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Published on 08 November 2016 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629139-FP001
Advanced Environmental Analysis

Applications of Nanomaterials, Volume 2
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RSC Detection Science Series
Editor-in-Chief
Professor Michael Thompson, University of Toronto, Canada
Series Editors:
Dr Sub Reddy, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
Professor Damien Arrigan, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Titles in the Series:

1: Sensor Technology in Neuroscience
2: Detection Challenges in Clinical Diagnostics
3: Advanced Synthetic Materials in Detection Science
4: Principles and Practice of Analytical Techniques in Geosciences
5: Microfluidics in Detection Science: Lab-on-a-chip Technologies
6: Electrochemical Strategies in Detection Science
7: Peroxynitrite Detection in Biological Media: Challenges and Advances
8: Biological Fluid-Surface Interactions in Detection and Medical Devices
9: Advanced Environmental Analysis: Applications of Nanomaterials,
Volume 1
10: A dvanced Environmental Analysis: Applications of Nanomaterials,
Volume 2
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Advanced Environmental
Analysis
Applications of Nanomaterials, Volume 2
Edited by
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
Email: chaudhery.m.hussain@njit.edu
and
Boris Kharisov
Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
Email: bkhariss@hotmail.com
Published on 08 November 2016 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629139-FP001 View Online
RSC Detection Science Series No. 10
Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-906-1

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PDF eISBN: 978-1-78262-913-9
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ISSN: 2052-3068
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Preface
Environmental analysis has become a topic of considerable importance

these days. It is not only significant to environmentalists but also to regulators,
decision makers, surveillance agencies and the organizations assessing the
impact of pollutants on the environment, and it has evolved as a true disci-
pline throughout the world. In recent years, there has been a rapid union of
nanotechnology and analytical sciences. This convergence, although highly
interdisciplinary in nature, has been brought about by new technologies that
have led to application-specific devices, for example lab-on-a chip. The high
demand for advanced comprehensive understanding and awareness of more
accurate and precise measurement tools for pollutants and their characteri-
zation dictate the terms and conditions for this convergence. The reduction
in size from bulk to micro- and nano-scale promises high sensitivity, high
speed, increased selectivity and increased device lifetime for new devices.
Instruments with more sensitivity are required today to analyze ultra-trace
levels of environmental pollutants, pathogens in water, and low vapor pres-
sure energetic materials in air.
The objective of this book is to provide an overview of new developments
for a variety of environmental analytical techniques. Every effort has been
made to include the state-of-the-art to show improvements in environmen-
tal analytical techniques and processes due to nanomaterials in the book.
Additionally, special attention is paid to those approaches that are green and
reduce the cost of the analysis, process both in terms of chemicals and time
consumption. In the end the legal, economical and toxicity aspects of nano-
materials are also presented in detail.
To put all of the shared knowledge into perspective, add a touch of reality
to the concepts, and to cover extensive expansion of the applications of nano-
materials in the environmental analysis field, the book is divided into two
volumes and each volume has subdivisions of several sections. Moreover, to

Advanced Environmental Analysis: Applications of Nanomaterials, Volume 2
Edited by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Boris Kharisov
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
v
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vi Preface
maintain coherence in the flow of knowledge, these sections are patterned
in a continuous manner in both volumes. As a result, sections one to four are
contained in the first volume, whereas sections five to ten are provided in the
second volume.
In Volume One, the first section talks about the perspective of analytical
sciences in relation to nanotechnology, synthetic techniques for nanomate-
rials, different unique properties of nanomaterials and a detailed descrip-
tion of the mechanisms of adsorption on nanomaterials. The second section
encompasses the recent advances in sample preparation and extraction
techniques for organic and inorganic pollutants with nanomaterials. The
third section is all about new developments in separation techniques with a
focus on applications of nanomaterials for chromatography and membrane
technology. The fourth section incorporates spectroscopic techniques using
nanomaterials, especially surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), for
detection of environmental pollutants.
In Volume Two, the fifth section describes new trends in environmental anal-
ysis, i.e., applications of magnetic nanomaterials, nano-sensors, composite
materials and nano-bio sensors, like nanozymes. The sixth section talks
about the applications of nanomaterials for water treatment and purifica-
tion techniques. The effects of nanomaterials on the environment and the
ecosystem in terms of their toxicity, safety regulations and economic issues
are depicted in the seventh section. Section eight discusses the monitoring
and analysis of nanomaterials, whereas section nine is about the future of
environmental analysis in light of new developments in science and tech-
nology. In the last section, the editors provide concluding remarks about the
application of nanomaterials for environmental analysis.
The selection of these sections in both volumes is based on the most recent
research, teaching, the practical experience of editors and the philosophy
that environmental analysis is moving towards its next generation. The con-
tributing authors are selected from a wide cross-section around the world.
The diversity of authors for each chapter and their disciplinary backgrounds
reveal the interdisciplinary emphasis of this book. Thanks to the multidisci-
plinary nature of this book, the reader can enjoy a lot of knowledge in one
place.
The anticipated audience is scientists, researchers, consultants, regulators
and engineers. Moreover, graduate students will find this book to be very
useful in their research and understanding of advances in environmental
analysis techniques and beyond. The book is also intended to provide more
experienced researchers with a condensed summary of the influence of nan-
otechnology on analytical techniques and excellent up-to-date references
that will prove useful in their future endeavors. The editors and contributors
are lead scientists and researchers in academia and industry in their subject
areas. On behalf of the Royal Society of Chemistry, we are very thankful to
all contributors for their special and hard work in the making of this book.
Contents
Section I: Introduction-Perspective of Analytical Sciences,

Properties, Mechanism of Adsorption on Nanomaterials
Chapter 1 Perspective on Analytical Sciences and Nanotechnology 3

Deepali Sharma, Suvardhan Kanchi, Krishna Bisetty and
Venkatasubba Naidu Nuthalapati
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Nanotechnology 4
1.1.2 Analytical Sciences 6
1.2 Facets of Analytical Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology 9
1.2.1 Instrumentation 10
1.3 Nanoparticles 15
1.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles 15
1.3.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 17
1.3.3 Quantum Dots 18
1.3.4 Carbon Allotropes 19
1.3.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymeric Nanoparticles 21
1.4 Analytical Applications of Nanostructured Materials 21
1.4.1 Nano Drug Delivery Application 22
1.4.2 Energy Application 23
1.4.3 Environmental Applications 24
1.4.4 Electronic Applications 25
1.4.5 Food Industry Applications 27
1.5 Biomimetics 28
1.5.1 Nanobiosensors 29
1.6 Limitations of Nanotechnology in Analytical
Sciences 30

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viii Contents
1.7 Conclusions 31
References 31
Chapter 2 Novel Synthetic Techniques for Nanomaterials 35

Jesús Prado-Gonjal, Romain Heuguet, Sylvain Marinel,

Emilio Morán and Rainer Schmidt
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Experimental 38
2.2.1 Synthetic Aspects 38
2.2.2 Structural and Microstructural
Characterization 39
2.2.3 BET Analysis 40
2.2.4 Impedance Spectroscopy 40
2.3 Results 41
2.3.1 Structural Characterization 41
2.3.2 Microstructural Characterization 41
2.3.3 BET Surface Area Analysis 45
2.3.4 Ionic Conductivity Measurements by
Impedance Spectroscopy 46
2.4 Conclusions 55
Acknowledgements 56
References 56
Chapter 3 Fractal Properties of Nanoparticle Aggregation 58

Jianchao Cai, Yiwen Ju, Xiangyun Hu and Boming Yu
3.1 Introduction of Nanoparticle and Fractal Geometry 58

3.2 Fractal Model for Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids 62
3.3 Fractal Aggregation of Nanoparticles 66
3.4 Fractal Analysis of Yield Stress Property of
Nanoparticle Aggregation 69
3.5 Conclusions 70
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
Chapter 4 Removal of Pollutants from the Environment

Using Sorbents and Nanocatalysts 74
H. R. Aghabozorg and S. Sadegh Hassani
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Removal of Sulfur Compounds from Fuels 75
4.3 Elimination of Heavy Metals from Wastewater 80
4.4 Separation of the Dangerous Radionuclides
from Liquid Nuclear Wastes 83
4.5 Conclusion 84
References 84
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Contents ix
Chapter 5 Mechanism of Adsorption on Nanomaterials 90
Rani Bushra, Anees Ahmed and Mohammad Shahadat
5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Adsorption Mechanism 92

5.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms 92
5.2.2 Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics 94
5.2.3 Adsorption of Pollutants by Nanoparticles 96
5.2.4 Adsorption of Pollutants by CNTs 99
5.2.5 Adsorption of Pollutants by Dendritic
Nanopolymers 103
5.3 Future Prospects 104
5.4 Conclusion 105
References 105
Chapter 6 Adsorption and Desorption on Nanostructured

Materials 112
Rohama Gill, Quratulain Nadeem and
Mohamed Bououdina
6.1 Introduction 112

6.2 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials as Nanoadsorbents 116
6.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes as Nanoadsorbents 116
6.2.2 Carbon Nanosheets as Nanoadsorbents 118
6.3 Magnetic Nanomaterials as Nanoadsorbents 119
6.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles as Adsorbents 122
6.5 Metallic Nanomaterials as Adsorbents 124
6.6 Clays as Nanoadsorbents 125
6.6.1 Nanoclays as Adsorbents for Dyes 126
6.6.2 Nanoclays as Adsorbents for Phenols 127
6.6.3 Nanoclays as Adsorbents for Heavy Metals 128
6.6.4 Nanoclays as Adsorbents for Gases 129
6.7 Silicon-Based Nanomaterials as Nanoadsorbents 131
6.7.1 Silicon-Based Nanoparticles as Nanoadsorbents 131
6.7.2 Silicon-Based Nanotubes as Nanoadsorbents 131
6.7.3 Silicon-Based Nanosheets as Nanoadsorbents 132
6.8 Polymer-Based Nanoadsorbents 132
6.9 Conclusion 133
Acknowledgements 134
References 134
Chapter 7 Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal 139

