UNP Research Journal, Volume IV Numbers 15-24 January-December 1995

THE PROBlEMS OF UNP COLLEGE FRESHMEN STUDENT

BOARDERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THEIR
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Concepcion B. Azares
Gertrudes C. Cabebe

ABSTRACT

The study Investigated on the common problems of the UNP

College student boarders in terms of conditions like: physical/
environmental, social and psychological, as well as economic, and all
those relative to their living quarters away from home. Focusing on
College Freshmen student boarders, ii attempted to assess the impact
of their problems to their academic performance.

House facilities and location of boarding houses significantly

affected the students' academic achievement while structure and
cleanliness/sanitation had no significant effect to the same. The
relationship between boarders and landlady/landlord together with
problems relative to policies and regulations of boarding houses
significantly affected their academic achievement. Other conditions
with significant effects were good services which were not usually
satisfactory. Hopefully, this study assists the university administration
in its formulation of student services for their welfare and
development as well as owners/proprietors of boarding houses and
dormitories for the improvement of conditions in these living quarters
for the vetterment of students' academic performance.

INTRODUCTION

Today's patter of life and society confronts the youth with confusion. A picture
of life presented on the radio, television, movies and other mass media is distorted and
the young minds do not know which to believe and do for even seemingly improved
living conditions increase their difficulties of adjustment leading to conflicts and
frustrations resulting to inconsistent and unstable behavior ofterly caused by conflicting
values and standards. Oftentimes, the student is faced by a multiplicity of
circumstances to make strenuous efforts to adjust to many complex experiences of life
offering more anxiety producing situations. Though problems arc ingredients of daily
living, they can become disturbing causing delay in attaining goals because they can be
roadblocks to objective learning and living (Apostol, 1979).

Education contributes a lot to the optimum development of the student. Every

institution. of learning has for its major goal to produce responsible and effectively
contributing citizens through an adequate and efficient program of learning. To fulfill
this task, educational institutions should stimulate individual students to work to their
utmost and aim for excellence through researches and other techniques to gain

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Azares-Cabebe

insights into the existing needs and problems of said adolescents particularly college
students which may mean serious difficulties and complications which will not only
influence their academic life but also their general adjustment and personality as a
whole.

Life in a dormitory/boarding house can be very different from life in one's own
home. A student's chosen living quarter is a social structure which is complex with
transgressing barriers of culture, different values and socio-economic status and where
there is always something happening in the interaction between and among boarders.
Most college students living in dormitories/boarding houses are future oriented and are
conditioned by their hopes and goals, which if threatened, will lead lo anxieties and
frustrations. One of the essential functions of an institution of learning is to arrange
the students' living environment to be adequate through a full awareness of their living
conditions.

The UNP has been insufficiently providing enough living quarters for students
because of the rapidly increasing student population. It is at this context that this
study was conceived. Hopefully results will be beneficial to:

1. The UNP administration, particularly in its students' services program;

2. Dormitory/Boarding House owners and proprietors in the improvement of

their services and management;

3. Parents who would really bother to choose where their children would stay
for more safety and security;

4. The student boarders themselves to learn coping with inevitable life

circumstances and to uphold to their utmost their efforts toward their
academic welfare & success.

S. Classroom instructors and teachers in becoming more skillful in formulating

learning activities based on the findings of this study.

OBJECTIVES

In the investigation of the common problems of the UNP College student

boarders, the study attempted to answer the following:

I. Whal is the level of perception of the situations bothering student boarders

in terms of:

a. Physical/Environmental conditions
b. Social/Psychological conditions
c. Economic conditions?

2. Whal is the profile of the lJNP student boarders in terms of their academic
performance?

3. Is there a significant effect of each of the problem areas in No. 1 to the

academic performance of the lJNP student boarders?

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 UNP Research Journal, Volume IV Numbers 15-24 January-December 1995

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

. . Focused on student boarders in the University of Northern Philippines, the study

investigated on problems relative to their boarding houses and the effects of the same
to their academic perfonnance. Although it initially aimed to focus on all students
staying in donnitories and boarding houses, it was found out that most were from the
first year college students because very few among the higher years stayed in these
living quarters. Respondents totalling to 496 out of 998 boarders were randomly
chosen.

RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

The framework of this study anchors on the following theories:

I. Students' housing or residence has a substantial educational role. A definite

relationship exists between proper performance of academic functions and the
place of dwelling of students (Walker: 1935).

2. The students' adjustment to society, his attitudes, physical and mental health
are as a whole largely determined by where and how he lives (Marzonia:
1977).

3. Good faculty housing is equally necessary to the proper performance of

educational functions (Burgoyne: 1976).

The students' housing and living conditions which exist in donnitories, boarding/
lodging houses or residence halls depend largely upon their management, which is
viewed as a set of internal elements such as: people, techniques, information, purpose
and structure functioning through planning, organizing, actuating and controlling.

An awareness of such existing problems in dormitories/boarding/lodging houses

and residence halls and their detrimental effects to boarders or lodgers will keep people
concerned in their solution or at least minimizing them. Joint efforts of agencies like
the home, school and community, together with the cooperation of boarding/lodging
house and residence hall management and the boarders/lodgers themselves are hoped to
alleviate the plight of the boarders and lodgers as well as that of the boarding/lodging
house management. An improved management will promote wholesome living
conditions that will eventually lead to the benefit of the boarders/lodgers.

Several studies related or allied to the present research work have also been
surveyed which can give light to the various aspects of this ongoing study.

A study made by Sr. Jardin, RVM on "Problems of College Women Boarders in

Dormitories Run by RVM Sisters and Their Implications for a Guidance Program",
revealed that most common problems included: crowdedness, accident prone lighting
system, noise from other rooms, lack of privacy, relationship between sisters and
boarders; sisters are always serious, unvaried meals, lack of sanitation; old facilities,

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Azares-Cabebe

lack of social activities; unreasonable fees, and seemingly untrained staff. Such
problems· are suspectedly causing difficulties in adjustment to college work on the part
of the boarders.

Because the boarders belong to the "restless" generations which is revolting

against adult sex values and traditions, they exhibit different behavior patterns when
they are outside their home and school. They are also reluctant to open up important
or touchy areas about boy-girl relationship Jardin: 1972).

Gazmen (1982) in her study on adjustment problems of student boarders and

non-boarders of Baguio City High School, SY 1981-1982 which tried to find out the
difference on the adjustment, personality scores and academic achievement of the
respondents found out that there are significant differences between adjustment scores of
boarders .and non-boarders in the adjustment variables, and significant positive
relationships among boarders and non-boarders in academic achievement variables. It
was also found out that adjustment is positively associated with personality & academic
achievement.

Gervise, in her study on the common problems encountered by the UNO-R

teacher and student boarders and lodgers towards the management of their boarding
and lodging houses grouped according to selected personal variables such as sex, age,
civil status and educational status found out that: both male and female subjects
encountered the same common problems on environmental conditions with variation
only on the category of problems related to the relationship between or among
boarders/lodgers. The male subjects considered their roommates taking of visitors into
their room as their common problem while female subjects considered their co-boarders
or co-lodgers being noisy as their common problem. And for educational status, student
subjects encountered more environmental problems than the teacher subjects.

Ferrer (1973), found out in her study that problems which beset students are:
personal environmental and problems in curriculum; that these problems in general
affected the students though unevenly; and that they are rated as: so much affect
students, somewhat affect the students and not so much affecting them and the
problems which affect students so much are on school work especially on problem
solving.

Cariazo's (1980) findings revealed that 50% on his respondents indicated serious
problems on the existence of stealing, frequent visitors and laxity in the enforcement of
regulations. The least felt problems were the existence of poor lighting facilities. On
financial problem, 78% felt shortage of money to buy personal needs and class
activities as serious according to 63% of the students. On social relation problems, the
feeling of losing one's girl or boy friend ranked first.

Genciano's (1976) findings indicated that there was a significant relationship

between college environment and academic adjustment. She concluded that a conducive
academic atmosphere should be established in the college environment to meet the
intellectual dependency and emotional expression of all the students.

Dimas (1975) in his study of the status of high school students found out that
74% of the students had temporary dormitories as congested.

