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École de Physique des Houches
Special Issue, 28 May–15 June 2012

Advanced Data Assimilation

for Geosciences

Edited by
Éric Blayo, Marc Bocquet, Emmanuel Cosme,
Leticia F. Cugliandolo

3
 3
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 École de Physique des Houches
Service inter-universitaire commun
à l’Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble
et à l’Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble
Subventionné par l’Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble,
le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
le Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique

Directeur:
Leticia F. Cugliandolo, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie,
Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, Paris, France
Directeurs scientifiques de la session:
Éric Blayo, LJK, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRIA, Grenoble, France
Marc Bocquet, Université Paris-Est and INRIA, CEREA, joint lab École des Ponts
ParisTech and EdF R&D, Marne-la-Vallée, France
Emmanuel Cosme, LGGE, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
Leticia F. Cugliandolo, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie,
Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, Paris, France
Previous sessions

I 1951 Quantum mechanics. Quantum field theory

II 1952 Quantum mechanics. Statistical mechanics. Nuclear physics
III 1953 Quantum mechanics. Solid state physics. Statistical mechanics.
Elementary particle physics
IV 1954 Quantum mechanics. Collision theory. Nucleon-nucleon inter-
action. Quantum electrodynamics
V 1955 Quantum mechanics. Non equilibrium phenomena. Nuclear reac-
tions. Interaction of a nucleus with atomic and molecular fields
VI 1956 Quantum perturbation theory. Low temperature physics. Quan-
tum theory of solids. Ferromagnetism
VII 1957 Scattering theory. Recent developments in field theory. Nuclear
and strong interactions. Experiments in high energy physics
VIII 1958 The many body problem
IX 1959 The theory of neutral and ionized gases
X 1960 Elementary particles and dispersion relations
XI 1961 Low temperature physics
XII 1962 Geophysics; the earths environment
XIII 1963 Relativity groups and topology
XIV 1964 Quantum optics and electronics
XV 1965 High energy physics
XVI 1966 High energy astrophysics
XVII 1967 Many body physics
XVIII 1968 Nuclear physics
XIX 1969 Physical problems in biological systems
XX 1970 Statistical mechanics and quantum field theory
XXI 1971 Particle physics
XXII 1972 Plasma physics
XXIII 1972 Black holes
XXIV 1973 Fluids dynamics
XXV 1973 Molecular fluids
XXVI 1974 Atomic and molecular physics and the interstellar matter
XXVII 1975 Frontiers in laser spectroscopy
XXVIII 1975 Methods in field theory
XXIX 1976 Weak and electromagnetic interactions at high energy
XXX 1977 Nuclear physics with heavy ions and mesons
XXXI 1978 Ill condensed matter
XXXII 1979 Membranes and intercellular communication
XXXIII 1979 Physical cosmology
 Previous sessions v

XXXIV 1980 Laser plasma interaction

XXXV 1980 Physics of defects
XXXVI 1981 Chaotic behavior of deterministic systems
XXXVII 1981 Gauge theories in high energy physics
XXXVIII 1982 New trends in atomic physics
XXXIX 1982 Recent advances in field theory and statistical mechanics
XL 1983 Relativity, groups and topology
XLI 1983 Birth and infancy of stars
XLII 1984 Cellular and molecular aspects of developmental biology
XLIII 1984 Critical phenomena, random systems, gauge theories
XLIV 1985 Architecture of fundamental interactions at short distances
XLV 1985 Signal processing
XLVI 1986 Chance and matter
XLVII 1986 Astrophysical fluid dynamics
XLVIII 1988 Liquids at interfaces
XLIX 1988 Fields, strings and critical phenomena
L 1988 Oceanographic and geophysical tomography
LI 1989 Liquids, freezing and glass transition
LII 1989 Chaos and quantum physics
LIII 1990 Fundamental systems in quantum optics
LIV 1990 Supernovae
LV 1991 Particles in the nineties
LVI 1991 Strongly interacting fermions and high Tc superconductivity
LVII 1992 Gravitation and quantizations
LVIII 1992 Progress in picture processing
LIX 1993 Computational fluid dynamics
LX 1993 Cosmology and large scale structure
LXI 1994 Mesoscopic quantum physics
LXII 1994 Fluctuating geometries in statistical mechanics and quantum
field theory
LXIII 1995 Quantum fluctuations
LXIV 1995 Quantum symmetries
LXV 1996 From cell to brain
LXVI 1996 Trends in nuclear physics, 100 years later
LXVII 1997 Modeling the earths climate and its variability
LXVIII 1997 Probing the Standard Model of particle interactions
LXIX 1998 Topological aspects of low dimensional systems
LXX 1998 Infrared space astronomy, today and tomorrow
LXXI 1999 The primordial universe
LXXII 1999 Coherent atomic matter waves
LXXIII 2000 Atomic clusters and nanoparticles
LXXIV 2000 New trends in turbulence
LXXV 2001 Physics of bio-molecules and cells
LXXVI 2001 Unity from duality: Gravity, gauge theory and strings
vi Previous sessions

LXXVII 2002 Slow relaxations and nonequilibrium dynamics in condensed

matter
LXXVIII 2002 Accretion discs, jets and high energy phenomena in astrophysics
LXXIX 2003 Quantum entanglement and information processing
LXXX 2003 Methods and models in neurophysics
LXXXI 2004 Nanophysics: Coherence and transport
LXXXII 2004 Multiple aspects of DNA and RNA
LXXXIII 2005 Mathematical statistical physics
LXXXIV 2005 Particle physics beyond the Standard Model
LXXXV 2006 Complex systems
LXXXVI 2006 Particle physics and cosmology: the fabric of spacetime
LXXXVII 2007 String theory and the real world: from particle physics to
astrophysics
LXXXVIII 2007 Dynamos
LXXXIX 2008 Exact methods in low-dimensional statistical physics and quan-
tum computing
XC 2008 Long-range interacting systems
XCI 2009 Ultracold gases and quantum information
XCII 2009 New trends in the physics and mechanics of biological systems
XCIII 2009 Modern perspectives in lattice QCD: quantum field theory and
high performance computing
XCIV 2010 Many-body physics with ultra-cold gases
XCV 2010 Quantum theory from small to large scales
XCVI 2011 Quantum machines: measurement control of engineered quantum
systems
XCVII 2011 Theoretical physics to face the challenge of LHC
Special Issue 2012 Advanced data assimilation for geosciences

Publishers
– Session VIII: Dunod, Wiley, Methuen
– Sessions IX and X: Herman, Wiley
– Session XI: Gordon and Breach, Presses Universitaires
– Sessions XII–XXV: Gordon and Breach
– Sessions XXVI–LXVIII: North Holland
– Session LXIX–LXXVIII: EDP Sciences, Springer
– Session LXXIX–LXXXVIII: Elsevier
– Session LXXXIX– : Oxford University Press
Preface

Data assimilation aims at determining as accurately as possible the state of a dynam-

ical system by combining heterogeneous sources of information in an optimal way.
Generally speaking, the mathematical methods of data assimilation comprise algo-
rithms for forming optimal combinations of observations of a system, a numerical
model that describes its evolution, and appropriate prior information. Data assimila-
tion has a long history of application to high-dimensional geophysical systems dating
back to the 1960s, with application to the estimation of initial conditions for weather
forecasts. It has now become an intensive field of research, with numerous applications
in oceanography and atmospheric chemistry and with extensions to other geophysical
sciences. Data assimilation is now a key issue in most numerical forecasting systems
in geophysics. Because of the high dimensionality of these systems (in meteorological
applications, up to 109 variables at present, and 107 scalar observations per 24-hour
period), the mathematics employed should be relatively simple. However, it has been
proven in operational meteorology that the use of advanced methods such as optimal
control theory could improve data assimilation systems significantly. Since then, the
data assimilation community has concurrently contributed to high-dimensional and
operational applications and to the development of the fundamental theory of data
assimilation.
In this context, the three-week school of which these are the proceedings was
focused on the theory of data assimilation. However, because applications motivate
and often dictate the use of specific methodologies, a large number of lectures and
seminars were given on applications during the session. This Les Houches session
gathered 24 lecturers, experts in theoretical and applied data assimilation, and 52
selected students or young researchers of the field.
The theoretical landscape of data assimilation is shaped by two broad classes of
methods. First, sequential methods, and in particular the ensemble Kalman filter,
a filter that scales well in high-dimensional systems, are introduced by Chris Snyder
(Chapter 3). Second, variational methods inspired by optimal control theory are intro-
duced by Olivier Talagrand (Chapter 1), and Andrew Lorenc (Chapter 2). However
good the mathematical methods are, the performance of geophysical data assimilation
systems can only be appreciated when using real observations. That is why Carla Car-
dinali presents the Earth global observational system, the information content of its
observations, and the sensitivity of the data assimilation systems to those observations
(Chapters 5 and 6).
Further on the road set out by Chris Snyder, Emmanuel Cosme presents the theory
and implementations of smoothers (extensions of the Kalman filter for retrospective
analysis) (Chapter 4), and Peter Jan van Leeuwen describes the promising use of
particle filters with high-dimensional systems (Chapter 13). In spite of its elegance,
viii Preface

