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The Law of International

Human Rights Protection
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The Law of International

Human Rights Protection
Second Edition
WA LT E R KÄ L I N
Professor Emeritus of Constitutional and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bern
JÖRG KÜNZLI
Professor of Constitutional and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bern
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First Edition published in 2009
Second Edition published in 2019
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Acknowledgements
Like the previous edition of this book, this new revised and expanded edition is based
on our Universeller Menschenrechtsschutz (4th edition, 2018) published by Helbing &
Lichtenhahn (Basel) and Nomos (Baden Baden). We are grateful to our publishers for
granting the rights for this English edition.
We also thank our dedicated staff at the Institute of Public Law (University of Bern)
for important support, in particular Monika Wyss, Maria Schultheiss, Barbara von
Rütte, and Lukas Heim.
Walter Kälin
Jörg Künzli
Bern
26 February 2019
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Contents—Summary
Table of Cases xxiii

Table of Other Materials lv
Issues in Focus lxi
List of Tables lxiii
List of Abbreviations lxv
I . T H E F OU N DAT IO N S O F I N T E R NAT IO NA L
H UM A N R IG H T S L AW
1. Origins and Universality 3
2. Notions and Sources 28
3. The Legal Nature of Human Rights Obligations 68
4. Scope of Application of Human Rights 113
5. Basic Concepts of International Humanitarian Law 146
I I . I M P L E M E N TAT IO N O F H UM A N R IG H T S
6. Basic Principles 179
7. Treaty Bodies 203
8. Charter Based Bodies 234
I I I . SU B STA N T I V E G UA R A N T E E S
9. Protection of Human Existence: Right to Life and Subsistence Rights 259
10. Protection of Human Integrity: Prohibition of Torture and of Enforced
Disappearance 310
11. Protection of Human Identity: Prohibition of Discrimination and
Protection of Minorities 335
12. Protection of Private Life 376
13. Protection of the Intellectual and Spiritual Sphere 408
14. Protection of the Human Person in the Economic Sphere 429
15. Protection of Persons Deprived of their Liberty 451
16. Protection from Unfair Trials 467
17. Protection of Participation in Political Life 491
18. Protection During Migration, Forced Displacement, and Flight 520
Index 551
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Contents
Table of Cases xxiii

Table of Other Materials lv
Issues in Focus lxi
List of Tables lxiii
List of Abbreviations lxv
PA RT I : T H E F OU N DAT IO N S O F I N T E R NAT IO NA L
H UM A N R IG H T S L AW
1. Origins and Universality 3
I. The National Origins of Human Rights 4
II. Precursors of International Human Rights Protection 6
1. International minimum standard of treatment of aliens 6
2. Protection of minorities and prohibition of slave trade 7
3. The emergence of international humanitarian law 9
4. Protection of the working population 12
III. The Breakthrough: the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights 12
IV. Internationalizing Human Rights: the Consequences 13
1. Recognition of the individual as a subject of international law 13
2. Impact on the concept of state sovereignty 14
3. Human rights as a factor shaping international relations 15
4. Recognition of the role of non-governmental organizations 17
V. Are Human Rights a Universal Concept? 18
1. Stating the question 18
2. Universalist theories 19
(a) Legal positivism 19
(b) Natural law 20
3. Relativist theories 23
4. Intermediary positions: towards universality of human rights 25
2. Notions and Sources 28

I. Definitions 28
1. Human rights 28
2. International humanitarian law 30
3. International criminal law 32
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II. Treaty Law as the Main Source of Human Rights Guarantees 33
1. The Charter of the United Nations 35
2. Universal human rights treaties 36
(a) General human rights treaties: UN Human Rights Covenants of 1966 36
(i) International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR) 37
(ii) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 37
(b) Special human rights treaties 38
(i) Treaties to protect specific human rights 38
(ii) Treaties to protect specific categories of persons 40
(c) Human rights protection by the International Labour Organization 42
3. Regional human rights treaties 43
(a) Africa 43
(b) The Americas 44
(c) Europe 45
(d) Middle East and Northern Africa 47
(e) South and South-East Asia 48
4. Humanitarian law: the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols 49
(a) International armed conflicts 49
(b) Internal armed conflicts 52
5. International criminal law 53
(a) The Rome Statute 53
(b) The crime of genocide 53
(c) Crimes against humanity 54
(d) War crimes 55
(e) Individual responsibility 57
III. Customary Law 57
1. Concept and relevance 57
2. Human rights with customary law status 59
3. Jus cogens 61
4. International humanitarian law rules with customary status 63
5. International crimes having customary status 65
IV. Resolutions and Declarations 65
3. The Legal Nature of Human Rights Obligations 68

I. Who is Bound by Human Rights Obligations? 68
1. Basic rule: states as duty bearers 69
2. Exception: private actors as duty bearers? 72
(a) Direct obligations originating in international law 73
(b) Indirect obligations originating in international law 73
(c) Obligations of private economic actors? 75
3. Do international organizations have human rights obligations? 77
(a) Direct obligation of international organizations to respect human rights? 77
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(b) Human rights obligations of the member states of international
organizations? 80
(i) Responsibility of member states for the implementation of decisions
of international organizations 80
(ii) Responsibility of member states for conduct by organs or agents
of international organizations that violate human rights 83
(iii) Responsibility of member states for the conduct of their nationals
during peacekeeping missions 84
II. To Whom are Obligations Owed? 85
III. Categories and Scope of Obligations Arising from Human Rights 87
1. Overview: positive and negative obligations 87
2. The obligation to respect human rights 90
(a) Basic principle 90
(b) Limitations on human rights 90
(i) Scenario 1: absolute obligation 90
(ii) Scenario 2: narrow substantive scope of application with provision
for exceptions 91
(iii) Scenario 3: broad substantive scope of application subject
to limitations 91
(iv) Scenario 4: prohibition of arbitrary interference 95
3. The obligation to protect human rights 95
(a) Basic principle 95
(b) Relevant rights 98
(c) Categories and scale of obligations to protect 102
4. The obligation to fulfil human rights 104
5. The obligation to respect human rights without discrimination 105
6. The structure of obligations under economic, social, and cultural rights 106
(a) Overview 106
(b) Obligations to respect and protect: economic, social, and cultural
rights as freedoms and liberties 106
(c) Obligations to fulfil 108
4. Scope of Application of Human Rights 113

I. Personal Scope of Application 113
1. Human rights, rights of citizens, rights of aliens 113
2. Natural persons and legal persons 114
3. Individual rights and collective rights 115
II. Substantive Scope of Application 117
1. Scope of protection 117
2. Reservations 118
(a) Admissibility 118
(b) Procedure for dealing with inadmissible reservations 119
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III. Territorial Scope of Application 121
1. The issue 121
2. Basic principles 121
3. State obligations in the event of loss of sovereignty over parts
of its national territory 122
4. State obligations in the event of extraterritorial conduct 124
(a) Applicability of treaties beyond national territory 124
(b) Exercise of “jurisdiction” outside a state’s national territory 126
(c) Relevant precedents 129
(i) Exercise of state jurisdiction through diplomatic missions abroad 129
(ii) Exercise of jurisdiction on board ships and aeroplanes 129
(iii) Occupation and comparable control over foreign territory 129
(iv) Partial or transient control over foreign territory 131
(v) Violations perpetrated against persons on foreign territory in
the absence of territorial control 132
5. State obligations in the event of extraterritorial effects of internal conduct 133
(a) Direct effects 133
6. Conclusion 136
IV. Temporal Scope of Application 137
1. Denunciation 137
2. Derogation 138
(a) Legal basis 138
(b) Preconditions 140
V. The Elements of a Human Rights Violation 145
5. Basic Concepts of International Humanitarian Law 146

I. International Humanitarian Law as Lex Specialis 146
1. Armed conflict as a precondition for the application
of international humanitarian law 146
2. International armed conflict 147
3. Non-international armed conflict 148
(a) Non-international armed conflicts pursuant to common Article 3 GC 149
(b) Non-international armed conflicts pursuant to Additional Protocol II 151
4. Mixed armed conflict 152
5. Summary 155
II. Obligations under Humanitarian Law 156
1. Who is bound? 156
(a) States 156
(b) Insurgent groups 157
(c) Individuals 157
(d) Obligations of international forces with a UN mandate? 158
2. To whom are obligations owed? 160
(a) In an international armed conflict 160
(b) In a non-international armed conflict 162
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3. Categories of obligations 162
(a) Obligations to respect, protect, and fulfil international
humanitarian law 162
(b) The obligation to monitor and enforce international humanitarian law 163
4. Limits on obligations 165
III. Scope of Application 167
1. Personal scope of application 167
(a) Protected persons in an international armed conflict 168
(i) Combatants “hors de combat” 168
(ii) The civilian population 170
(b) Minimum obligations vis-à-vis all persons under the control
of a party to an international armed conflict 171
(c) Obligations vis-à-vis all affected persons in a non-international
armed conflict 171
2. Substantive scope of application 172
3. Territorial scope of application 172
4. Temporal scope of application 172
(a) Situation-related scope of application 172
(b) Entry into force and denunciation 173
IV. The Elements of a Violation of International Humanitarian Law 174
V. Simultaneous Application of International Humanitarian Law
and Human Rights Law? 174
PA RT I I : I M P L E M E N TAT IO N O F H UM A N R IG H T S
6. Basic Principles 179
I. Monitoring and Implementation 179
II. Domestic Implementation of Human Rights 180
1. Overview 180
2. Specific duties 182
(a) Duty to incorporate 182
(b) Duty to provide effective legal remedies 182
(c) Duty to investigate, prosecute, and punish 184
(d) Duty to provide reparation 186
(e) Duty to prevent 188
III. International Mechanisms 188
1. Decentralized mechanisms 189
2. Centralized monitoring and implementation mechanisms 191
(a) Types of bodies 191
(b) Types of procedure 192
(i) Treaty-based and Charter-based procedures 192
(ii) Types of treaty-based procedures 192
(c) Criminal procedures 193
(d) International humanitarian law 193
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IV. International Criminal Justice 195
1. Overview 195
2. The International Criminal Court (ICC) 198
V. Summary 201
7. Treaty Bodies 203

I. Introduction 203
1. United Nations treaty bodies 203
2. Regional treaty bodies 205
(a) Europe 205
(b) Other regions 206
II. State Reporting Procedure 208
1. Overview 208
2. Example: The state reporting procedure of the Committee on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights 208
(a) The purpose of the reporting procedure 209
(b) Stages of the reporting procedure 210
3. Assessment 212
4. The adoption of General Comments 213
III. Individual Complaint Procedures 214
1. Individual communications to the UN treaty bodies 214
(a) Overview 214
(b) The individual communications procedure of the Human
Rights Committee 215
(i) Submission of communications 215
(ii) Examination of admissibility and merits 216
(iii) Follow-up 218
(iv) Legal character 218
2. Individual complaints to the European Court of Human Rights 219
(a) General remarks 219
(b) The right of individual petition 220
(c) Admissibility 220
(d) In particular: manifest ill-foundedness as a ground of inadmissibility 222
(e) No significant disadvantage as a ground of inadmissibility 223
(f) Interim measures 223
(g) Continuation of the procedure 224
(h) Outcome of the procedure 225
(i) Monitoring of implementation of judgments 226
3. Individual complaints to the other regional Courts 227
4. Assessment 228
IV. Other Procedures 229
1. Interstate complaint procedures 229
2. Preventive procedures 231
3. Inquiry procedures 231
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4. Collective complaint procedures 232
5. Advisory opinion procedures 233
8. Charter Based Bodies 234

I. The UN Charter and Human Rights 234
II. The Human Rights Council 235
1. From the Human Rights Commission to the Human Rights Council 235
2. Composition, structure, and working methods 236
3. Tasks 237
4. Tools 238
(a) Universal Periodic Review 238
(b) Special procedures 240
(c) The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee 241
(d) Complaint Procedure 242
5. Assessment 242
III. The Role of the Security Council 243
1. Human rights and international security 243
2. Human rights protection as a task of UN peace operations 246
3. Economic sanctions 247
4. Authorization of military action 248
5. Establishment of criminal tribunals 250
IV. The Role of the International Court of Justice 251
1. Overview 251
2. Contentious proceedings 251
3. Advisory proceedings 253
V. Other UN Bodies 253
1. Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 253
2. UN Commissions 254
VI. Extra-conventional Human Rights Organs of Regional Organizations 255
1. Europe 255
2. The Americas 256
PA RT I I I SU B STA N T I V E G UA R A N T E E S
9. Protection of Human Existence: Right to Life and Subsistence Rights 259
I. Overview 259
II. The Right to Life 260
1. The notion of life 260
2. Duty to respect life 261
(a) Overview 261
(b) The prohibition of arbitrary killing by law enforcement officials 262
(c) The death penalty and efforts to abolish it 264
(i) Preconditions 265
(ii) Abolition of the death penalty 267
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(iii) Prohibition of extradition and deportation in cases of a real
risk of execution 269
(d) The right to life in situations of armed conflict 270
(i) Applicable law 270
(ii) Basic principles of international humanitarian law on the
protection of life 271
3. Duty to protect 278
(a) General 278
(b) Obligation to protect persons in state custody 280
(c) Protection of life in health institutions 282
(d) Special obligations at the beginning and the end of life? 282
4. Duty to fulfil 284
5. The collective dimension of the right to life: prohibition of genocide 287
(a) Introduction 287
(b) Definition under international criminal law 287
(c) State obligations 289
(d) International enforcement 290
III. Subsistence Rights and the Right to Health 290
1. General observations 290
2. The right to food 291
(a) The content of the right to food 292
(b) Obligations to respect 292
(c) Obligations to protect 293
(d) Obligations to fulfil 293
3. The right to water and sanitation 295
(a) Existence of a right to water and sanitation? 296
(b) The content of the right to water and access to sanitary facilities 297
(c) Obligations 298
4. The right to adequate housing 299
(a) The content of the right to adequate housing 300
(b) Obligations to respect 300
(c) Obligations to protect 302
(d) Obligations to fulfil 302
5. The right to health 303
(a) General considerations 303
(b) The content of the right to health 304
(c) Obligations to respect 305
(d) Obligations to protect 307
(e) Obligations to fulfil 308
10. Protection of Human Integrity: Prohibition of Torture and of Enforced

Disappearance 310
I. Overview 310
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II. The Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment 310
1. Torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 311
(a) The definition of torture 311
(b) Torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 312
(c) Case law 314
(d) Threshold of applicability 319
2. The absolute nature of the prohibition 324
3. The duty to respect 324
4. The duty to protect 325
5. The duty to fulfil 326
III. The Prohibition of Enforced Disappearance of Persons 330
1. What is enforced disappearance? 330
2. Enforced disappearance under general human rights law 331
3. Obligations under the Convention for the Protection of All Persons
Against Enforced Disappearances 333
11. Protection of Human Identity: Prohibition of Discrimination

and Protection of Minorities 335
I. Overview 335
1. What is discrimination? 335
2. Equality and non-discrimination 336
3. Protection of minorities and indigenous peoples as collective protection
against discrimination 338
II. General Prohibitions of Discrimination 339
1. Accessory and autonomous prohibitions of discrimination 339
2. The prohibition of direct discrimination 341
(a) Negative obligations 341
(b) Positive obligations 343
3. Indirect discrimination 344
III. The Prohibition of Discrimination against Women 345
1. Discrimination against women as a structural issue 345
2. Symmetrical prohibitions of discrimination 347
3. Asymmetrical prohibitions of discrimination: Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 348
4. Special protection for women 350
(a) Overview 350
(b) Protection of women in armed conflict 351
(c) Protection of women against violence 352
IV. The Prohibition of Racial Discrimination 355
1. Race and the prohibition of racial discrimination 355
2. Elimination of racial discrimination 357
V. The Prohibition of Discrimination Based on Disability 359
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VI. The Prohibition of Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation
and Gender Identity 362
1. Towards an international normative framework? 362
2. Case law 363
(a) Recognition of the human rights of LGBTI persons 363
(b) The recognition of the prohibition of discrimination based on
sexual orientation and gender identity 365
VII. Protection of Minorities and of Indigenous Peoples 367
1. Concepts 367
2. Protection of minorities 368
(a) Protection of individual rights 368
(b) Protection of collective rights 370
3. The protection of indigenous peoples 371
(a) Protection of individual rights 371
(b) Protection of collective rights 373
12. Protection of Private Life 376

I. Overview 376
II. The Right to Protection of Privacy 377
1. Scope of protection of the right to privacy 377
(a) Protection against state surveillance and searches 377
(b) Informational self-determination 378
(c) Protection of one’s identity 378
(i) Name 378
(ii) Appearance 379
(iii) Knowledge of one’s own origin 379
(iv) Gender identity 379
(v) Nationality 380
(d) Protection of legal capacity 381
(e) Privacy and the media 381
(f) Protection of human relations 381
(i) Sexual relations 381
(ii) Social relationships 382
(iii) Recognition of personal relations 382
(g) Protection of physical and mental integrity 383
(h) Right to be informed on one’s own state of health 384
(i) Freedom of disposition over one’s own body 384
(j) Protection of reproductive health 385
(i) Birth control 386
(ii) Access to medically assisted reproduction 386
(iii) Adoption 387
(iv) Abortion 387
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(k) Honour and reputation 389
(l) Respect of the home 389
(m) Respect of correspondence 392
(n) Respect of private life at the workplace 393
(o) Other protected areas of private life? 393
2. The duty to respect 394
3. The duty to protect 395
4. The duty to fulfil 396
III. The Right to Respect of Family Life 397
1. The notion of family 397
2. State obligations 399
IV. The Right to Marry and to Found a Family 405
1. The right to marry 405
2. The right to found a family 407
13. Protection of the Intellectual and Spiritual Sphere 408

I. Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Opinion 408
II. The Right to Education 409
1. The core right to primary education 409
2. The right to higher education 410
3. The right to equal access to existing educational establishments 412
4. The right to choose one’s education 413
III. Right to Take Part in Cultural Life and Protection of Artistic and
Scientific Creation 416
1. The right to take part in cultural life and artistic freedom 416
2. Scientific rights 418
3. Protection of intellectual property 418
IV. Freedom of Religion 420
1. The right not to have a religion 420
2. The right to have and manifest a religion 421
3. The right of parents to provide religious education to their children 428
4. The prohibition of discrimination on the basis of belief 428
14. Protection of the Human Person in the Economic Sphere 429

I. Protection from the Worst Forms of Economic Exploitation 429
1. The prohibition of slavery and its contemporary forms 429
2. Prohibition of forced labour 434
3. Protection of children from exploitation 436
II. Overview: The Rights to Work and to Social Security 438
1. Work-related rights 438
2. The right to social security 440
III. Protection of Property 441
1. The right to protection of property as a human right 441
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2. Protection of property at the universal level 442
(a) Protection of property under the Covenants 442
(b) Protection of property under international humanitarian law 444
3. Protection of property under the regional conventions 445
(a) Scope of the protection afforded to property and possessions 445
(b) Duty to respect property 446
(c) Obligations to protect and fulfil 449
15. Protection of Persons Deprived of their Liberty 451

I. Overview 451
II. The Right to Liberty and Security of Person 451
1. Liberty 452
2. Security 453
III. Right to Protection against Arbitrary and Unlawful Deprivation of Liberty 454
1. Lawfulness 454
2. Absence of arbitrariness 455
(a) Legitimate grounds for deprivation of liberty 455
(b) Arbitrariness 456
IV. Procedural Guarantees 458
1. Right to be informed promptly of the reasons for deprivation of liberty 458
2. Right to review of the lawfulness of the deprivation of liberty 459
3. Entitlement to trial within a reasonable time or to release 463
4. Right to compensation for unlawful deprivation of liberty 463
V. The Right of Detainees to Humane Treatment 464
16. Protection from Unfair Trials 467

I. Overview 467
II. The Right to Access to Justice 467
1. Scope of relevant guarantees 467
2. Determination of criminal charges 468
3. Determination of rights and obligations in a suit at law 468
III. Independence and Impartiality of the Judiciary 472
IV. Right to Equality before Courts and to a Fair and Public Hearing 474
1. The right to equality before the court 474
2. The right to a fair and public hearing and to public pronouncement of
the judgment 475
V. Human Rights of Defendants in Criminal Trials 476
1. The presumption of innocence 477
2. Rights of the defendant 478
(a) Right to be informed of the charge 478
(b) Right to adequate time and facilities for the preparation of a defence 478
(c) The right to be tried without undue delay 479
(d) The right to defence 480
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(e) The right to examine the witnesses against oneself 482
(f) The right to the assistance of an interpreter 482
(g) The right not to be compelled to testify against oneself 483
3. Rights of the child in criminal trials 483
4. The right to have a conviction and sentence reviewed by a higher tribunal 484
5. The right to compensation for a miscarriage of justice 485
6. Ne bis in idem 485
7. No penalty without law and the prohibition of retrospective
criminal legislation 488
(a) Nulla poena sine lege 488
(b) Prohibition of retrospective criminal legislation 489
17. Protection of Participation in Political Life 491

I. Overview 491
II. Freedom of Expression 492
2. Duty to respect 493
3. Duties to protect and to fulfil 498
4. Freedom of expression and the prohibition of hate speech 500
(a) Obligations to legally prohibit hate speech 500
(b) Limitations on the freedom of expression 501
(c) Prohibition of invoking human rights with the aim of destroying them 502
III. Freedom of Assembly 503
2. Duty to respect 504
3. Duties to protect and to fulfil 506
IV. Freedom of Association 507
2. Obligations 509
V. The Right to Take Part in Public Affairs and Elections 511
1. Introduction 512
2. The right to take part in genuine periodic elections 512
(a) The right to regular, free, and secret elections 513
(b) The right to vote in elections 515
(c) The right to stand for elections 517
(d) The right to vote in referenda 518
3. Equal access to public service 518
18. Protection During Migration, Forced Displacement, and Flight 520

I. The Issue 520
II. Liberty of Movement in One’s Own Country 521
III. Migrants 523
1. Entry 523
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2. Rights during stay 523
3. Expulsion 524
4. The prohibition of inhuman treatment as an absolute limitation on expulsion,
deportation, and extradition 527
5. Acquisition of nationality and the legal status of stateless persons 535
IV. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 538
1. Basic principles 538
2. Protection from displacement 539
3. Protection during displacement 541
4. Protection after the end of displacement 543
V. Refugees 544
1. The notion of refugee 544
2. Asylum 546
3. Non-refoulement 548
4. Status rights 548
Index 551
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Table of Cases
AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’

RIGHTS (ACMHPR)
Achutan and Amnesty International v Malawi, 64/1992, 68/1992 and

78/1992 (1995)�� 316–17n58, 463n123
Amnesty International and Others v Sudan, 48/1990, 50/1991, 52/1991
and 89/1993 (1999) �� 279–80n140, 316–17n52, 420–21n74, 456n46
Association of Victims of Post Electoral Violence & Interights v Cameroon,
272/2003 (2009) ��103n187
Avocats sans Frontières v Burundi, 231/1999 (2000)��478n108
Bah Ould Rabah v Mauritania, 197/1997 (2004)�� 430–31n9
Centre for Free Speech v Nigeria, 206/1997 (1999) �� 472–73n56
Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and Minority Rights Group
(on behalf of Endorois Welfare Council) v Kenya, 276/2003 (2009)�� 116–17n25, 374–75n213
Civil Liberties Organisation and Others v Nigeria, 218/1998 (2001)�� 266n56,
268–69n74, 476n91
Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertés v Chad, 74/1992 (1995)��139n153
Constitutional Rights Project and Civil Liberties Organisation v Nigeria,
102/1993 (1998)�� 513–14n202
Constitutional Rights Project and Civil Liberties Organisation v Nigeria,
148/1996 (1999)�� 454–55n34
Constitutional Rights Project, Civil Liberties Organisation and Media Rights
Agenda v Nigeria, 140/1994, 141/1994 and 145/1995 (1999)�� 459n81, 492n3, 495n48
Democratic Republic of Congo v Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda, 227/1999 (2003)��63n105,
115–16n18, 116–17n20, 194n86, 227n142, 230n155
Dawda Jawara v The Gambia, 147/1995 and 149/1996 (2000)��510n177
Doebbler v Sudan, 236/2000 (2003)��319n96
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and Interights v Egypt, 334/2006 (2011)��325n129,
473–74n63, 483n163
Forum of Conscience v Sierra Leone, 223/1998 (2000) ��259n1, 266n54
Good v Botswana, 313/2005 (2010)�� 492–93n15, 497n72
Huri-Laws v Nigeria, 225/1998 (2000) �� 316–17n49, 499n93
International PEN, Constitutional Rights Project, Civil Liberties Organisation and
Interights v Nigeria, 137/1994, 139/194, 154/1996 and 161/1997 (1998)�� 266n54, 285–86n188
Interights et al v Botswana, 240/2001 (2004)�� 317–18n67
Kazeem Aminu v Nigeria, 205/1997 (2000)��261n10
Kazingachire and Others v Zimbabwe, 295/2004 (2013)�� 262–63n16
Law Office of Ghazi Suleiman v Sudan, 222/1998 and 229/1999 (2003)�� 316–17n59
Law Offices of Ghazi Suleiman v Sudan, 228/1999 (2003)��521–22n5
Lawyers for Human Rights v Swaziland, 251/2002 (2005) ��507–8n153
Legal Resources Foundation v Zambia, 211/1998 (2001)�� 518n248
Malawi African Association and Others v Mauritania, 54/1991, 61/1991, 98/1993,
164–196/1997 and 210/1998 (2000)��115–16n17, 116–17n19, 285–86n187, 430n4, 473–74n63
Mgwanga Gunme and Others v Cameroon, 266/2003 (2009)�� 116–17n21, 367–68n179
Modise v Botswana, 97/1993 (2000)�� 536–37n127
Mouvement Burkinabé des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples v Burkina Faso,
204/1997 (2001)��332–33n175
Purohit and Moore v The Gambia, 241/2001 (2003)�� 304n301
xvi
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Rencontre Africaine pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme v Zambia, 71/1992 (1996)�� 526n43
Scanlen & Holderness v Zimbabwe, 297/2005 (2009)�� 494–95n41
Shumba v Zimbabwe, 288/2004 (2012)�� 280n152, 313n18, 314–15n27, 320n97
Social and Economic Rights Action Centre and the Centre for Economic and Social
Rights v Nigeria, 155/1996 (2001) ��87n99, 116–17n19, 292n227, 300–1n273, 305n306
Sudan Human Rights Organisation & Centre on Housing Rights and
Evictions (COHRE) v Sudan, 279/2003–296/2005 (2009)��116–17n21, 116–17n22,
279n135, 284–85n179, 292n227, 313n18, 316–17n62, 540n143
Union Interafricaine des Droits de l’Homme and Others v Angola, 159/1996 (1997)�� 526n43
Wetsh’okonda Koso and Others v Democratic Republic of the Congo, 281/2003 (2008)��473–74n64
Zegveld and Ephrem v Eritrea, 250/2002 (2003)��332–33n175
Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum v Zimbabwe, 245/2002 (2006)�� 186n39
Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights and Institute for Human Rights and Development
in Africa (on behalf of Andrew Barclay Meldrum) v Zimbabwe, 294/2004 (2009) �� 494–95n42
AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS (ACTHPR)
Actions pour la Protection des Droits de l’Homme (APDH) v Côte d’Ivoire,

001/2014 (2016)�� 513–14n207
Anudo Ochieng Anudo v Tanzania, 012/2015 (2018) ��380–81n38
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v Kenya, 006/2012 (2017)�� 286n194,
367–68n182, 372n203, 374–75n214, 422n85
Jonas v Tanzania, 011/2015 (2017)��481n133
Lohé Issa Konaté v Burkina Faso, 004/2013 (2014)��496–97n66
Onyachi and Njoka v Tanzania, 003/2015 (2017) �� 453n25, 457–58n63
Tanganyika Law Society and The Legal and Human Rights Centre and Reverend
Christopher Mtikila v Tanzania, 009&011/2011 (2013)��517n239
Umuhoza v Rwanda (dec), Ruling on Withdrawal of Declaration, 003/2014 (2016) ��138n151
AFRICAN COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON THE RIGHTS

AND WELFARE OF THE CHILD
Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa (IHRDA) and Open Society
Justice Initiative on Behalf of Children of Nubian Descent in Kenya v Kenya,
002/2009 (2011)��535–36n121, 536n123
COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE (CTTEEAT)
Agiza v Sweden, 233/2003 (2005)��533n102

Dadar v Canada, 258/2004 (2005) �� 324n124
Dimitrijevic v Serbia and Montenegro, 172/2000 (2005)��313n15
Dzemajl et al v Serbia and Montenegro, 161/2000 (2002) ��316–17n62
Elaïba v Tunisia, 551/2013 (2016)�� 328–29n153, 329n163
Elmi v Australia, 120/1998 (1999)��534n110
F.B. v The Netherlands, 613/2014 (2015)�� 528n55, 528n57, 534n111
Gerasimov v Kazakhstan, 433/2010 (2012)��328–29n153
Guengueng et al v Senegal, 181/2001 (2006)��328–29n155
K. v Australia, 591/2014 (2015)�� 528n56
Osmani v Serbia, 261/2005 (2009) �� 325–26n139
R.G. et al v Sweden, 586/2014 (2015)�� 528n55, 528n57
R.K. et al v Sweden, 309/2006 (2008)�� 528n55, 528n57
Z. v Australia, 511/2012 (2014)�� 329–30n168
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND

CULTURAL RIGHTS (CTTEEESCR)
I.D.G. v Spain, 2/2014 (2015) �� 302n289

xv
Table of Cases xxv

COMMITTEE ON ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES (CTTEEED)
Yrusta v Argentina, 1/2013 (2016)��331n170
COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION

AGAINST WOMEN (CTTEEEDAW)
A.T. v Hungary, 2/2003 (2005)�� 353n94

Belousova v Kazakhstan, 45/2012 (2015)�� 350n69
Jallow v Bulgaria, 32/2011 (2012) �� 350n70
J.I. v Finland, 103/2016 (2018)�� 350n70
R.P.B. v The Philippines, 34/2011 (2014)�� 350n69
The Vienna Intervention Centre against Domestic Violence v Austria, 6/2005 (2007)�� 350n68
V.K. v Bulgaria, 20/2008 (2011)�� 350n70
X. and Y. v Georgia, 24/2009 (2015) �� 350n69
COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL

DISCRIMINATION (CTTEEERD)
Adan v Denmark, 43/2008 (2010)��358n114

A.W.R.A.P. v Denmark, 37/2006 (2007)��357n109
Dawas and Shava v Denmark, 46/2009 (2012) �� 358n115
Habassi v Denmark, 10/1997 (1999) ��358n113
L.K. v The Netherlands, 4/1991 (1993) ��358n113
P.S.N. v Denmark, 36/2006 (2007)��357n109
Sadic v Denmark, 25/2002 (2003)��358n113
TBB-Turkish Union in Berlin/Brandenburg v Germany, 48/2010 (2013) �� 498n87
V.S. v Slovakia, 56/2014 (2016)��358n112
COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH

DISABILITIES (CTTEERPD)
Bacher v Austria, 26/2014 (2018)��361n130

Beasley v Australia, 11/2013 (2016)�� 343–44n38
Bujdosó v Hungary, 4/2011 (2013) ��516–17n236
F. v Austria, 21/2014 (2015)��361n128
H.M. v Sweden, 3/2011 (2012)�� 344n40, 345n43, 359n124, 359n125
Lockrey v Australia, 31/2013 (2016) �� 343–44n38
Nyusti and Takács v Sweden, 1/2010 (2013) ��361n127
X. v Argentina, 8/2012 (2014)��361n129
X. v Tanzania, 22/2014 (2017)��361n131
ECOWAS COMMUNITY COURT OF JUSTICE
Mani Koraou v Niger, 06/2008 (2008) �� 430n9

The Registered Trustees of the Socio-Economic and Accountability Project (SERAP) v
Nigeria &UBEC, 07/2010 (2010)��410n14
EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (ECMHR)
Amekrane v The United Kingdom, 5961/72, Yearbook 16 (1973) �� 530n72

Bahaddar v The Netherlands, 25894/94 (1995), Reports 1998-I �� 530–31n79
Brüggemann and Scheuten v Germany, 6959/75, DR 10 (1977), 100�� 387–88n96
Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands v Greece (I), 3321/67 et al (1969)��230n159
France, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands v Turkey,
9940/82 et al (1985)��230n159
R.H. v Norway (admissibility dec), 17004/90 (1992)��283n174
xvi
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W, X, Y and Z v The United Kingdom, 3435–3438/67, Collection of Decisions 28
(1968), 109�� 430–31n8
X. v Germany, 77705/76, DR 9 (1977), 202�� 423n98
X. v The United Kingdom, 8416/79, DR 19 (1980), 244 �� 283n174, 462–63n116
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE OF SOCIAL RIGHTS (ECTTEESR)
Association for the Protection of All Children (APPROACH) Ltd. v France,

92/2013 (2014)�� 317–18n 63, 415n53
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) v Italy, 58/2009 (2010)�� 300–1n274
Confederation of Independent Trade Unions in Bulgaria, Confederation of Labour
Podkrepa and European Trade Union Confederation v Bulgaria, 32/2005 (2006)�� 440n73
European Confederation of Police (EuroCOP) v Ireland, 83/2012 (2013)�� 509n169
European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless
(FEANTSA) v France, 39/2006 (2007)�� 300n270
European Roma Rights Center v Greece, 15/2003 (2004)�� 302n291
European Roma Rights Center v Italy, 27/2004 (2005)�� 302n291
Finnish Society of Social Rights v Finland, 88/2012 (2014)�� 441n77
Greek General Confederation of Labour (GSEE) v Greece, 111/2014 (2017)�� 437n60
International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights (INTERIGHTS) v
Greece, 49/2008 (2010)�� 300–1n274
Quaker Council for European Affairs v Greece, 8/2000 (2001)�� 435n47
World Organisation Against Torture v Portugal, 34/2006 (2007)�� 317–18n63
EUROPEAN COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE
Ayadi v Council, Case T-253/02 (2006)�� 83n79

Hassan v Council and Commission, Case T-49/04 (2006)�� 83n79
Kadi v Council and Commission, Case T-315/01 (2005)��79n54, 83n79
Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission,
Case T-306/01 (2005) ��79n54, 83n79
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (ECTHR)
A. v Croatia, 55164/08 (2010) �� 395n160

