Module - 2 Fourier Series

MODULE II FOURIER SERIES
Where 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are constants. The series on the right side of (1)is called the
Periodic function Fourier series.
A function 𝑓(𝑥) which satisfies the relation 𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑇) = 𝑓 (𝑥) for all 𝑥 and for a Euler’s formula for Fourier series
+ve constant T is a Periodic function. The smallest positive number T, for which The Fourier series for the function𝑓(𝑥) in the interval 𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑐 + 2𝑙 is given
this relation holds, is called the period of 𝑓 (𝑥). by
EXAMPLE:𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 and𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 are periodic functions with period 2π and ∞ ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
those of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 of period π.(See note 1) 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝑐+2𝑙
1
Note: 1 Where, 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ;
1 𝑐+2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 4𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 6𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑐 𝑙
In general, 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 2𝑛𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
1 𝑐+2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝜋) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 + 𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ; 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑐 𝑙
The above formula giving the values 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are called the Euler formula or
Dirichlet’s Condition(Sufficient conditions for Fourier series)
Fourier constant.
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is expanded in a Fourier series in an interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 if
(𝒊) 𝑓(𝑥) is well-defined and single valued except possibly at a finite number
Convergence of Fourier series
of points in (𝑎, 𝑏).
(i) If 𝑓 (𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 then𝑓(𝑥0 ) = lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑥0
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑓(𝑥) has a finite number of finite discontinuities and no infinite
(ii) If 𝑓(𝑥) has a discontinuity, the series converges to the average value of the
discontinuities in (𝑎, 𝑏) and
right and left hand limits.
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑓(𝑥) has only a finite number of maxima and minima in (𝑎, 𝑏).
i.e., If 𝑓(𝑥) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 then
Fourier series 1
The sum of the Fourier series = [𝑓(𝑥0 −) + 𝑓(𝑥0 +)]
2
A periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) which satisfies certain conditions can be expanded as
trigonometric series of the form Even and Odd Functions:
∞ ∞
𝑎0 Analytically Even and Odd functions can be defined as follows.
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥 − − −(𝟏)
2 Sl. Function Interval Even Odd
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Prof of Mathematicss,(SASL) VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY , Kottrikalan-466 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh,India Page 1
No The graph of an odd function always symmetric in opposite quadrants.
𝑎
1. 𝑓(𝑥) (−𝑙, 𝑙) 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝐀𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function
−𝑎
𝑓 (𝑥), (−𝑙, 0)
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = { 1 (−𝑙, 𝑙) 𝑓1 (−𝑥) = 𝑓2 (𝑥) 𝑓1 (−𝑥) = −𝑓2 (𝑥)
𝑓2 (𝑥), (0, 𝑙)
Note : Even function × Even function = Even function
𝑙 Even function × Odd function = Odd function
𝑓1 (𝑥), (−𝑙, − )
3 Odd function × Even function = Odd function
𝑙 𝑙 𝑓1 (−𝑥) = 𝑓3 (𝑥) 𝑓1 (−𝑥) = −𝑓3 (𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓2 (𝑥), (− , ) (−𝑙, 𝑙) Odd function × Odd function = Even function
3 3 𝑓2 (−𝑥) = 𝑓2 (𝑥) 𝑓2 (−𝑥) = −𝑓2 (𝑥)
3. 𝑙
(𝑥),
{ 𝑓3 ( , 𝑙)
3 Bernoulli’s Generalized Rule
𝑙 If u is the algebraic function and v is the trigonometric function, then
𝑓1 (𝑥), (−𝑙, − )
2
𝑙 ∫ 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′ 𝑣2 + 𝑢 ′′ 𝑣3 − ⋯
𝑓2 (𝑥), (− , 0) 𝑓1 (−𝑥) = 𝑓4 (𝑥) 𝑓1 (−𝑥) = −𝑓4 (𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (−𝑙, 𝑙)
𝑙 𝑓2 (−𝑥) = 𝑓3 (𝑥) 𝑓2 (−𝑥) = −𝑓3 (𝑥) Where dashes denotes differentiation &suffixes denotes integration.