the ensemble Kalman filter requires the use of parameterizations and efficient tricks,
such as localization, which are the subject of Peter Houtekamer’s chapter (Chapter 12).
Following on from Olivier Talagrand’s and Éric Blayo’s contributions, it is clear
that the power of variational methods is also mitigated by the quality of error covari-
ance modelling and of the a posteriori diagnostic tools used to tune those covariances.
Those topics are introduced by Loı̈k Berre (Chapter 7), Gérald Desroziers (Chapter 8),
and Olivier Talagrand (Chapter 9). Four-dimensional variational methods require the
use of the adjoint of the model, and Laurent Hascoët showed how to build one, using
advanced automatic software (Chapter 15).
Data assimilation in atmospheric and oceanic sciences has been developed in paral-
lel with the inverse modelling techniques of solid-Earth physics. The inverse modelling
aspects of data assimilation are more prominent in atmospheric chemistry and in new
fields where many of the model parameters are unknown. This is Marc Bocquet’s topic
in Chapter 20. It is emphasized even more strongly in Chapter 21 by Frédéric Cheval-
lier on the inverse modelling of greenhouse gases fluxes. In Chapter 25, Maëlle Nodet
et al. show the promises of data assimilation and inverse modelling in glaciology.
The strongest motivation for the community to develop new data assimilation
methods is the operational use of these algorithms in the forecasting geophysical sys-
tems. In Chapter 19, Florence Rabier and Michael Fisher describe the application
of data assimilation methods to meteorology and introduce some promising new ap-
proaches. Ichiro Fukumori (Chapter 23) and Javier Zavala-Garay et al. (Chapter 24)
describe the application of data assimilation to large-scale and coastal oceanography.
Hendrik Elbern et al. (Chapter 22) describe an example of the use of data assimilation
methods in atmospheric chemistry and air quality.
In the desire to apply data assimilation to more and more complex systems, data
assimilation methodologies need better applicability to multiscale systems, since the
atmosphere and the ocean are fundamentally multiscale systems. This is the sub-
ject of the chapters by Marc Bocquet et al. (Chapter 18) and Laurent Debreu et al.
(Chapter 17).
New observations and the finer extraction of information from these observa-
tions are a constant endeavour of data assimilation. In this respect, Arthur Vidard
(Chapter 16) presents recent advances in the assimilation of images and Lagrangian
data.
Numerical applications are essential in data assimilation to validate and convince,
and two ambitious training sessions were organized by Laurent Debreu, Bénédicte
Lemieux-Dudon, Pierre-Antoine Bouttier, and Emmanuel Cosme, and were dedicated
to the implementation of the data assimilation methods and tools described here in
Chapters 1–3, 7, and 10.

Acknowledgements
This Les Houches session was made possible by substantial financial support from
• EdF R&D, and very strong support from Damien Bilbault and Luc Musson-
Genon;
 Preface ix

• Centre National d’Étude Spatial (CNES);

• Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS);
• Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), with crucial support from Catherine Ottlé
and Slimane Bekki;
• the French MEDDTL Ministry, and support from the Mission Changement Global
Observation de la Terre (GMES), especially from Isabelle Benezeth and Vincent
Pircher;
• Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA);
• École des Ponts ParisTech, and support and advice from Philippe Courtier, Serge
Piperno, and Christian Seigneur;
• Maison de la modélisation et de la simulation (MaiMoSiNE in Grenoble),
• Météo France, and support from Philippe Bougeault;
• Région Rhônes-Alpes.
This financial support also enabled the funding of ten students.
The organization of this school at the École de Physique des Houches arose from
the enthusiastic proposal of Jacques Verron and the LEFE-ASSIM scientific committee
of INSU. The organizers wish to express their gratitude to the advisory scientific
committee composed of Chris Snyder, Olivier Talagrand, and Jacques Verron, and
to the administrative staff of the Les Houches School of Physics—Murielle Gardette,
Isabelle Lelièvre, and Brigitte Rousset—for their support and help before, during, and
after the session, as well as to the staff of the restaurant, who contributed to the
success of the school.

É. Blayo
M. Bocquet
E. Cosme
L. F. Cugliandolo
Paris, Grenoble, June 2013
Contents

List of participants xix

Part I Key lectures 1

1 4D-VAR: four-dimensional variational assimilation
O. TALAGRAND 3
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Variational assimilation in the context of statistical linear estimation 5
1.3 Minimization methods. The adjoint approach 12
1.4 Practical implementation 17
1.5 Further considerations on variational assimilation 19
1.6 More on the adjoint method 23
1.7 Conclusions 25
References 26
2 Four-dimensional variational data assimilation
A. C. LORENC 31
2.1 4D-Var: background and motivation 33
2.2 4D-Var: derivation 47
2.3 4D-Var: advanced aspects 52
2.4 4D-Var: coupling with ensembles 63
References 68
3 Introduction to the Kalman filter
C. SNYDER 75
3.1 A Bayesian view of data assimilation 77
3.2 The Kalman filter (I) 84
3.3 A closer look at the forecast and update steps 89
3.4 The Kalman filter (II) 94
3.5 Assorted topics 96
3.6 Nonlinearity and non-Gaussianity 103
3.7 Basics of the ensemble Kalman filter 106
3.8 Assorted derivations and identities 118
References 119
4 Smoothers
E. COSME 121
4.1 Introduction 123
4.2 Smoothing algorithms in a Bayesian framework 124
4.3 Linear Gaussian smoothers 127
xiv Contents

4.4 Ensemble smoothers 131

4.5 Advantages, drawbacks, and high-dimensional applications 133
References 135
5 Observation influence diagnostic of a data assimilation system
C. CARDINALI 137
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Classical statistical definitions of influence matrix and self-sensitivity 141
5.3 Observational influence and self-sensitivity
for a DA scheme 143
5.4 Results 148
5.5 Conclusions 156
Acknowledgements 158
Appendix 1: Influence matrix calculation in weighted regression DA scheme 158
Appendix 2: Approximate calculation of self-sensitivity in a large
variational analysis system 160
References 162
6 Observation impact on the short-range forecast
C. CARDINALI 165
6.1 Introduction 167
6.2 Observational impact on the forecast 168
6.3 Results 173
6.4 Conclusion 178
Acknowledgements 179
References 180

Part II Specialized lectures 183

7 Background error covariances: estimation and specification
L. BERRE 185
7.1 Error equations and their simulation 187
7.2 Innovation-based estimations 192
7.3 Diagnosis of background error covariances 195
7.4 Modelling and filtering covariances 199
7.5 Conclusions 206
References 206
8 Observation error specifications
G. DESROZIERS 209
8.1 General framework 211
8.2 Methods for estimating observation error statistics 212
8.3 Diagnosis of observation error variances 219
8.4 Diagnosis of observation error correlations 219
8.5 Observation error correlation specification in the assimilation 221
8.6 Conclusion 226
References 227
 Contents xv

9 Errors. A posteriori diagnostics

O. TALAGRAND 229
9.1 Introduction 231
9.2 Reminder on statistical linear estimation 231
9.3 Objective evaluation of assimilation algorithms 235
9.4 Estimation of the statistics of data errors 237
9.5 Diagnostics of internal consistency 238
9.6 Diagnostics of optimality of assimilation algorithms 250
9.7 Conclusions 252
Acknowledgements 253
References 253
10 Error dynamics in ensemble Kalman-filter systems: localization
P. HOUTEKAMER 255
10.1 Motivation 257
10.2 Estimation of scalars and matrices 257
10.3 Assimilation of one observation 258
10.4 Experiments with the Lorenz III model 260
10.5 Discussion 264
References 264
11 Short-range error statistics in an ensemble Kalman filter
P. HOUTEKAMER 267
11.1 Introduction 269
11.2 Experimental environment 270
11.3 Horizontal correlations 271
11.4 Vertical correlations 273
11.5 Temporal correlations 275
11.6 Stratospheric wind analysis 276
11.7 Discussion 277
References 278
12 Error dynamics in ensemble Kalman filter systems: system error
P. HOUTEKAMER 279
12.1 Introduction 281
12.2 Monte Carlo methods 281
12.3 Review of model error 282
12.4 Review of data-assimilation error 284
12.5 Evidence of bias 285
12.6 Evidence of horizontal error correlations 286
12.7 Discussion 287
References 288
13 Particle filters for the geosciences
P. J. VAN LEEUWEN 291
13.1 Introduction 293
13.2 A simple particle filter based on importance sampling 294
xvi Contents