A. v The United Kingdom, Reports 1998-VI�� 99–100n163, 101, 101n178, 104, 325–26n136
A. and B. v Norway, Grand Chamber, 24130/11 and 29758/11
(2016) (key case)�� 468n8, 485–86n181
A. and Others v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2009-II�� 140n159, 140n160,
140n161, 140–41n164, 144–45n186
A.B. and Others v France, 11593/12 (2016)��316–17n56
A, B and C v Ireland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2010-VI�� 387–88n99, 394–95n154
Abdolkhani and Karimnia v Turkey, 30471/08 (2009) ��547n184
Abdulaziz and Others v The United Kingdom, A/94 (1985)��347n52, 523n21
Abdulkadyrov and Dakhtayev v Russia, 35061/04 (2018) �� 314n25, 314–15n26
Acar and Others v Turkey, 36088/97 and 38417/97 (2005)��71n19
A.D.T. v The United Kingdom, Reports 2000-IX ��363–64n147, 394–95n155
Adyan and Others v Armenia, 75604/11 (2017) (key case)�� 423n99
Aerts v Belgium, Reports 1998-V�� 457–58n60
AGOSI v The United Kingdom, A/108 (1986)��448–49n122
Agraw v Switzerland, 3295/06 (2010)��113n1, 399–400n197
Ahmed v Austria, Grand Chamber, Reports 1996-VI �� 531n85, 531n87
Ahmet Arslan and Others v Turkey, 41135/98 (2010)��425n113
Airey v Ireland, A/32 (1979)��99–100, 99–100n165
Akdaş v Turkey, 41056/04 (2010) ��418n61
Akdivar and Others v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 1996-IV�� 301n281
Akkum and Others v Turkey, Reports 2005-II��280n152
xxvi
Table of Cases xxvii

Aksoy v Turkey, Reports 1996-VI �� 313–14n23, 324n118, 328–29n162
Aksu v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-I�� 389n110, 389n112
Aktaş v Turkey, Reports 2003-V ��314n25, 332–33n177, 332–33n181, 332–33n184
Al-Adsani v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-XI �� 61–62n92, 329–30,
329–30n166, 471–72n49
Albanese v Italy, 77924/01 (2006)�� 393n144
Al-Dulimi and Montana Management Inc. v Switzerland, Grand Chamber, 5809/08,
(2016) (key case)��61–62n98, 82n70, 82n71, 82–83, 82–83n75, 471–72n51
Aleksandrov v Russia, 14431/06 (2018)�� 339–40n15
Alekseyev v Russia, 4916/07, 25924/08 and 14599/09 (2010)��364n157, 504n122
Alexandridis v Greece, 19516/06 (2008) �� 420–21n76
Ali v The United Kingdom, 40385/06 (2011)��412–13n31
Alikhadzhiyeva v Russia, 68007/01 (2007) ��332–33n177
Aliyev v Azerbaijan, 18705/06 (2010)��517n243
Al-Jedda v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-IV�� 82n71, 84–85, 84–85n89
Allenet de Ribemont v France, A/308 (1995)�� 477n99
Al-Nashiri v Poland, 28761/11 (2015) �� 96n150, 124n67, 270n85, 314–15n37
Al-Nashiri v Romania, 33234/12 (2018) ��314–15n37
Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v The United Kingdom, Reports 2010-II�� 94n135, 268–69n75,
270n85, 270n86, 317–18n75
Al-Skeini and Others v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-IV�� 127n83,
127n86, 130n104, 132n117
Altun v Turkey, 24561/94 (2004)�� 446–47n107
A.M. v France, 56324/13 (2016) ��461n106
A.M. v The Netherlands, 29094/09 (2016) ��547n184
Amuur v France, Reports 1996-III��452n10
Ananyev and Others v Russia, 42525/07 and 60800/08 (2012)�� 226n126
Andrejeva v Latvia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2009-II��445–46n100, 445–46n102
Andreou v Turkey, 45653/99 (2009) �� 133–34n127
Anguelova v Bulgaria, Reports 2002-IV �� 103–4n188, 280n152, 285–86n190
Anheuser-Busch Inc. v Portugal, Grand Chamber, Reports 2007-I ��445–46n94, 445–46n101
A.P., Garçon and Nicot v France, 79885/12 et al (2017) (key case)��379–80n30
Appel-Irrgang and Others v Germany (dec), Reports 2009-IV��414–15n45
Appleby and Others v The United Kingdom, Reports 2003-VI�� 506–7n146
Aquilina v Malta, Grand Chamber, Reports 1999-III �� 459–60n85, 459–60n87, 459–60n90
A.R. and L.R. v Switzerland (dec), 22338/15 (2017)��414–15n46
Armani da Silva v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, 5878/08
(2016) (key case)�� 263–64n27
Ásatrúarfélagið v Iceland (dec), 22897/08 (2012)�� 427n131, 427n139
Assanidze v Georgia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2004-II ��70n11, 123n59, 225n120, 454–55n34
Assenov and Others v Bulgaria, Reports 1998-VIII��328–29n156, 461–62n109
Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers & Firemen (ASLEF) v
The United Kingdom, 11002/05 (2007)�� 508n164
Association for Solidarity with Jehova’s Witnesses and Others v Turkey, 36915/10
and 8606/13 (2016)�� 427n136
Association of Citizens Radko & Paunkovski v The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Reports 2009-I��509–10n173
Aswat v The United Kingdom, 17299/12 (2013) ��317–18n64, 535n115
Austin and Others v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-II ��452–53n16,
Autronic AG v Switzerland, A/178 (1990) �� 492–93n7
Axel Springer AG v Germany, Grand Chamber, 39954/08 (2012)�� 495–96n51
Axen v Germany, A/72 (1983)�� 476n90
Aydan v Turkey, 16281/10 (2013)�� 279–80n146
Aydin v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 1997-VI��314–15n28
Aziyevy v Russia, 77626/01 (2008) �� 332–33n177, 332–33n182
B. v Austria, A/175 (1990)�� 479n120
B. and L. v The United Kingdom, 36536/02 (2005)��405–6n238
xxivi
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Babar Ahmad and Others v The United Kingdom, 24027/07, 11949/08, 36742/08,
66911/09 and 67354/09 (2012) ��317–18n64, 317–18n74, 530–31n75, 530–31n78
B.A.C. v Greece, 11981/15 (2016) �� 382n52
Bachowski v Poland (dec), Reports 2010-V ��485n176
Bader and Kanbor v Sweden, Reports 2005-XI �� 270n84
Baghli v France, Reports 1999-VIII�� 403–4, 403–4n220
Baka v Hungary, Grand Chamber, 20261/12 (2016) (key case)��471n46, 519n265
Balmer-Schafroth and Others v Switzerland, Reports 1997-IV �� 470n29
Banel v Lithuania, 14326/11 (2013)�� 279n134
Banković and Others v Belgium and 16 Other Contracting States (dec),
Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-XII�� 34n20, 34–35n21, 127n84, 132n118
Bărbulescu v Romania, Grand Chamber, 61496/08 (2017) (key case) �� 392n136, 395–96n164
Barraco v France, 31684/05 (2009) �� 504n125
Bataliny v Russia, 10060/07 (2015)�� 316–17n51
Battista v Italy, Reports 2014-VI ��522n11, 522n13, 522n15
Bayatyan v Armenia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-IV�� 423n95
Bayev and Others v Russia, 67667/09 (2017)�� 364n156
B.B. v The United Kingdom, 53760/00 (2004) ��365–66n166
Becker v Norway, 21272/12 (2017) �� 493n26
Begheluri and Others v Georgia, 28490/02 (2014)�� 424n102
Behrami v France and Saramati v France, Germany and Norway (dec),
Grand Chamber, 71412/01 and 78166/01 (2007)�� 84, 84n83, 84n86
Belgian Linguistics Case, A/6 (1968)�� 340, 412n24
Belilos v Switzerland, A/132 (1988)��118n32, 119–20n42
Belousov v Russia, 2653/13 and 60980/14 (2016) �� 318–19n84, 477n101, 477n102
Belozorov v Russia and Ukraine, 43611/02 (2016)�� 132n115
Benthem v The Netherlands, A/97 (1985) �� 470n28
Benzer and Others v Turkey, 23502/06 (2013)�� 272–73n96
Berić and Others v Bosnia and Herzegovina (dec), 36357/04 et al (2007)�� 84n83, 84n87
Berladir and Others v Russia, 34202/06 (2012)�� 506–7n147
Berrehab v The Netherlands, A/138 (1988) �� 401n208
Berü v Turkey, 47304/07 (2011)�� 279n136
Bevacqua and S. v Bulgaria, 71127/01 (2008)�� 395n160
Beyeler v Italy, Reports 2000-I��445–46n96
Biržietis v Lithuania, 49304/09 (2016) �� 379n24
Blokhin v Russia, Grand Chamber, 47152/06 (2016) (key case)�� 309n328, 309n330, 476–77n94
Blokker v The Netherlands (dec), 5282/99 (2000)�� 468n7
Bompard v France (dec), Reports 2006-IV��514n209, 514–15n214
Bohlen v Germany, 53495/09 (2015)�� 378–79n21
Boner v The United Kingdom, A/300-B (1994)�� 481n134
Bosphorus Hava Yolları Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v Ireland, Grand Chamber,
Reports 2005-VI �� 80–81n58
Boultif v Switzerland, 54273/00 (2001)�� 402–3, 402–3n215
Bouyid v Belgium, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-V�� 316–17n47, 318–19n81, 320n99,
325n128, 328–29n157
Boyle and Rice v The United Kingdom, A/131 (1988) �� 184n23
Boyraz v Turkey, 61960/08 (2014)�� 345n41, 393n147, 519n263
Brannigan and McBride v The United Kingdom, A/258-B (1993)��141, 141n167, 144–45, 144–45n185
Brincat and Others v Malta, 60908/11 (2014)�� 279n138
Brogan and Others v The United Kingdom, A/145-B (1988)��459–60n95, 463–64n127
Broniowski v Poland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2004-V��225n121
Bubbins v The United Kingdom, Reports 2005-II�� 262–63n17
Budayeva and Others v Russia, Reports 2008-II ��96–97n155, 97–98, 97–98n157,
100n172, 104n196, 279n137
Bukta and Others v Hungary, Reports 2007-III�� 504–5n130, 504–5n131
Buntov v Russia, 27026/10 (2012)��314–15n36
Burden v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-III�� 221n101, 221n102,
341n23, 342–43n32
xi
Table of Cases xxix

Burdov v Russia (No. 2), Reports 2009-I�� 226n127
Burghartz v Switzerland, A/280-B (1994) �� 378–79n19
Buscarini and Others v San Marino, Grand Chamber, Reports 1999-I �� 420–21n75
Buzadji v Moldova, 23755/07 (2016)��452n7
Çakıcı v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 1999-IV �� 314–15n27, 332–33n178, 457–58n58
Çam v Turkey, 51500/08 (2016)�� 413n35
Camenzind v Switzerland, Reports 1997-VIII�� 301n280
Campbell v The United Kingdom, A/233 (1992)�� 392n137, 392n138
Campbell and Cosans v The United Kingdom, A/48 (1982)�� 412–13n32
Campell and Fell v The United Kingdom, A/80 (1984) �� 472–73n56
Casado Coca v Spain, A/285-A (1994)��70–71n16, 492–93n17
Catan and Others v Moldova and Russia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-V��123n61, 123n62,
124n65, 127n82, 127n87, 130n106, 130n109, 131n111, 412n21, 412n22, 414n38
Cengiz and Others v Turkey, 48226/10 and 14027/11 (2015)�� 493n21
Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v Romania, Grand Chamber,
Reports 2014-V �� 282n164
Centro Europa 7 S.r.l. and Di Stefano v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-III��499n91, 499n92
Cestaro v Italy, 6884/11 (2015) �� 314n25, 314–15n35
Chahal v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 1996-V��324n124, 463n118,
530–31n78, 531n84, 531n86, 531–32n94, 531–32n96,
531–32n97, 531–32n98, 548n188
Chapman v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-I�� 301n285
Chassagnou and Others v France, Reports 1999-III��507n150, 507n151
Chavdarov v Bulgaria, 3465/03 (2011)�� 398n184
Chember v Russia, Reports 2008-IV�� 317–18n69
Chiragov and Others v Armenia (merits), Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-III ��130n109,
446–47n109, 540n145
Chitos v Greece, 51637/12 (2015)�� 435n44
Choreftakis and Choreftaki v Greece, 46846/08 (2012) ��281n163
Chowdury and Others v Greece, 21884/15 (2017) (key case)�� 432–33n30
Chraidi v Germany, Reports 2006-XII �� 463n121
Church of Scientology of the City of Moscow v Russia, 18147/02 (2007)��427n133
Ciorap v Moldova, 12066/02 (2007)��281n157, 281n158, 314–15n31
C.N. v The United Kingdom, 4239/08 (2012)��431–32n19, 432–33n29
C.N. and V. v France, 67724/09 (2012)��431–32n19, 434–35n39, 434–35n40
Communist Party of Russia and Others v Russia, 29400/05 (2012)�� 513–14n200
Čonka v Belgium, Reports 2002-I�� 526n46
Connors v The United Kingdom, 66746/01 (2004)�� 301n285
Copland v The United Kingdom, Reports 2007-I �� 392n136
Correia de Matos v Portugal, 48188/99 (2001)�� 480–81n131
Costa and Pavan v Italy, 54270/10 (2012) �� 386n86
Costello-Roberts v The United Kingdom, A/247-C (1993) �� 70–71n14, 324–25n127, 415n52
Couderc and Hachette Filipacchi Associés v France, Grand Chamber,
Reports 2015-VII�� 495–96n54
Cox v Turkey, 2933/03 (2010)��270n81, 498n80
Croissant v Germany, A/237-B (1992)�� 480–81n131
Cruz Varas v Sweden, A/201 (1991)�� 530–31n75, 531n85, 533–34n104
Cudak v Lithuania, Grand Chamber, Reports 2010-III�� 471–72n49, 471–72n50
Cyprus v Turkey (merits), Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-IV ��230n158, 543n165
Cyprus v Turkey (just satisfaction), Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-II��230n158
D. and Others v Belgium (dec), 29176/13 (2014)�� 398n180
D. v The United Kingdom, Reports 1997-III�� 316–17n48, 324n120, 531n83, 534n112
Dahlab v Switzerland (dec), Reports 2001-V �� 93–94n128, 425–26n117
Danilenkov and Others v Russia, Reports 2009-III��507–8n155, 511n185
De Donder and De Clippel v Belgium, 8595/06 (2011) �� 280n154
Dedovskiy and Others v Russia, Reports 2008-III�� 314n25, 314–15n34
De Jong, Baljet and Van den Brink v The Netherlands, A/77 (1984) �� 459–60n85
Delfi AS v Estonia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-II�� 492–93n9, 495–96n62
x
xxx Table of Cases

Del Rio Prada v Spain, Grand Chamber, Reports 2013-VI �� 454–55n35
Demir and Baykara v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-V�� 440n72, 509n169
Denmark v Turkey, Reports 2000-IV ��230n157
Derungs v Switzerland, 52089/09 (2016)��461n104
De Souza Ribeiro v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-VI��183n18, 183n21, 547n184
De Tommaso v Italy, Grand Chamber, 43395/09 (2017) (key case)��452–53n18, 452–53n19,
470–71n39
D.H. and Others v Czech Republic, Grand Chamber, Reports 2007-IV��343–44n37, 344n39,
358n116, 412 n. 25
Dickson v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2007-V �� 385n77, 386n83, 396n167
Dink v Turkey, 2668/07 et al (2010) ��99n160, 498n83
Di Sarno and Others v Italy, 30765/08 (2012)�� 392, 392n134
Di Trizio v Switzerland, 7186/09 (2016) ��400n206
Djokaba Lambi Longa v The Netherlands (dec), Reports 2012-IV�� 123n63
D.L. v Bulgaria, 7472/14 (2016)�� 461n99
Dmitrijevs v Latvia, 61638/00 (2006) �� 427n127
D.M.T. and D.K.T. v Bulgaria, 29476/06 (2012)��393n145
D.N. v Switzerland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-III��461n100
Doğan and Others v Turkey, Reports 2004-VI ��542n158, 543n169
Dogru v France, 27058/05 (2009)�� 93–94n128, 425–26n119
Doorson v The Netherlands, Reports 1996-II ��482n151
Đorđević v Croatia, Reports 2012-V ��100n168, 103–4n192, 325–26n137, 395n161
Dougoz v Greece, Reports 2001-II��318–19n93
Draon v France, Grand Chamber, 1513/03 (2005)��445–46n98
Dubetska and Others v Ukraine, 30499/03 (2011)��298–99n262
Dubská and Krejzová v Czech Republic, Grand Chamber, 28859/11 and 28473/12
(2016) (key case)�� 385n79
Dudgeon v The United Kingdom, A/45 (1981)��363–64n147, 394–95n155
Dulas v Turkey, 25801/94 (2001)�� 316–17n61
Đurđević v Croatia, Reports 2011-V ��325–26n134, 328–29n156, 383n59
Dvorski v, Croatia, Grand Chamber, 25703/11 (2015)��476–77n94, 478–79n109, 480–81n127
Dybeku v Albania, 41153/06 (2008) ��66n115, 326–27n142, 326–27n145
Dzemyuk v Ukraine, 42488/02 (2014) ��298–99n262
E. and Others v The United Kingdom, 33218/96 (2002)�� 325–26n136
E.B. v France, Grand Chamber, 43546/02 (2008)�� 339–40n11, 339–40n13, 365–66n168,
387n90, 387n91, 387n92
Ebrahimian v France, Reports 2015-VIII��425n115
Editorial Board of Pravoye Delo and Shtekel v Ukraine, Reports 2011-II��92n116
Edwards v The United Kingdom, Reports 2002-II�� 103–4n188, 280n149
Eğitim ve Bilim Emekçileri Sendikası v Turkey, Reports 2012-III��494–95n45, 497n72,
509–10n174, 510n178
Elberte v Latvia, Reports 2015-I�� 383n64
Elci and Others v Turkey, 23145/93 and 25091/94 (2003)��313–14n24, 314–15n26
El Leil v France, Grand Chamber, 34869/05 (2011)�� 471–72n47, 471–72n49, 471–72n50
El Mahi and Others v Denmark (dec), Reports 2006-XV��133n124
El-Masri v The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Grand Chamber,
Reports 2012-VI�� 96n149, 124n67, 314n25, 453n23, 458n65, 464n130
El Morsli v France (dec), 15585/06 (2008)�� 425–26n118
Emine Araç v Turkey, Reports 2008-IV�� 470–71n37
Emre v Switzerland, 42034/04 (2008)�� 403–4, 403–4n221
Emre v Switzerland (No. 2), 5056/10 (2011)��403–4n221
Enea v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2009-IV �� 317–18n64, 470–71n38
Engel and Others v The Netherlands, A/22 (1976)��452n11, 468n6
Eon v France, 26118/10 (2013)�� 495–96n55
Erdem v Germany, 38321/97 (2001) �� 392n137, 393n139
Ergi v Turkey, Reports 1998-IV�� 184n25
Erkalo v The Netherlands, Reports 1998-VI �� 454–55n31
xxi
Table of Cases xxxi

