GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 (4th Quarter)
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LESSON 1: ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
● Thermochemistry
> Falls under Thermodynamics
> The study of energy changes during a
chemical reaction and / or a change in phase.
> The study of heat released or required by
chemical reactions
> Example: When fossil fuels are burned; Fuel is
burned to produce energy - combustion
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + energy
> Transferring of heat energy: endothermic and
exothermic and the nature of a catalyst.
- Exothermic process - a process or
reaction involving the release of heat
- Endothermic process - a process or
reaction that involves the absorption of
heat
Systems & Surroundings
> In thermodynamics, the world is divided into a system
and its surroundings
❏ Absorption of heat (Endothermic)
- Sublimation
- Evaporation
- Melting
- Key word/s: break apart
❏ Release of heat (Exothermic)
- Deposition
- Condensation
- Freezing (molecules tend to be closer
with each other/more compact with cool
temperatures)
> Two laws that govern thermochemistry,
namely: the law of conservation of mass and
the law of entropy.
● Energy can be classified as potential energy
and kinetic energy. Potential energy is the
energy, and kinetic energy is the energy in
motion.
- Potential energy (EP) is due to the
position or composition of an object
(stored energy)
- Kinetic energy (EK) is dependent on the
mass and velocity of an object, basically
energy due to motion
- Thus, the total energy is the summation
of potential and kinetic energies.
● Law of Conservation of Energy
> The total energy of the universe is constant
and can neither be created nor destroyed; it can
only be transformed (just like matter, energy is
neither created nor lost)
> The energy of the universe does not change in
amount but is only transformed
> Energy changes occur because both heat and
work are exchanged between a system and its
surroundings.
● System
> The part of the world we want to study (e.g. a
reaction mixture in a flask)
> Could be a reactant, a product, or a reaction
vessel including its components
● Surrounding
> Consist of everything else outside the system
> Refers to the system's immediate environment,
or the things found outside the system
● System
1.) Open System
> Can exchange both matter and energy
with the surroundings (e.g. open
reaction flask, rocket engine)
2.) Closed System
> Can exchange only energy with the
surroundings; matter remains fixed (e.g.
a sealed reaction flask)
3.) Isolated System
 > Can exchange neither energy nor
matter with its surroundings (e.g. a
thermos flask)
Heat and Work
> Can be considered as energy in transit
● Heat
> The energy that transfers from one object to
another when the two things are at different
temperature and in some kind of contact
> The energy that is either released or absorbed
due to differences in temperature conditions
> E.g. Kettle heats on a gas flame, cup of tea
cools down (loses energy as heat)
● Work
> The transfer of energy that takes place when
an object is moved against an opposing force
> Stimulates uniform motion
Enthalpy (H)
> Comes from Greek for “heat inside”
> A change in internal energy can be identified with the
heat supplies at constant volume
> As most reaction in chemistry take place at constant
pressure, we can say that: A change in enthalpy = heat
supplied
> The heat supplied is equal to the change in another
property called enthalpy
~ This relation is only valid at constant pressure
● Enthalpy Changes in Reactions
> Heat energy in/absorption = enthalpy increases
> Heat energy out/release = enthalpy decreases
> A reaction is exothermic if more energy is
released by formation of new bonds than is
consumed by breaking old bonds.
> A reaction is exothermic if weaker bonds are
traded for stronger ones.
> A reaction is endothermic if bond-breaking
costs more energy than what is provided in
bond-making.
● Relating change in temperature to the energy
transferred
Hess’s Law
> States that if you can add two chemical equations and
come up with a third equation, the enthalpy of reaction
for the third equation is the sum of the first two.
> The main point to remember when trying to identify a
state function is to determine whether the path taken to
reach the function affects the value.
● State Function
> A state function is a property whose value
does not depend on the path taken to reach that
specific value.
> Independent of the path taken to reach the
property or value
> Based on the established state of the system
(temperature, pressure, amount, and identity of a
system).
> Any number of steps results in the same value
● Path Function
> Functions that depend on the path form two
values
> Dependent on the path taken to establish the
property or value
> It is based on how the state of the system was
established
> Different steps result in different values
BIG IDEA
- The flow of heat is from a region of higher
temperature to a region of lower temperature.
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LESSON 2
What Is the Rate Constant in Chemistry?
> The rate constant is a proportionality factor in the rate
law of chemical kinetics that relates the molar
concentration of reactants to reaction rate. It is also
known as the reaction rate constant or reaction rate
coefficient and is indicated in an equation by the letter k.
● The rate constant, k, is a proportionality constant
that indicates the relationship between the molar
concentration of reactants and the rate of a
chemical reaction.
 ● The rate constant may be found experimentally,
using the molar concentrations of the reactants
and the order of reaction. Alternatively, it may
be calculated using the Arrhenius equation.
● The units of the rate constant depend on the
order of reaction.
● The rate constant isn't a true constant, since its
value depends on temperature and other factors.