S. Azzaza, R. Thinesh Kumar, J. Judith Vijaya and
M. Bououdina

7.2 Sources of Heavy Metal in the Environment 140
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x Contents
7.3 Nanotechnology for Environment Remediation 140
7.4 Types of Adsorbents 142
7.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 142
7.4.2 Metal-Based Nanomaterials 146
7.4.3 Nanosized Metal Oxides 150

7.4.4 Other Oxides 159
7.5 Conclusion 160
References 161
Chapter 8 Adsorption Selectivity of Boron Nitride Nanostructures

Designed for Environmental Protection 167
Levan Chkhartishvili, Lina Sartinska and Tsiuri Ramishvili

8.2 Experimental 171
8.2.1 Auger Spectra 171
8.2.2 Raman Spectra 174
8.3 Theorizing 176
8.3.1 Surface Reconstruction 177
8.3.2 Particle Morphology 180
8.3.3 Near-Surface Electric Field 181
8.4 Estimates 186
8.4.1 Ions 186
8.4.2 Polar Molecules 187
8.4.3 Nonpolar Molecules 188
8.5 Conclusions 190
References 191
Chapter 9 Environmental Applications of Iron-Containing

Nanomaterials: Synthetic Routes, Structures,
Compositions and Properties 193
Víctor Manuel Jiménez-Pérez, Oxana V. Kharissova and
Blanca M. Muñoz Flores

9.1.1 Nanomaterials 194
9.1.2 General Data of Nanomaterials
Containing Iron 194
9.2 Syntheses 197
9.2.1 Classic Routes 198
9.2.2 Green Synthesis 198
9.3 Remediation 204
9.3.1 Organic Compounds 204
9.3.2 Metals 206
9.4 Disinfection 209
9.5 Toxicity and Risks of Application of
Iron Nanomaterials 210
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Contents xi
9.6 Conclusion 214
References 215
Section II: Sample Preparation and Extraction Techniques

with Nanomaterials
Chapter 10 Sample Preparation and Extraction Techniques

Using Nanomaterials 223
Mostafa Khajeh, Kamran Dastafkan, Mousa Bohlooli and
Mansour Ghaffari-Moghaddam
10.1 Important Aspects Prior to Quantitative

Determination in Environmental Analysis 223
10.2 Advanced Adsorption by Nanomaterials 233
10.2.1 Nanometric Scale 233
10.2.2 Interaction Mechanisms 236
10.2.3 Behavior of Nanomaterials in Analytical Media 244
10.3 Nanoadsorbents 246
10.3.1 Metallic Nanoparticles 247
10.3.2 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 251
10.3.3 Siliceous Nanomaterials 260
10.3.4 Nanofibers 262
10.3.5 Polymer Nanomaterials 267
10.3.6 Nanoclays 272
References 274
Chapter 11 Nanomaterials in Extraction Techniques 284

Krystyna Pyrzynska

11.2 Nanoparticles Used in Environmental Analysis 285
11.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 289
11.2.3 Graphene 291
11.3 Applications of Nanoparticles in Sorptive
Extraction Techniques 293
11.3.1 Solid-Phase Extraction 294
11.3.2 Solid-Phase Microextraction 296
11.4 Conclusions 300
References 300
Chapter 12 Pretreatment Processes for the Analysis of Organic

Pollutants with Nanomaterials 306
Amirhassan Amiri

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xii Contents
12.2 Role of Nanomaterials in the Sample
Treatment Step 307
12.3 Nanoparticles as Support 307
12.3.1 Non-Magnetic 307
12.3.2 Magnetic 308

12.4 Nanomaterials as Sorbent Materials 311
12.4.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) 312
12.4.3 Nanofiber-Based Sorbents 337
12.4.4 Metal–Organic Framework Materials 341
12.5 Nanomaterials as Pseudo-Stationary Phase 347
12.5.1 Nanoparticles in Liquid–Liquid
Extraction (LLE) 347
12.5.2 Nanoparticles in Liquid-Phase
Microextraction 348
References 348
Section III: Separation Techniques with Nanomaterials

(Chromatography and Membranes Applications of
Nanomaterials)
Chapter 13 Separation Techniques with Nanomaterials:

Chromatography and Membrane Applications of
Nanomaterials 357
Elizabeth Guihen
13.1 Fundamentals and Theory of Nanomaterials in

Separation Science 357
13.1.1 Concepts and Theory of Nanomaterials in
Chemical Analysis 358
13.2 Applications of Nanomaterials in
Environmental Analysis 364
13.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in
13.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles in Environmental
Analysis 367
13.2.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Environmental
Analysis 368
13.2.4 Quantum Dots in Environmental
Analysis 372
13.2.5 Graphene Nanoparticles in Environmental
Analysis 372
13.3 Conclusions and Future Direction 375
References 375
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Contents xiii
Chapter 14 Advanced Environmental Engineering Separation
Processes, Environmental Analysis and Application
of Nanotechnology: A Far-Reaching Review 377
Sukanchan Palit

14.2 Vision of the Present Treatise 378
14.2.1 Purpose and Aim of the Present Study 379
14.3 Global Ecological Balance, Provision of Clean Drinking
Water and the Progress of Human Civilization 379
14.3.1 Environmental Engineering Science: A New
Beginning and Future Perspective 380
14.3.2 Water Process Engineering, Environmental
Separation Processes and the Vision of
Tomorrow 381
14.3.3 Water Quality: Scientific Perspectives 381
14.4 A Review of Important and Relevant Technologies
for Wastewater Treatment and Oxidation
Technologies: A Vision for the Future 383
14.4.1 The Vision of Scientific Endeavour in the
Field of Advanced Oxidation Processes:
A Deep Introspection 384
14.4.2 Use and Immense Importance of Selected
Advanced Oxidation Processes for
Wastewater Treatment 384
14.4.3 Wastewater Treatment by a Visionary
Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes
and Conventional Biological Systems 385
14.4.4 Ozonation: The Next Generation
Environmental Engineering Technique 387
14.4.5 Contribution of Membrane Separation
Processes in the Advancement of Science 387
14.5 Advanced Oxidation Processes: Vision, Current
Status and Visionary Prospects 387
14.5.1 A Review of Photochemical Processes in
Wastewater Treatment 388
14.5.2 An Introspection into Treatment of Textile
Wastewater by Advanced Oxidation
Processes: A Critical Overview 389
14.6 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of
Non-Conventional Environmental Engineering
Separation Processes 390
14.6.1 Recent Scientific Pursuits in the Field of
Membrane Separation Processes and Other
Environmental Engineering Separation
Processes 398
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xiv Contents
14.6.2 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field
of Ozonation of Industrial Wastewater 401
14.7 Milestones in the Research of Advanced Oxidation
Processes 404
14.7.1 Milestones and Unparalleled Achievements

in Environmental Engineering Separation
Processes 404
14.8 Global Drinking Water Crisis and Application of
Membrane Separation Processes 404
14.8.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment and the
Application of Novel Separation Processes:
A Definitive Vision for the Future 405
14.8.2 Doctrine of Environmental Engineering
Separation Processes and the World of
Indomitable Challenges 405
14.9 Scientific Cognizance, Visionary Future of
Environmental Pollution Control and
14.9.1 Visionary Environmental Analysis and
the Progress of Science Ahead 406
14.10 Application of Nanotechnology in Environmental
Engineering and the Vision for the Future 406
14.10.1 Nanofiltration, Application of Membrane
Separation Processes and the Visionary
Domain of Environmental Analysis 407
14.11 Fouling: Difficulties and Plausible Solutions 407
14.12 Advanced Environmental Analysis and Recent
Scientific Research Thrust Areas 407
14.13 Future Perspectives of Application of Novel
Separation Processes and the Visionary
Frontier Ahead 408
14.13.1 Challenges, Difficulties and Barriers to
Environmental Sustainability and
Ecological Balance 408
14.13.2 Environmental Sustainability and the
Future of Science and Technology 409
14.13.3 Challenges, Barriers and Vision in the
Application of Environmental Separation
Processes 409
14.14 Environmental Analysis and Its Application
to Relevant Environmental Separation Processes 409
14.15 Future Targets, Future Vision and the March of
Science and Engineering 410
14.15.1 A Deep Introspection and the Road
Towards the Future 410
14.15.2 Challenges in Advanced Oxidation Processes
and Membrane Separation Processes 410
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Contents xv
14.15.3 Challenges in the Research Areas of
Environmental Engineering Separation
Processes and the Relevant Domain of
Advanced Environmental Analysis 411
14.15.4 Successful Sustainable Development and

Future Perspectives of Environmental
Separation Processes 411
14.16 Scientific Wisdom, Future of Separation Processes
and the Wide Road Ahead 411
14.16.1 Future Dimensions of Thoughts and
Scientific Cognizance in the Field of
Environmental Separation Processes
and Environmental Analysis 412
14.16.2 Environmental Engineering Science:
The Road Ahead and the Vision for the
Future 412
14.17 Conclusion 413
References 413
Chapter 15 Application of Nanomaterials in Membrane

Technology 417
Soumitra Kar and R. C. Bindal
15.1 Membrane Technology 417

15.1.1 Types of Membranes 419
15.1.2 Need for Nanocomposite Membranes 422
15.2 Synthesis and Characterisation of
Nanocomposite Membranes 423
15.2.1 Synthesis of Nanocomposites 425
15.2.2 Characterisation of Nanocomposites 430
15.3 Nanocomposite Membranes in Water Treatment 436
15.3.1 Conventional Nanocomposites 437
15.3.2 Thin Film Nanocomposites 439
15.3.3 Thin Film Composites with
Nanocomposite Substrate 440
15.4 Nanocomposite Membranes in Gas Separation 441
15.4.1 Mixed Matrix Membrane Materials 443
15.4.2 Effect of the Inorganic Dispersed Phase
on Membrane Properties 443
15.5 Challenges in Processing and Manufacturing
15.5.1 Challenges in the Fabrication of
15.5.2 Challenges in Scale-up and Integration 448
15.5.3 Health and Environmental Safety 449
References 450
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xvi Contents
Chapter 16 Nanocellulose: A Novel Support for Water Purification 456
Runcy Wilson, Jithin Joy, Gejo George and V. Anuraj