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UNP Research Journal, Volume IV Numbers 15-24 January-December 1995

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Based on the foregoing review of literature and related studies, many problems
associated with the developing youth are normal phenomena in the life of every man
and woman. Young people encounter many problems which are often detrimental to
the course of their growth and development. These fall under categories such as:
environmental, social, academic, economic and personal/psychological.

These problems in some aspects can affect the success or failure of students'
academic achievement. Their success and happiness will depend much on their ability
to resolve these problems and also to adjust to the kind of environment they live in.
It is really difficult to be happy when one is burdened with several problems at the
time of academic pursuit.

This study is premised on the hypothetical conviction that several problems on

various categories are related to the academic achievement/performance of the UNP
student boarders/lodgers.

A schematic figure showing the relationship between such problems and the
students' academic performance is shown below.

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Problem Areas

a. Physical or en- 1 Academic

vironment conditions / Performance
b. Social conditions
c. Econ. conditions

Conceptual Paradigm

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The study tested the following hypothesis:

There is no significant effect of the following problem areas: physical or

enviromental conditions; social conditions; and economic conditions to the academic
performance of the student boarders.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

The study made use of the descriptive method of research. According to Good
and Scates, the descriptive method of research is one which includes all types of
studies that purport to present facts concerning the nature and status of anything
whether it be a group of persons, a number of objects, a set of conditions, a class of
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 Azares-Cabebe

events, a system of thoughts, or any kind of phenomena which one may wish to study.
It also used the questionnaire as the primary tool in gathering necessary data.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

All first year students of the UNP in the College of Arts and Sciences, College
of Business Administration andAccountancy, Institute of Criminology, Institute of Social
Work and Institute of Nursing who were staying in either the in-campus dormitories or
the boarding/lodging houses outside the campus composed the population of the study
but only 496 out of 998 student boarders or almost 50% were used as samples which
were chosen at random.

DATA GATHERING TOOLS/TECHNIQUES

Data on the problem areas of the student boarders of the UNP were gathered
through the questionnaire/checklist.

The researchers made use also of secondary sources of data which gave light to
other details needed in the study like the Information Sheets of student subjects at the
Student Services Office.

The academic achievement of the student boarders was taken from the Office of
the Registrar.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The study made use of the following statistical treatments:

I. Frequency count was used to note the responses of the students along each
problem areas.

2. Mean was used to describe the academic performance of the students.

3. Chi-square (X1) was used to test the relationship between the academic
performance and the problem areas encountered by the UNP student boarders.

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UNP Research Journal, Volume IV Numbers 15-24 January-December 1995

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

This portion presents the findings of the investigation.

L ON PROBLEMS OF STUDENT BOARDERS

Table 1. Summary of the Levels of Perception of Situations Bothering Student

Boarders

Problem Areas Mean Level

A. Physical or Environmental
Conditions of the Living
Quarter in tenns of:

I. House Structure 2.24 Little

2. House Facilities 2.16 Little
3. Location of Boarding
House/Dormitory 2.23 Little
4. Sanitation and
Cleanliness 2.34 Little

B. Social Conditions in
Terms of:

I. Relationship Between
Boarders and landlady/
landlord 2.40 Little
2. Relationship Among
Boarders 2.19 Little
3. Policies or Regulations
ofthe Boarding House/
Dormitory 2.18 Little

C. Economic Conditions in
Terms of:

I. Cost of Boarding/Lodging
fee & Dormitory fee ---------- 2.09 Little
2. Food Services --- 1.94 Not at all
3, Facilities --------------------- 2.12 Little

Table I shows that student boarders had a little concern about physical/
environmental conditions in terms of: house structure with a mcan of 2.24; house
facilities with a mean of 2.16; location of boarding house with a mcan of 2.23; and
sanitation and cleanliness with a mean of 2.34. In the same manner, respondents had
a little concern about the social conditions in their boarding houses in terms of:

47
Azares-Cabebe

relationship with landlady/landlord with a mean of 2.40; relationship among boarders

with a mean of 2.19; and policies or regulations of the dormitory/boarding house with
a mean of 2.18. With regards to economic conditions, respondents also had a little
concern on cost of dormitory/boarding/lodging fee with a mean of 2.09; facilities with
a mean of 2.12 and not at all concerned about food services with a mean of l.94.
This means further that the problems mentioned are of little concern to the student
boarders except for food services which they were not at all concerned about, which
means that they were not being served by their landladies/landlords. It was because
they cooked their own food.