Rate Constant Equation

> There are a few different ways to write the rate
constant equation. There is a form for a general reaction,
a first order reaction, and a second order reaction. Also,
you can find the rate constant using the Arrhenius
equation.
● aA + bB → cC + dD
● Rate = k[A]a[B]b
● Rearranging the terms, the rate constant is:
rate constant (k) = Rate / ([A]a[B]a)
> Here, k is the rate constant and [A] and [B] are
the molar concentrations of the reactants A and
B.
> The letters a and b represent the order of the Collision Model
reaction with respect to A and the order of the ● Key Idea: Molecules must collide to react
reaction with respect to b. Their values are ● Only a small fraction of collisions produce a
determined experimentally. Together, they give reaction
the order of the reaction, n: a + b = n ● For a reaction to occur, molecules must have:
1. Sufficient energy to break old bonds
The Concept of Equilibrium 2. Proper orientation for collision to be
● Chemical equilibrium occurs when a reaction effective
and its reverse reaction proceed at the same rate.
● As a system approaches equilibrium, both the
forward and reverse reactions are occurring.
● At equilibrium, the forward and reverse
reactions are proceeding at the same rate.

A System at Equilibrium
● Once equilibrium is achieved, the amount of
each reactant and product remains constant.

N2O4(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g)
Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
● Concentration: The higher the concentration of
the reactants, the more likely an effective
collision will occur.
● Temperature: An increase in temperature
increases:
1. The energy of a collision
2. The number of collisions
Enthalpy -- 𝚫H
● Enthalpy Writing Equilibrium Expressions
> at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy 1.) 2O3(g) ↔ 3O2(g)
equals the energy flow as heat 3
[𝑂2]
● Exothermic >𝐾 = 2
> 𝚫H is negative (-) [𝑂3]
● Endothermic
> 𝚫H is positive (+) 2.) H2(g) + F2(g) ↔ 2HF(g)
2
[𝐻𝐹]
Catalysis >𝐾 =
[𝐻2] [𝐹2]
● Catalyst
> A substance that speeds up a reaction being
consumed. 3.) N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)
2
● Enzyme [𝑁𝐻3]
>𝐾 =
> A large molecule (usually a protein) that 3
[𝑁2] [𝐻2]
catalyzes biological reactions.

