. ann. l. 12,
Héraclée. Sévère se repentit bientôt d'avoir détruit c. 63.
un si fort boulevard de l'empire; il la releva à la
prière de son fils Caracalla; mais elle ne recouvra pas sa première
étendue ni son ancien éclat. Sous Gallien elle fut encore détruite, et
les habitants passés au fil de l'épée, sans que l'histoire en donne la
raison. Il ne resta des anciennes familles que ceux que leur absence
déroba à cet horrible massacre. Elle fut aussitôt rétablie par deux de
ses citoyens, Cléodamus et Athénée. Du temps de Claude II, une
flotte d'Hérules ayant traversé les Palus-Méotides et le Pont-Euxin,
prit Byzance et Chrysopolis, située vis-à-vis, au-delà du détroit; mais
ils furent bientôt obligés d'abandonner leur proie. Nous avons vu
cette ville fidèle à Licinius, tant que ce prince conserva quelque
espérance.
L'origine de l'église de Byzance est moins
constatée que celle de la ville. Les Grecs lxxiii. État du
modernes, pour ne pas céder à l'église romaine christianisme à
l'avantage de l'ancienneté, en attribuent la Byzance.
fondation à l'apôtre saint André. Ils donnent depuis
ce temps-là une suite d'évêques. D'autres disent, Le Quien, Or.
avec plus de vraisemblance, que le siége Christ. t. 1, p. 8
épiscopal n'y fut établi que du temps de Sévère, et 196.
sous lequel il y avait, en effet, à Byzance
beaucoup de chrétiens. Quelques-uns même ne lui attribuent pour
premier évêque que Métrophane, qui mourut huit
ou neuf ans avant le concile de Nicée. Alexandre Tertull. ad
lui avait succédé, et gouvernait cette église sous la Scapul. c. 3.
métropole d'Héraclée.
Tel était l'état de Byzance, lorsque Constantin
entreprit d'en faire le siége principal de l'empire. Il LXXIV. Nouvelle
la prolongea de quinze stades au-delà de enceinte de C.
l'ancienne enceinte, et la ferma d'une muraille qui P.
devait s'étendre du golfe à la Propontide, mais qui
ne fut achevée que par Constance. Cette enceinte Jul. orat. 1, p.
reçut dans la suite divers accroissements sous 41, ed. Spanh.
Théodose le grand, Théodose le jeune, Héraclius
et Léon l'Arménien. Une description de Themist. orat.
Constantinople, qu'on croit faite entre le règne du 18, p. 223.
grand Théodose et celui de Justinien, donne à
cette ville quatorze mille soixante et quinze pieds
de longueur, en droite ligne, depuis la porte d'or à Socr. l. 7, c. 1.
l'occident jusqu'à la pointe la plus orientale sur le
Bosphore, et six mille cent cinquante pieds de Chron. Alex. vel
largeur, apparemment à la base du triangle du côté Paschal. p. 284
de l'occident. Le terrain semblable à celui de Rome et 285.
se partageait en sept collines.
L'empereur s'efforça autant qu'il put d'achever Zonar. l. 13, t. 2.
cette conformité, en imitant dans la nouvelle Rome p. 42 et 43.
tous les ornements et toutes les commodités de
l'ancienne. Il fit élever un capitole, construire des LXXV.
palais, des aqueducs, des thermes, des portiques, Bâtiments faits
un arsenal, deux grands édifices pour les à C. P.
assemblées du sénat, deux autres bâtiments qui
servaient de trésor, l'un destiné pour les deniers Du Cange,
publics, l'autre pour renfermer les revenus Const. Christ.
patrimoniaux du prince.
Deux grandes places faisaient une des principales
beautés de la ville. L'une quarrée, entourée de LXXVI. Places
portiques à deux rangs de colonnes, servait publiques.
comme d'avant-cour commune à la grande église
et au palais de l'empereur, dont les deux façades
s'élevaient à l'opposite l'une de l'autre. Cette place Euseb. vit.
s'appelait l'Augustéon, parce qu'il y fit poser sur Const. l. 3, c. 48
une colonne la statue d'Hélène, qu'il avait, comme et 49.
nous avons dit, honorée du titre d'Auguste. On
voyait au milieu le milliaire d'or. Ce n'était pas Zos. l. 2, c. 31
comme à Rome une simple colonne de pierre et 35.