13.3 Reducing the variance in the weights 298

13.4 The proposal density 300
13.5 Conclusions 316
References 318
14 Second-order methods for error propagation in variational
data assimilation
F.-X. LE DIMET, I. GEJADZE, and V. SHUTYAEV 319
14.1 Introduction 321
14.2 Variational methods 322
14.3 Second-order methods 325
14.4 Sensitivity with respect to sources 329
14.5 Stochastic methods 334
14.6 Covariances of the optimal solution error 335
14.7 Effective inverse Hessian (EIH) method 338
14.8 Numerical examples 341
14.9 Conclusions 346
Acknowledgements 347
References 347
15 Adjoints by automatic differentiation
L. HASCOËT 349
15.1 Introduction 351
15.2 Elements of AD 351
15.3 Application of adjoint AD to data assimilation 359
15.4 Improving the adjoint AD code 362
15.5 AD tools 364
15.6 Conclusion 366
References 368
16 Assimilation of images
A. VIDARD, O. TITAUD 371
16.1 Motivations 373
16.2 Images: level(s) of interpretation 375
16.3 Current use of images in data assimilation: pseudo observation 377
16.4 Direct assimilation of images 382
References 391
17 Multigrid algorithms and local mesh refinement methods
in the context of variational data assimilation
L. DEBREU, E. NEVEU, E. SIMON, and F.-X. LE DIMET 395
17.1 Structure of the variational data assimilation problem 397
17.2 Multigrid methods and application to variational data assimilation 400
17.3 Data assimilation and local mesh refinement 405
17.4 Coupling the two approaches 409
17.5 Conclusions and perspectives 410
References 411
 Contents xvii

18 Selected topics in multiscale data assimilation

M. BOCQUET, L. WU, F. CHEVALLIER,
and M. R. KOOKHAN 413
18.1 Introduction 415
18.2 Bayesian multiscale analysis 415
18.3 Application to Bayesian control space design 422
18.4 Empirical multiscale statistics 427
18.5 Conclusion 430
References 431
19 Data assimilation in meteorology
F. RABIER and M. FISHER 433
19.1 Transforming data 435
19.2 Comparing data and models 439
19.3 Thinning the dataset 444
19.4 Filtering the analysis 447
19.5 Nonlinearities and non-Gaussian densities in variational
data assimilation 449
19.6 Parallel algorithms for 4D-Var 453
19.7 Conclusion 456
References 457
20 An introduction to inverse modelling and parameter
estimation for atmosphere and ocean sciences
M. BOCQUET 461
20.1 Introduction 463
20.2 Bayesian approach to inverse problems 463
20.3 Alternative approaches 473
20.4 Estimation of second-order statistics 479
20.5 Inverse modelling in atmospheric and ocean sciences: a selection 489
20.6 Conclusion 493
Acknowledgements 493
References 493
21 Greenhouse gas flux inversion
F. CHEVALLIER 497
21.1 Introduction 499
21.2 Observations 499
21.3 Uncertainties 500
21.4 Methods 501
21.5 Conclusion 502
References 503
22 Data assimilation in atmospheric chemistry and air quality
H. ELBERN, E. FRIESE, L. NIERADZIK,
and J. SCHWINGER 507
22.1 Introduction 509
xviii Contents

22.2 Advanced chemistry data assimilation 513

22.3 A posteriori validation in atmospheric chemistry 518
22.4 Tropospheric chemical data assimilation 520
22.5 Aerosol data assimilation 523
References 528
23 Combining models and data in large-scale oceanography:
examples from the consortium for Estimating the
Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO)
I. FUKUMORI 535
23.1 Introduction 537
23.2 Physical consistency 537
23.3 ECCO products 539
23.4 Examples of ECCO applications 540
23.5 Practical considerations in employing advanced estimation methods 544
23.6 Summary 550
Acknowledgements 551
References 551
24 Data assimilation in coastal oceanography: IS4DVAR
in the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS)
J. ZAVALA-GARAY, J. WILKIN, and J. LEVIN 555
24.1 The Regional Ocean Modelling System and the IS4DVAR
data assimilation algorithm 557
24.2 ROMS IS4DVAR in a quasi-geostrophic domain:
the East Australia Current 560
24.3 ROMS IS4DVAR in a complex coastal domain:
the Middle Atlantic Bight 564
References 573
25 Data assimilation in glaciology
B. BONAN, M. NODET, O. OZENDA, and C. RITZ 577
25.1 Introduction 579
25.2 Ice-sheet model 579
25.3 Adjoint method and adjoint model 581
25.4 Numerical results for twin experiments 582
References 584
List of participants

Organizers
´
BLAYO Eric
Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRIA, CNRS, 51 rue des
Mathématiques, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
BOCQUET Marc
École des Ponts ParisTech, CEREA, 6–8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes Champs-
sur-Marne, 77455 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
COSME Emmanuel
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, Université Grenoble
Alpes, CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.

Lecturers
BERRE Loı̈k
Météo France, 42 avenue Gustave Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex 1, France.
BRASSEUR Pierre
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, Université Grenoble
Alpes, CNRS, BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
CARDINALI Carla
ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, Berks hire RG2 9AX, UK.
CHEVALLIER Frédéric
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, L’Orme des Merisiers, Bat
701, Point courrier 129, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
DEBREU Laurent
Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRIA, CNRS, 51 rue des
Mathématiques, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
DESROZIERS Gérald
Météo France, 42 avenue Gustave Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex 1, France.
ELBERN Hendrik
Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie–
EURAD-Projekt, Universität zu Köln, Aachener Strasse 209, 50931 Köln, Germany.
FISHER Mike
ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, Berkshire RG2 9AX, UK.
xx List of participants

FUKUMORI Ichiro
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, M/S 300-323, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109,
USA.
HANEA Remus
TU Delft, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
HASCOET ¨ Laurent
INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 Valbonne, France.
HOUTEKAMER Peter
Meteorological Research Division, 2121 Transcanadian Highway, Dorval, Quebec,
Canada H9P 1J3.
LE DIMET François-Xavier
Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRIA, CNRS, 51 rue des
Mathématiques, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
LEMIEUX Bénédicte
Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRIA, CNRS, 51 rue des
Mathématiques, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
LORENC Andrew C.
Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK.
NODET Maëlle
Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRIA, CNRS, 51 rue des
Mathématiques, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
RABIER Florence
Météo France, 42 avenue Gustave Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex 1, France.
SNYDER Chris
NCAR, 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA.
TALAGRAND Olivier
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond,
75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
VAN LEEUWEN Peter Jan
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 243, Reading
RG6 6BB, UK.
VERRON Jacques
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, Université Grenoble
Alpes, CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
VIDARD Arthur
Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble Alpes, INRIA, CNRS, 51 rue des
Mathématiques, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
ZAVALA-GARAY Javier
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New
Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
 List of participants xxi

Students and Auditors

AUTRET Emmanuelle
IFREMER, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Spatiale, Technopôle Brest Iroise, BP 70,
29280 Plouzané, France.
´
BARTHELEMY Antoine
Georges Lemaı̂tre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute,
Université Catholique de Louvain, chemin du Cyclotron 2, L7.01.11, B-1348 Louvain-
la-Neuve, Belgium.
BELL Simon
Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birminghan B4 7ET, UK.
BELLSKY Tom
Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Physical
Sciences, A-Wing, PO Box 871804, Tempe, AZ 85287-1804, USA.
BERCHET Antoine
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CNRS, CEA, UVSQ, CEA-
Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
BIANCHI Blandine
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland.
BONAN Bertrand
Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble 1, INRIA, CNRS, 51 rue des
Mathématiques, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
BOUTTIER Pierre-Antoine
Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble 1, INRIA, CNRS, 51 rue des
Mathématiques, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
BUCANEK Antonin
Czech hydrometeorological institute, Na Šabatce 2050/17, 143 06 Praha 4, Komořany,
Czech Republic.
BUCHARD-MARCHANT Virginie
NASA/USRA GSFC, Building 33, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
CHABOT Vincent
Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Université Grenoble 1, INRIA, CNRS, 51 rue des
Mathématiques, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
CHATTERJEE Abhishek
Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
DINIZ Fabio
CPTEC/INPE, Rod. Presidente Dutra km 40, Cachoeira Paulista/SP, ZIP: 12.630-
000, Brazil.
DREANO Denis
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia.
xxii List of participants