Reactions That Appear to Run to Completion 4.) 4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) ↔ 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
4 6
1. Formation of a precipitate [𝑁𝑜2] [𝐻2𝑂]
2. Formation of a gas >𝐾 =
4 7
[𝑁𝐻3] [𝑂2]
3. Formation of a molecular substance such as
water
● These reactions appear to run to completion, but Homogeneous equilibria
actually the equilibrium lies very far to the right. ● Homogeneous equilibria are equilibria in which
All reactions in closed vessels reach all substances are in the same state.
equilibrium. ● N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)
● H2(g) + F2(g) ↔ 2HF(g)
Chemical Equilibrium
● 2NO2(g) ↔ N2O4(g) Heterogeneous Equilibria
> The forward reaction goes to the right ● Heterogeneous equilibria are equilibria that
- Reactant: 2NO2(g) involve more than one phase.
- Product: N2O4(g) ● CaCO3(s) ↔ CaO(s0 + CO2(g)
> The reverse reaction goes to the left > K = [CO2]
- Reactant: N2O4(g ● Gases (g) and aqueous (aq) only
- Product: 2NO2(g) ● Those that are in solid (s) and liquid (l) state are
> At equilibrium the rate of the reverse reaction not involved in computation.
equals the rate of the forward reaction.
Calculating the Value of the Equilibrium Constant
The Law of Mass Action [𝑁𝐻3]
2

● aA + bB ↔ cC + dD ● Example: 𝐾 =
3
[𝑁2] [𝐻2]
> lowercase letters - coefficients
Given:
● The law of mass action (Cato Guldberg & Peter [N2] = 0.0600 M
Waage) is represented by the equilibrium [H2] = 0.180 M
expression: [NH3] = 0.280 M
𝑐 𝑑
[𝐶] [𝐷]
𝐾 = 𝑎 𝑏 - forward reaction Solution:
[𝐴] [𝐵] 2
[0.280 𝑀]
> naka bracket - concentration 𝐾= 3
= 224 (Answer)
[0.0600 𝑀] [0.180 𝑀]