posée sur une base et sommée d'un globe doré,
c'était une arcade élevée et décorée de statues. Philos. l. 2, § 9.
L'usage en était le même qu'à Rome: tous les
grands chemins de l'empire y devaient aboutir, et
c'était le point d'où l'on partait pour compter les Zonar. l. 13, t. 2,
distances. L'autre place était ronde, pavée de p. 7.
larges pierres: elle faisait le centre de la ville, et
portait le nom de Constantin. Elle était environnée Cedren. t. 1, p.
d'un portique à deux étages, coupé en deux demi- 322.
cercles par deux grandes arcades de marbre de
Proconnèse, opposées l'une à l'autre. Les entrecolonnes étaient
garnies de statues: il y en avait encore un grand nombre dans la
place même. Au milieu était une fontaine, sur laquelle s'élevait la
figure du Bon-Pasteur, comme sur toutes les autres fontaines de la
ville; mais celle-ci était de plus décorée d'un groupe de bronze
représentant Daniel au milieu des lions. Le plus bel ornement de
cette place était la fameuse colonne de porphyre, venue de Rome,
sur laquelle était élevée l'image de Constantin couronné de rayons.
C'était une figure d'Apollon qu'on avait apportée d'Ilion: on n'y avait
fait d'autre changement que de lui donner le nom du prince. Ce fut
dans cette statue qu'il renferma une partie de la vraie croix. Les
Grecs parlent encore de plusieurs reliques qu'il fit déposer sous la
base. Une inscription déclarait que Constantin mettait sa ville sous la
protection de Jésus-Christ. Cette colonne fut en grande vénération
dans les siècles suivants. Tous les ans au 1er de septembre, où
commençait l'année des Grecs, le patriarche accompagné du clergé
y venait en procession avec l'empereur; et les Ariens ne manquèrent
pas de taxer les chrétiens d'idolâtrie, comme si ces hommages se
rapportaient à la statue de Constantin. Celle-ci fut renversée par un
orage sous Alexis Comnène: on la remplaça d'une croix. Quelques
Grecs superstitieux ont avancé que Constantin avait enseveli au-
dessous, le Palladium qu'il avait secrètement enlevé de Rome: c'eût
été faire un mélange monstrueux du sacré et du profane. Cette
colonne se voit encore à Constantinople: elle est à la vérité très-
endommagée; mais un savant voyageur a conclu des proportions de
ce qui en reste, qu'elle devait avoir de hauteur plus de quatre-vingt-
dix pieds, non compris le chapiteau ni la base.
Deux palais s'élevaient aux deux extrémités de la
ville: l'un situé au bord de la mer, à peu près à LXXVII. Palais.
l'endroit où est aujourd'hui le sérail, s'appellait le
grand palais. Il ne cédait à celui de Rome ni par la Zos. l. 2, c. 35.
beauté, ni par la grandeur de l'édifice, ni par la
variété des ornements intérieurs. Dans la salle
principale, enrichie de lambris dorés, au milieu du Euseb. vit.
plafond était attachée une grande croix d'or Const. l. 3, c.
49.
rayonnante de pierreries. A l'autre bout de la ville
du côté de l'occident était un autre palais nommé
la Magnaure. Constantin fit encore bâtir près de Chron. Alex. vel
l'Hippodrome un salon superbe, destiné aux festins Paschal. p. 284
que les empereurs faisaient à leur cour dans les et 285.
grandes cérémonies, comme à leur couronnement,
à celui de leurs femmes et de leurs enfants, et aux Ducange,
principales fêtes de l'année. L'empereur et les Const. Christ. l.
convives y étaient assis à table et servis en 2, c. 4, 5, 6.
argenterie: mais au festin de la fête de Noël, ils
étaient couchés à l'antique et servis en vaisselle d'or.
Outre les ouvrages dont il fut l'auteur, et dont une
description complète demanderait un gros volume, lxxviii. Autres
il augmenta tous ceux qu'il trouva subsistants, ouvrages.
excepté la prison qu'il laissa petite et étroite. Elle
ne fut agrandie que par le cruel Phocas, qui eût Glycas, l. 4, p.
voulu y renfermer tout l'empire. Sévère avait déja 252.