4. 𝑓3 (𝑥), (0, )
2
𝑙 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 ∶ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑥 2 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − (2𝑥)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + (2)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
(𝑥),
{ 𝑓4 ( , 1)
2
= 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2
Examples of Even function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥) Useful Results
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is an even function. When ′𝑛′ is an integer 1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋 = 02. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛
Also 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, |𝑥|, |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|, |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 4 , …,

Change of Interval
are even functions.
Fourier series in (𝟎, 𝟐𝒍 )
The graphs of an even function always symmetrically with respect to y-axis.
𝑎 𝑎
The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙 is given by
𝐀𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 ∶ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function ∞ ∞
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
−𝑎 0 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − − −(𝐀)
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
Examples of Odd function:𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝟏 𝟐𝒍
where𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙,
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥) 𝒍 𝟎
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is an odd function. 𝟏 𝟐𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙

𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 &
𝒍 𝟎 𝒍
Also 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑥 3 are odd functions.
𝟏 𝟐𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙 Example:1 Find the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝟐𝒍 − 𝒙)in (𝟎, 𝟐𝒍). Deduce the sum
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝟎 𝒍 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
of − + −. … . . … …
𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = 2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Fourier series in (−𝒍, 𝒍 )

The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval −𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙 is given by The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑙 is given by
∞ ∞
∞ ∞ 𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − − −(𝐁) 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟐𝒍
𝟏 𝒍 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙
where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 , 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 −𝒍 𝒍 𝟎 𝒍 𝟎 𝒍
𝟏 𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟐𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 & 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 −𝒍 𝒍 𝒍 −𝒍 𝒍 𝒍 𝟎 𝒍
𝐓𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝𝒂𝟎
Case: 1 Fourier series of Even Function in(– 𝒍, 𝒍)
1 2𝑙
If 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function of 𝑥 in (– 𝑙, 𝑙), then the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
∞
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 2𝑙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 1 2𝑙 1 2𝑙𝑥 2 𝑥 3 1 8𝑙 3 4𝑙 2
𝟐 𝒍 = ∫ (2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = [ − ] = [4𝑙 3 − ]=
𝒏=𝟏 𝑙 0 𝑙 2 3 0 𝑙 3 3
𝒍
𝟐 𝟐 𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝐓𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝𝒂𝒏 :
where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 & 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝟎 𝒍 𝟎 𝒍 2𝑙 2𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
Case: 2 Fourier series of Odd Function in(– 𝒍, 𝒍) 0 0
2𝑙
If 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function of 𝑥 in (– 𝑙, 𝑙), then the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
∞ = {(2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 ) − (2𝑙 − 2𝑥) ( 𝑛2𝜋2 𝑙 ) + (−2) ( 𝑛3𝜋3 𝑙 )}
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝑙
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙3
𝒍 0
𝒏=𝟏
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝟐 𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙 = {[(2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) + (2𝑙 − 2𝑥) ( 2 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠
where, 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙
𝒍 𝟎 𝒍
2𝑙
𝑙3 𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ 2 ( 3 3 ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )] }
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES UNDER (𝟎, 𝟐𝒍) 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 0
∞
1 𝑙2 𝑙2 ∵ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒏𝝅 = 𝟏 𝟐𝒍𝟐 𝟒𝒍𝟐 1
= {[0 + (−2𝑙) 2 2 + 0] − [0 + (2𝑙) 2 2 + 0]} { } 𝑓(𝑙) = − 𝟐 ∑ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 & 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 𝟑 𝝅 𝑛
𝑛=1
1 4𝑙 3
= [− 2 2 ] At 𝑥 = 𝑙, the function𝑓(𝑥) is continuous
𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛
∞
2 2
2𝑙 4𝑙 (−1)
𝑙(2𝑙 − 𝑙) = − 2∑
3 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1
𝟒𝒍𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = − 𝟐 𝟐 2𝑙 2 4𝑙 2 1 1 1
𝒏 𝝅 𝑙2 − = − 2 (− 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯ )
3 𝜋 1 2 3
𝐓𝐨 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐧 :
𝑙2 𝜋 2 1 1 1
𝟏 𝟐𝒍
𝒏𝝅𝒙 ( ) ( 2 ) = − (− 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯ )
3 4𝑙 1 2 3
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝟎 𝒍
𝝅𝟐 1 1 1
1 2𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 ∴ = 2− 2+ 2−⋯
𝟏𝟐 1 2 3
= ∫ (2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝑙 Example: 2 Find the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) with period 𝟐𝒍, defined by
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
= {(2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑙
) − (2𝑙 − 2𝑥) ( 𝑙
) + (−2) ( 𝑙
)} 𝒍 − 𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝛑𝟐
𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑛 3 𝜋3 𝒇(𝒙) = { . Hence deduce that 𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 + ⋯ … . . = .