EL GHARAMTI Mohamad
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia.
EYYAMMADICHI Divya
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr Homi Babha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008,
India.
FEKRI Majid
McGill University, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Burnside Hall,
805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6.
GAUBERT Benjamin
Laboratoire Inter-universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, Universités Paris-Est
Créteil et Paris Diderot, CNRS, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil.
GEPPERT Gernot
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
HASLEHNER Mylene
Hans Ertel Center for Data Assimilation, Meteorological Institute, LMU Munich,
Theresienstrasse. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany.
HU Huiquin
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking Univer-
sity, 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, PR China100871.
HUANG Ling
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking Univer-
sity, 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, PR China100871.
IGRI Moudi Pascal
University of Yaounde 1, Department of Physics, PO Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.
ITO Kosuke
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University No. 1, Section 4,
Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
KAY Jun Kyung
Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
KIZHAKKENIYIL Manoj
University of Northern British Columbia, Department of Atmospheric Science, En-
vironmental Science and Engineering Programs, 3333 University Way, Prince George,
Canada V2N 4Z9.
LEE Ite
High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 3080 Center
Green, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
LEE Jin
Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Australian Bureau of Meteor-
ology, GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
 List of participants xxiii

MASSMANN Silvia
Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 78, 20359
Hamburg, Germany.
MECHRI Rihab
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, L’Orme des Merisiers,
Bâtiment 701, Point courrier 129, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
MONGIN Mathieu
CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart,
Tasmania 7001, Australia.
MOSTAMANDI Suleyman
Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Malookhtinskii 98, St Petersburg,
Russia.
NAVARRO Thomas
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05,
France.
OSYCHNY Vladimir
National Centers for Environmental Prediction, 5200 Auth Road, Camp Springs, MD
20746, USA.
PENTAKOTA Sreenivas
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr Homi Babha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008,
India.
RONG Xinyao
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 46 ZhongGuanCun South Street, Beijing,
100081, PR China.
RUGGIERO Giovanni
LJAD, UMR6621, CNRS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 02,
France.
SAUCEDO Marcos
CIMA/CONICET-UBA, UMI IFAECI/CNRS, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
SHLYAEVA Anna
Hydrometeorological Research Centre of Russia, 11–13B. Predtechensky sidest.,
Moscow, Russia 123242.
SIRISUP Sirod
National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8430,
Japan.
SLIVINSKI Laura
Brown University, 182 George Street, Box F, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
SOMMER Matthias
Hans Ertel Center for Data Assimilation, Meteorological Institute, LMU Munich,
Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany.
xxiv List of participants

SPERREVIK Ann Kristin

Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Postboks 43 Blindern, 0313 Oslo, Norway.
TOQUE Nathalie
CMCC, Viale Aldo Moro 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
VRETTAS Michail
Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birminghan B4 7ET, UK.
WANG Yiguo
École des Ponts ParisTech, CEREA, 6–8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes Champs-
sur-Marne, 77455 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
WECHT Kevin
Harvard University, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29 Oxford Street,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
WILSON Gregory
Oregon State University, 104 COAS Admin Building, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, USA.
WINIAREK Victor
École des Ponts ParisTech, CEREA, 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes Champs-
sur-Marne, 77455 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
WU Shu
Center for Climatic Research, 1225 W. Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1695,
USA.
YUE Jian
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking Univer-
sity, Beijing, PR China.
ZHAO Shunliu
Carleton University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1125
Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.
Part I
Key lectures
1
4D-VAR: four-dimensional
variational assimilation

O. Talagrand

Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique

Ecole Normale Supérieure
Paris, France

Advanced Data Assimilation for Geosciences. First Edition.

Edited by É. Blayo, M. Bocquet, E. Cosme, and L. F. Cugliandolo.

c Oxford University Press 2015. Published in 2015 by Oxford University Press.
Chapter Contents

1 4D-VAR: four-dimensional variational

assimilation 3
O. TALAGRAND

1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Variational assimilation in the context
of statistical linear estimation 5
1.3 Minimization methods. The adjoint approach 12
1.4 Practical implementation 17
1.5 Further considerations on variational assimilation 19
1.6 More on the adjoint method 23
1.7 Conclusions 25
References 26
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Singing (A) Quadrille, Set to Nursery Rhymes, for Pianoforte and
Voices—Cotsford Dick.
Singing Verses for Children—Lydia Coonley and others. New York,
1897.
Small Songs for Small Singers—W. H. Neidlinger. (Coloured ill.,
Bobbett.) New York, Schirmer.
St. Nicholas Operettas. Century.
St. Nicholas Songs. Century.
Songs of Childhood—Eugene Field. Music by Reginald de Koven and
others. New York, 1896.
Stevenson Song Book—Music by various composers. New York, 1897.
Three Operettas (Three Little Kittens; Seven Old Ladies of
Lavender Town; Bobby Shaftoe)—H. C. Bunner and Oscar Weil. New
York, 1897.

Instrumental Music
Haydn’s Kinder-symphonie—For Piano and Violin and Toy Instruments.
Our Favorites (Unsere Lieblinge). [Piano gems arranged by Carl
Reinecke.] New York, Breitkopf and Hartel.
Schumann, Robert—Album for Young Pianists. Op. 68.
Kinderball. (Dances, four hands, for Piano.) Op. 130.
Kinderscenen. (Piano.) Op. 15.

SCIENCE AND INVENTION

Baker, Ray Stannard—Boy’s Book of Inventions. McClure, $2.00.
[There is a second volume, $1.60.]
Ball, Sir Robert Stawell—Starland. Ginn, $1.00.
Darwin, Charles R.—What Mr. Darwin Saw in His Voyage Round the
World in the Ship “Beagle.” Harper, $3.00.
Iles, George—Flame, Electricity, and the Camera. Doubleday, $2.00 net.
Meadowcroft, W. H.—A B C of Electricity. Empire Publishing Co.,
$0.50.
Newcomb, Simon—Astronomy for Everybody. McClure, $2.00 net.
Santos-Dumont, Alberto—My Air-Ships. Century, $1.40 net.
Scientific American Boy: or, The Camp at Willow Clump Island—A.
Russell Bond. Munn and Co., $2.00.
Serviss, Garrett P.—Astronomy with an Opera-Glass. Appleton, $1.50.
[This book has been challenged.]
Sloane, T. O’C.—Electric Toy-making.—Henley, $1.00. (Vide also St.
John, T. M.—Three books on electricity. Scribner.)

TRAVEL
Boyesen, H. H.—Boyhood in Norway. Scribner, $1.25.
The Modern Vikings. Scribner, $1.25.
Brassey, Lady A. (A.)—Around the World in the Yacht “Sunbeam.” Holt,
$2.00; Longmans (condensed), $0.75; Burt.
Du Chaillu, P. B.—The Land of the Long Night. Scribner, $2.00.
Land of the Midnight Sun. Harper, 2 vols., $5.00.
Janvier, Thomas A.—The Aztec Treasure House. (Narrative.) Harper,
$1.50.
Jenks, Tudor—Boys’ Book of Explorations. Doubleday, $2.00.
Kennan, George—Tent Life in Siberia. Putnam, $0.50 to $1.25.
Knox, Thomas W.—Boy Travellers in Russia. Harper, $2.00.
Boy Travellers in South America. Harper. $2.00. [In these volumes
there is a large amount of information which would have been more
graphic, relieved of the artificial conversational style.]
Lummis, Charles F.—Some Strange Corners of Our Country. Century,
$1.50.
Nansen, Fridtjof—Farthest North: Record of a Voyage of the Ship
“Fram.” Harper, 2 vols., $4.00.
Peary, Mrs. J. D. and M. A.—Children of the Arctic. Stokes, $1.20 net.
Snow Baby. Stokes, $1.20 net.
Slocum, Joshua—Sailing Alone Around the World in the Sloop “Spray.”
Whole edition, Century, $2.00; school edition, Scribner, $0.50.
Stanley, Henry M.—In Darkest Africa. Scribner, 2 vols., $7.50. [Vide also
“My Dark Companions, and Their Strange Stories.” Scribner, $2.00.]
Taylor, Bayard—Boys of Other Countries. Putnam, $1.25.