bâti l'Hippodrome, le théâtre, l'amphithéâtre, les
bains d'Achille, les thermes de Zeuxippe.
Chron. Alex. vel
Constantin rendit ces édifices dignes de la Paschal. p. 265
grandeur de sa ville. Il ajouta à l'Hippodrome des et 284.
promenoirs, des degrés et d'autres
embellissements. Comme il souhaitait d'abolir les Cedrenus, t. 1,
spectacles des gladiateurs, l'amphithéâtre ne fut p. 252.
plus destiné qu'à des combats contre les bêtes; et
dans la suite, le christianisme ayant peu à peu Ducange,
détaché les peuples de ce divertissement souvent Const. Christ. l.
ensanglanté, toujours dangereux, ce lieu ne servit 1, c. 27.
plus qu'à l'exécution des criminels. Les thermes de
Zeuxippe devinrent les plus belles du monde par le grand nombre de
colonnes et de statues de marbre et de bronze dont il les enrichit.
Ces statues, dont on peut dire que Constantinople
fut peuplée, étaient celles des dieux des païens, lxxxix. Statues.
que Constantin avait enlevées de leurs temples.
On voyait entre autres ces anciennes idoles, si Eus. vit. Const.
long-temps les objets d'une adoration insensée; l. 3, c. 54.
l'Apollon Pythien et celui de Sminthe, avec les
trépieds de Delphes, les Muses de l'Hélicon, ce
Pan si célèbre que Pausanias et les villes de la Soz. l. 2, c. 5.
Grèce avaient consacré après la victoire
remportée sur les Perses, la Cybèle placée par les Cod. or. C. P. p.
Argonautes sur le mont Dindyme, la Minerve de 30, 31, 62.
Linde, l'Amphitrite de Rhodes, et surtout celles qui
avaient autrefois rendu des oracles, et qui devenues muettes ne
recevaient plus au lieu d'encens que du mépris et des railleries.
Pour purger sa ville de toute idolâtrie, il abattit les
temples des dieux, ou les consacra au culte du lxxx. Églises
dieu véritable. Il bâtit plusieurs églises. Celle de la bâties.
Paix était ancienne; Constantin l'augmenta et
l'embellit. Elle fut la principale de la ville, jusqu'à ce Euseb. vit.
que Constance en ayant fait construire tout auprès Const. l. 4, c. 58
une autre beaucoup plus grande, il les enferma et seq.
toutes deux dans la même enceinte et n'en fit
qu'une seule sous le nom de Sainte-Sophie. Socr. l. 1, c. 16.
D'autres églises furent dédiées sous l'invocation
des anges, des apôtres et des martyrs. Constantin
destina à la sépulture des empereurs et des Soz. l. 2, c. 3.
évêques de la ville l'église des Saints-Apôtres. Elle
était bâtie en forme de croix, très-élevée, revêtue Greg. Naz.
de marbre depuis le bas jusqu'en haut. La voûte carm. 9, t. 2, p.
était ornée d'un lambris d'or, le toit couvert de 78.
bronze doré, le dôme environné d'une balustrade
d'or et de bronze. L'édifice était isolé au milieu Theoph. p. 18.
d'une grande cour carrée: à l'entour régnait un
portique, qui donnait entrée dans plusieurs salles
et appartements pour l'usage de l'église et le Hist. Misc. l. 11,
apud Muratori, t.
logement du clergé. Cette église ne fut achevée 1, p. 73 et 74.
que peu de jours avant la mort de Constantin; elle
tombait en ruine vingt ans après. Elle fut rétablie
par Constance, rebâtie par Justinien, et détruite Cedren. t. 1, p.
par Mahomet II, qui se servit des débris de cet 284.
édifice pour construire une mosquée. Constantin fit
encore bâtir plusieurs belles églises dans les Niceph. Call. l.
environs de la ville: la plus célèbre fut celle de 7, c. 49.
Saint-Michel, sur le bord du Bosphore, du côté de
l'Europe: les peuples y venaient chercher la Ducange,
guérison de leurs maladies. Les premiers Const. Christ. l.
successeurs de ce prince ne paraissent pas avoir 3, c. 3.
été aussi zélés pour les pieuses fondations. Il n'y
eut que quatorze églises à Constantinople jusqu'au règne
d'Arcadius.
Les égouts de Rome passaient pour être un des
plus beaux ouvrages de cette ville. Constantin lxxxi. Égouts