Erol v Turkey, 51358/99 (2006)��277n123, 279n139
Eskelinen and Others v Finland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2007-II��471n45
Evans v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2007-I�� 94n133, 260–61n5, 385n77,
387–88n95, 397n168
Eweida and Others v The United Kingdom, Reports 2013-I�� 420n72, 420–21n73,
421n84, 425n114, 426n126
Ezelin v France, A/202 (1991) ��503–4n120
F. v Switzerland, A/128 (1987)�� 405–6n236
Fadeyeva v Russia, Reports 2005-IV ��391
Falzon v Malta, 45791/13 (2018)�� 496–97n68
Fernández Martínez v Spain, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-II �� 395–96n162
Ferrazzini v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-VII�� 470–71n40
F.G. v Sweden, Grand Chamber, 43611/11 (2016) (key case)��530n74, 530–31n76
Finogenov and Others v Russia, Reports 2011-VI �� 263n21, 263–64n24, 263–64n26
Finucane v The United Kingdom, Reports 2003-VIII�� 284–85n179
Folgerø and Others v Norway, Grand Chamber, Reports 2007-III��414–15n44
Forminster Enterprises Limited v Czech Republic, 38238/04 (2008)��448–49n122
Fox, Campbell and Hartley v The United Kingdom, A/182 (1990) �� 458–59n72
Francesco Lombardi v Italy, 43039/98 (2000)�� 470–71n33
Frasik v Poland, Reports 2010-I�� 405–6n233, 405–6n237
Freedom and Democracy Party (Özdep) v Turkey, Grand Chamber,
Reports 1999-VIII��510n177
Frumkin v Russia, 74568/12 (2016) (key case)�� 504n124, 505n135, 506n144, 506–7n146
G. v France, A/325-B (1995) ��489–90n212
Gäfgen v Germany, Grand Chamber, Reports 2010-IV�� 314n25, 314–15n39, 316–17n45,
324n121, 324n122, 328–29n162
Gahramanli and Others v Azerbaijan, 36503/11 (2015)�� 513–14n205
Gallardo Sanchez v Italy, Reports 2015-II ��457–58n62
Garaudy v France (dec), Reports 2003-IX �� 502–3n112
Gard and Others v The United Kingdom (dec), 39793/17 (2017)�� 286n197
Gardel v France, Reports 2009-V�� 488n199
Garib v The Netherlands, Grand Chamber, 43494/09 (2017) ��221n101
Gas and Dubois v France, Reports 2012-II�� 387n94
Gaskin v The United Kingdom, A/160 (1989)��493n19
Gebremedhin [Gaberamadhien] v France, Reports 2007-II�� 183n16, 547n185
Genderdoc-M v Moldova, 9106/06 (2012)�� 364n157
Genovese v Malta, 53124/00 (2011)�� 380–81n36, 536–37n128
Georgia v Russia (I), Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-IV ��230n157
Georgia v Russia (II), Grand Chamber, 38263/08 (pending)��230n158
Geotech Kancev GmbH v Germany, 23646/09 (2016) �� 508n160
Giacomelli v Italy, Reports 2006-XII�� 390n125, 511
G.I.E.M. S.r.l. and Others v Italy, Grand Chamber, 1828/06 et al (2018) (key case)��488n200
Gillan and Quinton v The United Kingdom, Reports 2010-I��378n11
Gillberg v Sweden, Grand Chamber, 41723/06 (2012)��389n118, 493n27
Gitonas and Others v Greece, Reports 1997-IV��517n238
Giuliani and Gaggio v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-II ��263–64n25, 263–64n27
Giuran v Romania, Reports 2011-III��223n114, 223n116, 445–46n99
Glor v Switzerland, Reports 2009-III��393–94n151
Gongadze v Ukraine, Reports 2005-XI��102–3n185
Goodwin v The United Kingdom, Reports 1996-II�� 493n26
Goodwin v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2002-VI�� 363–64n149, 405n229
Gorovenky and Bugara v Ukraine, 36146/05 and 42418/05 (2012)�� 279–80n147
Goygova v Russia, 74240/01 (2007)��280n152
Grande Oriente d’Italia di Palazzo Giustiniani v Italy (No. 2), 26740/02 (2007)��508n158
GRA Stiftung gegen Rassismus und Antisemitismus v Switzerland, 18597/13 (2018) �� 496–97n67
Grauzinis v Lithuania, 37975/97 (2000)��459–60n94
Graziani-Weiss v Austria, 31950/06 (2012) �� 435n43
xxxi
xxxii Table of Cases

Greens and M.T. v The United Kingdom, Reports 2010-VI�� 226n130
Groppera Radio AG and Others v Switzerland, A/173 (1990) ��92n114
Grosaru v Romania, Reports 2010-II�� 513–14n203
Gross v Switzerland, 67810/10 (2013) �� 385n74, 385n76
Gross v Switzerland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-IV �� 385n76
Guberina v Croatia, 23682/13 (2016) (key case) ��359n122
Guerra and Others v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 1998-I�� 390–91n127
Guillot v France, Reports 1996-V �� 378–79n20
Guja v Moldova, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-II��497n76
Gül v Switzerland, Reports 1996-I�� 399n190, 401n209, 404n223, 523n22
Gündüz and Others v Turkey, 4611/05 (2011)��280n155
Guseva v Bulgaria, 6987/07 (2015)�� 493n24
Güveç v Turkey, Reports 2009-I �� 316–17n53
Guzzardi v Italy, A/39 (1980)��452n12
Haas v Switzerland, Reports 2011-I��385n74, 385n75
Hadri-Vionnet v Switzerland, 55525/00 (2008)�� 489–90n186
Haldimann and Others v Switzerland, Reports 2015-I�� 495–96n57
Hämäläinen v Finland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-IV��94n131, 380n31, 405n226, 405n229
Hamidović v Bosnia and Herzegovina, 57792/15 (2017) (key case)�� 426n121
Handyside v The United Kingdom, A/24 (1976) ��92–93n117, 93n122, 93n123, 363n146
Harutyunyan v Armenia, Reports 2007-III��483n163
Hasan and Chaush v Bulgaria, Grand Chamber, Reports 2000-XI��427n135
Hassan v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-VI�� 132n117, 139–40n158,
175–76n117, 486–87n189, 487n197
Hatton and Others v The United Kingdom, 36022/97 (2001)��391n128, 391n129, 394–95n156
Hatton and Others v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber,
Reports 2003-VIII��104n194, 390n125
Heinisch v Germany, Reports 2011-V �� 498–99n88
Helmers v Sweden, A/212-A (1991) �� 476n90
Henaf v France, Reports 2003-XI ��318–19n86
Hermi v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-XII �� 480n125
Herri Batasuna and Batasuna v Spain, Grand Chamber, Reports 2009-III ��510n178, 510–11n182
Hermann v Germany, Grand Chamber, 9300/07 (2012)�� 446–47n108
Hertel v Switzerland, Reports 1998-VI �� 92n115, 92n116, 495–96n61
Hirsi Jamaa and Others v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-II��127n83, 129n96,
526n43, 531n85, 547n184
Hirst v The United Kingdom (No. 2), Grand Chamber,
Reports 2005-IX �� 515n218, 515n225, 516n229
H.L.R. v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 1997-III�� 531n83, 531n88
Hood v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 1999-I�� 459–60n92
Hoppe v Germany, 28422/95 (2002)��399n193
Horoz v Turkey, 1639/03 (2009) �� 280–81n156
Horváth and Kiss v Hungary, 11146/11 (2013) �� 413n36
Howald Moor and Others v Switzerland, 52067/10 and 41072/11 (2015)�� 471–72n48
Hristozov and Others v Bulgaria, Reports 2012-V�� 286n196, 383–84n67
Hutten-Czapska v Poland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-VIII�� 226n129,
448–49n120, 448–49n123
I. v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, 25680/94 (2002)�� 379–80n27, 405n229
I.A. v France, Reports 1998-VII�� 463n123
İ.A. v Turkey, Reports 2005-VIII��502n108, 502n109
Ibrahim and Others v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, 50541/08 et al
(2016) (key case)�� 480–81n127
Ignatyev v Ukraine (dec), 1267/13 (2017)��222–23n111
Ilaşcu and Others v Moldova and Russia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2004-VII ��70n12, 81–82n67,
96n149, 123n58, 123n61, 124n65, 130n105, 133n121
Ilhan v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2000-VII ��314–15n27
Incal v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 1998-IV �� 474n68
xxixi
Table of Cases xxxiii

Ireland v The United Kingdom, A/25 (1978)�� 230n160, 313–14, 321n105
Isayeva v Russia, 57950/00 (2005)�� 274–75
Isayeva, Yusopova and Bazayeva v Russia, 57947–57949/00 (2005)��274n112
Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines v Turkey, Reports 2007-V�� 220n97
Ismoilov and Others v Russia, 2947/06 (2008)�� 531n85, 533n101
Issa and Others v Turkey, 31821/96 (2004) ��127n87, 131n112
Ivanov v Russia (dec), 35222/04 (2007)��502–3n115
Ivanova v Bulgaria, 52435/99 (2007)�� 421n82
Ivanova and Cherkezov v Bulgaria, 46577/15 (2016)�� 446–47n105, 446–47n110
Izevbekhai and Others v Ireland (dec), 43408/08 (2011) ��531n90, 534n108
İzzettin Doğan and Others v Turkey, Grand Chamber, 62649/10 (2016)
(key case)�� 339–40n12, 427n128
J. and Others v Austria, 58216/12 (2017) (key case)�� 432–33n30, 432–33n31
Jabari v Turkey, Reports 2000-VIII�� 183n16, 317–18n66, 461n107, 547n185
Jäggi v Switzerland, Reports 2006-X��379–80n26
Jahn and Others v Germany, 46720/99, 72203/01 and 72552/01 (2004)��447–48n111
Jahn and Others v Germany, Grand Chamber, Reports 2005-VI�� 446n104, 447–48n113, 448n119
Jalloh v Germany, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-IX��316–17n50, 320n100, 483n161
Jaloud v The Netherlands, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-VI�� 84n85, 132n117
Janowiec and Others v Russia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2013-V ��332–33n179
J.K. and Others v Sweden, Grand Chamber, 59166/12 (2016) (key case)��530n73, 531n85, 531n89
J.M. v The United Kingdom, 37060/06 (2010) �� 365–66n167
Johansson v Finland, 10163/02 (2007)�� 378–79n20
Johnston and Others v Ireland, A/112 (1986)�� 405n230
Jones and Others v The United Kingdom, 34356/06 and 40528/06 (2014) ��471–72n49
Jorgic v Germany, Reports 2007-II�� 488n203
Jovanović v Serbia, Reports 2013-II�� 399–400n200
July and SARL Libération v France, Reports 2008-II�� 495–96n53
Junta Rectora Del Ertzainen Nazional Elkartasuna (ER.N.E.) v Spain, 45892/09 (2015) ��509n170
Jussila v Finland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-XIV �� 470–71n40
K. and T. v Finland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-VII��398–99n189, 399n192
K2 v the United Kingdom (dec), 42387/13 (2017)��380–81n38
Kadusic v Switzerland, 43977/13 (2018) ��455n41
Kafkaris v Cyprus, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-I�� 317–18n72
Kalaç v Turkey, Reports 1997-IV�� 421n83
Kalashnikov v Russia, Reports 2002-VI��318–19n93, 324n121, 326–27n141
Kalda v Estonia, 17429/10 (2016) �� 493n22
Kamasinski v Austria, A/168 (1989)�� 482–83n154
Karaahmed v Bulgaria, 30587/13 (2015)�� 424n102
Karácsony and Others v Hungary, Grand Chamber, 42461/13 and 44357/13
(2016) (key case)�� 494n33, 494n35
Karakó v Hungary, 39311/05 (2009)��387n117
Kashavelov v Bulgaria, 891/05 (2011)��318–19n87
Kasymakhunov and Saybatalov v Russia, 26261/05 and 26377/06 (2013)��502–3n118, 511n183
Kaya v Turkey, Reports 2014-II��393n140
Kayak v Turkey, 60444/08 (2012)��281n161
Keegan v Ireland, A/290 (1993)��396n167, 398n182, 399n190
Keenan v The United Kingdom, Reports 2001-III��280n154, 316–17n49, 318–19n94,
325–26n135, 326–27n141
Kemaloğlu v Turkey, 19986/06 (2012)��103–4n189, 279n137, 281n161, 281n162
Kerimli v Azerbaijan, 3967/09 (2015)�� 522n8
Kerimova and Others v Russia, 17170/04 et al (2011)�� 273n109
Khatsiyeva and Others v Russia, 5108/02 (2008)��275–76n115
K.H. and Others v Slovakia, Reports 2009-II �� 384n69
Khlaifia and Others v Italy, Grand Chamber, 16483/12 (2016) (key case)��326–27n147,
456n42, 526n43
Khoroshenko v Russia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-IV ��399–400n198
xvxi
xxxiv Table of Cases

Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v Sweden, 23883/06 (2008)�� 498–99n90
K.-H.W. v Germany, Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-II��489–90n209
Kilavuz v Turkey, 8327/03 (2008)�� 280n154
Kiss v Hungary, 38832/06 (2010) ��516–17n235
Kitanovska Stanojkovic and Others v The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
2319/14 (2016)��285n186
Kiyutin v Russia, 2700/10 (2011)��304n298
Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen v Denmark, A/23 (1976)��414n41
Koch v Germany, 497/09 (2012) ��385n74
Kokkinakis v Greece, A/260-A (1993)�� 409n6, 420n70, 488n203
Kononov v Latvia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2010-IV��489–90n208, 489–90n210
Konovalova v Russia, 37873/04 (2014) �� 385n79
Kopp v Switzerland, Reports 1998-II�� 377–78n8
Korbely v Hungary, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-IV ��171n95, 488n203
Korolev v Russia (dec), Reports 2010-V��223n114, 223n116, 223n117
Kosteski v The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 55170/00 (2006)�� 422n86
Kotsaftis v Greece, 39780/06 (2008)��316–17n49
Kovach v Ukraine, Reports 2008-I ��517n242
Kraska v Switzerland, A/254-B (1993)�� 470–71n35
Krupko and Others v Russia, 26587/07 (2014)�� 427n137
Kruškić and Others v Croatia (dec), 10140/13 (2014)�� 398n177
Krušković v Croatia, 46185/08 (2011)��398n183
Kruslin v France, A/176-A (1990) ��92n114
Kudła v Poland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2000-IX �� 309n328
Kudrevičius and Others v Lithuania, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-VI�� 504n122, 504–5n130,
505n136, 506n145, 506–7n148
Kurt v Turkey, Reports 1998-III ��332–33n180, 458n64
Kurtulmuş v Turkey (dec), Reports 2006-II��425–26n117
Kyprianou v Cyprus, Grand Chamber, Reports 2005-XIII ��473n60, 492–93n18,
494n30, 494–95n46
L. v Lithuania, Reports 2007-IV ��379–80n29
Labita v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2000-IV �� 516n232
Lambert and Others v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-III�� 283–84n178
Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v The United Kingdom, Reports 1997-I ��381–82n45, 394–95n155
Lautsi v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-III��93–94n127, 414n42
Lawless v Ireland, A/3 (1961)�� 456n43
L.E. v Greece, 71545/12 (2016)�� 432–33n29
Leander v Sweden, A/116 (1987) �� 378n13, 378n14
Leyla Şahin v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2005-XI �� 93–94n128, 412n23, 425–26n118
Lindon, Otchakovsky-Laurens and July v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 2007-IV�� 495–96n52
Libert v France, 588/13 (2018) (key case)�� 395–96n164
L.M. and Others v Russia, 40081/14 et al (2015)�� 530–31n79, 531n85
Loizidou v Turkey (merits), Grand Chamber, Reports 1996-VI��446n103, 446–47, 543n170
Loizidou v Turkey (preliminary objections), Grand Chamber, A/310 (1995)�� 123n57, 130n104,
Lopes de Sousa Fernandes v Portugal, Grand Chamber, 56080/13 (2017) (key case)�� 279n132,
282n165, 284–85n180, 309n332, 309n334
Lopez-Ostra v Spain, A/303C (1994)�� 390n126
López Ribalda and Others v Spain, 1874/13 and 8567/13 (2018)�� 395–96n165
Losonci Rose and Rose v Switzerland, 664/06 (2010)�� 378–79n19
Lüdi v Switzerland, A/238 (1992) ��482n151
Luedicke, Belkacem and Koç v Germany, A/29 (1978)��482–83n155, 482–83n158
Lustig-Prean and Beckett v The United Kingdom, 31417/96 and 32377/96 (1999) ��363–64n148
Lyalyakin v Russia, 31305/09 (2015)��318–19n88
M. v Germany, Reports 2009-VI��455n39, 462–63n117
M. v Switzerland, 41199/06 (2011)��129n94, 393–94n149
M. and M. v Croatia, Reports 2015-V ��400n204
M.A. v Cyprus, Reports 2013-IV�� 526n43, 526n47, 547n184
xv
Table of Cases xxxv