16.2 Preparation of Nanocellulose 457

16.2.1 Classification of Nanocellulose Based on
Morphological Features 457
16.3 Nanocellulose for Water Purification 458
16.3.1 Heavy Metal Removal from Water 459
16.3.2 Oil Absorption from Water 465
16.3.3 Dye Removal from Water 472
References 473
Section IV: Spectroscopic Techniques with

Nanomaterials
Chapter 17 Detection of Environmental Pollutants by

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 479
Monica Potara, Cosmin Farcau, Ioan Botiz and
Simion Astilean

17.2 Environmental Monitoring by SERS 482
17.2.1 Detection of Pesticides 482
17.2.2 Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons 488
17.2.3 Detection of Heavy Metal Ions 494
17.3 Conclusions and Outlook 499
References 499
Chapter 18 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with

Nanomaterials 504
M. Umadevi and A. Milton Franklin Benial

18.2 Theory of SERS 505
18.2.1 Electromagnetic Enhancement Mechanism 505
18.2.2 Chemical Enhancement Mechanism 505
18.3 Selection Rules 506
18.3.1 Image Field Model 507
18.3.2 Electromagnetic Field Model 507
18.4 Metal Nanoparticles 508
18.5 Importance of SERS in Pollutant Detection 509
18.6 Sample Preparation 510
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Contents xvii
18.7 Orientation Mechanism 510
18.8 Detection of PCBs in Soil Using SERS 516
References 518
Subject Index 520
Volume 2
Section V: New Trends in Environmental Analysis

(Magnetic NMs, Nano-Sensors, Nano-Bio Sensors etc.,)
Chapter 19 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Environmental Analysis 3

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
19.1 Introduction 3
19.2 Properties and Format of Magnetic Nanomaterials 4
19.3 Synthesis and Processing of Magnetic NMs 6
19.4 Environmental Applications of Magnetic
Nanomaterials 7
19.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 10
Websites of Interest 12
References 12
Chapter 20 New Nanoscaled Paramagnetic Complexes (NPCs)

Based on Porphyrins/Phthalocyanines for
Environmental Chemistry 14
V. V. Korolev, T. N. Lomova, D. V. Korolev, A. G. Ramazanova,
E. G. Mozhzhukhina and E. N. Ovchenkova
20.2 Synthesis, Characterization and Calculation
Techniques for NPCs 19
20.2.1 Synthesis, Spectra and Stability of the NPCs 19
20.2.2 Microcalorimetric Characterization
for NPCs 21
20.2.3 Calculation of the Magnetothermal
Properties Parameters for NPCs 21
20.3 Important Features of New NPCs 23
20.3.1 Chemical Structure and Stability in
Solutions and Solid 23
20.3.2 Magnetothermal Properties of New NPCs 27
20.4 Success in Using Strategy of SCU–FCU Coupling
for NPCs 40
20.5 Future Aspects and Conclusion 42
Acknowledgements 43
References 43
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xviii Contents
Chapter 21 Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Sensing Toxic
Air Pollutants 48
D. G. Rickerby and A. N. Skouloudis
21.2 Semiconductor Gas Sensors 50
21.3 Film Deposition Methods 51
21.3.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition 52
21.3.2 Thermal and Electron Beam Evaporation 53
21.3.3 Sputter Deposition 53
21.3.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition 54
21.3.5 Spray Pyrolysis 54
21.3.6 Sol–Gel Process 54
21.3.7 Screen Printing 55
21.3.8 Alternative Film Deposition Methods 55
21.4 Gas Sensing Materials 55
21.4.1 Binary Metal Oxides 57
21.4.2 Ternary Metal Oxides 57
21.4.3 Mixed Metal Oxides 62
21.5 Gas Sensing Mechanism 64
21.6 Sensitivity and Selectivity 67
21.6.1 Film Microstructure 68
21.6.2 Film Thickness 70
21.6.3 Metal Additives 71
21.7 Field Testing 72
References 75
Chapter 22 Endotoxin Monitoring Using Nanomaterials 91

Zeynep Altintas
22.2 Current Diagnosis Techniques for Endotoxin
Monitoring 92
22.2.1 Conventional Methods 93
22.2.2 Biosensor-Based Endotoxin Monitoring
Methods 94
22.2.3 LAL-Based Endotoxin Detection Method 96
22.3 Nanomaterials for Endotoxin Detection 96
22.3.1 Inorganic Nanomaterials 96
22.3.2 Organic Nanomaterials 99
References 102
Chapter 23 Nanozyme-Based Environmental Monitoring 108

Pabudi Weerathunge, Tarun Kumar Sharma, Rajesh
Ramanathan and Vipul Bansal

View Online
Contents xix
23.2 Different Types of Enzyme-Like Characteristics
Exhibited By Nanomaterials 110
23.2.1 Peroxidase Activity 110
23.2.2 Oxidase Activity 110
23.2.3 Catalase Activity 111

23.2.4 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity 111
23.3 Nanomaterials as Artificial Enzymes (Nanozymes) 112
23.3.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 112
23.3.2 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles 114
23.3.3 Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles 116
23.3.4 Other Oxide-Based Nanoparticles 117
23.3.5 Gold Nanoparticles 118
23.3.6 Platinum Nanoparticles 119
23.4 Applications Exploiting Enzyme-Like Activity of
Nanoparticles for Environmental Monitoring 120
23.4.1 Hydrogen Peroxide and Associated Molecule
Detection 120
23.4.2 Glutathione Detection 121
23.4.3 Melamine Detection 122
23.4.4 Kanamycin Detection 122
23.4.5 Acetamiprid Detection 124
23.4.6 Amino Acid Detection 124
23.4.7 Sulfite Detection 124
23.4.8 Metal Ion Detection 125
23.4.9 Degradation of Organic Pollutants 126
23.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 127
References 128
Chapter 24 Graphene-Based Gas Sensors 133

Gennady Gerasimov

24.2 Synthesis and Properties of Graphene 134
24.3 Chemiresistive Gas Sensors 137
24.4 Sensors Based on Field Effect Transistors 141
24.5 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors 144
24.6 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors 145
24.7 Other Types of Sensing Devices 148
References 150
Chapter 25 Photocatalytic Degradation of Natural and Synthetic

Estrogens with Semiconducting Nanoparticles 153
Irwing M. Ramírez-Sánchez, Miguel Ángel Méndez-Rojas
and Erick R. Bandala

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xx Contents
25.2 Methodology 155
25.3 Estrogen Photolysis 156
25.4 Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis 156
25.4.1 Degradation of Estrogens Using Immobilized
TiO2 Photocatalyst 161

25.4.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Estrogens
Using Powdered TiO2 Nanoparticles 162
25.5 Photocatalytic Efficiency Measurement 164
25.6 Mechanism of Estrogen Degradation by Titanium
Dioxide 165
25.7 Photocatalytic Degradation of Estrogen in
Wastewater and Freshwater 169
25.8 Enhanced Photocatalytic Processes 171
25.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 173
References 173
Chapter 26 Smart Composite Materials for Environmental

Decontamination 178
Alex T. Kuvarega, Ajay Kumar Mishra and Bhekie B. Mamba

26.2 Smart Composites 179
26.3 Types of Smart Composites 179
26.3.1 Polymer Composites 180
26.3.2 Metal–Polymer Composites 188
26.3.3 CNT or Graphene-Semiconductor Composites 189
26.3.4 Other Carbon Allotropes 190
26.4 Properties and Behaviours of Smart Composites 190
26.5 Applications 191
26.5.1 Environmental Decontamination 191
26.5.2 Desalination 194
26.5.3 Energy Storage and Conversion 195
26.5.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 195
26.5.5 Water Splitting 196
26.5.6 Sensors 197
26.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 199
Abbreviations 199
References 200
Chapter 27 Nanostructured Oxide Materials for Photodegradation

of Dyes 207
F. Bensouici, R. Tala-Ighil and M. Bououdina

27.2 Mechanisms 209
27.3 TiO2 in Photocatalysis 211
View Online
Contents xxi
27.3.1 Brookite Phase in Photocatalysis 213
27.3.2 Biphase Anatase–Brookite and
Rutile–Brookite in Photocatalysis 215
27.4 Nanomaterials in Photocatalysis 216
27.4.1 Zinc Oxide 218

27.4.2 Titanium Dioxide 219
27.4.3 WO3 in Photocatalysis 219
27.4.4 Copper Oxide in Photocatalysis 223
27.5 Major Problems in Photocatalysis Processes 223
27.5.1 Effect of pH 224
27.5.2 Effect of Light Intensity 225
27.5.3 Effect of Initial Concentration 225
27.6 Conclusion and Future Challenges 225
References 226
Section VI: Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and

Purification
Chapter 28 Desalination of Irrigation Water, Livestock Water,

and Reject Brine Using n-ZVM (Fe0, Al0, Cu0) 237
David D. J. Antia

28.1.1 Desalination Using n-ZVM 238
28.2 Desalination Process 242
28.2.1 Terminal Surfaces Responsible for Na and
Cl Removal 243
28.2.2 Role of Capacitance 243
28.2.3 Pourbaix Stability Fields 244
28.2.4 Assessment of Desalination 245
28.3 Desalination of a Batch of Water 247
28.3.1 Desalination Rate Constant 247
28.3.2 Desalination Producing Potable Water
at Ambient Temperatures 249
28.3.3 Partial Desalination Using N2/N2 + H2
Modified Particles and Pellets 250
28.3.4 Partial Desalination in a Reducing
Environment 252
28.3.5 Partial Desalination in an Oxidising
Environment 254
28.4 Potential Applications of n-ZVM Desalination 261
28.4.1 Irrigation 261
28.4.2 Livestock Feed Water 263
28.4.3 Impoundments 264
28.4.4 Reject Brine from Reverse Osmosis Plants 265
View Online
xxii Contents
28.4.5 Emergency Relief Water 267
References 268
Section VII: Various Important Aspects About Nanomaterials