voulut encore égaler cette magnificence. Il fit de C. P.
creuser de larges et profonds souterrains qui
traversaient toute la ville, et qui avaient leur Cod. Or. C. P. p.
décharge dans la mer. Un gros ruisseau, nommé 11, et 73.
le Lycus, dont on retenait les eaux par le moyen
d'une écluse, servait à les nettoyer.
Ducange,
Tant d'immenses entreprises occupèrent Const. Christ. l.
Constantin le reste de sa vie. Il employa un 1, c. 29.
nombre infini de bras, et attira quantité d'ouvriers
du pays des Goths, et des autres Barbares d'au-delà du Danube. Il
ne fut pas jaloux de l'honneur des inscriptions. Il en
accepta fort peu entre un si grand nombre dont il lxxxii. Prompte
aurait pu couvrir tous les édifices; et il se moquait exécution de
de Trajan, qu'il appelait la Pariétaire, parce que le ces ouvrages.
nom de ce prince se lisait sur toutes les murailles
de Rome. Mais Trajan avait fait des ouvrages Jornand. de reb.
durables; et l'empressement de Constantin fut Get. c. 21.
cause que les siens eurent bientôt besoin d'être
réparés. Vict. epit. p.
Les personnages distingués qui abandonnèrent 224.
Rome pour suivre le goût du prince, firent aussi
bâtir à Constantinople des maisons conformes à Themist. Or. 3,
leur rang et à leur fortune. L'empereur en fit p. 43.
construire à ses frais pour des gens illustres par
leur mérite, qu'il y fit venir de toutes les contrées
lxxxiii. Maisons
de l'empire, et même des pays étrangers, avec bâties à C. P.
leurs familles. Il y attira par des priviléges et par
les distributions de vivres dont nous parlerons
bientôt, un peuple très-nombreux. Il ôta par une loi Soz. l. 2, c. 3.
à tous ceux qui possédaient des fonds dans l'Asie
proprement dite, et dans le Pont, la liberté d'en Hesych. Miles.
disposer, même par testament, à moins qu'ils
n'eussent une maison à Constantinople: cette loi
Novel. Theod.
onéreuse ne fut abrogée que par Théodose le
jun. tit. 12.
Jeune. En peu de temps la ville fut tellement
peuplée, que l'enceinte de Constantin, quelque
vaste qu'elle fût, se trouvait trop petite. Les Sidon. carm. 2,
maisons trop multipliées dans un terrain borné, v. 30-75.
rendirent les rues fort étroites: on avança les
édifices jusque dans la mer sur des pilotis; et cette Eunap. in
ville qui nourrissait autrefois Athènes, n'avait pas Ædes. p. 22 ed.
assez de toutes les flottes d'Alexandrie, d'Asie, de Boiss.
Syrie, de Phénicie, pour fournir à la subsistance de
ses habitants. Zos. l. 2, c. 35.
L'empereur donna à sa ville le nom de
Constantinople, et celui de nouvelle Rome. Il lui assura ce dernier
titre par une loi gravée sur une colonne de marbre,
dans la place nommée le Stratége. Il la divisa lxxxiv. Nom et
comme la ville de Rome en quatorze quartiers: divisions de C.
cette division avait déja été imitée à Carthage et à P.
Alexandrie. Il attacha à chaque quartier un
magistrat pour la police, une compagnie de Socr. l. 1, c. 16.
bourgeois tirée de différents ordres pour remédier
aux incendies, et cinq inspecteurs des rues pour
Hist. Misc. l. 11,
veiller à la sûreté des habitants pendant la nuit. apud Murat. t. I,
Pendant que tout l'empire se faisait un mérite de p. 73.
contribuer à la grandeur et à l'embellissement de
Constantinople, l'opération la plus inutile fut celle
d'un astrologue, nommé Valens, qui chargé, dit-on, Justinian. Nov.
43, c. 1.
par le prince de tirer l'horoscope de la ville, trouva
à force de calculs qu'elle devait durer six cent
quatre-vingt-seize ans. Cette prédiction ne s'est Zonar. l. 13, t. 2,
pas rencontrée dans le nombre de celles que le p. 6.
hasard rend quelquefois heureuses. On voit par
les anciennes médailles de Byzance, que le Vetus Topog. C.
croissant fut toujours un symbole attaché à cette P.
ville.
[Mionnet, descr.
de Med. t. I, p.
378.]
FIN DU LIVRE QUATRIÈME.