Maaouia v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 2000-X �� 470–71n42
Maestri v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2004-I��508n158
Magyar Helsinki Bizottság v Hungary, Grand Chamber, 18030/11 (2016) (key case)�� 493n23
Mahieu v France, 43288/98 (2001) �� 470–71n36
Mahmut Kaya v Turkey, Reports 2000-III��325–26n132, 332–33n184
Makaratzis v Greece, Grand Chamber, Reports 2004-XI��87–88n101,
261n9, 263n21, 263–64n25
Makhauri v Russia, 58701/00 (2007)��261n9
Mamatkulov and Abdurasulovic v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2005-I �� 223–24n118
Mamazhonov v Russia, 17239/13 (2014)��530–31n78, 531n83, 532–33n101
Mann Singh v France (dec), 24479/07 (2008) �� 426n123
Mangouras v Spain, Grand Chamber, Reports 2010-V ��463n119
Manoussakis and Others v Greece, Reports 1996-IV�� 427n136
Mansur v Turkey, A/319-B (1995)��479n118
Mansur Yalçin and Others v Turkey, 21163/11 (2014)��414–15n44
Mantovanelli v France, Reports 1997-II��474–75n75
Maravić Markeš v Croatia, 70923/11 (2014) ��475n78
Marckx v Belgium, A/31 (1979)�� 99–100n164, 221n103, 398–99n189,
Marguš v Croatia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-III�� 185n32, 186n41, 480n123,
485n178, 485–86n184
Markin v Russia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-III��339–40n11, 342n26, 400n205
Maslov v Austria, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-III ��382n51, 403
Maslova and Nalbandov v Russia, 839/02 (2008)��314–15n28
Mastromatteo v Italy, Reports 2002-VIII��281n163
Matelly v France, 10609/10 (2014)��509n171
Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium, A/113 (1987)��517n238
Matthews v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber,
Reports 1999-I��83–84n81, 512–13n191, 514n212
Mayeka and Mitunga v Belgium, Reports 2006-XI�� 316–17n54, 327n148
M’Bala M’Bala v France (dec), Reports 2015-VIII�� 502–3n112
M.C. v Bulgaria, Reports 2003-XII�� 314–15n30, 325–26n133
McCann and Others v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, A/324 (1995)��259n1, 262–63n15,
263–64n23, 263–64n25
McKay v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-X��459–60n85, 459–60n90
Mechenkov v Russia, 35421/05 (2008) �� 326–27n143
Medvedyev and Others v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 2010-III �� 129n97
Megyeri v Germany, A/237-A (1992)��461–62n110
Meier v Switzerland, 10109/14 (2016) (key case) �� 435–36n51
Mellacher v Austria, A/169 (1989)��448–49n120
Melnychenko v Ukraine, Reports 2004-X��517n238
Memlika v Greece, 37991/12 (2015) �� 412–13n30
Mennesson and Others v France, Reports 2014-III �� 380–81n36, 387n89
Merabishvili v Georgia, Grand Chamber, 72508/13 (2017)�� 455n40
Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia and Others v Moldova, Reports 2001-XII �� 424n103,
424n104, 427n128, 427n132
Michaud v France, Reports 2012-VI �� 382n53
Micu v Romania, 55104/13 (2016)�� 309n330
Mikhno v Ukraine, 32514/12 (2017)��474n67
Mikulić v Croatia, Reports 2002-I��379n25, 398n175
Mizzi v Malta, 26111/02 (2006)��398n185
M.N. and Others v San Marino, 28005/12 (2015)�� 378n12
Modinos v Cyprus, A/259 (1993)�� 91–92n111, 381–82n44, 381–82n45
Moldovan and Others v Romania (No. 2), Reports 2005-VII ��300–1n273, 302n290,
318–19n91, 325–26n134, 327–28n149, 359n121
Monory v Romania and Hungary, 71099/01 (2005) ��399n195
Moohan and Gillon v The United Kingdom (dec), 22962/15 and 23345/15
(2017) (key case)��513n193
xxvi
xxxvi Table of Cases

Moreno Gómez v Spain, Reports 2004-X��391n130
Moretti and Benedetti v Italy, 16318/07 (2010) ��398n178
Morice v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-II�� 473n62, 494n36, 494–95n46
Moscow Branch of the Salvation Army v Russia, Reports 2006-XI ��427n128, 427n133
Mosley v The United Kingdom, 48009/08 (2011) �� 381n43
Mozer v Moldova and Russia, Grand Chamber, 11138/10 (2016) (key case)��123n62, 124n65, 421n80
M.S. v Croatia (No. 2), 75450/12 (2015)�� 462n113, 481n140
M.S.S. v Belgium and Greece, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-I ��111–12n214, 293–94n236,
302n293, 327–28n150, 535n117, 547n183
Müller and Others v Switzerland, A/133 (1988)�� 492–93n12, 495n49
Murphy v Ireland, Reports 2003-IX �� 502n108
Muršić v Croatia, Grand Chamber, 7334/13 (2016) (key case) �� 317–18n70
Musiał v Poland, Grand Chamber, Reports 1999-II�� 462–63n116
Muskhadzhiyeva and Others v Belgium, 41442/07 (2010)��316–17n56
N. v Finland, 38885/02 (2005) ��531n88
N. v Sweden, 23505/09 (2010)��531n91
N. v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-III��534n113
Nachova and Others v Bulgaria, Grand Chamber, Reports 2005-VII �� 262–63n16,
355n99, 358n116, 359n118
Nada v Switzerland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-V ��82n70, 82n71, 82n72,
82, 382n51, 452–53n15, 452–53n19, 522n17
Nagy v Hungary, Grand Chamber, 53080/13 (2016) (key case)��445–46n102, 446n104
Naït-Liman v Switzerland (Grand Chamber), 51357/07 (2018) (key case) ��329–30n168, 471–72n49
National Federation of Sports Associations and Unions (FNASS) and
Others v France, 48151/11 and 77769/13 (2018) (key case)�� 393–94n150
Nazarenko v Russia, Reports 2015-V��398n179
Neulinger and Shuruk v Switzerland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2010-V�� 400n201
Nevmerzhitsky v Ukraine, Reports 2005-II�� 281n157, 281n158
Niemietz v Germany, A/251-B (1992) �� 382n53, 389–90n123
Norwood v The United Kingdom (dec), Reports 2004-XI��502–3n114
Obst v Germany, 425/03 (2010)�� 395–96n162
Öcalan v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2005-IV��266n54, 266n56, 268–69n73,
317–18n64, 478n108
Odièvre v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 2003-III�� 93–94n125, 397, 397nn168–169
O’Donoghue and Others v The United Kingdom, Reports 2010-VI �� 405–6nn233–234
O’Halloran and Francis v The United Kingdom, Reports 2007-III ��483n161
O’Keeffe v Ireland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-I�� 325–26n133
Oleksandr Volkov v Ukraine, Reports 2013-I ��393n146
Oliari and Others v Italy, 18766/11 and 36030/11 (2015)�� 94n134, 382–83n56
Öneryıldız v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2004-XII�� 96–97n153, 97–98, 279n138, 449n124
Open Door and Dublin Well Women v Ireland, A/246-A (1992)��283n174
Opuz v Turkey, Reports 2009-III��100n168, 103n187, 103–4n190, 279n135,
325–26n138, 353–54n95
Orban and Others v France, 20985/05 (2009)��502–3n117
Orhan v Turkey, 25656/94 (2002)�� 332–33n176, 332–33n184
Orlandi and Others v Italy, 26431/12 et al (2017) ��382–83n58, 405n226
Oršuš and Others v Croatia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2010-II�� 343–44n37, 343–44n39,
358n116, 412n25
Osman v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 1998-VIII�� 99n160,
102–3n182, 103n187, 279n135
Osmanoğlu and Kocabaş v Switzerland, 29086/12 (2017) (key case)�� 93n122, 414–15n47
Otegi Mondragon v Spain, Reports 2011-I�� 494n34, 495–96n56
Othman (Abu Qatada) v The United Kingdom, Reports 2012-I��464n130, 464n131, 532–33n101
Otto-Preminger-Institut v Austria, A/295-A (1994)�� 502n108
Ould Dah v France (dec), Reports 2009-I ��488n204
Oyal v Turkey, 4864/05 (2010) ��286n195, 309n331
Özdemir v Turkey, 54169/00 (2007)��332–33n183
xxivi
Table of Cases xxxvii

Özel and Others v Turkey, 14350/05 (2015)��96–97n154, 279n137
Özen and Others v Turkey, 15672/08 et al (2011)��393n141
Özpınar v Turkey, 20999/04 (2010)�� 381–82n48
Öztürk v Germany, A/73 (1984) �� 468n7
Pad and Others v Turkey (dec), 60167/00 (2007)�� 127n87
Paksas v Lithuania, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-I�� 502–3n113, 502–3n116, 512–13n189, 513n194
Paladi v Moldova, Grand Chamber, 39806/05 (2009)�� 223–24n118
Palomo Sánchez and Others v Spain, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-V��492–93n6, 498–99n89
Pantea v Romania, Reports 2003-VI�� 325–26n135
Paposhvili v Belgium, Grand Chamber, 41738/10 (2016) (key case)�� 535n114
Paradiso and Campanelli v Italy, Grand Chamber, 25358/12 (2017) (key case)�� 387n88
Parillo v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-V �� 386n87
Parry v The United Kingdom (dec), Reports 2006-XV�� 405n229
Parti nationaliste basque – Organisation régionale d’Iparralde v France, Reports 2007-II�� 510n176
Peck v The United Kingdom, Reports 2003-I�� 377–78n9
Pellegrin v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 1999-VIII �� 471n44
Perinçek v Switzerland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-VI�� 497n70, 498n81, 502n105
Petropavlovskis v Latvia, Reports 2015-I�� 536–37n129
Piermont v France, A/314 (1995)�� 491n2
Pierre-Bloch v France, Reports 1997-VI�� 470–71n41
Pilav v Bosnia and Herzegovina, 41939/07 (2016)��340n21, 517–18n246
Pitkevich v Russia, 47936/99 (2001) �� 426n122
Plattform ‹Ärzte für das Leben› v Austria, A/139 (1988) �� 100n167, 102–3n186, 506n143
Podkolzina v Latvia, Reports 2002-II ��515n218, 517–18n245
Poltoratskiy v Ukraine, Reports 2003-V �� 316–17n41, 421n80
Ponomaryovi v Bulgaria, Reports 2011-III��342–43n29
Popoviciu v Romania, 52942/09 (2016)��522n13, 522n14
Pretto and Others v Italy, A/71 (1983)�� 476n86
Pretty v The United Kingdom, Reports 2002-III��283–84n176, 314n25, 326n140,
377n6, 383n59, 383n62, 384, 384n71
Price v The United Kingdom, Reports 2001-VII �� 312–13n13, 318–19n92
Putistin v Ukraine, 16882/03 (2013)�� 389n109
Quaranta v Switzerland, A/205 (1991)��481n135
Quinn v France, A/311 (1995)��463n118
Raimondo v Italy, 12954/87 (1994)��452–53n18
Ramadan v Malta, 76136/12 (2016) (key case)��380–81n37
Ramanauskas v Lithuania, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-I�� 70n8
Ramirez Sanchez v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-IX�� 314n25, 317–18n64, 324n.119
Ramsahai and Others v The Netherlands, Grand Chamber, Reports 2007-II�� 262–63n15,
262–63n16, 284–85n179
Raninen v Finland, Reports 1997-VIII�� 383n60
Rantsev v Cyprus and Russia, Reports 2010-I �� 34n20, 432–33n25, 432–33n32
Rappaz v Switzerland (dec), 73175/10 (2013)��280–81n156, 281n157, 281n160
Ratzenböck and Seydl v Austria, 28475/12 (2017)�� 382–83n57
Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) and Others v Turkey, 41340/98, 41342/98,
41343/98 and 41344/98 (2001) ��510n177
Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) and Others v Turkey, Grand Chamber,
Reports 2003-II�� 492–93n15, 510–11n180
Reinhardt and Slimane-Kaïd v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 1998-II��479n117
Religionsgemeinschaft der Zeugen Jehovas and Others v Austria, 40825/98 (2008) �� 427n134
Renolde v France, Reports 2008-V�� 280n154
Ribitsch v Austria, A/336 (1995) �� 316–17n47, 320n99
Rinzivillo v Italy, 31543/96 (2000) �� 392n137
Roche v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2005-X�� 384n70
Rodić and 3 Others v Bosnia and Herzegovina, 22893/05 (2008)�� 325–26n135
R.R. v Poland, Reports 2011-III�� 260–61n5, 318–19n89, 384n69, 387–88n102
Rumpf v Germany, 46344/06 (2010)�� 226n128
xxxivi
xxxviii Table of Cases

Runkee and White v The United Kingdom, 42949/98 and 53134/99 (2007)�� 347–48n55
Rusakov v Russia (dec), 39630/03 (2017)�� 222–23n112
Rutten v The Netherlands, 32605/96 (2001) ��461–62n112, 462–63n116
Ryabov v Russia, 2674/07 (2018)��316–17n46
Ryakib Biryukov v Russia, Reports 2008-I ��476n86, 476n87
S. and Marper v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-V��378n14
Saadi v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-II�� 90–91n107, 324n125, 530–31n78,
531n84, 531–32n94, 531–32n96, 531–32n97, 531–32n98, 532–33n101, 548n188,
Saadi v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-I��456n42, 457–58n58,
457–58n61, 459n80
Sabanchiyeva and Others v Russia, Reports 2013-III��398n187
Saghinadze and Others v Georgia, 18768/05 (2010) ��542n159
Sahin v Germany, Grand Chamber, Reports 2003-VIII�� 399n194
Şahin Alpay v Turkey, 16538/17 (2018) (key case) �� 455n40
Said v The Netherlands, Reports 2005-VI��531n82
Salah Sheekh v The Netherlands, 1948/04 (2007)��531n88
Sallinen and Others v Finland, 50882/99 (2005)�� 389–90n123
Salman v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2000-VII�� 280n150, 314–15n27
Sampani and Others v Greece, 59608/09 (2012)�� 413n36
Sanchez-Reisse v Switzerland, A/107 (1986) ��461n103
Santoro v Italy, Reports 2004-VI��512–13n190
Sargsyan v Azerbaijan, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-IV��123n59, 124n64,
382n54, 389–90n122, 446–47n109, 543n170
S.A.S. v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-III�� 93–94n126, 93–94n129,
379n23, 424n103, 424–25n105, 425, 425n110, 425n111
Sašo Gorgiev v The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Reports 2012-III �� 70n9, 96n148, 261n9, 279–80n145
Savda v Turkey, 42730/05 (2012)�� 423n96, 423n97
Scavuzzo-Hager v Switzerland, 41773/98 (2006)�� 262–63n16
Schalk and Kopf v Austria, Reports 2010-IV�� 366n171, 398n176, 405n226
Schatschaschwili v Germany, Grand Chamber, Reports 2015-VIII��482n149
Schenkel v The Netherlands, 62015/00 (2005)�� 462–63n116
Schiesser v Switzerland, A/34 (1979)�� 459–60n91
Schlumpf v Switzerland, 29002/06 (2009)��379–80n28
Schmidt v Germany, A/291-B (1994)�� 436n54
Schuler-Zgraggen v Switzerland, A/263 (1993) �� 347, 347n53, 470–71n32
Schüth v Germany, Reports 2010-V�� 395–96n162
Schwabe and M.G. v Germany, Reports 2011-VI��455n40, 504n126, 506n141
Schweizerische Radio- und Fernsehgesellschaft SRG v Switzerland, 34124/06 (2012)�� 493n20
Schwizgebel v Switzerland, Reports 2010-V��342n25, 342–43n30, 387n91
Scoppola v Italy (No. 3), Grand Chamber, 126/05 (2012) �� 516n227
Scordino v Italy (No. 1), Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-V�� 448n118, 448–49n121
Šečić v Croatia, 40116/02 (2007)��359n120
Segerstedt-Wiberg and Others v Sweden, Reports 2006-VII ��378n16, 493n25
Sejdić and Finci v Bosnia and Herzegovina, Grand Chamber, Reports 2009-VI ��221n103,
339–40n11, 340n21, 356n106, 517–18n246
Sejdovic v Italy, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-II �� 480n125
Šekerović and Pašalić v Bosnia and Herzegovina, 5920/04 and 67396/09 (2011)�� 541n151
Selmouni v France, Grand Chamber, Reports 1999-V��313–15, 313–14n24, 314–15n27, 314–15n32
Şentürk v Turkey, 13423/09 (2013)�� 260–61n5, 279n132, 284–85n180, 309n335
Sessa v Italy, Reports 2012-III �� 422n87
S.H. and Others v Austria, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-V �� 94n132, 386n83, 386n85
Shahanov and Palfreeman v Bulgaria, 35365/121 and 69125/12 (2016)�� 494n29
Sharxhi and Others v Albania, 10613/16 (2018)�� 447–48n112
Shindler v The United Kingdom, 19840/09 (2013) ��515n223
Shtukaturov v Russia, Reports 2008-II �� 381n39
Sidabras and Džiautas v Lithuania, Reports 2004-VIII��393n143
xxi
Table of Cases xxxix