Meaning of the Value of Keq (pg 503)
● Keq >> 1 - Lies to the right. Products favored.
● Keq << 1 - Lies to the left. Reactants favored.
● Keq ≈ 1 - Lies in the middle. Similar amounts of
reactants and products.
● From the example earlier:
> Answer: 224
> Position: Lies to the right
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LESSON 3
● Le Chatelier’s Principle
> If a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium,
the system shifts in the direction that relieves the
stress
> If a reactant or product is added to a system at
equilibrium, the system will shift away from the
added component.
> If a reactant or product is removed, the system
will shift toward the removed component.
> Used to predict how an equilibrium system
will react to changes in concentration, pressure
(volume) and temperature.
Changes in Concentration
● Add reactant
1.) Forward reaction speeds up.
2.) Over time, forward reaction slows down
and reverse reaction speeds up.
3.) At equilibrium, forward and reverse
reactions occur at the same rate, new
equilibrium position established.
4.) Equilibrium has shifted left; value of Keq
unchanged.
Example:
Predict the effect of the changes listed to this
equilibrium:
As4O6(s) + 6C(s) ↔ As 4(g) + 6CO(g)
a) Addition of carbon monoxide
> Shift to the left
b) Addition or removal of C(s) or As 4O6(s)
> No shifts (because they are solids)
> No concentration sa mga solids
c) Removal of As 4(g)
> Shift to the right
Changes in Pressure (Volume)
● Add pressure/Decrease volume
1.) For a gas, decreasing the volume of a
container increases pressure; particles
have less space, collide more frequently.
2.) System will respond by trying to relieve
stress (decrease pressure).
3.) Shifts to the side with fewer moles of
gas.
4.) Forward reaction speeds up.
5.) Over time, forward reaction slows down
and reverse reaction speeds up.
6.) At equilibrium, forward and reverse
reactions occur at the same rate, new
equilibrium position established.
7.) Equilibrium has shifted right, value of
Keq unchanged.
Note: If volume is decreased concentration of all
gaseous substances increases
In short:
● Greater volume, lesser pressure
● Lesser volume, greater pressure
● Increase of Volume/Decrease of Pressure
> shift to the side with greater number of moles
● Decrease of Volume/Increase of Pressure
> shift to the side with lesser number of moles
● Addition of inert gas does not affect the
equilibrium position.
● If the size of a container changes, the
concentration of the gases change.
● The system of N2, H2 and NH3 are initially at
equilibrium. When the volume is decreased, the
system shifts to the right--toward fewer
molecules.
● A smaller container shifts the equilibrium to the
right-- N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g). Four gaseous
molecules produce two gaseous molecules.
Examples:
a) SO2Cl2(g) ⇌ SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
> R: 1 mole < P: 2 moles
 > Increase volume = shift to the right
> Decrease volume = shift to the left
b) P4(s) + 6Cl2(g) ↔ 4PCl3(l)
> R: 6 moles
> Solids and liquids are not considered
c) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ↔ PCl5(g)
> R: 2 moles > P: 1 moles
> Increase volume = shift to the left
> Decrease volume - shift to the right
d) PCl3(g) + 3NH3(g) ↔ P(NH)3(g) + 3H4(g)
> R: 4 moles = P: 4 moles
> No shift
Changes in Temperature
● Almost same lang as concentration
● If 𝚫H is negative reaction is exothermic heat
written as product.
> Exothermic - “heat” or any values in KJ or J
nasa products side
> Increase temp = shift to the left
> Decrease temp = shift to the right
● If 𝚫H is positive reaction is endothermic heat
written as reactant.
> Endothermic - “heat” or any values in KJ or J
nasa reactants side
> Increase temp = shift to the right
> Decrease temp = shift to the left
Examples:
a) N2(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2NO(g) (endothermic)
> Heat nasa reactant (cuz endothermic)
> Increase temp = shift to the right
> Decrease temp = shift to the left
b) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2SO3(g) (exothermic)
> Heat nasa product (cuz exothermic)
> Increase temp = shift to the left
> Decrease temp = shift to the right
Catalysts
● NO SHIFT (that’s it lol)
EXAMPLE FOR ALL
> Shifts in the Equilibrium Position for the Reaction
58 kJ + N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
➢ Addition of N2O4(g) = shift to the right
➢ Addition of NO2(g) = shift to the left
➢ Removal of N2O4(g) = shift to the left
➢ Removal of NO2(g) = shift to the right
➢ Addition of He(g) = no shift
➢ Decrease container volume (increase pressure) =
shift to the left
- R: 1 mole < P: 2 moles
➢ Increase container volume (decrease pressure) =
shift to the right
- R: 1 mole < P: 2 moles
➢ Increase temperature = shift to the right
➢ Decrease temperature = shift to the left