LIVRE V.
i. Changement dans le gouvernement. ii. Dédicace de C.
P. iii. Précautions de Constantin pour la subsistance de C.
P. iv. Chrysargyre. v. Priviléges de C. P. vi. Autres
établissements. vii. Nouvel ordre politique. viii. Nouvelle
division de l'empire. ix. Quatre préfets du prétoire établis.
x. Des maîtres de la milice. xi. Patrices. xii. Des ducs et
des comtes. xiii. Multiplication des titres. xiv. Luxe de
Constantin. xv. Suite de l'histoire de Constantin. xvi.
Guerre contre les Goths. xvii. Sarmates vaincus. xviii.
Delmatius consul. xix. Peste et famine en Orient. xx. Mort
de Sopater. xxi. Ambassades envoyées à Constantin. xxii.
Lettre de Constantin à Sapor. xxiii. Préparatifs de guerre
faits par les Perses. xxiv. Constantin écrit à saint Antoine.
xxv. Constant César. xxvi. Consuls. xxvii. Les Sarmates
chassés par leurs esclaves. xxviii. Consuls. xxix.
Tricennales de Constantin. xxx. Delmatius César. xxxi.
Partage des états de Constantin. xxxii. Comète. xxxiii.
Consuls. xxxiv. Mariage de Constance. xxxv. Ambassade
des Indiens. xxxvi. Rappel d'Arius. xxxvii. Retour
d'Eusèbe et de Théognis. xxxviii. Déposition d'Eustathius.
xxxix. Troubles d'Antioche. xl. Eusèbe de Césarée refuse
l'épiscopat d'Antioche. xli. Athanase refuse de recevoir
Arius. xlii. Calomnies contre Athanase. xliii. Accusation
au sujet d'Arsénius. xliv. Eusèbe s'empare de l'esprit de
l'empereur. xlv. Concile de Tyr. xlvi. Accusateurs
confondus. xlvii. Conclusion du concile de Tyr. xlviii.
Dédicace de l'église du Saint-Sépulcre. xlix. Concile de
Jérusalem. l. Athanase s'adresse à l'empereur. li. Exil
d'Athanase. lii. Concile de C. P. liii. Efforts d'Eusèbe pour
faire recevoir Arius par Alexandre. liv. Mort d'Arius. lv.
Constantin refuse de rappeler Athanase. lvi. Lois contre
les hérétiques. lvii. Loi sur la juridiction épiscopale. lviii.
Lois sur les mariages. lix. Autres lois sur l'administration
civile. lx. Les Perses rompent la paix. lxi. Maladie de
Constantin. lxii. Son baptême. lxiii. Vérité de cette
histoire. lxiv. Mort de Constantin. lxv. Deuil de sa mort.
lxvi. Ses funérailles. lxvii. Fidélité des légions. lxviii.
Inhumation de Constantin. lxix. Deuil à Rome. lxx.
Honneurs rendus à sa mémoire par l'église. lxxi.
Caractère de Constantin. lxxii. Reproches mal fondés de
la part des païens. lxxiii. Ses filles.
La fondation de Constantinople peut être regardée
comme le commencement d'un nouvel empire. La An 330.
seconde Rome éclipsa la première. Un grand
nombre de gens de mérite, qui font en tout genre i. Changement
le principal ornement et le véritable nerf de l'état, dans le
suivirent la cour, et portèrent leurs talents et leurs gouvernement.
services dans la sphère des faveurs et des
récompenses. Rome, abandonnée des empereurs, devint semblable
à un grand et superbe édifice, qui, cessant d'être habité par le
maître, perd d'abord ses ornements, et enfin sa solidité même. Il lui
arriva ce qui arrive à nos climats, quand le soleil s'en éloigne: tout
s'y refroidit et s'y glaça peu à peu, et un siècle après on ne trouvait
plus de Romains au milieu de Rome. Le court intervalle pendant
lequel l'empire divisé en deux branches lui laissa des souverains
propres, mais qui ne furent la plupart que des fantômes de princes,
ne lui rendit pas sa première fécondité. Ce ne fut pas là le seul effet
de cette nouveauté; elle en produisit une autre dans la personne des