FRENCH
“The collection of books which we call ‘Bibliothèque Rose’ (the paper
bound edition has a pink cover; perhaps that is the reason why we call it
Bibliothèque Rose) includes the most charming stories a child can wish for,
especially those of Mme. de Ségur’s and Zénaïde Fleuriot’s. In this
collection as well as in the Bibliothèque des Petits Enfants, and in the large
illustrated albums, much will be found of interest to children of from six to
ten years.
“For older boys and girls (10–15), I would recommend Bibliothèque des
Mères de Famille. At the present time the only thing I remember about this
collection is that there were in it a number of books translated from the
German by Emmeline Raymond, and which used to give me much pleasure.
“As far as I can judge, girls and boys of this age enjoy Jules Verne,*
Charles Wagner, H. Gréville, H. Malot, E. About, Erckmann-Chatrian,*
Anatole France, Daudet, and La Fontaine, the two I have starred being
special favourites with boys. Of course, I would not recommend for
children everything by these authors. I have suggested many books in the
Bibliothèque Rose; there are other writers in that collection, such, for
example, as Mme. Cazin, Mlle. J. Gouraud, Maistre, Mayne-Reid, Mme.
Pape-Carpantier, Mme. de Stolz, and Mme. de Witt,—all of whom have
done some excellent juvenile work. But a parent should not be satisfied
with a recommendation; personal judgment is the surest test.
“Regarding poetry, there are many short pieces by Mme. Tastu, well
adapted for very young children. In the anthologies which are published
you are most likely to find such pieces as Victor Hugo’s ‘L’enfant,’ ‘Pour
les pauvres,’ ‘Après la bataille’; Lamartine’s ‘L’automne,’ ‘Milly’; extracts
from Corneille and Racine; and Chateaubriand’s well-known ‘Combien j’ai
douce souvenance.’ Then there are a number of Coppée’s poems;
Bérenger’s ‘Les souvenirs du peuple,’ and ‘A mon habit’; André Chénier’s
‘La jeune Captive’; Hégésippe Moreau’s ‘La Voulzie’; Brizeux’s ‘La pauvre
fille’; Theuriet’s ‘La Chanson du Vannier’; and poems of Mme. Desborde-
Valmore. This will give some idea of how rich the field of poetry is, which,
with La Fontaine alone, would supply children with untold enjoyment.
“The educational value in most of the books which I have suggested
consists chiefly in the attractive manner in which they are written; there is
no ‘leçon de morale’ in disguise in the style, yet such books are more than
well-written stories. Children read Mme. de Ségur’s books with much more
pleasure than they do the old-fashioned Berquin’s, which are ‘ennuyeux.’
Such stories as Mme. de Ségur writes make a deep impression, since they
teach agreeably to love the qualities which we grown-ups wish to see in
children, and to dislike those faults which we would blame in them, even if,
sometimes, the naughty child in the story is made attractive.
“You will see, we have no special books of animal stories, such as you
publish in England and in America—unless you consider, of course, La
Fontaine’s fables, which do not give any practical knowledge of animal life.
Books which appeal to the heart, or to the imagination, are very popular
with French children, who are naturally sensitive and imaginative; but, after
all, is it not so with every child, French or English or American?
“It has been my experience that American children (the very young
ones), if they were able to read the French books French children of the
same age read, enjoyed them quite as much. The difference in national
temperament develops later on. The American boy or girl grows up more
rapidly than the French boy or girl; acquires the practical sense sooner; has
a more real view of life. Perhaps this is due largely to the fact that the
French child has little independence, and hence is unpractical. But there is a
compensation somewhere, for the French child’s mind is subtler, and his
imagination more vivid. I do not think we have any library system at
present where children’s work is a specialty; in fact, our public libraries are
mostly frequented by grown-up people. I have never seen children, as far as
I can recollect, in any of our libraries.”—Mlle. Emilie Michel, in a letter
to the author.
Both Brentano and Dryrsen & Pfeiffer (successors to Christern), as well
as W. R. Jenkins Co., New York, issue complete catalogues, French and
German, in which illustrated books, magazines, and series of special
volumes are suggested. They differ so markedly in prices, that no
uniformity can be reached. But except in the case of illustrated albums, it
may be claimed, generally, that the prices are reasonable.
About, Edmond—Le Roi des Montagnes.
L’Homme à l’oreille Cassée.
Carraud, Mme.—La petite Jeanne. Bibliothèque Rose.
Daudet, Alphonse—Tartarin de Tarascon.
Tartarin sur les Alpes.
Lettres de Mon Moulin. (Contes.)
Le Petit Chose.
DeFoe—La Vie et les Aventures de Robinson Crusoé. Bibliothèque Rose.
[Vide also in Bibl. des petits enfants, with “Gulliver’s Travels.”]
Dombre, Roger—Tante Rabat Joie.
Erckmann-Chatrian—Le conscrit de 1813.
L’Ami Fritz.
Fleuriot, Mlle. Z.—Le petit chef de famille. Bibliothèque Rose.
Florian—Fables Illustrées par Vimar. Brentano, $2.70.
France, Anatole—Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard. [Crowned by the
French Academy.]
Le Livre de Mon Ami. [For adults.]
Genlis, Madame de—Bibliothèque Rose. Contes Moraux. Vide p. 66.
Gréville, Henry (pseud. of Mme. Alice Durant)—Perdue. [Vide entire
list.]
Grimm—Contes Choisis. Bibliothèque Rose.
Job—Le grand Napoléon des Petits Enfants. (Ill. coloured.) Brentano,
$3.00.
La Fontaine—Vide Boutet de Monvel. Picture-Book section.
La Motte-Fouque, Baron de.—Undine and Sintram. [Vide English
version. Houghton.]
Malot, Hector—En famille.
Sans famille.
Perrault, Charles; Mmes. D’Aulnoy et Le Prince de Beaumont—
Contes de Fées. Bibliothèque Rose. [Vide also Petite Bibliothèque
Blanche, et ed. Perrault, ill. by many artists. Brentano, $2.70. Vide p. 36.]
Pressensé, Mme. E. de—La Maison Blanche et Histoire pour les écoliers.
Bibliothèque Rose. [Vide also Bibl. des Petits Enfants.]
Sandeau, Jules—La Maison de Penarvan.
Ségur, Mme. de—L’Auberge de l’Ange-Gardien. Bibliothèque Rose.
Un Bon Petit Diable.
Le Général Dourakine.
Mémoires d’un Ane.
Les Bons Enfants.
Verne, Jules—Les Enfants du Capitaine Grant.
Cinq Semaines en Ballon.
Vingt Mille Lieues sous les Mers.
Le Tour du Monde en 80 Jours.
[All in the Bibliothèque Rose.]
Wagner, Charles—Jeunesse.
Vaillance.

GERMAN
In the preparation of the following German list, the author begs to
acknowledge in a general way his indebtedness to many sources. An
authority on the subject is Wolgast, who is the author of “Vom Kinderbuch”
(Leipzig, Teubner). One of the committee recommends the inclusion of all
the stories by Johanna Spyri; another emphasises the importance of the
work done by Ottilie Wildermuth, and appends the following interesting
account in a letter: “‘She was the wife of a professor in Tübingen, Swabia,
and was born in 1817. She died in 1877. Long before she thought of writing
for publication, she charmed a wide circle of friends and acquaintances with
her talent for narrating the simple events, memories, and experiences of
Swabian life. Most of her works must be considered, not as mere fiction,
but as true pictures of the culture of that time, and as such will be of
permanent value.’ The same may be said of her children’s books, although
these are more fanciful and varied in their subject-matter, and appeal
strongly to the imagination.”
The Germans illustrate their A-B-C Bücher, their Nursery Rhymes, their
Bilderbücher, and their Erzählungen in the most attractive fashion.
Reference is particularly made to Herr Richter. Fairy Tales are read
extensively by German children—and also by adults. Grimm, Hauff,
Musäus, are about the best. Schmitt’s Geschichten u. Erzählungen (of which
there are perhaps from one to two hundred volumes) are excellent for boys
and girls between ten and fifteen years. The Germans have paid such
special attention to the selection and grading of juvenile literature, that their
library lists are recommended to readers. The volumes here mentioned are
not presented with any intention of making them definitive. Brentano will
send, on application, “Verzeichnis einer Auswahl Vorzüglicher Bücher—
Miniatur-Katalog.—Stilke, Berlin.”
The reader is further referred to “Verzeichnis empfehlenswerter
Jugendlektüre. Herausgegeben vom Wiener Volksbildungs-Verein, 1904.”
Äsop—Fabeln. Mit 6 Buntbildern. Löwe.
Aus dem Leben der Zwerge—Humorist. Bilderbuch.
Bilderbücher. (Löwensohn.)
Der D-Zug Kommt. Eisenbahnbilderb. auf Papyrolin; auf Papier.
Für unsere A B C-Schützen.
Grimms Märchen.
Hänsel und Gretel.
Heerschau üb. d. Kriegsvölker Europas.
Hertwig, R., Eduard und Ferdinand. [Vide Catalogues.]
Bilderbücher. (Scholz.)
Liebe Märchen.
Dornröschen; Marienkind.
Aschenputtel; Rotkäppchen.
 Hänsel und Gretel; Schneewittchen.
Hey-Speckter, W.—Fünfzig Fabeln f. Kinder. Jub.-Ausg.
Noch fünfzig Fabeln für Kinder. Jub.-Ausg.
Fabeln. 2 Bde. Schul-Ausgabe; 2 Bde. Feine Ausgabe.
Thumann, P.—Für Mutter und Kind. Alte Reime mit neuen Bildern.
Wiedemann, F.—Hundert Geschichten für eine Mutter und ihre Kinder.
Wildermuth, O.—Aus der Kinderwelt.