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LESSON 4
General Properties of Acids and Bases
● Substance A (Acid)
> Sour taste
> Reacts with carbonates to make CO2
> Reacts with metals to produce H2
> Turns blue litmus pink
- Blue to Red (BRA)
> Reacts with B substances (bases) to make salt
water
● Substance B (Base)
> Bitter taste
> Reacts with fats to make soapes
> Do not react with metals
> Turns red litmus blue
- Red to Blue (RBB)
> Reacts with A substances (acids) to make salt
and water
Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
● Proposed by Svante August Arrhenius
● Defined an acid as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+ ion) when dissolved in water
● Defined a base as a substance that yields
-
hydroxide (OH ) ions when dissolved in water
● The hydrogen ion is a bare proton
● Water
> Can accept of lose H+
> accept H+ = hydronium (H3O+)
> lose H+ = Hydroxide
● Acid + water = ion, aqueous solution,
hydronium (H3O+)
● Base + water = aqueous solution, hydroxide
(OH- )
Examples:
 a) HCl(g) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq)
> So dito, Hydrochloric acid ionized in water
when water was added. And since HCl is an
acid, it released a Hydrogen atom and was
accepted by the water, and nag yield siya ng H+
ion or ng hydronium (H3O+(aq)).
b) H2SO4(l) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)
c) HC2H3O2(l) + H2O(l) + H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq)
d) HC2H3O2(l) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2-
e) NaOH(s) + H2O(l) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
> (Example from the book) Dito naman, Na is a
base. And since Na is a base, it accepted a
Hydrogen atom that was released by the water,
and yielded hydroxide (OH-)
Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Model
● An acid is a proton (H+ ion) donor.
● A base is a proton (H + ion) acceptor.
● In an acid-base reaction, a proton is transferred
from an acid to a base.
HB(aq) + A +(aq) ⇌ HA(aq) + B-(aq)
● The species formed when a proton is removed
from an acid is referred to as the conjugate base
of that acid; B-(aq) is the conjugate base of HB
● The species formed when a proton is added to a
base is referred to as the conjugate acid of that
base; HA is the conjugate acid of A +(aq)
● Conjugate acid - gains H+ ion
> Form the conjugate acid by adding one H
atom. Increase the charge by one unit. (e.g. -1 to
0)
● Conjugate base - loses H+ ion
> Form the conjugate base by removing one H
atom. Decrease the charge by one unit. (e.g. -1
to -2)
Examples:
a) What is the conjugate base of HNO2? The
conjugate acid of F-.
> HNO2 → NO20-1 → NO2- (CB)
> F- → HF-1+1 → HF (CA)
b) HNO3(l) + H2O(l) → NO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
> HNO3(l) = acid
> HNO3(l) releases H = NO3- (conjugate base)
> H2O(l) = base
> H2O(l) accepts H = H3O+(aq) (conjugate acid)
c) H2SO4(l) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)
> H2SO4(l) = acid
> HNO3(l) releases H = HSO4-(aq) (conjugate base)
> H2O(l) = base
> H2O(l) accepts H = H3O+(aq) (conjugate acid)
d) H2CO3(aq) + CH3NH2(aq) ⇌ HCO3-(aq) +
CH3NH3+(aq)
> H2CO3(aq) = acid
> H2CO3(aq) releases H = HCO3-(aq) (conjugate base)
> CH3NH2(aq) = base
> CH3NH2(aq) accepts H = CH3NH3+(aq)(conjugate acid)
● The species that can either accept or donate a
proton is referred to as amphiprotic.
● An example is the H2O molecule, which can
gain a proton to form the hydronium ion, H3O+,
or lose a proton, leaving the hydroxide ion, OH-.
● When a compound is amphoteric, it means it
has both basic and acidic character. Thus, when
the compound reacts with an acid, it shows that
it’s basic. When it reacts with a base, it shows
that it’s acidic.
● When a compound is amphiprotic, it means it
can act as a proton donor and as a proton
acceptor.
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LESSON 5
Calculating pH, pOH, H3O and OH
● Ion-product Constant of Water
> Kw
> Kw = [H3O+][OH-] (Self-ionization constant
of water)
> Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = (1x10-7)(1x10-7) =
1x10-14
● Acidic Solution
 > A solution that contains more hydrogen ions 1.0 × 10
−14
+
than hydroxide ions [H3O ] = −11
1.0 × 10 𝑀
● Basic Solution
[H3O ] = 1.0 x 10-3 M
+
> Contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen
● [H3O+] 1.0 x 10-3 M > [OH-] 1.0 x 10-11M
ions
● Acidic Solution
● Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
𝐾𝑤
● [H3O+] = − 4.) Find [OH-] and identify if acidic, basic or
[𝑂𝐻 ] neutral (from page 564 eg. 13.54b)
𝐾𝑤 Given : [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-9M
● [OH-] = +
[𝐻3𝑂 ] Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
𝐾𝑤
[OH-] = +
Definition of Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions [𝐻3𝑂 ]
● [H3O+] = [OH-] → Neutral −14
1.0 × 10
● [H3O+] > [OH-] → Acidic -
[OH ] = −9
● [H3O+] < [OH-] → Basic 1.0 × 10 𝑀
[OH ] = 1.0 x 10-5 M
-