IL ON LEVEL OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

The level of academic achievement expressed in terms of average of the 496

student boarders under study during the first semester, SY 1994-1995 is presented in
Table 2.

Table 2. Distribution of Respondents by Level of Academic Performance

Academic Performance No. %

1.5-1.99 12 2.42
2.0-2.49 67 13.51
2.5-2.99 284 57.26
3.0 - 3.49 108 21.77
3.5 & below 25 5.04

Total 496 100.00

The result of the investigation shows that 284 or 57.26% of the respondents
obtained an average of between 2.5 and 2.99; 108 or 21.77% obtained a level of
between 3.0 and 3.49; while 67 or 13.51% obtained also a level between 2:0 and 2.49.
Only 12 or 2.42% obtained a level of between 1.5 and 1.99 while 25 or 5.04%
obtained a level of 3.5 and below.

This further implies that most of the student boarders belonged to the average
level of academic achievement.

Ill. ON THE EFFECT OF THEIR PROBLEMS TO THEIR ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE

The effects of the different problem areas to their academic performance are
presented in table 3.

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 UNP Research Journal, Volume IV Numbers 15-24 January-December 1995

Table 3. Summary of the Chi-Square Value of the Effects of the Different

Problem Areas to Their Academic Performance

Problem Areas X Decision Interpretation

A. Physical/Environmental Prob.

1. House Structure 5.924 Accepted Not Significant

2. House Facilities 15.42 Rejected Significant

3. Location ofBoarding House 28.77 Rejected Significant

4. Sanitation & Cleanliness 5.917 Accepted Not Significant

B. Problems on Social Conditions

1. Relationship Bel. Boarders

& Landlady/Landlord 30.4203 Rejected Significant
2. Relationship Among Boarders 10.57 Accepted Not Significant
3. Policies or Regulations
of the Dorm. Boarding House 15.81 Rejected Significant

C. Problems on Econ. Condition

1. Rate of Dorm. Boarding House 5.81 Accepted Not Significant

2. Food Services 13.808 Rejected Significant
3. Facilities 3.569 Accepted Not Significant

tv = 12.59

A, On Physical/Environmental Problems

There was no significant relationship between the academic performance of the

Student boarders and house structure of the boarding house/dormitory as evidenced by
he chi-square value of 5.924.· This means that the grades of the boarders were not so
~llch affected by the structure of their boarding house/dormitory, which implies further
Hat whether or not they stay in a condominium/palacial home or in a nipa hut, their
ademic performance is not at all affected.

. The academic performance of the student boarders had a significant relationship

,,'h house facilities as shown by the chi-square value of 15.42. This implies that
,{ grades during the first semester were so much affected by the kind of facilities
,,r boarding houses/dormitories had. That according to them, they were more
,,"ired to study and strive harder if their boarding house/dormitory had complete
'lities.

ac, Another physical/environmental problem which had a significant effect with their
emic performance was the location of boarding house/dormitory- which has a chi-
Azares-Cabebe

square value of 28.77. This means that the location of their boarding house/dormitory
had so much to do with their academic perfonnance implying that if they stay in a
boarding which is free from noise or other disturbances like vehicles passing by, they
might have better academic performance.

Sanitation and cleanliness had significant effect to their academic performance as

shown by the chi-square value of $.917. This implies that their studies were not
affected by the cleanliness in their surroundings or in the boarding house itself.

B. Problems on Social Conditions

Relationship between boarders and landlady/landlord had a significant effect to

their academic performance as evidenced by the value of chi-square which is 30.4203.
This shows that the treatment they got/received from their landlady/landlord had
something to do with their studies which may affect their academic performance or
grades. Maybe if their landlady/landlord was good to them, they would be inspired to
study hard, they were ashame to get low grades. But if the attitude of their landlady/
landlord is negative, they might be emotionally disturbed and this may affect their
studies which can result to poor academic performance.

Another problem which had a significant effect to their academic performance as

evidenced by the chi-square value of 15.81 was on policies or regulations of the
boarding house/dormitory. According to the responses of the boarders, implementation
of policies and regulations of the boarding house/dormitory alfected their studies so
much which could result to either good or poor academic performance.