empereurs: le gouvernement devint plus despotique. L'ancienne
Rome avait créé ses maîtres; elle se flattait du moins de les avoir
créés: quoiqu'ils l'eussent asservie, ils conservaient pour elle des
égards; leur puissance était entée sur la république; ils y avaient
trouvé des lois: les bons princes respectaient la majesté de Rome
dans celle du sénat; les méchants ne la maltraitaient pas sans
danger, et dans leurs emportements ils ne lui refusaient guère ces
dehors de bienséance, que des fils dénaturés conservent souvent à
l'égard de leurs mères. Mais les empereurs ayant créé
Constantinople n'y virent d'autre autorité que la leur; plus anciens
qu'elle, ils crurent ne lui rien devoir. Les uns la gouvernèrent en
pères, les autres en tyrans; mais tous n'eurent dans l'ordre public
d'autres lois que celles qu'ils se faisaient eux-mêmes. Ils en furent
plus absolus et moins obéis.
La dédicace de Constantinople fut célébrée le 11
mai de l'an 320, sous le consulat de Gallicanus et ii. Dédicace de
de Symmachus. La fête dura quarante jours. C. P.
C'était chez les païens une cérémonie mystérieuse
et remplie de superstition; ce fut pour Constantin Idat. chron.
une pompe toute chrétienne. Les évêques et le
clergé sanctifièrent par des prières le berceau de
la nouvelle ville. L'empereur en fit une fête Hesych. Miles.
annuelle, dans laquelle on donnait, comme cette
première fois, des jeux dans le Cirque; on faisait Chron. Alex. vel
des largesses aux soldats et au peuple, et, sous Paschal. p. 285.
les empereurs suivants, l'on promenait sur un char
la statue de Constantin, suivie des officiers du Niceph. Call. l.
palais et des soldats, portant des cierges, et 10, c. 23.
chantant des hymnes. Le prince régnant, assis sur
un trône dans l'hippodrome, saluait avec respect
Cod. Or. Const.
cette statue lorsqu'elle passait devant lui; tout le
p. 25.
peuple l'honorait par des acclamations, jusqu'à ce
qu'elle fût replacée sur la colonne de porphyre.
Elle tenait en main une autre petite statue qu'on Baron. in an.
appelait la Fortune de Constantinople. La ville fut 330.
dédiée sous l'invocation de la sainte Vierge, qui en
fut toujours honorée comme la patrone et la Ducange,
protectrice. Const. Christ. l.
1, c. 3, 4.
Constantin, ayant épuisé ses trésors et dépeuplé
plusieurs autres villes pour peupler la sienne,
songea à la subsistance de cette multitude iii. Précautions
de Constantin
d'habitants. Nous avons déja dit[56] que la flotte
pour la
d'Alexandrie, qui portait auparavant du blé à subsistance de
Rome, changea de destination, et fut employée à C. P.
nourrir Constantinople. C'était au préfet d'Égypte à
y faire tenir, avant la fin du mois d'août, la quantité de blé
nécessaire; il en répondait sur ses propres biens.
On en donnait au peuple quatre-vingt mille Eunap. in
mesures par jour. Constance irrité contre la ville en Ædes. p. 22,
ed. Boiss.
retrancha la moitié. Théodose Ier ajouta encore à
ce que Constantin avait réglé. On distribuait aussi
de l'huile, de la chair de porc et du vin. Ces Hier. Chron.
largesses ne se faisaient qu'aux familles qui
avaient des maisons dans la ville, afin d'engager à Anony. Vales.
y bâtir.
[56] Liv. 4, § 83.
Socr. l. 2, c. 13.
Quelques auteurs prétendent que, pour soutenir
tant de dépenses, Constantin établit de nouveaux
Philost. l. 2, c.
impôts. Le plus odieux était celui qu'on appela 9.