Anders, H.—Gesammelte Märchen von Rübezahl.

Andersen, H. C.—Sämtl. Märchen. Pr.-A. (Abel & Müller); V.-Ausg.
(Abel & Müller); Pr.-Ausg. (Wartig).
Märchen. (Hendel); Löwe; Billige Ausgabe. (Weise.)
Ausgewählte Märchen. (Abel & Müller); Hrsg. v. Hamb. Jugendschr.-
Ausschuss.
Arndt, P.—Es war einmal. Märchen, Sagen u. Schwänke.
Im Märchenwalde.
Für brave Knaben.
Rübezahl. (Löwe); V.-Aug, (Löwe).
Bechstein, L.—Märchenbuch. (Hendel).
Beeg, M.—Schulmädelgeschichten.
Beetz, K. O.—Urd.; Deutsche Volksmärchen.
Blüthgen, V.—Hesperiden. Märchen für jung und alt. Vollst. Ausg.
Lebensfrühling. Vier Erzählungen für Mädchen.
Der Märchenquell.
Der Weg zum Glück. Fünf Erzähl. f. Knaben.
Campe, J. H.—Robinson Krusoe von J. Hoffmann.
Emmy, Tante—Märchen für grosse und kleine Kinder.
Grimm, J. u. W.—Sämtl. Kinder- u. Hausmärchen. Mit Bildern v. L. Richter
usw.
Gumpert, Th. v.—Herzblättchens Zeitvertreib.
Hauff, W.—Märchen. Ausw. f. d. Jugend. (Löwe).
Hoffmann, Frz.—Ausgew. Erzählungen. Bd. 1, 2, 3.
Das bunte Buch. Neue 150 moral. Erzählungen.
150 moralische Erzählungen.
Die Grossmutter.
Neuer deutscher Jugendfreund.
Märchen und Fabeln.
Müller, K. A.—Rübezahl, der Herr des Riesengebirges.
Musäus, J. K. A.—Märchen. Von K. A. Müller.
Nibelungenlied—Für die Jugend, von A. Bacmeister.
Otto, H.—Ilias, für die Jugend.
Nibelunge, für die Jugend. 2 Bdchn.
Sagen und Märchen für Achtjährige.
Reichenbach—Buch der Tierwelt. Erzähl. u. Schildergn. a. d. Leben der
Tiere. 2 Bde.
Rosegger, P.—Als ich noch der Waldbauernbub war. 3 Teile.
Waldferien.
Schanz, Fr.—Heidefriedel.
Das Komtesschen und andere Erzählungen.
Rottraut u. Ilse.
Schulkindergeschichten.
Bunter Strauss. Märchen u. Erzählungen.
Unter der Tanne.
Schanz, P.—In der Pension u. anderes.
Schott, Cl.—Im Feenreich. Mit Bildern.
Stein, A.—Mariens Tagebuch.
52 Sonntage.
Tagebuch dreier Kinder.
Villamaria.—Elfenreigen. Nordische Märchen.
Wildermuth, O.—Aus Nord und Süd.
Aus Schloss und Hütte.
Jugendschriften. V.-A.; Inhalt s. Abt. Schriften für die reifere weibl.
Jugend.
Kindergruss.

Cervantes—Don Quichote. Für d. Jugend v. Frz. Hoffmann; für Schule und

Haus bearbeitet von Höller. (Schaffstein). Illustriert; Für die Jugend von
P. Moritz. V.-Ausg.; (Weise).
Cooper, J. F.—Conanchet. Von Frz. Hoffmann.
Der rote Freibeuter. Von P. O. Höcker. (Löwe).
Lederstrumpf-Erzählgn. F. d. Jugend v. Kl. Bernhard; Für die Jugend v.
O. Höcker. (Löwe); v. Frz. Hoffmann; v. Fr. Meister. Pr.-A.; Einzeln: Der
Wildtöter; Der letzte der Mohikaner; Der Pfadfinder; Lederstrumpf; Der
alte Trapper; v. P. Moritz. Gesamt-Ausg.; Einzeln: Der letzte Mohikaner;
Der Pfadfinder; Lederstrumpf od. die Ansiedler; Der Wildsteller od. die
Prärie; Der Wildtöter.
Die Prärie. Für die Jugend. (Weise.)
Der Spion. Für die Jugend von E. Benseler.
Dahn, F. u. Th.—Walhall. Germanische Götter-u. Heldensagen. Ausgabe
mit Bildern.
Hauff, W.—Lichtenstein. Für die Jugend. (Weise.)
Liliencron, D. v.—Gedichte. Auswahl für die Jugend.
Ebner-Eschenbach, M. v.—Die arme Kleine.
Gumpert, Th. v.—Töchter-Album.
Hartner, E. (E. E. H. v. Twardowska.)—Pension und Elternhaus.
Heinz, T. v. (Henny von Tempelhoff.)—Goldköpfchen.
Pension Velden.
Tante Sybille.
Heldern, T. (Toni Lindner.)—Die Backfischpension.
Rhoden, E. v. (Emma Friedrich-Friedrich.)—Der Trotzkopf. Mit Bildern;
Billige Ausgabe.
Trotzkopfs Brautzeit. Mit Bildern; Billige Ausgabe.
(Wildhagen), Aus Trotzkopfs Ehe. Mit Bildern; Billige Ausgabe.
(S. la Chapelle-Roobol), Trotzkopf als Grossmutter.
Der Trotzkopf. 3 Bde. Feine Ausg. in hell. Damastlnw. geb., in eleg.
Hülse.
Rosegger, P.—Ernst u. heiter. Volksausg. f. Österreich.
Schmidt, H.—In Backfischchens Kaffeekränzchen.
Wildermuth, O.—Jugendschriften. Volks-Ausg. 22 Bde.
1. Ein einsam Kind. Die Wasser im Jahre 1824; 2. Drei
Schulkameraden. Der Spiegel der Zwerglein; 3. Eine seltsame Schule.
Bärbeles Weihnachten; 4. Eine Königin. Der Kinder Gebet; 5. Spätes
Glück. Die drei Schwestern vom Walde; 6. Die Ferien auf Schloss
Bärensprung. Der Sandbub oder Wer hat’s am besten?; 7. Cherubino u.
Zephirine. Kann sein, ’s ist auch so recht; 8. Brüderchen und
Schwesterchen. Der Einsiedler im Walde; 9. Der Peterli von Emmenthal.
Zwei Märchen für die Kleinsten; 10. Krieg und Frieden. Emmas
Pilgerfahrt; 11. Das braune Lenchen. Des Königs Patenkind; 12. Nach
Regen Sonnenschein. Frau Luna. Das Bäumlein im Walde; 13. Die
Nachbarskinder. Kordulas erste Reise. Balthasars Apfelbäume; 14. Die
wunderbare Höhle. Das Steinkreuz. Unsere alte Marie; 15. Der kluge
Bruno. Eine alte Schuld. Heb’ auf, was Gott dir vor die Türe legt; 16.
Elisabeth. Die drei Christbäume. Klärchens Genesung. Das Feental; 17.
Vom armen Unstern; 18. Es ging ein Engel durch das Haus. Des Herrn
 Pfarrers Kuh. Die erste Seefahrt; 19. Schwarze Treue; 20. Das Osterlied.
Die Kinder der Heide; 21. Hinauf und Hinab; 22. Der rote Hof.