Another problem on social condition which had no significant effect to their

academic performance was the relationship among boarders with a chi-square value of
10.57. This means that how they get along with their co-boarders did not at all affect
their grades or their academic performance.

C. On Economic Condition Problems

On the rate of boarding house/dormitory, there was no significant effect

shown by the value of chi-square which is 5.81. This means that their studies were
not affected by the high or low payment of their boarding house/dormitory.

Another problem with no significant effect with their academic performance wa

on facilities like study area, telephone, light, water supply and laundry materials
evidenced again by the chi-square value of 3.569. This further means that with
existence or no existence of this facilities, their grades were not affected.

The last problem on economic condition is food services. This had a significa»
effect to their academic achievement. This means that for those who were on boa
and lodging, the kind of food served affected their studies or their academ
achievement especially if they were paying very high costs for food services.

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 UNP Research Journal, Volume IV Numbers 15-24 January-December 1995

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn:

L ON PROBLEMS

A. Physical/Environmental

The most common physical/environmental problems of student boarders were lack

of fire escape in their boarding houses; lack of privacy; boarding house not being safe
from burglars; small and dark rooms; boarding house materials are fire hazards and
not strong; and boarding houses were usually flooded.

Relative to house facilities, the most common problems of student boarders were
restricted use of light; lack of appliances for boarders; fetching of water from a
distance; unsanitary cooking and dining facilities; their not being allowed to use
appliances; water pump was always out of order; no definite study area and common
toilet and bathroom for boys and girls.

Problems on location of boarding house were noisy location due to vehicles

passing by and noise from nearby factories; boarding house was near rivers/creeks
making it vulnerable to floods; location was unsafe; and was near a dumping site
making it unsanitary.

On sanitation and cleanliness, the most common problems were over-

crowdedness; unsanitary dining and kitchen area; frequent clogging of toilet and
bathroom; inadequate water supply and poor ventilation.

B. Social Problems

Relative to their relationship with their landlady, the most common problems
were: being scolded infront of others; being threatened; not being allowed to receive
visitors; lack of activities to enhance closer and better understanding among boarders
and with landlady; no care attitude of landlady as long as she got due payments of
boarders; landlady was cranky and strict; landlady ignored suggestions and complaints
of boarders and boarders did not feel free to confide their problems to landlady.

On relationship with boardmatcs, their most common problems were:

boardmates scattered their things all around, they did not arrange or fix their things;
boardmates were very noisy and did not maintain cleanliness; boardmates uscd personal
things without permission which result to frequent occurenc e of losses;
boardmates monopolized facilities; and boardmates are fond of "tsismis" and
intrigues and in forming cliques.

Relative to problems on boarding house policies and regulations, the most

common were on: strict policies depriving boarders of engaging in co-curricular
activities; lack of individual inventory record of each boarder; implementation of rules
and policies without consulting boarders and too strict policies.

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Azares-Cabebe

C. Economic Conditions

The most common problems on rate of dormitory/boarding fee were: boarders

who were delayed in paying were threatened; increase of rate in boarding/dormitory fee;
prices of goods sold in the store of boarding houses were very dear and boarders were
not allowed to use electric appliances.

The most common problems related to food services were: no variation of food
served; better food service was only for better payment; unsanitary plates and dining
utensils and food was usually served cold.

The problems on facilities also included lack of telephone; restricted use of light,
inadequate water supply and. lack of laundry materials and no definite study area.

IL ON RESPONDENT'S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Most of the student boarders had achieved a grade level of 2.5 to 3.0; very
few achieved a level of 1.5 to 1.99 while there were those who were conditioned
during the first semester of SY 1994-1995.

IIL. ON EFFECT OF THE DIFFERENT PROBLEM AREAS TO THEIR

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

A. Physical/Environmental Problems

House facilities and location of boarding house significantly affected their

academic achievement while house structure and sanitation and cleanliness did not
significantly affect their academic achievement.

B. Problems on Social Conditions

Relationship between boarders and landlady/landlord and policies or regulations

of the dormitory/boarding house significantly affected their academic achievement while
relationship among boarders did not significantly affect their academic achievement.