𝑙
𝟎, 𝒍 < 𝑥 < 2𝒍 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟖
𝑙2 𝑙3 0
𝑙 − 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 Solution:Given𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑙 < 𝑥 < 2𝑙
= {[−(2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) + (2𝑙 − 2𝑥) ( 2 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝒍 is given by
3 2𝑙 ∞ ∞
𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
− 2( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )] } 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − − −(𝟏)
𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑙 0 𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
1 2𝑙 3 2𝑙 3 𝟐𝒍 𝟐𝒍
= {[0 + 0 − 3 3 ] − [0 + 0 − 3 3 ]} 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ; 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 &
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
Hence, the required Fourier series is 𝟐𝒍

𝟏 𝒏𝝅𝒙
∞ ∞ 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝒍 𝒍
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝟎
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
∞ To find 𝒂𝟎 :
𝟐𝒍𝟐 𝟒𝒍𝟐 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= − 𝟐 ∑ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − − −(𝟏) 2𝑙
𝟑 𝝅 𝑛 𝑙 1
𝑛=1 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 𝑙 in(𝟏), we get 𝑙
0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(2𝑙 − 𝑥)in(0,2𝑙)
Left hand limit 𝑓(0) = 0
Right hand limit 𝑓(2𝑙) = 0
𝑓(0) = 𝑓(2𝑙) i.e., equal
𝑙 2𝑙 𝑙
1 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= {∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 } = ∫(𝑙 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0
0 𝑙
𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 2𝑙 1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
1 = {(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋
𝑙
) − (−1) ( 𝑙
)}
= {∫(𝑙 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (0)𝑑𝑥 } 𝑙 𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙2 0
0 𝑙
2
𝑙 1 𝑙
1 𝑥2 1 𝑙2 1 𝑙2 = {[0 − 0] − [− − 0]}
= {𝑙𝑥 − } = [𝑙 2 − ] = [ ] 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑙 2 0 𝑙 2 𝑙 2
𝑙
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒍 = {−(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) − ( 2 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 }
𝒂𝟎 = 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 0
𝟐
To find 𝒂𝒏 : 𝒍
𝒃𝒏 =
2𝑙 𝒏𝝅
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 Hence, the required Fourier series is
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 ∞ ∞
0 𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
= ∫(𝑙 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 ∞ ∞
0 𝑙 2𝑙 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= + 2 ∑ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − − −(𝟐)
𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑛 𝑙 𝜋 𝑛 𝑙
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛=1,3,.. 𝑛=1
1
= {(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 ) − (−1) ( 𝑛2𝜋2 𝑙 )}
𝑙
𝑙 𝑙2
Put 𝑥 = 0 in(2) , we get 𝑙 − 𝑥, 0<𝑥<𝑙
0 𝑓(𝑥) = {
∞ 0, 𝑙 < 𝑥 < 2𝑙
𝑙 𝑙 2𝑙 1
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑓(0) = + ∑
Left hand limit 𝑓(0) = 𝑙 − 0 = 𝑙
= {[(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) − ( 2 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ] } 4 𝜋2 𝑛2 Right hand limit 𝑓(2𝑙) = 0
𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 0 𝑛=1,3,5,.. 𝑓(0) ≠ 𝑓(2𝑙) 𝑖. 𝑒. , unequal
∴ 𝑓(𝑥)is discontinuous
1 𝑙2 𝑙2 At 𝑥 = 0, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬
= {[0 − (−1)𝑛 ] − [0 − ]} ∵ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏
𝑙 𝑛 2 𝜋2 𝑛 2 𝜋2
𝑙eft hand limit + right hand limit 𝑙 2𝑙 1 1 1
𝑙 & 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 ( )= + 2( 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯)
= 2 2 {1 − (−1)𝑛 } 2 4 𝜋 1 3 5
𝑛 𝜋
𝑙+0 𝑙 2𝑙 1 1 1
𝟐𝒍 = + 2( 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯)