Sigurjónsson v Iceland, A/264 (1993) ��508n159
Siliadin v France, Reports 2005-VII �� 430n7, 431–32n18
Sinan Işık v Turkey, Reports 2010-I�� 420n71, 420–21n77
Sitaropoulos and Giakoumopoulos v Greece, Grand Chamber,
Reports 2012-II��512n187, 512–13n189, 513n195, 515n217, 515n220
S.L. v Austria, Reports 2003-I��365–66n166
S.L. and J.L. v, Croatia, 13712/11 (2015)�� 449n125
Šlaku v Bosnia and Herzegovina, 56666/12 (2016) �� 340n21
S.M. v Croatia, 60561/14 (2018) �� 432n20
Smith and Grady v The United Kingdom, Reports 1999-VI�� 381–82n46
Socialist Party of Turkey and Others v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 1998-III��510n177
Söderman v Sweden, Grand Chamber, Reports 2013-VI��395n158
Soering v The United Kingdom, A/161 (1989)�� 90–91, 90–91n107, 269n77, 316–17n41,
530n72, 530–31n75, 531n83
Soldatenko v Ukraine, 2440/07 (2008)��532–33n101
Sommerfeld v Germany, Reports 2003-VIII �� 399n194
Sørensen and Rasmussen v Denmark, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-I��508n159, 511n184
Sõro v Estonia, 22588/08 (2015) ��389n116
Sousa Goucha v Portugal, 70434/12 (2016)��395n159
Sporrong and Lönnroth v Sweden, A/52 (1982)��446–47n106
Stamose v Bulgaria, Reports 2012-VI��522n16
Stanev v Bulgaria, Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-I ��452n13, 452–53n20, 453n22, 455n41
Stec and Others v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-VI��339–40n14, 342n25,
343–44n36, 347–48, 347–48n54, 445–46n100
Stephens v Malta (No 1), 11956/07 (2009)�� 133n123
Stichting Mothers of Srebrenica v The Netherlands (dec), Reports 2013-III�� 79–80n57
Stichting Ostade Blade v The Netherlands, 8406/06 (2014)�� 493n26
Stoll v Switzerland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2007-V�� 497n77
Storck v Germany, Reports 2005-V�� 383n63
Streletz, Kessler and Krenz v Germany, Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-II��489–90n209
Stübing v Germany, 43547/08 (2012) �� 381–82n49
Stummer v Austria, Grand Chamber, Reports 2011-V��339–40n14, 445–46n100
Sufi and Elmi v The United Kingdom, 8319/07 and 11449/07 (2011)��535n116, 545n176
Sultani v France, Reports 2007-IV�� 526n43
Sürmeli v Germany, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-VII��183n19
Svinarenko and Slyadnev v Russia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-V��318–19n84
S.W. v The United Kingdom, A/335-B (1995) �� 489–90n211
Sylka v Poland (dec), 19219/07 (2014) �� 223n114, 223n115
Szafrański v Poland, 17249/12 (2015) �� 383n61
Szuluk v The United Kingdom, Reports 2009-III �� 392n138
Tabbane v Switzerland (dec), 41069/12 (2016)��472n52
Tagayeva and Others v Russia, 26562/07 et al (2017) (key case)�� 263–64n24, 279–80n142
Tahsin Acar v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2004-III�� 390n124
Taïs v France, 39922/03 (2006)�� 285–86n188
Tănase v Moldova, Grand Chamber, Reports 2010-III �� 517–18n247
Tanlı v Turkey, Reports 2001-III��332–33n179
Tarakhel v Switzerland, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-VI��327–28n150, 535n118
Tarantino and Others v Italy, 25851/09, 29284/09 and 64090/09 (2013) �� 413n33
Tas v Turkey, 24396/94 (2000) ��329n165, 332–33n183, 332–33n184
Taşkın and Others v Turkey, Reports 2004-X��307n319, 391, 391n130
Tătar v Romania, 67021/01 (2009) ��391–92n133
Tatishvili v Russia, Reports 2007-I�� 523–24n25
Tebieti Mühafize Cemiyyeti and Israfilov v Azerbaijan, Reports 2009-V��509–10n174
Telegraaf Media Nederland Landelijke Media B.V. and Others v
The Netherlands, 39315/06 (2012)�� 493n26
Ternovskis v Latvia, 33637/02 (2014)�� 475n77, 475n79
Thlimmenos v Greece, Grand Chamber, Reports 2000-IV ��423n101
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T.I. v The United Kingdom, Reports 2000-III��547n185
Tibet Menteş and Others v Turkey, 57818/10 et al (2017) �� 435n45
Timurtas v Turkey, Reports 2000-VI��332–33n184
Tomašic and Others v Croatia, 46598/06 (2009)��281n163
Tønsberg Blad As and Haukom v Norway, 510/04 (2007)��494–95n46
Torreggiani and Others v Italy, 43517/09 et al (2013)��226n125, 463n124
Trabelsi v Belgium, Reports 2014-V�� 317–18n72, 530–31n81
Trocellier v France (dec), Reports 2006-XIV�� 279n132, 309n333, 383–84n66
Tumeliai v Lithuania, 25545/14 (2018) �� 446–47n110
Tuquabo-Tekle and Others v The Netherlands, 60665/00 (2005) ��404n222
Twalib v Greece, Reports 1998-IV��478–79n110
Tyrer v The United Kingdom, A/26 (1978)�� 34–35, 34–35n21, 319n96, 324n123, 415n52
Tysiac v Poland, Reports 2007-I��383–84n65, 387–88n97
Udeh v Switzerland, 12020/09 (2013)��400n201, 403–4n221
Ülke v Turkey, 39437/98 (2006) ��318–19n90, 423n97
Üner v The Netherlands, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-XII�� 403n217
United Civil Aviation Trade Union and Csorba v Hungary, 27585/13 (2018) �� 506n142
United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v Turkey, Grand Chamber,
Reports 1998-I�� 507–8n153, 508n157, 510n177, 510n178, 510–11n179, 512n187, 512n188
Uzun v Germany, Reports 2010-VI�� 377–78n9, 378n15
Vachev v Bulgaria, 42987/98 (2014)��452n7
Vajnai v Hungary, Reports 2008-IV �� 492–93n12
Valasinas v Lithuania, Reports 2001-VIII ��318–19n78
Vallianatos and Others v Greece, Grand Chamber, Reports 2013-VI��366n173, 382–83n55
Vamvakas v Greece (No. 2), 2870/11 (2015)��481n140
Van der Heijden v The Netherlands, Grand Chamber, 42857/05 (2012) �� 401n207
Van der Leer v The Netherlands, A/170-A (1990)�� 458n67, 458–59n71
Van der Mussele v Belgium, A/70 (1983)��435n41, 435n42
Van der Ven v The Netherlands, Reports 2003-II��318–19n79
Van Droogenbroeck v Belgium, A/50 (1982)�� 435–36n50
Van Marle and Others v The Netherlands, A/101 (1986)��445–46n97
Varga and Others v Hungary, 14097/12 et al (2015)�� 226n126
Varnava and Others v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2009-V�� 221n106, 272n94, 332–33n180
Vasilevski v The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 22653/08 (2016)�� 448–49n121
V.C. v Slovakia, Reports 2011-V�� 386n81
Vejdeland v Sweden, 1813/07 (2012)�� 364n158
Velyo Velev v Bulgaria, 16032/07 (2014)�� 413n34
Vendittelli v Italy, A/293-A (1994)�� 448–49n121
Vereniging Weekblad Bluf! v The Netherlands, A/306-A (1995) ��497n75
Vereinigung Bildender Künstler v Austria, 68354/01 (2007)��417–18n60
VgT Verein gegen Tierfabriken v Switzerland, Reports 2001-VI�� 498n85
Vilnes and Others v Norway, 52806/09 and 22703/10 (2013)�� 395–96n163
Vincent v France, 6253/03 (2006)�� 326–27n144
Vinter and Others v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2013-II��317–18n72, 317–18n73
Vistiņš and Perepjolkins v Latvia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2014-I �� 447–48n114, 448n116
V.K. v Croatia, 38380/08 (2012)�� 405n230, 405n231
Vona v Hungary, Reports 2013-IV��509–10n175
Von Hannover v Germany, Reports 2004-VI�� 381n42, 495–96n59
Von Hannover v Germany (No. 2), Grand Chamber, Reports 2012-I ��381n41, 495–96n58
Von Maltzan and Others v Germany (dec), Reports 2005-V �� 443n84
Vörður Ólafsson v Iceland, Reports 2010-III�� 508n160
Vukota-Bojić v Switzerland, 61838/10 (2016) �� 70–71n17, 377–78n10
Vural v Turkey, 9540/07 (2014)��492–93n11, 494n37
W. v Switzerland, A/252-A (1993) �� 463n120
W. v The United Kingdom, A/121 (1987)��399n192
Wainwright v The United Kingdom, Reports 2006-X��320–21n103, 383n60
Weber v Switzerland, A/177 (1990) �� 468n7
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Weber v Switzerland, 3688/04 (2007)�� 454n29
Wenner v Germany, 62303/13 (2016) �� 111–12n214, 309n330
Wieser and Bicos Beteiligungen GmbH v Austria, Reports 2007-IV�� 382n53
Wirtschafts-Trend Zeitschriften-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH v Austria, 58547/00 (2005)�� 495–96n52
Wolfmeyer v Austria, 5263/03 (2005) �� 91–92n111, 381–82n47
Worm v Austria, Reports 1997-V��221n106
X. and Others v Austria, Grand Chamber, Reports 2013-II�� 365–66n165,
365–66n169, 366n171, 387n90, 398 n176, 405n226
X. v Finland, Reports 2012-IV�� 383n63, 455n36, 455n41, 457–58n59
X. v Sweden, 36417/16 (2018) �� 530–31n78
X. v The United Kingdom, A/46 (1981)�� 462–63n116
X. v Turkey, 24626/09 (2012) �� 316–17n44, 364n153
X. and Y. v The Netherlands, A/91 (1985) ��101, 101n176, 104, 351n75, 383n59, 395n158
Y. v Slovenia, Reports 2015-II �� 384n68
Yaman v Turkey, 32446/96 (2004) �� 186n40, 485–86n183
Yankov v Bulgaria, Reports 2003-XII �� 318–19n82, 320–21n101
Yasa v Turkey, Reports 1998-VI�� 284–85n181
Yaşa and Others v Turkey, 44827/08 (2013)��261n9
Yeter v Turkey, 33750/03 (2009) �� 186n40, 485–86n183
Yildirim v Turkey, Reports 2012-VI�� 494n28
Yılmaz v Turkey, 36369/06 (2011)��318–19n80
Yordanova and Others v Bulgaria, 25446/06 (2012) �� 301n282
Yöyler v Turkey, 26973/95 (2003)��316–17n61, 540n145
Yumak and Sadak v Turkey, Grand Chamber, Reports 2008-III�� 513–14n204
Y.Y. v Turkey, Reports 2015-I��379–80n28
Z. and Others v The United Kingdom, Grand Chamber, Reports 2001-V�� 325–26n136
Zaieţ v Romania, 44958/05 (2015)��398n181
Zana v Turkey, Reports 1997-VII�� 92–93n119, 492n3, 497n71
Zarb Adami v Malta, Reports 2006-VIII�� 345n42, 436n53
Ždanoka v Latvia, Grand Chamber, Reports 2006-IV�� 516n228, 517n237, 517–18n244
Zengin v Turkey, 1448/04 (2007) ��414–15n44
Ziembiński v Poland (No. 2), 1799/07 (2016) �� 492–93n14
Zimin v Russia, 63686/13 and 60894/14 (2018) �� 505n137
Znamenskaya v Russia, 77785/01 (2005)�� 398n186
Zornić v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, 3681/06 (2014)��340n21, 517–18n246
Zubaydah v Lithuania, 46454/11 (2018)��143n175
97 members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and
4 Others v Georgia, 71156/01 (2007)��325–26n134, 427n138
EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE (ECJ)
Kadi v Council and Commission and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and
Commission, Grand Chamber, Joined Cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P (2008)�� 79n54
Opinion 2/13 (2014) �� 83n79
Regina v Kirk, Case-law 63/83 (1984) �� 78–79n50
EXTRAORDINARY AFRICAN CHAMBERS WITHIN

THE COURTS OF SENEGAL
Chambre Africaine Extraordinaire d’Assises d’Appel, Situation en Républic du Tchad,

Le Procureur Général v Hissein Habré, Arrêt (2017)��197–98n105
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE (HRCTTEE)
A. v Australia, 560/1993 (1997)��95n140, 457n54, 463–64n127

A. v New Zealand, 754/1997 (1999) �� 452n8
Äärelä and Näkkäläjärvi v Finland, 779/1997 (2001) �� 372n206, 468–69n14, 474–75n75
xil
xlii Table of Cases

Abdullayev v Turkmenistan, 2218/2012 (2015)�� 422–23n92
Adam v Czech Republic, 586/1994 (1996)��216n70
A.H.G. v Canada, 2091/2011 (2015)�� 529n65
Amanklychev v Turkmenistan, 2078/2011 (2016)�� 476n89
Alger v Australia, 2237/2013 (2017)��513–14n199
Alibovea v Tajikistan, 985/2001 (2005)��316–17n60
Allaberdiev v Uzbekistan, 2555/2015 (2017) �� 452n6, 478–79n111, 482n142, 482n146, 483n163
Allakulov v Uzbekistan, 2430/2014 (2017) ��389n111, 389n117
Al-Rabassi v Libya, 1860/2009 (2014)��472–73n55
Althammer et al v Austria, 998/2001 (2003)��344n40
Alzery v Sweden, 1416/2005 (2006)�� 532n99, 533n103
Ambaryan v Kyrgyzstan, 2162/2012 (2017)�� 478n105, 482–83n153
Androsenko v Belarus, 2092/2012 (2016) �� 506n140
A.P. v Italy, 204/1986 (1987)�� 485–86n182
A.R.J. v Australia, 692/1996 (1997)��485–86n182, 528–29n61, 533–34n105, 533–34n106
Arkadyevich v Russia, 2141/2012 (2015) �� 482n144
Arutunyan v Uzbekistan, 917/2000 (2004)��481n141
A.S. v Canada, 68/1980 (1981)�� 401n209
Ashirov v Kyrgyzstan, 2435/2014 (2017)�� 476n88
Atasov and Sarkut v Turkey, 1853/2008 and 1854/2008 (2012)�� 422–23n92
Ato de Avellanal v Peru, 202/1986 (1988)�� 348n57
Aumeeruddy-Cziffra et al v Mauritius, 35/1978 (1981)��91–92n113, 348n56
Baban et al v Australia, 1014/2001 (2003)��457n54
Baboeram et al v Suriname, 146/1983 and 148–154/1983 (1985)��259n1, 284–85n179
Bakhtiyari and Family v Australia, 1069/2002 (2003)��400n202, 401n208, 457n55
Bakurov v Russia, 1861/2009 (2013)�� 338n8
Balaguer Santacana v Spain, 417/1990 (1994) �� 398–99n189
Ballantyne et al v Canada, 359 and 385/1989 (1993) ��91–92n113, 369n184, 369n187,
492–93n6, 492–93n17
Bandaranayake v Sri Lanka, 1376/2005 (2008)��519n258
Barkovsky v Belarus, No 2247/2013 (2018)�� 318–19n93, 322–23n111
Barzhig v France, 327/1988 (1991)�� 482–83n157
Batyrov v Uzbekistan, 1585/2007 (2009)��522n11
Baumgarten v Germany, 960/2000 (2003) ��489–90n209
Belyatsky et al v Belarus, 1296/2004 (2007) ��508n157, 508n161
Birindwa and Tshisekedi v Zaire, 241/1987 and 242/1987 (1989) ��389n114
Blessington and Elliot v Australia, 1968/2010 (2014)�� 317–18n71
Blom v Sweden, 191/1985 (1988)�� 412n26
Boodlal Sooklal v Trinidad and Tobago, 928/2000 (2001)�� 317–18n63
Boodoo v Trinidad and Tobago, 721/1996 (2002)�� 322–23n110, 421n81
Bodrožić v Serbia, 1180/2003 (2005)�� 495–96n52
Bolshakov v Russia, 1946/2010 (2014)��468–69n13
Borzov v Estonia, 1136/2002 (2004)��337n6, 535n119, 536–37n126
Buckle v New Zealand, 858/1999 (2000)��399n192
Burdyko v Belarus, 2017/2010 (2015)��477n101, 480–81n128
Busyo et al v The Democratic Republic of the Congo, 933/2000 (2003)��519n256
Byahuranga v Denmark, 1222/2003 (2004) �� 529n63
C. v Australia, 900/1999 (2002)��316–17n55, 457n54
C. v Australia, 2216/2012 (2017)��342–43n32, 382–83n58
Canepa v Canada, 558/1993 (1997)�� 526–27n48
Canessa Albareda et al v Uruguay, 1637/2007, 1757/2008 and 1765/2008 (2011) ��342–43n31
Carpo et al v The Philippines, 1077/2002 (2003)�� 265n45
Casanovas v France, 441/1990 (1994) ��468–69n10
Cedeño v Venezuela, 1940/2010 (2012)��456n48, 472–73n58, 477n100, 479n118
Celepli v Sweden, 456/1991 (1994)�� 452–53n17, 523–24, 523–24n26
Celiberti de Casariego v Uruguay, 56/1979 (1981)�� 125n70, 132n116
Chambala v Zambia, 856/1999 (2003) ��454–55n34, 463–64n129
xil
Table of Cases xliii