(Toxicity, Economic and Legal)
Chapter 29 Nanomaterial Toxicity 275

Ivan Pacheco and Cristina Buzea
29.1 Definition and Classification of Nanomaterials 275

29.2 Nanoparticle Physicochemical Properties-Mediated
Toxicity 281
29.2.1 Size-Mediated Toxicity 283
29.2.2 Composition-Mediated Toxicity 284
29.2.3 Crystalline Structure-Mediated Toxicity 284
29.2.4 Shape-Mediated Toxicity 285
29.2.5 Water Solubility–Dispersability- or
Hydrophobicity–Hydrophilicity-Mediated
Toxicity 287
29.2.6 Surface Functionalization-Dependent
Toxicity 288
29.2.7 Surface Charge-Mediated Toxicity 289
29.2.8 Magnetic Properties-Mediated Toxicity 289
29.3 Interaction of Nanoparticles with Cells 290
29.4 Materials and Their Toxicity 294
29.4.1 Au Nanoparticle Toxicity 294
29.4.2 Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity 295
29.4.3 Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Toxicity 296
29.4.4 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Toxicity 296
29.4.5 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Toxicity 297
29.4.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Toxicity 298
29.4.7 Toxicity of Cobalt and Cobalt Compound
Nanoparticles 298
29.4.8 Nickel Nanoparticle Toxicity 298
29.4.9 Quantum Dot Toxicity 299
29.4.10 Carbon Nanoparticle and Carbon Nanotube
Toxicity 299
29.4.11 Urban Air Pollution Nanoparticle Toxicity 299
29.4.12 Comparative Toxicity of Nanoparticles 302
29.5 Nanoparticle Biodistribution and Toxicity 303
29.5.1 Inhalation 304
29.5.2 Oral (Ingestion) Exposure 308
29.5.3 Nanoparticles and Cardiovascular Diseases 310
29.5.4 Nanoparticles, Placental Barrier and Fetus 311
29.5.5 Interaction of Organs With Nanoparticles 312
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Contents xxiii
29.5.6 Central Nervous System and Nanoparticles 312
29.5.7 The Immune System and Nanoparticles 312
29.5.8 Nanoparticles and Diabetes 313
Abbreviation List 314

References 314
Chapter 30 Legal Aspects of Environmental Safety Regulation in the

Sphere of Nanotechnology in the Russian Federation 325
E. A. Belokrylova

30.2 International Overview 327
30.3 System of Regulation of the Environmental Safety
in the Russian Federation: General Overview 328
30.3.1 Primary Regulation of Environmental Safety
in the Russian Federation 328
30.3.2 Secondary Regulation of Environmental
Safety in the Russian Federation: General
Overview 331
30.4 Governance in the Sphere of Nano Safety in the
Russian Federation 333
30.5 Regulation of the Nano Safety in the Russian
Federation 336
30.5.1 Primary Regulation of Nano Safety in the
Russian Federation 338
30.5.2 Secondary/Subordinate Regulation of Nano
Safety in the Russian Federation 341
30.6 Conclusion 343
References 345
Chapter 31 Nanotechnology and International Environmental Law:

A Preliminary Assessment 348
Md. Ershadul Karim and Abu Bakar Munir

31.2 Nanotechnology, Environment and Legal Concerns:
A Snapshot 350
31.3 International Environmental Law: An Overview 351
31.3.1 Preventive Principle 353
31.3.2 Precautionary Principle 354
31.4 Nanotechnology and International
Environmental Law 355
31.5 Nanotechnologies and International Organizations 362
31.6 Discussion 365
31.7 Conclusion 369
References 370
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xxiv Contents
Section VIII: Monitoring and Analysis of Nanomaterials
Chapter 32 Fire and Explosion Risk Analysis for Nanomaterials 383

Hong-Chun Wu

32.2 Explosion Characteristics of Nanopowders 384
32.2.1 The Minimum Ignition Energy for Micro-
and Nano-Particles 385
32.2.2 Minimum Explosive Concentration,
Maximum Explosion Pressure, and
Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise for Micro-
and Nano-Aluminum 385
32.2.3 Maximum Explosion Pressure and Maximum
Rate of Pressure Rise for Particles on Nano-
Aluminum 386
32.2.4 Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT) of
Titanium 388
32.2.5 Data for Nano Zn, Nano Cu, Carbon
Nanotubes, and Poly(methyl methacrylate)
(PMMA) 388
32.3 Risk of Nanometals Conveyed by Air 389
32.3.1 Nano Ti, Fe, and Al Conveyed by Air in a
20 Liter Explosion Ball Experiment 389
32.3.2 Risk of Old Oxygen Facility and Cylinder 390
32.3.3 Nano Ti and Fe Conveyed by Air in a
Nano-Grinder 390
32.3.4 Study of the Relationship Between Air
Velocity and Charge of Nanoparticles 392
32.3.5 Hypothesis of Nano-Metal Fire Caused by
High-Speed Air Transport 392
32.4 Process Safety Control 393
References 394
Section IX: Future of Environmental Analysis
Chapter 33 Consequences of the Use of Nanomaterials for

Environmental Analysis: Fate, Transport and
Bioavailability in the Environment 399
Rute F. Domingos

33.2 Nanomaterials in Environmental Analysis and
Monitoring 400
33.3 Environmental Consequences 402
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Contents xxv
33.3.1 Dynamic Speciation of NMs 403
33.3.2 Analytical Challenges 406
33.3.3 Bioavailability 407
33.4 Future Work and Pressing Problems 409
References 410
Chapter 34 Conclusions 413

References 415
Subject Index 416

Published on 08 November 2016 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629139-00001
Section V
New Trends in Environmental Analysis

(Magnetic NMs, Nano-Sensors, Nano-Bio
Sensors etc.,)
Published on 08 November 2016 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629139-00001 View Online
Published on 08 November 2016 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629139-00001 View Online
Chapter 19
Magnetic Nanomaterials for

Environmental Analysis
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussaina
a
Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute
of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
*E-mail: chaudhery.m.hussain@njit.edu
19.1 Introduction
Magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) have widespread applications in bio-
technology, biomedical, material science, engineering, and environmental
areas. Therefore, considerable attention has been given to their synthesis
methods. MNMs as sorbents have been extensively exploited as materials of
choice to separate biological cells and isolate proteins, enzymes or peptides.
Separation techniques with magnetic nanomaterials are usually gentle and
nondestructive to analytes, and even large complexes that tend to be broken
up in the process of traditional column chromatography may remain active.
Furthermore, magnetic separation can be easily and directly used for raw
samples with several simple steps. Recently, different kinds of magnetic
nanomaterials have been rapidly and extensively developed, and widely
used in analytical techniques. MNMs are superparamagnetic so can attract a
magnetic field, but retain no residual magnetism after the field is removed.
Therefore, it is easy to isolate MNMs stuck to analytes from a sample solu-
tion or complicated matrices by simply applying an external magnetic field
and this requires no filtration or centrifugation. In this chapter, factors

3
View Online
4 Chapter 19
influencing contaminant removal by magnetic nanoparticles are reviewed
and to reduce the treatment cost, the feasibility of the reuse and recovery of
magnetic nanoparticles is also discussed.1,2
Compared with conventional separation techniques, there is no need for
Published on 08 November 2016 on http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/9781782629139-00001
packing of the column with the sorbent, since the phase separation can be
quickly and easily accomplished by applying an external magnetic field.
There are a few problems associated with particles at the nano range, i.e.,
their intrinsic instability, which tends to lead to formation of agglomerates.
Moreover, uncovered metallic nanomaterials are chemically highly active
and are easily oxidized in air, which results in loss of magnetism and dis-
persibility. The critical part is to develop shield approaches to chemically
stabilize the isolated magnetic nanomaterials. Grafting or coating with an
inorganic layer, like silica or carbon, or coating with organics, like surfac-
tants and polymers, are a few shield approaches that have been utilized. In
most of these approaches, the shielding shells not only stabilize the NMs
but can also offer opportunity for additional functionalization. In summary,
magnetic nanomaterials in environmental analysis are able to facilitate or
accelerate many extraction and purification procedures and efficiently com-
bine with the majority of other procedures used in environmental analysis.3,4
19.2 Properties and Format of Magnetic