𝒂𝒏 = {𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 2 4 𝜋 1 3 5
𝟎 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝑙 𝑙 2𝑙 1 1 1
− = ( + + + ⋯)
To find 𝒃𝒏 : 2 4 𝜋 2 12 32 52
2𝑙 𝑙 𝜋2 1 1 1
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ( )( ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + …
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 4 2𝑙 1 3 5
𝑙 𝑙
0
1 1 1 𝜋2 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏
∴ + + + … =
12 32 52 8 To find 𝒂𝒏 :
2
𝒙, 𝟎<𝒙<𝟏
Example: 3 Obtain Fourier series for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝟐 − 𝒙) , 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟐
0
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 1 2
𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 + ⋯ … =
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟖
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:Here 2𝑙 = 2 𝒍 = 𝟏 0 1
The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 is given by 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

∞ ∞
= {[(𝑥) ( ) – (1) ( )]
𝒂𝟎 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 0
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅𝒙 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅𝒙 − − −(𝟏)
𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 + [(2 − 𝑥) ( ) – (−1) ( 2 2 )] }
𝟐 𝟐 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 1
Where 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ; 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 & 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
𝟎 𝟎 = {[(𝑥) ( ) + ( 2 2 )] + [(2 − 𝑥) ( ) − ( 2 2 )] }
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 1
𝟐
(−1)𝑛 1 1 (−1)𝑛
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∵ 𝑙 = 1 = {[(0 + ) − (0 + )] + [(0 − ) − (0 − )]}
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝟎
To find 𝒂𝟎 : 2(−1)𝑛 2
= 2 2
− 2 2
2 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
= 2 2 {(−1)𝑛 – 1 }
0
𝑛 𝜋
1 2 −𝟒
𝒂𝒏 = {𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝟎 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
0 1
1 2 To find 𝒃𝒏
2
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 1 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2 0
𝑥2 𝑥2 1 3
= [ ] + [2𝑥 − ] = [ − 0] + [ 2 − ] 1 2
2 0 2 1 2 2
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 0 1
= +
2 2
1 2
Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 3
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟑
0 1 Here 2𝑙 = 3 ⇒ 𝒍 =
𝟐
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑 is given by
= {[(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( 2 2 )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0 ∞ ∞
𝑎0 𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) =
2
+ ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟑
+ ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟑
− − −(𝟏)
+ [(2 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) ( 2 2 )] } 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 1
Where,
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ; 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 &𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙
= {[− (𝑥) ( ) + ( 2 2 )] + [−(2 − 𝑥) ( ) − ( 2 2 )] } 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 1 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 To find 𝒂𝟎 :

= {[(− + 0) − (0 − 0)] + [(0 − 0) − (− − 0)]}
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 3
2
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3
=− + 0
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
3 3
𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎 2 2 𝑥2 𝑥3 2 27 2
= ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = [2 ( ) − ] = [9 − ] = [9 − 9]
Hence, the required Fourier series (1) becomes 3 3 2 3 0 3 3 3
0
∞
1 4 1 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎
𝑓(𝑥) = + (− 2 ) ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 π n2 To find 𝒂𝒏 :
𝑛=1,3,5,….