Chan v Guyana, 913/2000 (2005)��481n140
Chaparro et al v Colombia, 612/1995 (1997)�� 284–85n181
Chebotareva v Russia, 1866/2009 (2012)�� 506n139
Chikunova v Uzbekistan, 1043/2002 (2007)�� 266n54
Chisanga v Zambia, 1132/2002 (2005)�� 267n60
Chiti v Zambia, 1303/2004 (2012) ��285–86n192, 483n161
C.L. and Z.L. v Denmark, 2753/2016 (2018)�� 529n65
C.L.C.D, V.F.C. and A.F.C. v Colombia, 2399/2014 (2016)��217n76
Coeriel and Aurik v The Netherlands, 453/1991 (1994)�� 378–79n18
Compass v Jamaica, 375/1989 (1993)�� 482n148
Correia de Matos v Portugal, 1123/2002 (2006) �� 480–81n131
Cox v Canada, 539/1993 (1994)�� 270n81, 317–18n68
D. and E. v Australia, 1050/2002 (2006)��457n57
Dauphin v Canada, 1792/2008 (2009) �� 402n212
Debreczeny v The Netherlands, 500/1992 (1995)��517n238
Deepan Budlakoti v Canada, 2264/2013 (2018) ��526–27n51
Delgado Paez v Colombia, 195/1985 (1990)�� 100n171, 453n24
Dermit Barbato and Dermit Barbato v Uruguay, 84/1981 (1982)��103–4n188, 280n151
Dhakal v Nepal, 2185/2012 (2017) �� 331–32n171
Diergaardt et al v Namibia, 760/1997 (2000)�� 369n188
Djebbar and Chihoub v Algeria, 1811/2008 (2011) �� 331–32n171
Drescher Caldas v Uruguay, 43/1979 (1983) ��478–79n112
Dudko v Australia, 1347/2005 (2007)��474–75n72
Edwards v Jamaica, 529/1993 (1997)��316–17n42
El Dernawi v Libya, 1143/2002 (2007) ��402n214, 522n8
El Ghar v Libya, 1107/2002 (2004)�� 129n94, 522n8
El-Hichou v Denmark, 1554/2007 (2010)�� 402, 402n213
El-Megreisi v Libya, 440/1990 (1994) �� 316–17n52
Esergepov v Kazakhstan, 2129/2012 (2016)�� 480–81n131
Eshonov v Uzbekistan, 1225/2003 (2010)�� 284–85n181
Esposito v Spain, 1359/2005 (2007)�� 469n23
Everett v Spain, 961/2000 (2004) �� 469–70n27
Faure v Australia, 1036/2001 (2005)�� 183n23, 435n41, 436n52, 436n55
Faurisson v France, 550/1993 (1996)�� 501, 501n101
Fedatova v Russia, 1932/2010 (2012)�� 364n154, 365n160, 495n50
F.J. et al v Australia, 2233/2013 (2016) ��457n54
F.K.A.G. v Australia, 2094/2011 (2013) �� 458–59n71
F.M. v Canada, 2284/2013 (2015)�� 529n62
Foin v France, 666/1995 (1999)�� 533–34n105
G. v Australia, 2172/2012 (2017)�� 380n32
Garcia Pons v Spain, 454/1991 (1995) ��468–69n12, 470–71n32
Gatilov v Russia, 2171/2012 (2017)�� 468–69n16, 475–76n84
Gauthier v Canada, 633/1995 (1999)��493n19
Gedumbe v Democratic Republic of the Congo, 641/1995 (2002)��519n259
Georgopulos et al v Greece, 1799/2008 (2010)�� 301n283
Gillot et al v France, 932/2000 (2002)��515n224
Gomariz Valera v Spain, 1095/2002 (2005)�� 484n170
Gonzalez del Rio v Peru, 263/1987 (1992)��522n14
Gorji-Dinka v Cameroon, 1134/2002 (2005) ��452n7, 456n45, 456n46, 516n231, 521–22n5
Govsha et al v Belarus, 1790/2008 (2012) �� 506n138
Grant v Jamaica, 597/1994 (1996)�� 459n77
Gridin v Russia, 770/1997 (2000)��475–76n83, 477n99
Griffin v Spain, 493/92 (1995)��458–59n76, 459n79
Grioua v Algeria, 1327/2004 (2007) �� 331–32, 332n172
Grishkovtsov v Belarus, 2013/2010 (2015)�� 480–81n128, 483n163
G.T. v Australia, 706/1996 (1997)��528–29n61, 533–34n105, 533–34n106
Gueye et al v France, 196/1985 (1989)�� 133n122
xvil
xliv Table of Cases

Guezot et al v Algeria, 1753/2008 (2012)�� 331–32n171
Guneththige et al v Sri Lanka, 2087/2011 (2015)��280n152
H.A. v Denmark, 2328/2014 (2018) ��529nn62–64
Hamida v Canada, 1544/2007 (2010)�� 529–30n67
Hammel v Madagascar, 155/1983 (1987)�� 526n42
Hartikainen et al v Finland, 40/1978 (1981)��414–15n43
H.C. v Jamaica, 383/1989 (1992)��481n137
H.E.A.K. v Denmark, 2343/2014 (2015)��529n62, 529n65
Hebbadj v France, 2807/2016 (2018)��425n110
Hendricks v Guyana, 838/1998 (2002) ��481n139
Hendriks v The Netherlands, 201/1985 (1988)��399n193
Hertzberg et al v Finland, 61/1979 (1982) ��495n49, 498n85
Hicks v Australia, 2005/2010 (2015)��133n125
Higginson v Jamaica, 792/1998 (2002)�� 317–18n63
Hill and Hill v Spain, 526/1993 (1997) ��293–94n234
Hinostroza Solis v Peru, 1016/2001 (2006)��518n250
H.K. v Norway, 2004/2010 (2014)�� 484n168
Hopu and Bessert v France, 549/1993 (1997)��397–98n174
Huamán v Peru, 1153/2003 (2005)�� 282–83n172
Hudaybergenov v Turkmenistan, 2221/2012 (2015) �� 388–89n105
Hudoyberganova v Uzbekistan, 931/2000 (2004)�� 425–26n120
Hussain v Mauritius, 980/2001 (2003) ��481n140
Hussain and Singh v Guyana, 862/1999 (2005)�� 265n45
I Elpida v Greece, 2242/2013 (2017)�� 389–90n121
Ignatane v Latvia, 884/1999 (2001)�� 517–18n245
Ilyasov v Kazakhstan, 2009/2010 (2014)��526–27n52
I.P. v Finland, 450/1991 (1993) �� 468n3
Issa Yassin et al v Canada, 2285/2013 (2017)�� 133n126
Jacobs v Belgium, 943/2000 (2004)��343–44n36, 469n18, 518–19n255, 519n260
Jalloh v The Netherlands, 794/1998 (2002)��316–17n50, 320n100, 457n56, 457n57, 483n161
Jamshidian v Belarus, 2471/2014 (2017) �� 269n77
Jansen-Gielen v The Netherlands, 846/1999 (2001)��470–71n35, 475n77
Japparov v Turkmenistan, 2223/2012 (2015)�� 422–23n92
Jegatheeswara Sarma v Sri Lanka, 950/2000 (2003)�� 316–17n59, 331–32n171, 458n64
Jessop v New Zealand, 1758/2008 (2011)�� 452n4
Joeng et al v The Republic of Korea, 1642–1741/2007 (2011)�� 422–23n92
Johnson v Jamaica, 588/1994 (1996)��479n119
Jong-Cheol v Republic of Korea, 968/2001 (2005)��497n78
Joslin et al v New Zealand, 902/1999 (2002)��366n170, 397–98n173, 405n226
J.P. v Canada, 446/1991 (1991) �� 423n93
Judge v Canada, 829/1998 (2003) �� 267–68n71, 270n82
Kaba v Canada, 1465/2006 (2010)�� 307–8n320, 529–30n68, 534n108
Kall v Poland, 552/1993 (1997) ��519n256
Kalyakin v Belarus, 2153/2012 (2014)��507n149
Kang v Republic of Korea, 878/1999 (2003) �� 408–9n4, 465n137
Karakurt v Austria, 965/2000 (2002)�� 342–43, 342–43n29, 524n28
Karker v France, 833/1998 (2000)��452–53n17
Karttunen v Finland, 387/1989 (1992)�� 473n60
Katsaris v Greece, 1558/2007 (2012)�� 343–44n35
Katwal v Nepal, 2000/2010 (2015) �� 458n64
Kazantzis v Cyprus, 972/2001 (2003)�� 183n23, 469n18, 470n31
Kelly v Jamaica, 253/1987 (1991)�� 459n78, 478n107, 481n138, 483n161, 483n163
Kennedy v Trinidad and Tobago, 845/1998 (2002) ��119n41, 316–17n45, 469n20
Khwildy v Libya, 1804/2008 (2013) ��459n81
Kim v Republic of Korea, 574/1994 (1999) ��497n74
Kim v Republic of Korea, 2179/2012 (2015)�� 422–23n92
Kim v Uzbekistan, 2175/2012 (2018)�� 504–5n129
Another random document with
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or wall, and the ribbon passed over it, or through a ring, as shown.
This plan is especially adapted for show windows where the curtain
string would otherwise mar the appearance and be hard to get at.—
Contributed by L. E. Turner, New York, N. Y.
The Mystic Climbing Ring
The performer hands out a wand for examination and borrows a

finger ring. He holds the wand in his hand, point upward, and drops
the ring on it, then makes mesmeric passes over the wand with the
other, and causes the ring to climb toward the top, stop at any place
desired, pass backward, and at last fall from the wand. The wand
and ring are examined again by the audience.
To produce this little trick, the performer must first provide himself
with a round, black stick, about 14 in. long, a piece of No. 60 black
cotton thread about 18 in. long, and a small bit of beeswax. Tie one
end of the thread to the top button on the coat and to the free end
stick the beeswax, which is stuck to the lower button until ready for
the trick.
After the wand is returned, secretly stick the waxed end to the top
of the wand, then drop the ring on it. Moving the wand slightly from
oneself will cause the ring to move upward, and relaxing it causes
the ring to fall. In the final stage remove the thread and hand out the
wand for examination.
Skis and Ski Running
By Stillman Taylor.
PART I—Prominent Types of

Modern Skis
T he requirements of the modern ski call for a hard, flexible, and

tough material, and while hickory, white ash, white maple, birch,
yellow pine, white pine, and spruce are all used, the experienced ski
runner considers hickory and ash to combine in the fullest measure
the qualities most desired. Of course, every wood has its limitations
as well as merits. Hickory is elastic and fairly tough, but heavy. Ash
resembles hickory so far as elasticity is concerned, and its weight is
about the same, but the wood contains soft layers. Birch possesses
the requisite lightness, but is far too brittle to prove serviceable, and
pine is open to the same objection. Maple makes an excellent ski,
which can be finished very smooth so as to slide more easily than
the other woods, but it is much less flexible than either hickory or
ash.
The Telemark-Model Ski
This form of ski, so called from the Telemarken province of

Norway, where the art of ski running has reached a high order of
skill, is probably the choice of the sportsmen wherever the
exhilarating sport of ski running is practiced, and the larger portion of
the members of the numerous skiing clubs use the Telemark-model
ski. This type is practically identical with the most popular model so
long used in Telemarken, and the rule for its selection is to choose a
pair whose length reaches the middle joint of the fingers when the
arm is stretched above the head. There are various makers of this
type of ski, and while the modeling will be found to differ but little,
there are numerous brands sold which are fashioned of cheap and
flimsy material, and consequently unsatisfactory in every respect.
The Telemark model is shown in Fig. 1, and from this sketch it will
be seen that the wood has two curves or bends, one running its
entire length to form a graceful arch, and the second, at the toe. The
first one is technically known as the “arch,” and the other curve the
“bend,” while the front or toe end of the ski is called the “point,” and
the rear end the “heel.” In almost all skis the under, or running,
surface is provided with a hollow, known as the “groove,” which runs
from the heel to the bend. It will be noticed in the drawing that the
sides also are gently curved, thus making the ski a trifle broader at
the ends than in the center. This curve affords a somewhat greater
bend at the heel, and while some experts approve, others
disapprove of it, but most ski runners agree that the curve should not
be pronounced, or it will prove a handicap and make it difficult for the
runner to secure a firm grip at the edge when ascending steep
slopes covered with hard snow.
The “arch” of the ski is necessary to avoid bending when the
weight of the body is on the runner, and the total height of this
important curve should not exceed ³⁄₄ in., for a too exaggerated arch
will practically form a concave running surface and retard the speed,
since it will run on two edges, or points, instead of on the entire
running surface. A slight arch may be reckoned necessary to offset
the weight of the body, but the utility of the ski, in nearly every
instance, will be less affected by too little arch than by too great a
curve at this point.
A good ski is told at a glance by its bend, which must never be
abruptly formed, nor carried too high. A maximum curve of 6 in. is all
that is ever required, and to prevent breaking at this, the weakest,
part of the ski, the bend must be gradual like the curve of a good
bow, thus making it more flexible and elastic at this point. As a rule,
the ski should be fashioned a trifle broader at the bend than at any
other point, and the wood should be pared moderately thin, which
will make it strong and resilient with plenty of spring, or “backbone.”
The groove in the running surface is so formed as to make the ski
steady and prevent “side slip” when running straightaway. In fact this
groove may be compared to the keel of a boat, and as the latter may
be made too deep, making it difficult to steer the craft and interfering
with the turning, so will the badly formed groove interfere with the
control of the ski. The Telemark round-faced groove is by far the best
form, and for all-around use is commonly made ¹⁄₁₂ or ¹⁄₈ in. deep.
Not all Telemark skis are thus fashioned, however, some being made
without the groove, while others are provided with two, and I have
seen one marked with three parallel hollows. The shallow groove is
the most satisfactory for general use, and while a groove, ³⁄₈ or ¹⁄₂ in.
deep, is good enough for straightaway running, it makes turning
more difficult.
To attach the ski binding, which secures the shoe to the runner, a
hole in the form of a narrow slit is made just back of the center. This
is the usual manner of attaching the foot binding, and while it cannot
but weaken the ski to a certain extent, it is the best method for
making a secure foot fastening, and weakens the wood to a much
less extent than the use of bolts, or other metal fastening.
So far as finish is concerned, most Norwegian makers finish their
skis with a coat of black paint, while other makers stain the wood,
and some finish the wood in the natural color by varnishing. This
applies to the upper surface only, the running surface being rubbed
down with linseed oil and made smooth with wax.
The Swedish Ski
This type of ski is made quite long and comparatively narrow, with
a deep groove, and is well adapted for running on the level or for
gliding down slight slopes. This type of ski is commonly used in
Lapland and to a less extent in the northern parts of Norway, but the
great length and quick, short bend make this model less adapted for
ordinary use, since the deep, rectangular groove slows down the
speed, and the great length makes turning doubly difficult. For
special conditions this type is probably useful, but it can scarcely be
considered suited to the average use.
Lilienfeld Ski
This type of ski is favored by but comparatively few ski runners,