Nanomaterials
The properties of magnetic materials were identified early in the sixth cen-
tury BC, but the first patent was filed by William Fullarton relating to the
separation of iron minerals with a magnet in 1792. Application for the sepa-
ration and analysis of various biologically active compounds and cells using
magnetic materials was started in the 1970s. Since then, an increasing num-
ber of studies have focused on magnetic separation and analysis of biological
samples using magnetic materials. Figure 19.1 shows the data of published
articles on magnetic separation of proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, cells, and
bioactive compounds and immobilization of enzymes from 2003 to 2013.5
There are two main ways of performing magnetic separation of analytes.
In the first circumstance, no special modification of the target is needed
when dealing with those exhibiting sufficient intrinsic magnetic moments
involving some paramagnetic or ferromagnetic biomolecules or cells, such
as ferritin, hemoglobin and deoxygenated erythrocytes (in plasma). In the
second case, when coping with diamagnetic molecules and supramolecular
structures, suitable magnetic modifications should be performed in order to
attach magnetic labels to targets or immobilize targets to magnetic carriers
or adsorbents. The linkage of magnetic labels to the targets is often mediated
by affinity ligands or other types of interactions.5,6
In general, there are two modes for magnetic separation, i.e., direct or
indirect (Figure 19.2).5 In the direct mode, magnetic affinity particles that
possess appropriate affinity ligands and exhibit affinity toward the target
Another random document with
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head; the man had a red puckered face and silver hair. He held the
dramatic section of the paper taut between two grimy flippers. “Them
young actresses all dressed naked like that.... Why cant they let you
alone.”
“Dont you like to see their pictures in the papers?”
“Why cant they let you alone I say.... If you aint got no work and
you aint got no money, what’s the good of em I say?”
“Well lots of people like to see their pictures in the paper. Used to
myself in the old days.”
“Used to be work in the old days.... You aint got no job now?” he
growled savagely. Joe Harland shook his head. “Well what the hell?
They ought to leave you alone oughtn’t they? Wont be no jobs till
snow shoveling begins.”
“What’ll you do till then?”
The old man didnt answer. He bent over the paper again screwing
up his eyes and muttering. “All dressed naked, it’s a croime I’m tellin
yez.”
Joe Harland got to his feet and walked away.
It was almost dark; his knees were stiff from sitting still so long. As
he walked wearily he could feel his potbelly cramped by his tight belt.
Poor old warhorse you need a couple of drinks to think about things.
A mottled beery smell came out through swinging doors. Inside the
barkeep’s face was like a russet apple on a snug mahogany shelf.
“Gimme a shot of rye.” The whiskey stung his throat hot and
fragrant. Makes a man of me that does. Without drinking the chaser
he walked over to the free lunch and ate a ham sandwich and an
olive. “Let’s have another rye Charley. That’s the stuff to make a man
of you. I been laying off it too much, that’s what’s the matter with me.
You wouldnt think it to look at me now, would you friend, but they
used to call me the Wizard of Wall Street which is only another
illustration of the peculiar predominance of luck in human affairs....
Yes sir with pleasure. Well, here’s health and long life and to hell with
the jinx.... Hah makes a man of you ... Well I suppose there’s not one
of you gentlemen here who hasnt at some time or other taken a
plunger, and how many of you hasnt come back sadder and wiser.
Another illustration of the peculiar predominance of luck in human
affairs. But not so with me; gentlemen for ten years I played the
market, for ten years I didn’t have a ticker ribbon out of my hand day
or night, and in ten years I only took a cropper three times, till the
last time. Gentlemen I’m going to tell you a secret. I’m going to tell
you a very important secret.... Charley give these very good friends
of mine another round, my treat, and have a nip yourself.... My, that
tickles her in the right place.... Gentlemen just another illustration of
the peculiar predominance of luck in human affairs. Gentlemen the
secret of my luck ... this is exact I assure you; you can verify it
yourselves in newspaper articles, magazines, speeches, lectures
delivered in those days; a man, and a dirty blackguard he turned out
to be eventually, even wrote a detective story about me called the
Secret of Success, which you can find in the New York Public Library
if you care to look the matter up.... The secret of my success was ...
and when you hear it you’ll laugh among yourselves and say Joe
Harland’s drunk, Joe Harland’s an old fool.... Yes you will.... For ten
years I’m telling you I traded on margins, I bought outright, I covered
on stocks I’d never even heard the name of and every time I cleaned
up. I piled up money. I had four banks in the palm of my hand. I
began eating my way into sugar and gutta percha, but in that I was
before my time.... But you’re getting nervous to know my secret, you
think you could use it.... Well you couldnt.... It was a blue silk
crocheted necktie that my mother made for me when I was a little
boy.... Dont you laugh, God damn you.... No I’m not starting
anything. Just another illustration of the peculiar predominance of
luck. The day I chipped in with another fellow to spread a thousand
dollars over some Louisville and Nashville on margin I wore that
necktie. Soared twentyfive points in twentyfive minutes. That was the
beginning. Then gradually I began to notice that the times I didnt
wear that necktie were the times I lost money. It got so old and
ragged I tried carrying it in my pocket. Didnt do any good. I had to
wear it, do you understand?... The rest is the old old story
gentlemen.... There was a girl, God damn her and I loved her. I
wanted to show her that there was nothing in the world I wouldnt do
for her so I gave it to her. I pretended it was a joke and laughed it off,
ha ha ha. She said, Why it’s no good, it’s all worn out, and she threw
it in the fire.... Only another illustration.... Friend you wouldn’t set me
up to another drink would you? I find myself unexpectedly out of
funds this afternoon.... I thank you sir.... Ah that puts ginger in you
again.”
In the crammed subway car the messenger boy was pressed up