chrysargyre, mot grec, qui signifie or et argent,
parce que les taxes ordinaires ne se payant qu'en
or, celle-ci se pouvait payer en or ou en argent. Si Edict. Just. 13,
l'on en croit Zosime, Constantin en fut l'auteur. c. 4, 6.
C'était une taxe imposée sur les marchands de
quelque espèce qu'ils fussent, jusqu'aux plus vils Claud. de bell.
détailleurs, jusqu'à ces misérables qui faisaient ou Gildon.
avaient fait le honteux trafic de prostitution: on
ajoute que les esclaves et les mendiants n'en Soz. l. 2, c. 3.
étaient pas exempts; qu'il fallait payer pour les
chevaux, les mulets, les bœufs, les ânes, les
chiens même, soit dans les villes, soit dans les Zos. l. 2, c. 32.
campagnes: ce tribut se percevait jusque sur les
plus sales ordures; on achetait la permission de Cod. Th. lib. 14,
les faire enlever. On le recueillait tous les quatre tit. 16 et ibi
ans. A l'approche de cette exaction, dit le même Godef.
Zosime, ce n'était que larmes et désolation; et dès
que les collecteurs commençaient à paraître, on Suid. in.
n'entendait plus que coups de fouet; on ne voyait Παλατῖνοι.
que tortures employées pour forcer la misère
même à donner ce qu'elle n'avait pas. Les mères
Vales. ad Amm.
vendaient leurs enfants, les pères prostituaient l. 14, c. 6.
leurs filles. Il y a grande apparence que cette
peinture est une exagération de Zosime pour
noircir la mémoire de Constantin: il est le seul qui iv. Chrysargyre.
attribue à ce prince l'établissement de cet impôt.
La taxe imposée sur les femmes publiques était Zos. l. 2, c. 38.
presque aussi ancienne que l'empire: elle fut
imaginée par Caligula; on voit qu'elle existait
encore sous Alexandre Sévère. Elle fut abolie par Evagr. l. 3, c.
Théodose le jeune, qui chassa de Constantinople 39.
tous les courtiers de débauche; et après lui,
Anastase anéantit tout-à-fait le chrysargyre. Tout Cedren. t. I, p.
ce qu'on peut reprocher à Constantin, c'est de 357.
n'avoir pas prévenu ces deux princes, et d'avoir
laissé subsister un ancien impôt, moins cruel sans God. ad Cod.
doute que ne le veut faire entendre Zosime, mais Th. t. 5, p. 4.
qui portait un caractère honteux. Loin que
Constantin se soit montré avide de nouveaux
subsides, il déchargea ses sujets du quart de la Suet. Calig. c.
40.
taxe qu'il trouva imposée sur les terres; et comme
l'ancienne répartition passait pour injuste, et qu'elle
excitait beaucoup de plaintes et de murmures, il en Lamprid. in
fit dresser une nouvelle avec une exactitude Alex. c. 24.
scrupuleuse.
Dans le dessein de donner à sa ville tout le lustre Theod. jun. nov.
de Rome, il lui accorda de grands priviléges, entre 18.
autres celui qu'on appelait le droit italique. C'était
l'exemption de capitation et de taille, et le droit de Euseb. vit.
suivre dans les actes et dans les contrats les Const. l. 4, c. 2,
mêmes lois et les mêmes coutumes que suivait 3.
l'Italie. Le peuple y fut divisé comme à Rome, en
curies et en tribus. Il institua la même distinction v. Priviléges de
entre les ordres, les mêmes magistrats, revêtus C. P.
des mêmes droits et des mêmes honneurs. Il y
établit un sénat: mais quoique ces sénateurs Socr. l. 1, c. 16;
fussent créés sur le modèle de ceux de Rome, leur lib. 6, c. 2.
autorité ne fut jamais égale. Les offices exercés
pendant un certain temps dans la cour des empereurs, y donnaient
entrée. Selon quelques auteurs, ce n'était qu'un sénat du second