C. Economic Condition Problems

Food services significantly affected their academic achievement while the rate of
dormitory/boarding house fee and facilities did not significantly affect their academic
achievement.

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UNP Research Journal, Volume IV Numbers 15-24 January-December 1995

RECOMMENDATIONS
To minimize problems of student boarders and to extend real assistance/help to
them the following recommendations are addressed to:

1. The school administration, particularly the Student Services Unit. which must try
to coordinate with owners/managers/ proprietors of dormitories and boarding
houses for the improvement of dormitory/boarding house services especially on
facilities and other distracting/bothering conditions of these student quarters.

2. The owners/managers of dormitories and boarding houses, to improve their

house facilities, their food services, their relationships with student boarders and
also rules and policies in the management of these student houses, bearing in
mind that these are the students' "home" away from home.

3. The owners/managers of dormitories and boarding houses, to discuss policies or

regulations of the dormitory/boarding house to student boarders and if possible
in the presence of their parents.

4. The prospective owners/managers of boarding houses to consider the location of

these houses which should be free from noise and other distracting situations.

5. Student boarders must also try to cooperate with the management of these
student quarters for their improvement by trying to do their part in the
formulation of policies and their implementation and observe such policies
strictly for their own convenience.

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Azares-Cabebe

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Burgoyne, J.M. Residence Halls Guidelines at the University of Hawaii, (American

School and University, 1964).

Cowby, W. H. "The History of Student Residential Housing," School and Society, XI

(Dec. 1934).

Packwood, William T. College Student Personnel Services, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas,

1977).

Shaftel, G.A. Henry and Daniel M. Guidance in the Modern School. (The Dryden
Press, New York, 1956).

B. Published Materials/Journals/Periodicals

Adriano, Paz. "Housing Those Away From Home," Sunday Times Magazine, XVI, No.
3, June 1964.

Alday, Ireneo G. "Depicrable Dormitories," Philippine Free Press, October 1963.

Ashby, Mary Check. "Reorganized Residence Hall," Journal of Higher Education, VII
(Octuob.mer 1936).

Buenafe, Alex J. "Of Bed, Board and Lodging," Action Now, I, No. 3, july 5, 1969.

Lindahl, Charles. "Impact of Living Arrangementos in Student Environment

Perceptions," The Journal of College Student Personnel, January 1967.

C. Unpublished Materials

Apostol, Mario. "Problems of PSU College of Education Graduate Students:

Implications to Student Services Program," College of Education Research Staff,
PSU, 1979.

Ayuyao, Maria L. "The Physical Conditions of Twenty Dormitories Where Centro

Escolar University Female Live," .(Unpublished Master's Thesis, CEU, Manila,
April 1969).

Cariazo, Flaviano C. "Problems of College Students of the Isabcla State University,

Main Campus and Their Implications to Student Governance," (Unpublished
Master's Thesis, ISU, Echague, Isabela, 1980).

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UNP Research Journal, Volume IV Numbers 15-24 January-December 1995

Decalos, Portia D. "The Problems of Students in the Nursing School in Cebu City
and Their Implication to Guidance," (Unpublished Master's Thesis, U.P., March
1976).

Dimas, Alberto B. "The Status of Secondary Students at the lfugao Agricultural and
Technical College, 1974-1975," (Unpublished Master's Thesis, MSAC, La
Trinidad, Benguet, 1975).

Ferrer, Consuelo A. "Problems of Students in College of Commerce, Mabini Colleges,

197201973," (Unpublished Master's Thesis, Mabini, College, 1973).

Gervise, Amelia A. "The Common Problems Encountered by the UNO-R Teacher and
Student Boarders and Lodgers Towards the Management of Their Boarding and
Lodging Houses," (Unpublished Master's Thesis, 1981, University of Negros
Occidental, Rccoletos).

Jardin, Rufita. "Probmlem of College Women Boarders in Dormitories Run By RVM

Sisters and Their Implications for a Proposed Guidance Program." (Unpublished
Master's Thesis, La Consolacion College, Bacolod City, 1965).

Ponce, Benjamin de Jesus, "A Study of the Personal Problems of College Students in
St. Paul School in View of Improving the Guidance Services." (Unpublished
Master's Thesis, University of Sto. Tomas, Manila, 1962).