against the back of a tall blond woman who smelled of Mary Garden.
Elbows, packages, shoulders, buttocks, jiggled closer with every
lurch of the screeching express. His sweaty Western Union cap was
knocked onto the side of his head. If I could have a dame like dat, a
dame like dat’d be wort havin de train stalled, de lights go out, de
train wrecked. I could have her if I had de noive an de jack. As the
train slowed up she fell against him, he closed his eyes, didnt
breathe, his nose was mashed against her neck. The train stopped.
He was carried in a rush of people out the door.
Dizzy he staggered up into the air and the blinking blocks of
lights. Upper Broadway was full of people. Sailors lounged in twos
and threes at the corner of Ninetysixth. He ate a ham and a
leberwurst sandwich in a delicatessen store. The woman behind the
counter had buttercolored hair like the girl in the subway but she was
fatter and older. Still chewing the crust of the last sandwich he went
up in the elevator to the Japanese Garden. He sat thinking a while
with the flicker of the screen in his eyes. Jeze dey’ll tink it funny to
see a messengerboy up here in dis suit. I better get de hell outa
here. I’ll go deliver my telegrams.
He tightened his belt as he walked down the stairs. Then he
slouched up Broadway to 105th Street and east towards Columbus
Avenue, noting doors, fire escapes, windows, cornices, carefully as
he went. Dis is de joint. The only lights were on the second floor. He
rang the second floor bell. The doorcatch clicked. He ran up the
stairs. A woman with weedy hair and a face red from leaning over
the stove poked her head out.
“Telegram for Santiono.”
“No such name here.”
“Sorry maam I musta rung de wrong bell.”
Door slammed in his nose. His sallow sagging face tightened up
all of a sudden. He ran lightly on tiptoe up the stairs to the top
landing then up the little ladder to a trapdoor. The bolt ground as he
slid it back. He caught in his breath. Once on the cindergritty roof he
let the trapdoor back softly into place. Chimneys stood up in alert
ranks all about him, black against the glare from the streets.
Crouching he stepped gingerly to the rear edge of the house, let
himself down from the gutter to the fire escape. His foot grazed a
flowerpot as he landed. Everything dark. Crawled through a window
into a stuffy womansmelling room, slid a hand under the pillow of an
unmade bed, along a bureau, spilled some facepowder, in tiny jerks
pulled open the drawer, a watch, ran a pin into his finger, a brooch,
something that crinkled in the back corner; bills, a roll of bills.
Getaway, no chances tonight. Down the fire escape to the next floor.
No light. Another window open. Takin candy from a baby. Same
room, smelling of dogs and incense, some kind of dope. He could
see himself faintly, fumbling, in the glass of the bureau, put his hand
into a pot of cold cream, wiped it off on his pants. Hell. Something
fluffysoft shot with a yell from under his feet. He stood trembling in
the middle of the narrow room. The little dog was yapping loud in a
corner.
The room swung into light. A girl stood in the open door, pointing
a revolver at him. There was a man behind her.
“What are you doing? Why it’s a Western Union boy....” The light
was a coppery tangle about her hair, picked out her body under the
red silk kimono. The young man was wiry and brown in his
unbuttoned shirt. “Well what are you doing in that room?”
“Please maam it was hunger brought me to it, hunger an my poor
ole muder starvin.”
“Isnt that wonderful Stan? He’s a burglar.” She brandished the
revolver. “Come on out in the hall.”
“Yes miss anythin you say miss, but dont give me up to de bulls.
Tink o de ole muder starvin her heart out.”
“All right but if you took anything you must give it back.”
“Honest I didn’t have a chanct.”
Stan flopped into a chair laughing and laughing. “Ellie you take
the cake.... Wouldnt a thought you could do it.”
“Well didnt I play this scene in stock all last summer?... Give up
your gun.”
“No miss I wouldn’t carry no gun.”
“Well I dont believe you but I guess I’ll let you go.”
“Gawd bless you miss.”
“But you must make some money as a messengerboy.”
“I was fired last week miss, it’s only hunger made me take to it.”
Stan got to his feet. “Let’s give him a dollar an tell him to get the
hell out of here.”
When he was outside the door she held out the dollarbill to him.
“Jez you’re white,” he said choking. He grabbed the hand with the
bill in it and kissed it; leaning over her hand kissing it wetly he caught
a glimpse of her body under the arm in the drooping red silk sleeve.
As he walked, still trembling, down the stairs, he looked back and
saw the man and the girl standing side by side with their arms
around each other watching him. His eyes were full of tears. He
stuffed the dollarbill into his pocket.
Kid if you keep on bein a softie about women you’re goin to find
yourself in dat lil summer hotel up de river.... Pretty soft though.
Whistling under his breath he walked to the L and took an uptown
train. Now and then he put his hand over his back pocket to feel the
roll of bills. He ran up to the third floor of an apartmenthouse that
smelled of fried fish and coal gas, and rang three times at a grimy
glass door. After a pause he knocked softly.
“Zat you Moike?” came faintly the whine of a woman’s voice.
“No it’s Nicky Schatz.”
A sharpfaced woman with henna hair opened the door. She had
on a fur coat over frilly lace underclothes.
“Howsa boy?”
“Jeze a swell dame caught me when I was tidying up a little job
and whatjer tink she done?” He followed the woman, talking
excitedly, into a dining room with peeling walls. On the table were
used glasses and a bottle of Green River whiskey. “She gave me a
dollar an tole me to be a good little boy.”
“The hell she did?”
“Here’s a watch.”
“It’s an Ingersoll, I dont call ’at a watch.”
“Well set yer lamps on dis.” He pulled out the roll of bills. “Aint dat
a wad o lettuce?... Got in himmel, dey’s tousands.”
“Lemme see.” She grabbed the bills out of his hand, her eyes
popping. “Hay ye’re cookoo kid.” She threw the roll on the floor and
wrung her hands with a swaying Jewish gesture. “Oyoy it’s stage
money. It’s stage money ye simple saphead, you goddam ...”
Giggling they sat side by side on the edge of the bed. Through the
stuffy smell of the room full of little silky bits of clothing falling off
chairs a fading freshness came from a bunch of yellow roses on the
bureau. Their arms tightened round each other’s shoulders;
suddenly he wrenched himself away and leaned over her to kiss her
mouth. “Some burglar,” he said breathlessly.
“Stan ...”
“Ellie.”
“I thought it might be Jojo;” she managed to force a whisper
through a tight throat. “It’ll be just like him to come sneaking around.”
“Ellie I don’t understand how you can live with him among all
these people. You’re so lovely. I just dont see you in all this.”
“It was easy enough before I met you.... And honestly Jojo’s all
right. He’s just a peculiar very unhappy person.”
“But you’re out of another world old kid.... You ought to live on top
of the Woolworth Building in an apartment made of cutglass and
cherry blossoms.”
“Stan your back’s brown all the way down.”
“That’s swimming.”
“So soon?”
“I guess most of it’s left over from last summer.”
“You’re the fortunate youth all right. I never learned how to swim
properly.”
“I’ll teach you.... Look next Sunday bright and early we’ll hop into
Dingo and go down to Long Beach. Way down at the end there’s
never anybody.... You dont even have to wear a bathingsuit.”
“I like the way you’re so lean and hard Stan.... Jojo’s white and
flabby almost like a woman.”
“For crissake don’t talk about him now.”
Stan stood with his legs apart buttoning his shirt. “Look Ellie let’s
beat it out an have a drink.... God I’d hate to run into somebody now
an have to talk lies to ’em.... I bet I’d crown ’em with a chair.”
“We’ve got time. Nobody ever comes home here before twelve....
I’m just here myself because I’ve got a sick headache.”
“Ellie, d’you like your sick headache?”
“I’m crazy about it Stan.”
“I guess that Western Union burglar knew that.... Gosh....
Burglary, adultery, sneaking down fireescapes, cattreading along
gutters. Judas it’s a great life.”
Ellen gripped his hand hard as they came down the stairs
stepping together. In front of the letterboxes in the shabby hallway he
grabbed her suddenly by the shoulders and pressed her head back
and kissed her. Hardly breathing they floated down the street toward
Broadway. He had his hand under her arm, she squeezed it tight
against her ribs with her elbow. Aloof, as if looking through thick
glass into an aquarium, she watched faces, fruit in storewindows,
cans of vegetables, jars of olives, redhotpokerplants in a florist’s,
newspapers, electric signs drifting by. When they passed cross-
streets a puff of air came in her face off the river. Sudden jetbright
glances of eyes under straw hats, attitudes of chins, thin lips, pouting
lips, Cupid’s bows, hungry shadow under cheekbones, faces of girls
and young men nuzzled fluttering against her like moths as she
walked with her stride even to his through the tingling yellow night.
Somewhere they sat down at a table. An orchestra throbbed. “No
Stan I cant drink anything.... You go ahead.”
“But Ellie, arent you feeling swell like I am?”
“Sweller.... I just couldnt stand feeling any better.... I couldnt keep
my mind on a glass long enough to drink it.” She winced under the
brightness of his eyes.
Stan was bubbling drunk. “I wish earth had thy body as fruit to
eat,” he kept repeating. Ellen was all the time twisting about bits of
rubbery cold Welsh rabbit with her fork. She had started to drop with
a lurching drop like a rollercoaster’s into shuddering pits of misery. In
a square place in the middle of the floor four couples were dancing
the tango. She got to her feet.
“Stan I’m going home. I’ve got to get up early and rehearse all
day. Call me up at twelve at the theater.”
He nodded and poured himself another highball. She stood
behind his chair a second looking down at his long head of close
ruffled hair. He was spouting verses softly to himself. “Saw the white
implacable Aphrodite, damn fine. Saw the hair unbound and the feet
unsandaled, Jiminy.... Shine as fire of sunset on western waters.
Saw the reluctant ... goddam fine sapphics.”
Once out on Broadway again she felt very merry. She stood in the
middle of the street waiting for the uptown car. An occasional taxi
whizzed by her. From the river on the warm wind came the long
moan of a steamboat whistle. In the pit inside her thousands of
gnomes were building tall brittle glittering towers. The car swooped
ringing along the rails, stopped. As she climbed in she remembered
swooningly the smell of Stan’s body sweating in her arms. She let
herself drop into a seat, biting her lips to keep from crying out. God
it’s terrible to be in love. Opposite two men with chinless bluefish
faces were talking hilariously, slapping fat knees.
“I’ll tell yer Jim it’s Irene Castle that makes the hit wid me.... To
see her dance the onestep juss makes me hear angels hummin.”
“Naw she’s too skinny.”
“But she’s made the biggest hit ever been made on Broadway.”
Ellen got off the car and walked east along the desolate empty
pavements of 105th Street. A fetor of mattresses and sleep seeped
out from the blocks of narrow-windowed houses. Along the gutters
garbagecans stank sourly. In the shadow of a doorway a man and
girl swayed tightly clamped in each other’s arms. Saying good night.
Ellen smiled happily. Greatest hit on Broadway. The words were an
elevator carrying her up dizzily, up into some stately height where
electric light signs crackled scarlet and gold and green, where were
bright roofgardens that smelled of orchids, and the slow throb of a
tango danced in a goldgreen dress with Stan while handclapping of
millions beat in gusts like a hailstorm about them. Greatest hit on
Broadway.
She was walking up the scaling white stairs. Before the door
marked Sunderland a feeling of sick disgust suddenly choked her.
She stood a long time her heart pounding with the key poised before
the lock. Then with a jerk she pushed the key in the lock and opened
the door.
“Strange fish, Jimmy, strange fish.” Herf and Ruth Prynne sat
giggling over plates of paté in the innermost corner of a clattery
lowceilinged restaurant. “All the ham actors in the world seem to eat
here.”
“All the ham actors in the world live up at Mrs. Sunderland’s.”
“What’s the latest news from the Balkans?”
“Balkans is right...”
Beyond Ruth’s black straw hat with red poppies round the crown
Jimmy looked at the packed tables where faces decomposed into a
graygreen blur. Two sallow hawkfaced waiters elbowed their way
through the seesawing chatter of talk. Ruth was looking at him with
dilated laughing eyes while she bit at a stalk of celery.
“Whee I feel so drunk,” she was spluttering. “It went straight to my
head.... Isnt it terrible?”
“Well what were these shocking goingson at 105th Street?”
“O you missed it. It was a shriek.... Everybody was out in the hall,
Mrs. Sunderland with her hair in curlpapers, and Cassie was crying
and Tony Hunter was standing in his door in pink pyjamas....”
“Who’s he?”
“Just a juvenile.... But Jimmy I must have told you about Tony
Hunter. Peculiar poissons Jimmy, peculiar poissons.”
Jimmy felt himself blushing, he bent over his plate. “Oh is that’s
what’s his trouble?” he said stiffly.
“Now you’re shocked, Jimmy; admit that you’re shocked.”
“No I’m not; go ahead, spill the dirt.”
“Oh Jimmy you’re such a shriek.... Well Cassie was sobbing and
the little dog was barking, and the invisible Costello was yelling
Police and fainting into the arms of an unknown man in a dress suit.
And Jojo was brandishing a revolver, a little nickel one, may have
been a waterpistol for all I know.... The only person who looked in
their right senses was Elaine Olgethorpe.... You know the titianhaired
vision that so impressed your infant mind.”
“Honestly Ruth my infant mind wasnt as impressed as all that.”
“Well at last the Ogle got tired of his big scene and cried out in
ringing tones, Disarm me or I shall kill this woman. And Tony Hunter
grabbed the pistol and took it into his room. Then Elaine Oglethorpe
made a little bow as if she were taking a curtaincall, said Well
goodnight everybody, and ducked into her room cool as a
cucumber.... Can you picture it?” Ruth suddenly lowered her voice,
“But everybody in the restaurant is listening to us.... And really I think
its very disgusting. But the worst is yet to come. After the Ogle had
banged on the door a couple of times and not gotten any answer he
went up to Tony and rolling his eyes like Forbes Robertson in Hamlet
put his arm round him and said Tony can a broken man crave
asylum in your room for the night.... Honestly I was just so shocked.”
“Is Oglethorpe that way too?”
Ruth nodded several times.
“Then why did she marry him?”
“Why that girl’d marry a trolleycar if she thought she could get
anything by it.”
“Ruth honestly I think you’ve got the whole thing sized up wrong.”
“Jimmy you’re too innocent to live. But let me finish the tragic
tale.... After those two had disappeared and locked the door behind
them the most awful powwow you’ve ever imagined went on in the
hall. Of course Cassie had been having hysterics all along just to
add to the excitement. When I came back from getting her some
sweet spirits of ammonia in the bathroom I found the court in
session. It was a shriek. Miss Costello wanted the Oglethorpes
thrown out at dawn and said she’d leave if they didn’t and Mrs.
Sunderland kept moaning that in thirty years of theatrical experience
she’d never seen a scene like that, and the man in the dress suit
who was Benjamin Arden ... you know he played a character part in
Honeysuckle Jim ... said he thought people like Tony Hunter ought to
be in jail. When I went to bed it was still going on. Do you wonder
that I slept late after all that and kept you waiting, poor child, an hour
in the Times Drug Store?”
Joe Harland stood in his hall bedroom with his hands in his
pockets staring at the picture of The Stag at Bay that hung crooked
in the middle of the verdegris wall that hemmed in the shaky iron
bed. His clawcold fingers moved restlessly in the bottoms of his
trousers pockets. He was talking aloud in a low even voice: “Oh, it’s
all luck you know, but that’s the last time I try the Merivales. Emily’d
have given it to me if it hadn’t been for that damned old tightwad. Got
a soft spot in her heart Emily has. But none of em seem to realize
that these things aren’t always a man’s own fault. It’s luck that’s all it
is, and Lord knows they used to eat out of my hand in the old days.”
His rising voice grated on his ears. He pressed his lips together.
You’re getting batty old man. He stepped back and forth in the
narrow space between the bed and the wall. Three steps. Three
steps. He went to the washstand and drank out of the pitcher. The
water tasted of rank wood and sloppails. He spat the last mouthful
back. I need a good tenderloin steak not water. He pounded his
clenched fists together. I got to do something. I got to do something.
He put on his overcoat to hide the rip in the seat of his trousers.
The frayed sleeves tickled his wrists. The dark stairs creaked. He
was so weak he kept grabbing the rail for fear of falling. The old
woman pounced out of a door on him in the lower hall. The rat had
squirmed sideways on her head as if trying to escape from under the
thin gray pompadour.
“Meester Harland how about you pay me tree veeks rent?”
“I’m just on my way out to cash a check now, Mrs. Budkowitz.
You’ve been so kind about this little matter.... And perhaps it will
interest you to know that I have the promise, no I may say the
certainty of a very good position beginning Monday.”
“I vait tree veeks ... I not vait any more.”
“But my dear lady I assure you upon my honor as a gentleman...”
Mrs. Budkowitz began to jerk her shoulders about. Her voice rose
thin and wailing like the sound of a peanut wagon. “You pay me tat
fifteen dollar or I rent te room to somebody else.”
“I’ll pay you this very evening.”
“Vat time?”
“Six o’clock.”
“Allright. Plis you give me key.”
“But I cant do that. Suppose I was late?”
“Tat’s vy I vant te key. I’m trough vit vaiting.”
“All right take the key..... I hope you understand that after this
insulting behavior it will be impossible for me to remain longer under
your roof.”
Mrs. Budkowitz laughed hoarsely. “Allright ven you pay me fifteen
dollar you can take avay your grip.” He put the two keys tied together
with string into her gray hand and slammed the door and strode
down the street.
At the corner of Third Avenue he stopped and stood shivering in
the hot afternoon sunlight, sweat running down behind his ears. He
was too weak to swear. Jagged oblongs of harsh sound broke one
after another over his head as an elevated past over. Trucks grated
by along the avenue raising a dust that smelled of gasoline and
trampled horsedung. The dead air stank of stores and lunchrooms.
He began walking slowly uptown towards Fourteenth Street. At a
corner a crinkly warm smell of cigars stopped him like a hand on his
shoulder. He stood a while looking in the little shop watching the slim
stained fingers of the cigarroller shuffle the brittle outside leaves of
tobacco. Remembering Romeo and Juliet Arguelles Morales he
sniffed deeply. The slick tearing of tinfoil, the careful slipping off of
the band, the tiny ivory penknife for the end that slit delicately as
flesh, the smell of the wax match, the long inhaling of bitter crinkled
deep sweet smoke. And now sir about this little matter of the new
Northern Pacific bond issue.... He clenched his fists in the clammy
pockets of his raincoat. Take my key would she the old harridan? I’ll
show her, damn it. Joe Harland may be down and out but he’s got
his pride yet.
He walked west along Fourteenth and without stopping to think
and lose his nerve went down into a small basement stationery
store, strode through unsteadily to the back, and stood swaying in
the doorway of a little office where sat at a rolltop desk a blueeyed
baldheaded fat man.
“Hello Felsius,” croaked Harland.
The fat man got to his feet bewildered. “God it aint Mr. Harland is
it?”
“Joe Harland himself Felsius ... er somewhat the worse for wear.”
A titter died in his throat.
“Well I’ll be ... Sit right down Mr. Harland.”
“Thank you Felsius.... Felsius I’m down and out.”
“It must be five years since I’ve seen you Mr. Harland.”
“A rotten five years it’s been for me.... I suppose its all luck. My
luck wont ever change on this earth again. Remember when I’d
come in from romping with the bulls and raise hell round the office?
A pretty good bonus I gave the office force that Christmas.”
“Indeed it was Mr. Harland.”
“Must be a dull life storekeeping after the Street.”
“More to my taste Mr. Harland, nobody to boss me here.”
“And how’s the wife and kids?”
“Fine, fine; the oldest boy’s just out of highschool.”
“That the one you named for me?”
Felsius nodded. His fingers fat as sausages were tapping
uneasily on the edge of the desk.
“I remember I thought I’d do something for that kid someday. It’s a
funny world.” Harland laughed feebly. He felt a shuddery blackness
stealing up behind his head. He clenched his hands round his knee
and contracted the muscles of his arms. “You see Felsius, it’s this
way.... I find myself for the moment in a rather embarrassing
situation financially.... You know how those things are.” Felsius was
staring straight ahead of him into the desk. Beads of sweat were
starting out of his bald head. “We all have our spell of bad luck dont
we? I want to float a very small loan for a few days, just a few
dollars, say twentyfive until certain combinations...”
“Mr. Harland I cant do it.” Felsius got to his feet. “I’m sorry but
principles is principles.... I’ve never borrowed or lent a cent in my life.
I’m sure you understand that....”
“All right, dont say any more.” Harland got meekly to his feet. “Let
me have a quarter.... I’m not so young as I was and I haven’t eaten
for two days,” he mumbled, looking down at his cracked shoes. He
put out his hand to steady himself by the desk.
Felsius moved back against the wall as if to ward off a blow. He
held out a fiftycent piece on thick trembling fingers. Harland took it,
turned without a word and stumbled out through the shop. Felsius
pulled a violet bordered handkerchief out of his pocket, mopped his
brow and turned to his letters again.
We take the liberty of calling the trade’s attention to four
new superfine Mullen products that we feel the greatest
confidence in recommending to our customers as a fresh and
absolutely unparalleled departure in the papermanufacturer’s
art ...
They came out of the movie blinking into bright pools of electric
glare. Cassie watched him stand with his feet apart and eyes
absorbed lighting a cigar. McAvoy was a stocky man with a beefy
neck; he wore a single-button coat, a checked vest and a dogshead
pin in his brocade necktie.
“That was a rotton show or I’m a Dutchman,” he was growling.
“But I loved the twavel pictures, Morris, those Swiss peasants
dancing; I felt I was wight there.”
“Damn hot in there.... I’d like a drink.”
“Now Morris you promised,” she whined.
“Oh I just meant sodawater, dont get nervous.” “Oh that’d be
lovely. I’d just love a soda.”
“Then we’ll go for a walk in the Park.”
She let the lashes fall over her eyes “Allwight Morris,” she
whispered without looking at him. She put her hand a little
tremulously through his arm.
“If only I wasn’t so goddam broke.”
“I dont care Morris.”
“I do by God.”
At Columbus Circle they went into a drugstore. Girls in green,
violet, pink summer dresses, young men in straw hats were three
deep along the sodafountain. She stood back and admiringly
watched him shove his way through. A man was leaning across the
table behind her talking to a girl; their faces were hidden by their
hatbrims.
“You juss tie that bull outside, I said to him, then I resigned.”
“You mean you were fired.”
“No honest I resigned before he had a chance.... He’s a stinker
d’you know it? I wont take no more of his lip. When I was walkin outa
the office he called after me.... Young man lemme tell ye sumpen.
You wont never make good till you learn who’s boss around this
town, till you learn that it aint you.”
Morris was holding out a vanilla icecream soda to her. “Dreamin’
again Cassie; anybody’d think you was a snowbird.” Smiling
brighteyed, she took the soda; he was drinking coca-cola. “Thank
you,” she said. She sucked with pouting lips at a spoonful of
icecream. “Ou Morris it’s delicious.”
The path between round splashes of arclights ducked into
darkness. Through slant lights and nudging shadows came a smell
of dusty leaves and trampled grass and occasionally a rift of cool
fragrance from damp earth under shrubberies.
“Oh I love it in the Park,” chanted Cassie. She stifled a belch.
“D’you know Morris I oughnt to have eaten that icecweam. It always
gives me gas.”
Morris said nothing. He put his arm round her and held her tight to
him so that his thigh rubbed against hers as they walked. “Well
Pierpont Morgan is dead.... I wish he’d left me a couple of million.”
“Oh Morris wouldn’t it be wonderful? Where’d we live? On Central
Park South.” They stood looking back at the glow of electric signs
that came from Columbus Circle. To the left they could see curtained
lights in the windows of a whitefaced apartmenthouse. He looked
stealthily to the right and left and then kissed her. She twisted her
mouth out from under his.
“Dont.... Somebody might see us,” she whispered breathless.
Inside something like a dynamo was whirring, whirring. “Morris I’ve
been saving it up to tell you. I think Goldweiser’s going to give me a
specialty bit in his next show. He’s stagemanager of the second
woad company and he’s got a lot of pull up at the office. He saw me
dance yesterday.”
“What did he say?”
“He said he’d fix it up for me to see the big boss Monday.... Oh but
Morris it’s not the sort of thing I want to do, it’s so vulgar and
howid.... I want to do such beautiful things. I feel I’ve got it in me,
something without a name fluttering inside, a bird of beautiful
plumage in a howid iron cage.”
“That’s the trouble with you, you’ll never make good, you’re too
upstage.” She looked up at him with streaming eyes that glistened in
the white powdery light of an arclamp.
“Oh don’t cry for God’s sake. I didnt mean anythin.”
“I’m not upstage with you Morris, am I?” She sniffed and wiped
her eyes.
“You are kinda, that’s what makes me sore. I like my little girl to
pet me an love me up a little. Hell Cassie life aint all beer an
sourkraut.” As they walked tightly pressed one to another they felt
rock under their feet. They were on a little hill of granite outcrop with
shrubbery all round. The lights from the buildings that hemmed in the
end of the Park shone in their faces. They stood apart holding each
other’s hands.
“Take that redhaired girl up at 105th Street.... I bet she wouldnt be
upstage when she was alone with a feller.”
“She’s a dweadful woman, she dont care what kind of a wep she
has.... Oh I think you’re howid.” She began to cry again.
He pulled her to him roughly, pressed her to him hard with his
spread hands on her back. She felt her legs tremble and go weak.
She was falling through colored shafts of faintness. His mouth
wouldnt let her catch her breath.
“Look out,” he whispered pulling himself away from her. They
walked on unsteadily down the path through the shrubbery. “I guess
it aint.”
“What Morris?”
“A cop. God it’s hell not havin anywhere to go. Cant we go to your
room?”
“But Morris they’ll all see us.”
“Who cares? They all do it in that house.”
“Oh I hate you when you talk that way.... Weal love is all pure and
lovely.... Morris you don’t love me.”
“Quit pickin on me cant you Cassie for a minute...? Goddam it’s
hell to be broke.”
They sat down on a bench in the light. Behind them automobiles
slithered with a constant hissing scuttle in two streams along the
roadway. She put her hand on his knee and he covered it with his big
stubby hand.
“Morris I feel that we are going to be very happy from now on, I
feel it. You’re going to get a fine job, I’m sure you are.”
“I aint so sure.... I’m not so young as I was Cassie. I aint got any
time to lose.”
“Why you’re terribly young, you’re only thirtyfive Morris.... And I
think that something wonderful is going to happen. I’m going to get a
chance to dance.”
“Why you ought to make more than that redhaired girl.”
“Elaine Oglethorpe.... She doesnt make so much. But I’m different
from her. I dont care about money; I want to live for my dancing.”
“I want money. Once you got money you can do what you like.”
“But Morris dont you believe that you can do anything if you just
want to hard enough? I believe that.” He edged his free arm round
her waist. Gradually she let her head fall on his shoulder. “Oh I dont
care,” she whispered with dry lips. Behind them limousines,
roadsters, touringcars, sedans, slithered along the roadway with
snaky glint of lights running in two smooth continuous streams.
The brown serge smelled of mothballs as she folded it. She