3 3
Put 𝑥 = 0 in the above, we get 2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
∞ 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
1 −4 1 3 3 3 3
𝑓(0) = + ( 2 ) ∑ 0 0
− − −(𝟐)
2 π n2 3
𝑛=1,3,5,…. 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
At 𝑥 = 0, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous = {(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 2nπ3 ) − (2 − 2𝑥) ( 3
2 ) + (−2) ( 3
)}
3 2nπ 2nπ 3
3 ( ) ( )
1 −4 1 3 3 0
∴(2) becomes, 0 =
2
+ ( π2 ) ∑∞
𝑛=1,3,5,…. n2 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥, 0<𝑥<1
2
(2 − 𝑥), 1 < 𝑥 < 2 2 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 π2 1 1 1 Left hand limit 𝑓(0) = 0 = {(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) + (2 − 2𝑥) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
3 2𝑛𝜋 3 2𝑛𝜋 3
(− ) ( ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + … Right hand limit 𝑓(2) = 2 − 2 = 0
2 −4 1 3 5 𝑓(0) = 𝑓(2𝑙) i. e. , equal 3
3 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 1 1 𝜋 2 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous + (2) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )}
∴ + + + …= 2𝑛𝜋 3 0
12 32 52 8
2 3 2 3 2
= {(0 − 4 ( ) + 0) − (0 + 2 ( ) + 0)}
Example : 4Obtain the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 , 0 < 𝑥 < 3 3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
2 3 2 2 9 9 𝟗 𝒌𝒍
−𝟐𝒌𝒍
−𝒌𝒍(−𝟏)𝒏
= {−6 ( ) } = {−6 ( 2 2 )} = −𝟒 ( 2 2 ) 𝒂𝒏 = − 𝟐 𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
3 2𝑛𝜋 3 4n π 4n π 𝐧 𝛑 𝐀𝐧𝐬 ∶ 𝒂𝟎 = ; 𝒂𝒏 = { 𝐧𝟐 𝝅𝟐 ; 𝒃𝒏 =
𝟐 𝒏𝝅
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
To find 𝒃𝒏 :
3
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2. Find the Fourier expansion of period 2l for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑙 − 𝑥)2 in the
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
3 3 1
0 range(0,2𝑙). Deduce the sum of the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 .
𝑛2
3
2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝟐 𝟒𝒍𝟐
= ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 Ans :𝒂𝟎 = 𝒍𝟐 ; 𝒂𝒏 = ; 𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎
𝟑 𝐧𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
3 3
0
3. Obtain the Fourier series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
3
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 Hint: here 2𝑙 = 2 ⇒ 𝑙 = 1
3 3 3
= {(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 2nπ ) − (2 − 2𝑥) ( ) + (−2) ( )}
3 2nπ 2 2nπ 3 𝟒 −𝟒
3 ( ) ( ) Ans :𝒂𝟎 = ; 𝒂𝒏 = ; 𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎
3 3 0 𝟑 𝐧𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
2 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑥, 0<𝑥<1

4. Find the Fourier series for the function𝑓(𝑥) = { and deduce
= {−(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) + (2 − 2𝑥) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) 1 − 𝑥 ,1 < 𝑥 < 2
3 2𝑛𝜋 3 2𝑛𝜋 3
1 1 1 𝜋2
3 that 2 + + + ⋯… =
3 3
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 32 52 8
− (2) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )} −𝟒 𝟐
2𝑛𝜋 3 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
0 Ans :𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎; 𝒂𝒏 = {𝐧𝟐 𝝅𝟐 ;𝒃𝒏 = { 𝒏𝝅
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
2 3 3 3 3 3
= {(3 ( )+ 0 − 2( ) ) − (0 + 0 − 2 ( ) )}
3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES UNDER (−𝒍, 𝒍)
2 9 3 3 3 3 2 9
= { − 2( ) + 2( ) }= { } Example: 1 Obtain the Fourier series for the function
3 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 3 2𝑛𝜋
𝟐𝒙
𝟑 𝟏+ , −𝒍≤ 𝒙≤ 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
𝒍
𝒃𝒏 = 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐𝒙
. Hence deduce that + + + ⋯… =
𝒏𝝅 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟖
𝟏− , 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝒍
𝒍
∴ (1) becomes
2𝑥
∞ ∞ 1+ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
9 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1− 𝑖𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
π2 n 3 π n 3 𝑙
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
2𝑥 2𝑥
Let 𝑓1 (𝑥) = 1 + ; 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 1 −
Practice problems 𝑙 𝑙
𝑘𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 2(−𝑥) 2𝑥
1. Find the Fourier series of function𝑓(𝑥) = { , k being a constant. 𝑓1 (−𝑥) = 1 + =1− = 𝑓2 (𝑥)
0, 𝑙 < 𝑥 < 2𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
∴ 𝑓(𝑥)is an even function. The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) contains cosine terms only,
and hence 𝑏𝑛 = 0.