I. Calculations of Hydronium (H3O+) and ● [H3O+] 1.0 x 10-9 M < [OH-] 1.0 x 10-5M
Hydroxide (OH-) ion ● Basic Solution
1.) What is the H3O+ concentration in a solution
with [OH-] = 3.0 x 10-4 M 5.) Identify if acidic, basic or neutral (from page
Given : [OH-] = 3.0 x 10-4M 564 eg. 13.54c)
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] Given: [H3O+] > [OH-]
𝐾𝑤 > Acidic Solution
[H3O+] = −
[𝑂𝐻 ]
−14
6.) Find [H3O+] and identify if acidic, basic or
1.0 × 10 neutral (from page 564 eg. 13.55b)
[H3O+] = −4
3.0 × 10 𝑀 Given : [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-11M
[H3O ] = 3.3 x 10-11 M
+
Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
𝐾𝑤
[H3O+] =
2.) Find [OH-] and identify if acidic, basic or −
[𝑂𝐻 ]
neutral (from page 545 eg. 13.8b) −14
1.0 × 10
Given: [H3O+] = 0.0010 M → 1.0 x 10-3 M [H3O ] = +
−11
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] 1.0 × 10 𝑀
𝐾𝑤 [H3O ] = 1.0 x 10-3 M
+

[OH-] = + ● [H3O+] 1.0 x 10-3 M > [OH-] 1.0 x 10-11M

[𝐻3𝑂 ]
● Acidic Solution
−14
-
1.0 × 10
[OH ] =
0.0010 𝑀 II. Calculating pH and pOH
[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-11 M > pH = focus is [H3O+]
● [H3O+] 0.0010 M > [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-11 M > pOH = focus is [OH-]
● Acidic Solution Equation 1: pH = -log [H+] or [H3O+]
Equation 2: [H3O+] = 10-pH
3.) Find [H3O+] and identify if acidic, basic or Equation 3: pOH = -log [OH-]
neutral (from page 564 eg. 13.54a) Equation 4: [OH-] = 10-pOH
Given : [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-11M ● If the given is a basic solution, find [H3O+]
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] first, then use Eq 1 to find its pH; Use Eq 3 to
𝐾𝑤 find its pOH.
[H3O+] = −
[𝑂𝐻 ]
 ● If the given is an acidic solution, use Eq 1 to > [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-9 M
find its pH; Find [OH-] first then use Eq 3 to find
its pOH. (ii) Find pOH
● If the given is pH and you are asked to find > Eq 3: pOH = -log [OH-]
[OH-], compute for [H3O+] first by using Eq 2, > pOH = -log [1.0 x 10-9 M]
then find [OH-]. > pOH = 9, acidic
● If the given is pOH and you are asked to find
[H3O+] , compute for [OH-] first by using Eq 4, From page 565, item 13.73 a, b, c, d & e
then find [H3O+]. Normal texts: GIVEN
● Use the pH and pOH scale to identify whether Bold/Red-colored texts: ANSWERS
the solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. (refer to
[H3O+] [OH-] pH pOH Acidic or
pages 548 and 553 of the genchem textbook) Basic?

Examples (a) 1.0 x 10-5 1.0 x 10-9 5.00 9.00 Acidic

1.) What is the pH of a 1.0 x 10-3 M NaOH
(b) 1.0 x 10-10 1.0 x 10-4 10 4 Basic
solution?
Given: [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-3 M (c) 1.0 x 10-6 1.0 x 10-8 6.00 8.00 Acidic
𝐾𝑤
[H3O+] = − (d) 2.88 x 10-9 3.47 x 10-6 8.54 5.46 Basic
[𝑂𝐻 ]
−14
+
1.0 × 10 (e) 1.11 x 10-5 9.0 x 1010 4.95 9.05 Acidic
[H3O ] = −3
1.0 × 10 𝑀
[H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-11 M Solutions:
pH = -log [H3O+] (a) Given: [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-5
pH = -log [1.0 x 10-11 M] (i) Find [OH-]
pH = 11.00, basic 𝐾𝑤
[OH-] = +
[𝐻3𝑂 ]
2.) Find pH (from page 564 eg. 13.67a) −14
Given: [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-3 M -
1.0 × 10
[OH ] = −5
pH = -log [H3O+] 1.0 × 10
pH = -log [1.0 x 10-3 M] [OH ] = 1.0 x 10-9
-