stooped to lay it in the trunk; a layer of tissuepaper below rustled
when she smoothed the wrinkles with her hand. The first violet
morning light outside the window was making the electriclight bulb
grow red like a sleepless eye. Ellen straightened herself suddenly
and stood stiff with her arms at her sides, her face flushed pink. “It’s
just too low,” she said. She spread a towel over the dresses and
piled brushes, a handmirror, slippers, chemises, boxes of powder in
pellmell on top of them. Then she slammed down the lid of the trunk,
locked it and put the key in her flat alligatorskin purse. She stood
looking dazedly about the room sucking a broken fingernail. Yellow
sunlight was obliquely drenching the chimneypots and cornices of
the houses across the street. She found herself staring at the white
E.T.O. at the end of her trunk. “It’s all too terribly disgustingly low,”
she said again. Then she grabbed a nailfile off the bureau and
scratched out the O. “Whee,” she whispered and snapped her
fingers. After she had put on a little bucketshaped black hat and a
veil, so that people wouldn’t see she’d been crying, she piled a lot of
books, Youth’s Encounter, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, The Golden
Ass, Imaginary Conversations, Aphrodite, Chansons de Bilitis and
the Oxford Book of French Verse in a silk shawl and tied them
together.
There was a faint tapping at the door. “Who’s that,” she
whispered.
“It just me,” came a tearful voice.
Ellen unlocked the door. “Why Cassie what’s the matter?” Cassie
rubbed her wet face in the hollow of Ellen’s neck. “Oh Cassie you’re
gumming my veil.... What on earth’s the matter?”
“I’ve been up all night thinking how unhappy you must be.”
“But Cassie I’ve never been happier in my life.”
“Aren’t men dweadful?”
“No.... They are much nicer than women anyway.”
“Elaine I’ve got to tell you something. I know you dont care
anything about me but I’m going to tell you all the same.”
“Of course I care about you Cassie.... Dont be silly. But I’m busy
now.... Why dont you go back to bed and tell me later?”
“I’ve got to tell you now.” Ellen sat down on her trunk resignedly.
“Elaine I’ve bwoken it off with Morris.... Isn’t it tewible?” Cassie wiped
her eyes on the sleeve of her lavender dressinggown and sat down
beside Ellen on the trunk.
“Look dear,” said Ellen gently. “Suppose you wait just a second,
I’m going to telephone for a taxi. I want to make a getaway before
Jojo’s up. I’m sick of big scenes.” The hall smelled stuffily of sleep