and the modeling is inferior to the Telemark ski. The arch is
excessive in height, the bend is abrupt and stiff, while the round
point, fashioned to prevent sticking in loose brush, has apparently
little value in actual use. The Lilienfeld ski is made without a groove,
and since the whole model is shorter and broader than the usual
type of ski, turning is more easily accomplished, but side slipping is,
of course, considerably increased. Ease in turning is a desirable
quality, to be sure, but steadiness and immunity from side slipping
are far more valuable qualities in a ski designed for all-around use.
In short, the Lilienfeld model possesses no decided advantages over
the Telemark type, but has many points of inferiority. To one who has
used both models there can be no question but that the Telemark
model is preferable.
When purchasing skis the sportsman will make no mistake in
selecting the Telemark model, and for an active person the skis
should be long enough to reach to the middle joint of the fingers,
when the arms are stretched above the head, and the ski is stood
upright on its heel. The length of a pair so selected will be from 7¹⁄₂
to 8 ft. For elderly and less active persons, for individuals of short
stature, and for ladies, skis reaching to the wrist joint will be about
right; the length ranging from 6¹⁄₂ to 7 ft. For youths and children
shorter skis, from 5 to 6 ft. in length, according to the size and
strength of the person, are of course required.
Fig. 1
The Telemark, Swedish and Lilienfeld Models with Grooves and Grooveless
Bottoms, the Telemark Being the Standard and Best All-Around Ski; the
Swedish is Long and Narrow with Upturned Heel, and the Lilienfeld Is Short
with a Round Point, More Abrupt Bend, and without a Groove
For all-around use where a large amount of straight running is

done, the running surface should be provided with a groove, but if
there is not much straight work to be done, and ease in turning is
regarded as an important factor, the running surface should be made
smooth. This necessitates making the skis to order, for practically all
ready-made skis of the Telemark model are fashioned with a shallow
groove. However, a groove may be easily cut in at any time if wanted
later on. While other types are at times preferred for special use in
certain localities, the Telemark-model ski is the standard, being
equally good for all kinds of work, straight running, uphill skiing, and
for jumping.
The best materials are hickory, or white ash, with a straight, even
grain running from end to end. Ash is well liked by many experts, but
it would indeed be difficult to find a more satisfactory wood than our
American hickory. In fact, many of the most prominent makers in
Europe are now fashioning their skis from American timber. As a
rule, the best well-seasoned ash, or hickory, is heavier in weight than
an inferior grade, and this is why the expert skier considers weight
as one of the reliable “earmarks” of first-class material. A good
hickory, or ash, ski made by any reputable maker will give the fullest
measure of satisfaction.
The finish of skis is purely a matter of personal taste, but
practically all Norwegian skis are painted black on the upper side,
while a few of the cheaper maple and pine implements are stained.
The plain varnished finish protects the wood as well as paint, but
allows the grain to show through, and is generally preferred by
experts. The running surface must be as smooth as possible to
obtain the best speed, and it must not be varnished, the wood being
filled with several coats of linseed oil to which a little wax has been
added. Tar is used to some extent, but this preparation is mostly
employed by Swedish makers.
The Requirements of Foot Binding

Fig. 2
The manner in which the foot is secured to the ski is highly

important, and while various kinds of “bindings” are in use, from the
simple cane binding, which marked the first substantial improvement
over the twisted birch withes originally used by the peasantry of
Telemarken, the Huitfeldt bindings are for many reasons considered
the best by experts. The ski runner must have a foot binding that is
well secured under all ordinary conditions met with in ski running,
and it must be quite rigid and without lateral play. It is desirable also
that the foot be freed whenever a fall occurs, thus preventing
possible sprains at the ankle and knee, as well as avoiding breakage
of the straps. Again the heel of the skier should be free to move up
and down for at least 3 in., but the binding should check the vertical
movement at this height, thus easing the foot of undue strain when
the ski is slid forward, in climbing or working on the level. These
essential specifications are so well incorporated in the Huitfeldt
model that the description and illustrations of this admirable
attachment will suffice. As shown in Fig. 2, the boot is wedged into a
firm position between the metal toe piece at the sides. To secure a
rigid support, these toe pieces must be firmly wedged in position on
the ski, and the skiing shoe should fit between them snugly and well.
For this type of binding, a shoe having a stout sole is desirable so
that it may keep rigid under the pressure of the body at various
angles, and be heavy enough to stand the more or less constant
chafing of the metal toe plates. One excellent feature of this binding
is the arrangement of the toe and heel straps, which allow all
necessary vertical movement of the foot, yet at the same time
provide a fairly rigid strong, and reasonably light foot attachment.
When fitted with the Ellefsen tightening clamp, and it is a good plan
to order the Huitfeldt model so equipped, the skis are easily put on
and taken off. A large number of experts prefer this binding above all
others, but the Huitfeldt type of binding may be made by the skier if
desired. Any metalworker or blacksmith can supply the metal toe
pieces, and the binding may be completed by adding suitable straps,
or the foot may be secured at the heel by leather thongs.
The Skiing Stick
While there are occasions when the proficient ski runner can
dispense with the stick, as in jumping and practicing many fancy
turns and swings, a good stick must be reckoned a valuable
implement for climbing and downhill running, and often a help on a
level. The beginner should not depend too much upon the stick,
however, but should acquire the knack of handling the skis without
this aid early in his practice. In short, the novice should practice both
with and without the stick, that he may learn all the little points of
balancing the body unaided, but every skier ought to know how to
use the stick, that he may rely upon its assistance whenever
necessary.
Fig. 3
Skiing Sticks with Staff of Bamboo or Hard Wood Having an Easily
Removable Aluminum Washer
The use of two sticks may be of help for mountain climbing, but
the majority of ski runners consider one stout stick to be of more real
service. For downhill running, the extra stick is of no value whatever,
but rather a hindrance, the one stick being all that is required for
braking. In choosing a stick, its height may be such that it will reach
to the shoulders of the skier, although many prefer a shorter one. On
the average, a stick 5 ft. long will be found about right for most
persons, while a proportionately shorter stick will be required for
boys and girls. Bamboo of good quality is generally preferred, since
it is light, elastic, and very stiff and strong. Hardwood sticks are a
trifle heavier, but if fashioned from straight-grain hickory, or ash, are
as satisfactory as the bamboo. In any case, the end of the stick
should be provided with a metal ice peg, and a ferrule to strengthen
the wood at this point. A few inches above the peg a ring, or disk, is
fastened, and this “snow washer” serves to keep the stick from
sinking too deeply into the snow. Wicker rings, secured with thongs
or straps, are much used, as are also disks of metal and hard rubber.
A decided improvement over these materials has been brought out
in a cup-shaped snow washer made of aluminum, which is flexible
and fastened to the stick with clamps so that it can be easily shifted
or removed at will. This feature is a good one, since the washer is
often useful for assisting braking in soft snow, but is likely to catch
and throw the runner if used upon crusted snow, hence the
detachable arrangement is of value in that it supplies an easy way to
take off the washer whenever desired. The sticks are shown in Fig.
3.
Necessities of the Skier’s Outfit
For skiing an ordinary pair of heavy-soled lace shoes that fit well
are suitable, but to keep the heel strap of a binding from slipping, the
shoes should have broad, concave heels, or a small strap and
buckle, firmly sewed in place at the extreme end of the heel, should
be fitted to them. Personally, I prefer the heel strap to the special
heel, but any cobbler can fit the shoes with either one. Specially
designed skiing shoes, or boots, as shown in Fig. 4, are to be had at
the sporting-goods dealers’, and while good, are somewhat
expensive, because most of them are imported. Of course, shoes for
skiing must be amply large so that one or two pairs of woolen socks
may be worn; two pairs of thin, woolen stockings being less bulky
and very much warmer than one extremely heavy pair.
Fig. 4
Specially Designed Skiing Boots, Handmade for the Sport, with and without
Heel Buckles
For clothing, the soft, smooth finish of the regulation mackinaw

garments cannot be improved upon for outdoor winter wear,
although any suitable material will serve as well. Smooth-finish
material is the best in all cases, because cloth of rough texture will
cause the snow to stick and make it uncomfortable. Regulation
mackinaw trousers, split at the bottom and fastened with tapes to tie
close to the ankle, are as good as any, over which cloth puttees, or
leggings, may be worn to keep out the snow. For the coat, a
mackinaw, made Norfolk-style, with belt and flap pockets secured
with a button, has given me the most satisfaction. For ladies, close-
fitting knickerbockers and leggings are generally preferred when a
short skirt is worn.
How to Make Skis

To anyone who can use a saw and plane, the making of a pair of
nicely balanced and durable skis is a very easy job. Ski making is far
easier than snowshoe construction, since each runner is made from
a single piece of plank, and no intricate filling is required. In choosing
the wood, either hickory or ash will give satisfaction, because both
are heavy woods, as well as strong and flexible, and may be worked
down much thinner than birch, fir, or other materials. If it is desired to
fashion the skis from the rough material, procure two ash, or hickory,
planks, about 9 ft. long and 2 in. thick. Should the maker wish to hew
his own material, select a sound and straight tree, about 10 in. in
diameter, free from knots for at least 10 ft., and fell it during the
winter. Place the log in the crotch of a stump and cut a groove along
its length with the ax, taking pains that the groove is straight and
about 1 in. in depth. Turn the log over and make a like groove in the
opposite side. Rap the bottom of the grooves lightly with the ax, to
start the split, and drive in small wood wedges, gradually working
them along as the wood splits. At some points the wood will very
likely split away from the groove, but by cutting these fibers, the split
may be kept along the grooves. As the strongest and best grain of
the wood will lie closest to the bark, only enough of the outside
should be hewn away to make a flat surface, for this is to be the
running surface of the ski. Skis may be made in any length and
width, but for a man of good height, 7 to 8 ft. is the correct length. In
Fig. 5 is given a complete layout pattern for an 8-ft. ski, and from the
dimensions it is an easy matter to fashion skis longer or shorter by
making use of these well-balanced proportions. While the plan of the
ski may be drawn directly on the plank, it is an excellent idea to
make a paper pattern, and laying this down on the board, trace
around it to get the correct outline.
Fig. 5
A Complete Layout Pattern for an Eight-Foot Ski: From These Dimensions It
Is an Easy Matter to Fashion Skis Longer or Shorter by Making Use of These
Well-Balanced Proportions
Fig. 6
The Wood is Selected by the Way in Which the Growth of the Grain Runs
When purchasing the sawed material, the buyer should endeavor
to obtain a plank which has been sawed out from the lower portion of
the trunk of the tree, from the outside. The dealer will not be able to
assist in choosing lumber for this particular purpose, hence the buyer
should know something about the growth of good wood in the tree,
and how to pick out this desirable material by noting the run of the
grain. This is very well shown in Fig. 6. The letters A, B, and C show
the run of the grain produced by the ring growth of the tree, and D,
E, and F indicate the appearance of rings, in the run of the grain
seen in the sawed plank. The best possible choice for wood is
represented by A and D, because the layers of good and elastic
wood run deep, and there is practically no soft layers of punky wood.
That represented by B and E, and that of C and F, contain a larger
percentage of soft layers, and while skis can be, and often are,
fashioned from this kind of material, the wood is less strong and
flexible than that of wood showing the grain as A and D, hence the
latter should be chosen whenever it is possible to do so. While wood
of fairly close grain does not necessarily indicate inferiority, if the
material is hickory, yet if ash is selected, the purchaser should select
an open, or widely spaced, grain in preference to a close and even-
grained plank. And this is so because in all trees the grain
represents the more quickly grown soft wood—formed in the period
of greatest growth, which is in the spring and summer months—
hence the more grain present in the plank and the closer it runs, the
more soft and punky wood is present, and the less durable the
material will be for the purpose.
When drawing the dimensions on green, or partly seasoned,
timber, a certain amount of shrinkage will occur, hence be sure to
allow for this and make the width about ¹⁄₄ in. greater. When working
seasoned lumber, this need not be taken into consideration.
After the outline of the ski has been sawed out, the bottom, or
running surface, should be planed perfectly smooth, with the grain
running straight and true from the point to the heel. The ski should
be worked down to the desired dimensions before bending, and from
the top, or upper, side only, never from the running surface. When
the correct thickness has been reached, the bend at the point may
be put in by soaking the wood well to make it pliable. This is most
easily done by heating water in a wash boiler, and when the water
boils, place the ski across the top and thoroughly soak the wood by
mopping with the boiling water, using a cloth tied to a stick. That the
bend may be gradual and not too abrupt, do not attempt to bend it to
the desired arc at once, but gradually work the wood and resort to
numerous hot-water treatments until a good 6-in. bend is obtained.
The arch in the running surface is easily obtained, and if bent too
much, is easily straightened out when cold. Of course, more bend
must be given the skis than the actual curve will be when finished,
since the wood will straighten out somewhat as it dries. Some kind of
a form will come in handy, and this may be furnished by making a
rough frame and placing a short length of log of the proper diameter
at the bends, or the tips may be lashed, or cleated, to the floor of the
workbench. A very easy method is shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7
After the bends are made, the hole for the foot binding should be
put in, and if the wood has been left plenty long, the skis may be
trimmed off at the heel so that they will balance nicely when lifted by
the toe straps. This is the best way, for while a few skiers prefer to
make the heel light and weight it with lead, there is no advantage in
doing so.
The groove in the exact center of the running surface should now
be cut in, which is made about ¹⁄₈ in. deep, and ³⁄₈ to ¹⁄₂ in. in width. A
grooving plane is most convenient, but a small gouge, if carefully
used, will do as well. The groove should run from the heel to the
beginning of the bend.
To finish the ski, sandpaper top and bottom smooth, and rub down
with linseed oil to which little paraffin, or beeswax, has been added.
The running surface of the ski should be finished with oil and waxed,
and it is an advantage that the entire ski be finished in the same
manner, as less snow will stick to the tops than if varnish is used.
The experienced skier is more concerned about the running qualities
of his skis than the finish, but the novice is more likely to be attracted
by fancy implements. When varnished tops are wanted, a glossy and
durable surface is obtained by brushing on a couple of coats of good
spar varnish.
A tube, or cake, of wax should be carried by every skier, for the
running surface must have numerous coatings that the snow may
not stick to the wood. Both paraffin and beeswax are suitable, and
the skier may use one of the several good preparations put up in
tubes and in cakes, or melt up his own, as preferred. A good cake, or
hard, wax is made by melting up 10 oz. of beeswax with 5 oz. of
rosin. When melted, stir in 1 oz. of turpentine and pour in small
boxes to form cakes of convenient size.
The running surfaces are often waxed by rubbing the wax on and
then going over the surfaces with a hot flatiron. This is a good
method, providing only a sufficient quantity of wax has been applied.
A too liberal application of wax cannot be called a disadvantage
when running downhill, but it will make the runners so slippery that
climbing uphill is difficult.
Filling Toy Rubber Balloons with Hydrogen
Apparatus for Filling Toy Rubber Balloons with Hydrogen Gas to Make Them
Fly to a Great Height

The Law of International Human Rights Protection 2Nd Edition Walter Kalin Full Chapter

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The Law of International Human Rights

Protection 2nd Edition Walter Kälin

The Law of International

The Law of International

Table of Cases xxiii

Table of Cases xxiii

2. Notions and Sources 28

3. The Legal Nature of Human Rights Obligations 68

4. Scope of Application of Human Rights 113

5. Basic Concepts of International Humanitarian Law 146

7. Treaty Bodies 203

8. Charter Based Bodies 234

10. Protection of Human Integrity: Prohibition of Torture and of Enforced

11. Protection of Human Identity: Prohibition of Discrimination

12. Protection of Private Life 376

13. Protection of the Intellectual and Spiritual Sphere 408

14. Protection of the Human Person in the Economic Sphere 429

15. Protection of Persons Deprived of their Liberty 451

16. Protection from Unfair Trials 467

17. Protection of Participation in Political Life 491

18. Protection During Migration, Forced Displacement, and Flight 520

AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’

Achutan and Amnesty International v Malawi, 64/1992, 68/1992 and

xxiv Table of Cases

AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS (ACTHPR)

Actions pour la Protection des Droits de l’Homme (APDH) v Côte d’Ivoire,

AFRICAN COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON THE RIGHTS

COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE (CTTEEAT)

COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND

Table of Cases xxv

COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION

COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL

COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH

ECOWAS COMMUNITY COURT OF JUSTICE

EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (ECMHR)

Amekrane v The United Kingdom, 5961/72, Yearbook 16 (1973) �������������������������������������������� 530n72

xxvi Table of Cases

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE OF SOCIAL RIGHTS (ECTTEESR)

Association for the Protection of All Children (APPROACH) Ltd. v France,

EUROPEAN COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (ECTHR)

Table of Cases xxvii

xxviii Table of Cases

Table of Cases xxix

xxx Table of Cases

Table of Cases xxxi

xxxii Table of Cases

Table of Cases xxxiii

xxxiv Table of Cases

Table of Cases xxxv

xxxvi Table of Cases

Table of Cases xxxvii

xxxviii Table of Cases

Table of Cases xxxix

Table of Cases xli

EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE (ECJ)

EXTRAORDINARY AFRICAN CHAMBERS WITHIN

Chambre Africaine Extraordinaire d’Assises d’Appel, Situation en Républic du Tchad,

HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE (HRCTTEE)

A. v Australia, 560/1993 (1997)�������������������������������������������������������������95n140, 457n54, 463–64n127

xlii Table of Cases

Table of Cases xliii

xliv Table of Cases

Amekrane v The United Kingdom, 5961/72, Yearbook 16 (1973) �� 530n72

A. v Australia, 560/1993 (1997)��95n140, 457n54, 463–64n127