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Construction Materials, Methods, and

Techniques: Building for a Sustainable

Eva Kultermann | William P. Spence

Australia ● Brazil ● Canada ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021903260

Notice to the Reader

Review Questions 40 Earthwork61

Environmentally Preferable Additional Resources 72

Site Work Activities 58 Chapter 06 Foundations 85

Spread Footings 88 Aggregates 115

Key Terms 97 Concrete Tests 116

Two-Way Flat Slab Floor Properties of Hardened Mortar 172

Learning Objectives 150 Additional Resources 176

Advantages of Precast Concrete Units 150 Chapter 11 Clay Masonry 177

Chapter 12 Concrete Masonry 190 Types of Masonry Walls 217

Chapter 13 Stone 202 Chapter 15 Ferrous Metals 233

Learning Objectives 202 Learning Objectives 233

Control and Expansion Joints 217 Activities254

Chapter 16 Nonferrous Metals 255 Tin275

The Hall–Héroult Electrolytic Process 256 Titanium276

The Erection Process 292 Construction Materials:

Chapter 20 Wood and Metal Light Frame Review Questions 390

Optical Properties 414 Sealers for Exterior Materials 440

Chapter 24 Thermal Insulation and Review Questions 450

Chapter 27 Roofing Systems 462 Electrical Properties 491

Division 08 Openings CSI MasterFormat 487 Chapter 29 Doors, Windows, Entrances,

Metal Fire Doors and Frames 510 Key Terms 549

Chapter 32 Acoustical Materials 571 Chapter 34 Flooring 598

Learning Objectives 571 Learning Objectives 598

Division 12 Furnishings Rugs and Mats 634

Elevator Types 652 Manual Fire-Suppression Systems 677

Freight Elevators 656 Plumbing Codes 681

Observation Elevators 657 Potable Water Supply 681

Residential Elevators 658 Potable Water Distribution Systems 682

Automated Transfer Systems 658 Gas Distribution Systems 683

Escalators  660 Valves688

Heat Balance 711 Pipe Systems for Water Heating

Types Of Duct Systems 728 Electric Heating Systems 749

On-Site Power Generation 759 Activities789

Construction Materials/Methods/ Case Studies

INTENT OF THIS BOOK ●● Energy-efficient environmental systems

revised detail drawings of the construction process for various

Correlations to the MasterFormat are included at the beginning of

each chapter, providing students with a quick reference to this essen-

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Many municipalities have instituted construction and

Review Questions 40 Earthwork61

Environmentally Preferable Additional Resources 72

Site Work Activities 58 Chapter 06 Foundations 85

Key Terms 97 Concrete Tests 116

Two-Way Flat Slab Floor Properties of Hardened Mortar 172

Learning Objectives 150 Additional Resources 176

Advantages of Precast Concrete Units 150 Chapter 11 Clay Masonry 177

Chapter 12 Concrete Masonry 190 Types of Masonry Walls 217

Chapter 13 Stone 202 Chapter 15 Ferrous Metals 233

Learning Objectives 202 Learning Objectives 233

Control and Expansion Joints 217 Activities254

Chapter 16 Nonferrous Metals 255 Tin275

The Hall–Héroult Electrolytic Process 256 Titanium276

The Erection Process 292 Construction Materials:

Chapter 20 Wood and Metal Light Frame Review Questions 390

Optical Properties 414 Sealers for Exterior Materials 440

Chapter 24 Thermal Insulation and Review Questions 450

Chapter 27 Roofing Systems 462 Electrical Properties 491

Division 08 Openings CSI MasterFormat 487 Chapter 29 Doors, Windows, Entrances,

Metal Fire Doors and Frames 510 Key Terms 549

Chapter 32 Acoustical Materials 571 Chapter 34 Flooring 598

Learning Objectives 571 Learning Objectives 598

Division 12 Furnishings Rugs and Mats 634

Elevator Types 652 Manual Fire-Suppression Systems 677

Freight Elevators 656 Plumbing Codes 681

Observation Elevators 657 Potable Water Supply 681

Residential Elevators 658 Potable Water Distribution Systems 682

Automated Transfer Systems 658 Gas Distribution Systems 683

Escalators 660 Valves688

Heat Balance 711 Pipe Systems for Water Heating

Types Of Duct Systems 728 Electric Heating Systems 749

On-Site Power Generation 759 Activities789

5 1/4" 5 1/4" 3/8" BEARING PLATE W/4