NATURE
Arnold, A. F.—The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide. Century, $2.40 net.
Bostock, F. C.—The Training of Wild Animals. Century, $1.00 net.
Burroughs, John—Squirrels and Other Fur-Bearers. (Ill. after Audubon.)
Houghton, $1.00.
Wake Robin. Houghton, $1.00 net.
Chapman, Frank R.—Bird-Life: A Guide to the Study of Our Common
Birds. (Ill., Seton.) Appleton, $2.00.
Doubleday, Mrs. F. N. (pseud., Neltje Blanchan)—Bird Neighbors.
Doubleday, $2.00. [American and local. Vide same author’s “Birds that
Hunt and Are Hunted,” $2.00.]
Nature’s Garden. Doubleday, $3.00 net.
Dugmore, A. Radclyffe—Nature and the Camera. Doubleday, $1.35 net.
Gibson, W. H.—Blossom Hosts and Insect Guests. Newson, $0.80.
Eye Spy. Harper, $2.50.
Sharp Eyes. Harper, $2.50.
Holland, W. J.—Butterfly Book. Doubleday, $3.00 net. [Vide same
author’s “Moth Book,” $4.00 net.]
Hornaday, William T.—American Natural History. Scribner, $3.50 net.
[Vide same author’s “Two Years in a Jungle,” $2.50.]
Keeler, Harriet L.—Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them.
Scribner, $2.00 net. [Vide also the “Tree Book.” Julia E. Rogers.
Doubleday, $4.00 net.]
Miller, Olive Thorne—The First Book of Birds. Houghton, $1.00. [There
is a second book.]
Morley, Margaret W.—The Bee People. McClurg, $1.25.
Parsons, Frances Theodora (formerly Mrs. Dana)—How to Know Wild
Flowers. Scribner, $2.00 net. [Vide also same author’s “According to the
Seasons.” Scribner, $1.75 net.]
Seton, Ernest Thompson—Biography of a Grizzly. Century, $1.50.
Wild Animals I have Known. Scribner, $2.00. [Vide also same author’s
“Lives of the Hunted.”]
Shaler, Nathaniel S.—Story of the Continent. Ginn, $0.75.
First Book in Geology. Heath, $0.60.
Sharp, Dallas L.—Wild Life Near Home. Century, $2.00. [Vide also same
author’s “A Watcher in the Woods.” Century, $0.84.]
Thoreau, Henry D.—Walden. Houghton, $1.50 to $3.00.
Torrey, Bradford—Every-day Birds. (Ill. after Thoreau.) Houghton,
$1.00.
Wright, Mabel Osgood—Citizen Bird. Macmillan, $1.50 net.

BIOGRAPHY
Abbott, J. S. C.—Daniel Boone, and the Early Settlement of Kentucky.
Dodd, $0.75.
David Crockett and Early Texan History. Dodd, $0.75.
Kit Carson, the Pioneer of the Far West. Dodd, $0.75.
Alcott, Louisa May—Life, Letters, and Journals. (Ed., E. D. Cheney.)
Little, Brown, $1.50.
Barnes, James—Midshipman Farragut. Appleton, $1.00.
Bolton, Mrs. S. K.—Poor Boys Who Became Famous. Crowell, $1.50.
[This author has written many books of a similar character for boys and
girls.]
Brooks, E. S.—Historic Boys. Putnam, $1.25.
Historic Girls. Putnam, $1.25. [Same author wrote “Historic Dwarfs”
for St. Nicholas Magazine. His facts have been challenged.]
Chivalric Days. Putnam, $1.25.
Butterworth, Hezekiah—The Boys of Greenway Court. [The Early Days
of Washington. Many librarians would challenge this.] Appleton, $1.50.
Franklin, Benjamin—Autobiography. Houghton, $0.75.
Garland, Hamlin—Ulysses S. Grant. McClure, $2.50.
Joan of Arc—Vide Boutet de Monvel. [Picture-book section.]
Keller, Helen—The Story of My Life. Doubleday, $1.50 net.
Lee, Robert E.—Vide Beacon Biographies. Trent, W. P. [The Lives of Lee,
J. E. B. Stuart, and Stonewall Jackson have yet to be treated satisfactorily
for young people.]
Nicolay, Helen—Boys’ Life of Lincoln. Century, $1.50.
Ober, Frederick A.—Columbus; Pizarro; DeSoto. Harper, $1.00 net each.
[This author’s style is picturesque.]
Riis, Jacob A.—The Making of an American: An Autobiography.
Macmillan, $1.50 net.
Scudder, Horace E.—George Washington. Houghton, $0.75. [Vide also E.
E. Hale’s “Life of Washington.” Putnam, $1.75.]
Seawell, M. E.—Decatur and Somers. Appleton, $1.00.
Twelve Naval Captains. Scribner, $1.25.
Paul Jones. Appleton, $1.00.
Seelye, Elizabeth E.—The Story of Columbus. Appleton, $1.75.
Southey, Robert—Life of Nelson. [Vide ed., Macmillan, Warne, Crowell,
Dutton, Lothrop, etc.]
Wister, Owen—U. S. Grant. (Beacon Biography.) Small, $0.75 net. [This
is the same series as referred to under Lee, in which Norman Hapgood
has written on Daniel Webster.]

HISTORY
Alton, E. (pseud, of Edmund Bailey)—Among the Law Makers. Scribner,
$1.50.
Barnes, James—Yankee Ships and Yankee Sailors. Macmillan, $1.50.
Callcott, M. (D.)—Little Arthur’s History of England. Crowell, $0.60.
Little Arthur’s History of France. Crowell, $0.60. [Both volumes have
a certain value in the history of children’s books.]
Coffin, C. C.—Boys of ’76. Harper, $2.00. [Same author wrote “Boys of
’61.” Estes, $2.00.]
Creasy, E. S.—Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World. Harper, $1.00.
Dickens, Charles—Child’s History of England. Houghton, $1.00 to $2.50.
Dole, C. F.—The Young Citizen. Heath, $0.45.
Eggleston, E. and Seelye (Mrs.), E. E.—Brant and Red Jacket. Dodd,
$0.75.
Fiske, John—He has written a United States History. (Houghton.) His
larger contributions on periods are so excellent in their narrative style as
to recommend themselves for young readers of high-school age. [Vide
also Edward Eggleston’s “Household History of the United States.”
Appleton, $2.50.]
Griffis, W. E.—Brave Little Holland and What She Taught Us. Houghton,
$1.25.
Greenwood, Grace—Merrie England; Bonnie Scotland. [Out of print, but
re-publication strongly advised by librarians. Miss Burnite, of the
Cleveland Public Library, recently edited the “Ballads Retold.” Ginn,
$0.50.]
Stories and Legends; Stories and Sights of France and Italy. [Also out
of print.]
Hawthorne, Nathaniel—Grandfather’s Chair. Containing also
Biographical Stories. Houghton, $1.25.
Jenks, Tudor—Our Army for Our Boys. (Ill. Ogden.) Moffat, Yard, $2.00
net. [Mr. Jenks is also the author of the lives of John Smith and Miles
Standish (Century); of a series of historical and social studies for
children, the first volume called “When America Was New” (Crowell.);
and of another series, Lives of Great Writers (Barnes.).]
Kieffer, H. M.—Recollections of a Drummer Boy. (A Civil War
biographical story.) Houghton, $1.50.
Marshall, Helen—An Island Story. [A history of England, written by an
Australian. The book is in sumptuous format.] Stokes, $2.50 net.
McDougall, Isabel—Little Royalties. Revell, $1.25.
Parkman, Francis—The Oregon Trail. (Ill., Remington.) Little, Brown,
$4.00; $2.00.
The Conspiracy of Pontiac. (2 vols.) Little, Brown, $3.00.
Roosevelt, Theodore, and Lodge, Henry Cabot—Hero Tales from
American History. Century, $1.50.
Scott, Sir Walter—Tales of a Grandfather. Macmillan, $2.00.
Stockton, Frank R.—Buccaneers and Pirates of our Coast. Macmillan,
$1.50.
Tarbell, Ida M.—He Knew Lincoln. McClure, $0.50 net.
Yonge, Charlotte M.—Young Folk’s History of England. Lothrop, $1.50.
[Vide Miss Yonge’s “Book of Golden Deeds.” Macmillan, $1.00.]