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Advanced environmental analysis

applications of nanomaterials 1st

Advanced environmental analysis applications of

Handbook of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Industrial

Handbook on Miniaturization in Analytical Chemistry:

Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Biological and

Nanomaterials for Advanced Biological Applications

Environmental Toxicity of Nanomaterials First Edition

Chemistry of Advanced Environmental Purification

Artificially Intelligent Nanomaterials For

Advanced Environmental Analysis

RSC Detection Science Series

Titles in the Series:

How to obtain future titles on publication:

For further information please contact:

Applications of Nanomaterials, Volume 2

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

RSC Detection Science Series No. 10

Print ISBN: 978-1-78262-906-1

© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017

All rights reserved

Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry,

Registered Charity Number 207890

For further information see our website at www.rsc.org

Environmental analysis has become a topic of considerable importance

RSC Detection Science Series No. 10

Section I: Introduction-Perspective of Analytical Sciences,

Chapter 1 Perspective on Analytical Sciences and Nanotechnology  3

RSC Detection Science Series No. 10

Chapter 2 Novel Synthetic Techniques for Nanomaterials  35

Jesús Prado-Gonjal, Romain Heuguet, Sylvain Marinel,

Chapter 3 Fractal Properties of Nanoparticle Aggregation  58

3.1 Introduction of Nanoparticle and Fractal Geometry  58

Chapter 4 Removal of Pollutants from the Environment

5.2 Adsorption Mechanism  92

Chapter 6 Adsorption and Desorption on Nanostructured

6.1 Introduction  112

Chapter 7 Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal  139

7.1 Introduction  139

7.4.3 Nanosized Metal Oxides  150

Chapter 8 Adsorption Selectivity of Boron Nitride Nanostructures

8.1 Introduction  167

Chapter 9 Environmental Applications of Iron-Containing

9.1 Introduction  193

Section II: Sample Preparation and Extraction Techniques

Chapter 10 Sample Preparation and Extraction Techniques

10.1 Important Aspects Prior to Quantitative

Chapter 11 Nanomaterials in Extraction Techniques  284

11.1 Introduction  284

Chapter 12 Pretreatment Processes for the Analysis of Organic

12.1 Introduction  306

12.3.2 Magnetic  308

Section III: Separation Techniques with Nanomaterials

Chapter 13 Separation Techniques with Nanomaterials:

13.1 Fundamentals and Theory of Nanomaterials in

14.1 Introduction  377

14.7.1 Milestones and Unparalleled Achievements

14.15.4 Successful Sustainable Development and

Chapter 15 Application of Nanomaterials in Membrane

15.1 Membrane Technology  417

16.1 Introduction  456

16.2 Preparation of Nanocellulose  457

Section IV: Spectroscopic Techniques with

Chapter 1 Perspective on Analytical Sciences and Nanotechnology 3

Chapter 2 Novel Synthetic Techniques for Nanomaterials 35

Chapter 3 Fractal Properties of Nanoparticle Aggregation 58

3.1 Introduction of Nanoparticle and Fractal Geometry 58

Chapter 4 Removal of Pollutants from the Environment

5.2 Adsorption Mechanism 92

Chapter 6 Adsorption and Desorption on Nanostructured

6.1 Introduction 112

Chapter 7 Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal 139

7.1 Introduction 139

7.4.3 Nanosized Metal Oxides 150

Chapter 8 Adsorption Selectivity of Boron Nitride Nanostructures

8.1 Introduction 167

Chapter 9 Environmental Applications of Iron-Containing

9.1 Introduction 193

Chapter 10 Sample Preparation and Extraction Techniques

10.1 Important Aspects Prior to Quantitative

Chapter 11 Nanomaterials in Extraction Techniques 284

11.1 Introduction 284

Chapter 12 Pretreatment Processes for the Analysis of Organic

12.1 Introduction 306

12.3.2 Magnetic 308

Chapter 13 Separation Techniques with Nanomaterials:

13.1 Fundamentals and Theory of Nanomaterials in

14.1 Introduction 377

14.7.1 Milestones and Unparalleled Achievements

14.15.4 Successful Sustainable Development and

Chapter 15 Application of Nanomaterials in Membrane

15.1 Membrane Technology 417

16.1 Introduction 456

16.2 Preparation of Nanocellulose 457

Chapter 17 Detection of Environmental Pollutants by

17.1 Introduction 479

Chapter 18 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with

18.1 Introduction 504

Subject Index 520

Chapter 19 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Environmental Analysis 3

Chapter 20 New Nanoscaled Paramagnetic Complexes (NPCs)

Chapter 22 Endotoxin Monitoring Using Nanomaterials 91

Chapter 23 Nanozyme-Based Environmental Monitoring 108

23.1 Introduction 108

23.2.3 Catalase Activity 111

Chapter 24 Graphene-Based Gas Sensors 133

24.1 Introduction 133

Chapter 25 Photocatalytic Degradation of Natural and Synthetic

25.1 Introduction 153

TiO2 Photocatalyst 161

Chapter 26 Smart Composite Materials for Environmental

26.1 Introduction 178

Chapter 27 Nanostructured Oxide Materials for Photodegradation

27.1 Introduction 207

27.4.1 Zinc Oxide 218

Chapter 28 Desalination of Irrigation Water, Livestock Water,

28.1 Introduction 237

Chapter 29 Nanomaterial Toxicity 275

29.1 Definition and Classification of Nanomaterials 275

Abbreviation List 314

Chapter 30 Legal Aspects of Environmental Safety Regulation in the

30.1 Introduction 325

Chapter 31 Nanotechnology and International Environmental Law:

31.1 Introduction 348

Chapter 32 Fire and Explosion Risk Analysis for Nanomaterials 383

32.1 Introduction 383

Chapter 33 Consequences of the Use of Nanomaterials for

33.1 Introduction 399

Chapter 34 Conclusions 413

Subject Index 416

19.2 Properties and Format of Magnetic