pH = 3, acidic (ii) Find pH

pH = -log [H3O+]
3.) Find pH (from page 564 eg. 13.67b) pH = -log [1.0 x 10-5 ]
Given: [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-13 M pH = 5.00
pH = -log [H3O+] (iii) Find pOH
pH = -log [1.0 x 10-13 M] pOH = -log [OH-]
pH = 13, basic pOH = -log [1.0 x 10-9]
pOH = 9.00
4.) Find [OH-] and pOH (iv) Acidic or Basic
Given: pH = 5.00 (Acidic) pH = 5.00 → Acidic
(i) Find [OH-] pOH = 9.00 → Acidic
> pH = 5.00 (Acidic) Acidic
> Eq 2: [H3O+] = 10-pH = 1.0 x 10-5 M
𝐾𝑤 (b) Given: [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-4
> [OH-] = +
[𝐻3𝑂 ] (i) Find [H3O+]
𝐾𝑤
1.0 × 10
−14 [H3O+] = −
> [OH ] =- [𝑂𝐻 ]
−5
1.0 × 10 𝑀
 1.0 × 10
−14 pOH = -log [3.47 x 10-6]
+
[H3O ] = −4 pOH = 5.46
1.0 × 10
(iv) Acidic or Basic
[H3O ] = 1.0 x 10-10
+
pH = 8.54 → Basic
(ii) Find pH
pOH = 5.46 → Basic
pH = -log [H3O+]
Basic
pH = -log [1.0 x 10-10]
pH = 10.00
(e) Given: [OH-] = 9.0 x 10-10
(iii) Find pOH
(i) Find [H3O+]
pOH = -log [OH-]
𝐾𝑤
pOH = -log [1.0 x 10-4] [H3O+] = −
pOH = 4.00 [𝑂𝐻 ]
−14
(iv) Acidic or Basic +
1.0 × 10
[H3O ] =
pH = 10.00 → Basic 9.0 × 10
−10

pOH = 4.00 → Basic [H3O ] = 1.11 x 10-5

+

Basic (ii) Find pH

pH = -log [H3O+]
(c) Given: pOH = 8.00 pH = -log [ 1.11 x 10-5]
(i) Find [OH-] pH = 4.95
[OH-] = 10-pOH (iii) Find pOH
[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-8 pOH = -log [OH-]
(ii) Find [H3O+] pOH = -log [9.0 x 10-10]
𝐾𝑤 pOH = 9.05
[H3O+] = −
[𝑂𝐻 ] (iv) Acidic or Basic
1.0 × 10
−14 pH = 4.95 → Acidic
+
[H3O ] = −8 pOH = 9.05→ Acidic
1.0 × 10
Acidic
[H3O ] = 1.0 x 10-6
+

(iii) Find pH
pH = -log [H3O+]
pH = -log [1.0 x 10-6]
pH = 6.00
(iv) Acidic or Basic
pH = 6.00 → Acidic
pOH = 8.00 → Acidic
Acidic

(d) Given: pH = 8.54

(i) Find [H3O+]
[H3O+] = 10-pH
[H3O+] = 2.88 x 10-9
(ii) Find [OH-]
𝐾𝑤
[OH-] = +
[𝐻3𝑂 ]
−14
-
1.0 × 10
[OH ] = −9
2.88 × 10
[OH ] = 3.47 x 10-6
-

(iii) Find pOH

pOH = -log [OH-]