HISTORICAL STORIES
Aguilar, Grace—The Days of Bruce. Appleton, $1.00. [She also wrote
“A Mother’s Recompense” and “Home Influence.”]
Andrews, Mary Raymond Shipman—The Perfect Tribute. (A Story of
Lincoln.) Scribner, $0.50.
Barnes, James—For King or Country. Harper, $1.50.
Bennett, John—Master Skylark. (A Story of Shakespeare’s Time.)
Century, $1.50.
Barnaby Lee. Century, $1.50.
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward—Harold, the Last of the Saxons. (2 vols.) Little,
Brown, $1.25 each.
Last Days of Pompeii. Little, Brown, $1.25.
Last of the Barons. (A Story of the Earl of Warwick.) [2 vols.] Little,
Brown, $1.25 each.
Davis, M. E. M.—In War Times at La Rose Blanche. Lothrop, $1.25.
Doyle, A. Conan—White Company. (A 14th-century story.) Harper, $1.75.
Micah Clarke. (A 17th-century story.) Harper, $1.75.
Eggleston, George Cary—Signal Boys. Putnam, $1.25.
Southern Soldier Stories. Macmillan, $1.50.
Strange Stories from History. Harper, $0.60.
Hale, Edward E.—A Man Without a Country. Little, Brown, $0.50 to
$1.25.
Henty, G. A.—Lion of the North. (A Tale of Gustavus Adolphus.) Scribner,
$1.50.
St. George for England. (A Tale of Cressy and Poitiers.) Scribner,
$1.50.
With Clive in India. Scribner, $1 .50.
With Wolfe in Canada. Scribner, $1.50. [When one is read, the formula
for all is discovered.]
Keary, Annie—A York and Lancaster Rose. Macmillan, $1.00.
Kingsley, Charles—Westward Ho! Macmillan, $0.50 to $2.00. [This
book, a tale of the 16th century, was recently debarred from one of the
library centres in England.]
Knapp, Adeline—The Boy and the Baron. (Germany of feudal times.)
Century, $1.00.
Marshall, Beatrice—The Siege of York. (In the days of Thomas, Lord
Fairfax.) Dutton, $1.50. [For older girls.]
Matthews, Brander—Tom Paulding. (A story of New York and a
treasure.) Century, $1.50.
Page, Thomas Nelson—Two Little Confederates. Scribner, $1.50.
Among the Camps. Scribner, $1.50.
Porter, Jane—The Scottish Chiefs. Dutton, $2.50. (Ill., T. H. Robinson. A
Story of William Wallace. Miss Aguilar’s book, “In the Days of Bruce,”
is considered a sequel.)
Thaddeus of Warsaw. [Various editions: Coates, Burt, Routledge,
Warne.]
Pyle, Howard—Men of Iron. (A 14th-century story.) Harper, $2.00.
Scott, Sir Walter—Ivanhoe. Macmillan, $1.25.
The Talisman. Macmillan, $1.25.
Quentin Durward. Macmillan, $1.25.
Rob Roy. Macmillan, $1.25. [As an introduction, these should lead the
way to others.]
Seawell, M. E.—Little Jarvis. Appleton, $1.00.
Stowe, Harriet B.—Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Houghton, $1.00. (Ill., Kemble,
$4.00.) [This is reluctantly included; many are strongly in favor of
keeping from children such partisan writing; the cause for sectional
feeling has been removed to an extent.]
Tomlinson, E. T.—Boy Officers of 1812. Lothrop, Lee, $1.25.
Search for Andrew Field. Lothrop, Lee, $1.25.
Twain, Mark (pseud, of Samuel L. Clemens)—The Prince and the Pauper.
(16th century.) Harper, $1.75.
Wallace, Lew—Ben Hur. (A Tale of the Christ.) Harper, $1.50 to $10.00.
Yonge, Charlotte M.—The Lances of Lynwood, Lothrop, Lee, $1.00.
[Miss Yonge on children’s reading is seen to great advantage.]

INDIAN STORIES
Baylor, Frances C. (Mrs. F. C. [B.] Belger.)—Juan and Juanita.
Houghton, $1.50.
Brooks, Noah—The Boy Emigrants. Scribner, $1.25.
The Boy Settlers. (Early times in Kansas.) Scribner, $1.25.
Catherwood, Mary Hartwell—Heroes of the Middle West. Ginn, $0.50.
Cooper, James Fenimore—Deerslayer. Houghton, $1.00.
The Spy. Houghton, $1.00; Appleton, $1.50. [The entire
Leatherstocking series should be read.]
The Last of the Mohicans. Houghton, $1.00.
Custer, Mrs. E. B.—Boots and Saddles. Harper, $1.50. [An account of life
in camp out West, and of her husband’s career. Campaigns against the
Indians are described. A second book is called “Tenting on the Plains.”
Harper, $1.50.]
Deming, E. W.—Little Indian-Folk. Stokes, $1.25.
Little Red People. Stokes, $1.25. [Vide the same author’s “Indian Child
Life.” Stokes, $2.00.]
Drake, F. S.—Indian History for Young Folks. Harper, $3.00.
Eastman, Charles A.—Indian Boyhood. McClure, $1.60 net.
Munroe, Kirk—The Flamingo Feather. (A tale of Huguenots and
Spaniards.) Harper, $0.60.
Stoddard, W. O.—Little Smoke. (A tale of the Sioux.) Appleton, $1.50.
Red Mustang. Harper, $0.60.
Two Arrows. Harper, $0.60.

STORIES
Abbot, Alice Balch—A Frigate’s Namesake. Century, $1.00.
Alcott, Louisa May—Eight Cousins. Little, Brown, $1.50.
Little Women. Ibid.
Little Men. Ibid.
Old Fashioned Girl. Ibid.
Alden, W. L.—Cruise of the Canoe Club. Harper, $0.60.
Andrews, Jane—The Seven Little Sisters who Lived on the Round Ball
That Floats in the Air. Lothrop, Lee, $1.00.
Ten Boys who Lived on the Road from Long Ago to Now. Lothrop,
Lee, $1.00.
Barbour, Ralph—The Crimson Sweater. Century, $1.50. [The same
author wrote “Captain of the Crew”; “For the Honor of the School.”]
Barrie, James M.—Peter Pan. (Ill., Arthur Rackham.) Scribner, $5.00.
Blackmore, R. D.—Lorna Doone. [For older readers.] Harper, $2.00.
Burnett, F. H.—Little Lord Fauntleroy. Scribner, $1.25.
The Little Princess. [An enlarged “Sara Crew.”] Scribner, $2.00.
Champney, E. W.—Howling Wolf. Lothrop, $1.25.
Pierre and his Poodle. Dodd, $1.00.
Paddy O’Leary and his Learned Pig. Dodd, $1.00.
Coolidge, Susan (pseud., S. C. Woolsey.)—Eyebright. Little, Brown,
$1.25.
Dana, Richard H., Jr.—Two Years Before the Mast. Houghton, $1.00.
De Amicis, Edmondo—Cuore: an Italian Schoolboy’s Journal. Crowell,
$1.00.
DeFoe, Daniel—Robinson Crusoe. (Ill., Rheid Brothers.) Russell, Harper,
$1.50.
Dickens, Charles—David Copperfield. Houghton, 2 vols., $3.00.
Tale of Two Cities. Houghton, $1.50. [Vide also “Christmas Carol.”
These should encourage the children to follow up one work with
another.]
Dodge, Mary Mapes—Donald and Dorothy. Century, $1.50. [Vide her
“Baby-Days.”]
Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates. (New Amsterdam edition.)
Scribner, $1.50.
Duncan, Norman—Adventures of Billy Topsail. Revell, $1.50. [This is a
good example of an adventurous story, well told.]
Edgeworth, Maria—Waste Not, Want Not. Heath, $0.20.
Popular Tales. Macmillan, $1.50.
Tales. (Ed., Austin Dobson.) Stokes, $1.50.
Early Lessons. Routledge, $1.00. [The Macmillans also publish
“Moral Tales,” $1.00; Routledge, “Parent’s Assistant,” $1.00.]
Eggleston, George Cary—Big Brother. Putnam, $1.25.
Captain Sam. Putnam, $1.25.
Ewing, Mrs. J. H.—Jackanapes. Little, Brown, $0.50; Crowell, $0.60.