Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding is the strong electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions
Is the bond that forms between atoms of metals and non-metals and the bonding in
which a transfer of electrons has been transferred
» Substance is held together by strong electrical attractions between positive and
negative ions

The metal loses the electrons and becomes positive ion

protons > electrons

The non- metal gains the electrons lost by the Metal

Electrons > protons

* Charged particles are called ions
>> an ion is an atom that Carries an electrical charge and is is either Positively or
negatively charged

Positive ion is called cation

Charge Substance Ion
Negative ion is called an anion

Positive Zinc Zn2+

Group in
periodic table Charge
Silver Ag+
Hydrogen H+
Group I 1+
Ammonium NH4 +
Group 2 2+
Lead (II) Pb2+
Group 3 3+
Group 5 Copper (II) Cu2+
3-
Group 6 Nitrate NO3 -
2- Negative
Group 7 Hydroxide OH-
1-
Carbonate CO3 2-
Sulfate SO4 2-
 Confusing ends

>> If the compound ends in ‘ide’ it only has the elements in its name
For example: copper(II) sulfide means it only has copper and sulfur

>> if the compound ends in 'ate’ it means that there is oxygen (and
possibly other elements
For example: copper(II) sulfate has copper and sulfur and oxygen

Deducing the formula

Fe SO Fe (SO )

Ca O CaO
If the 2 charges are the same they cancel out each other

Giant ionic structure

» All ionic compounds form that crystals consists of lattice of positive and
negative ions
>> a lattice is a regular array of particle that is held together by strong
electrostatic forces between the negatively and positively charged ions
* The word giant is not in a sense of something big but instead to describe a
structure where there is no individual molecules
 Physical properties of ionic compounds

1. They have high melting and boiling points

» Due to the strong electrostatic forces of attraction holding the lattice
together which needs to have lot of energy suppliedm to break the strong
electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions in the
lattice

2. Do not conduct electricity when solid but can conduct when in molten or in
aqueous form
→ when ionic compounds are in solid form the one are in a fixed position and are not
free to move around due to electrostatic force of attraction but when they are
molten or aqueous the ions are free to move around

3. Tend to be soluble in water

4. Tend to be insoluble in organic solvents

 Covalent bond
Covalent bonding

>> the bond formed between non metal atones by sharing electrons to get a
noble gas configuration
» Covalent bond is the attraction between the nuclei of an atom and the shared
pair of electrons

Double covalent bond

O O O=O

Triple covalent bond

N N N N
 Physical properties of covalent compounds
» simple molecular structure tend to be gases or liquids or solids with
low melting or boiling points
* As molecular mass. increases boiling points increases

» Do not conduct electricity do not conduct electricity because they don’t

have a charge
» Insoluble in water and soluble in organic compounds
 Electrochemistry
Oxidation and reduction

1. Oxidation is gain of oxygen

2. Reduction is loss of oxygen

Oxidation = gained oxygen

Magnesium + copper oxide = magnesium oxide +copper

Reduction = lost oxygen

This is a redox reaction as both oxidation and reduction

are happening

1. Reducing agent: A substances which reduces

somethin else
*magnesium Is the reducing agent in the reaction above *
>> reducing agents always get oxidized in a chemical reaction
* because it takes oxygen away from something else so it
gains oxygen
2. Oxidizing agent : a substance which oxidises
something else
* copper oxide is the oxidizing agent in the reaction *
>>An oxidizing agent always gets reduced in a chemical reaction
* because it oxidises something so it loses oxygen
Redox and electron transfer

When magnesium react with copper(Il) oxide

Mg (s) + CUO (s)= MgO(s) + CU (s)
Ionic equation for this reaction
Mg(s) + Cu2+ (s) + O2-(s) = Mg2+(s)+O2-(s)+Cu(s)

The oxide ion (O2-) is completely unaffected by the reaction .

It ends up with am different partner, but is totally
unchanged itself. An ion like this is described as
a spectator ion .

What is happening is that the magnesium atoms are turning into

magnesium ions
*. They lose elestorons to form an ion *

Mg(s) == Mg2+. + 2e-

Those electrons that magnesium lost are gained by copper (11)

ions to make an atom

Cu2+(s) =Cu(s)

O xidation
I s Oxidation is loss of electrons
L oss
R eduction Reduction is gain of electrons
I s
G ain
 Electrolysis

>> Conductor : a substance that allows electricity to pass

through them

1. Metals : conduct electricity because the delocalized electrons are

free too move

2. Ionic compounds: they only conduct electricity when in

molten or aqueous state because the ions or are free to move

3. Covalent bond : covalent molecular compounds fpdo not

conduct electricity

Electrolysis : a chemical pro cess where a substance in its molten

state or in an aqueous solution is decomposed by the passage of
electric current

Anode : positive pole at which oxidation takes place

Cathode : negative pole at which reduction pro cess takes place