The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) is
∞ 4
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 = [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − − −(𝟏) 𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝟐 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
𝒍 𝒍
𝟖
𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝟐 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 = { 𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐
where 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 & 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 𝒂𝒏 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
𝟎 𝟎 ∞
To find 𝒂𝟎 : 𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ (𝟏)becomes, 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑙
2 𝑙
𝑛=1
2 ∞
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 8 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 = ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − − −(𝟐)
0 𝜋2 𝑛 2 𝑙
𝑙 𝑛=1,3,5,….
2 2𝑥 At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous then (2) becomes
= ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 8 1 1 1 1+ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
0 𝑓(0) = 2 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … … … ∞] 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑙
𝑙 𝜋 1 3 5 2𝑥
2 2 𝑥2 2 𝑙2 1− 𝑖𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
= {𝑥 − ( )} = {(𝑙 − ) − (0 − 0)} 8 1 1 1 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙 2 0 𝑙 𝑙 1 = 2 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … … … ∞] Right hand limit 𝑓(0 −) = 1 + 0 = 1
𝜋 1 3 5 Left hand limit 𝑓(0 +) = 1 − 0 = 1
𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎 1 1 1 𝝅𝟐 𝑓(0 −) = 𝑓(0 +) i. e. , equal
∴ + + + ⋯ … … … ∞ = ∴ 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous
To find 𝒂𝒏 12 32 52 𝟖
𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 Example: 2 Find the Fourier series to represent 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐, − 𝟐 < 𝑥 < 2.
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0 0 π2 1 1 1
Hence deduce that = − + −⋯ ∴ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑙 12 12 22 32
2 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙 Solution :Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2, 2
−2<𝑥 <2
= {(1 − ) ( 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 ) − (− ) ( )}
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 2
𝑙 ( ) 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 − 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑙 0
𝑙 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥)is an even function. The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) contains cosine terms only,
2 2𝑥 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= {(1 − ) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) − ( ) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )} and hence 𝑏𝑛 = 0. Here 2𝑙 = 4 ⇒ 𝒍 = 𝟐
𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 0
2 2𝑙 2 2𝑙 2
= {(0 − 2 2 (−1)𝑛 ) − (0 − 2 2 )} 𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙
∞
𝑙 𝑙𝑛 𝜋 𝑙𝑛 𝜋 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − − −(𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐
2 2𝑙 2𝑙 2 2𝑙 𝒏=𝟏
= {− 2 2 (−1)𝑛 + 2 2 } = . 2 2 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]
𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋
𝟐 𝟐 ∞
𝒏𝝅𝒙 2 16 (−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥
where 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 & 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 ∵𝒍=𝟐 =− + 2∑ 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝟐 3 π 𝑛 2
𝑛=1
𝟎 𝟎
To find 𝒂𝟎 :
2 Deduction Part
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Put 𝑥 = 0 in the above equation, we get
0 ∞
2
2 16 (−1)𝑛
𝑥3
2
8 𝑓(0) = − + 2 ∑
3 π 𝑛2
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = { − 2𝑥} = − 4 𝑛=1
3 0
3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2, −2<𝑥 <2
0 At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous Left hand limit=𝑓(0 −) = 2
𝟒 ∞ Right hand limit 𝑓 (0 +) = 2
𝒂𝟎 = − 2 16 (−1)𝑛 𝑓(0 −) = 𝑓(0 +) i.e., equal
𝟑 −2 = − + 2 ∑
3 π 𝑛2 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous
To find 𝒂𝒏 : 𝑛=1
2 4 16 1 1 1
𝑛𝜋𝑥 − = 2 [− 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯ ]
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 3 π 1 2 3
2 4 16 1 1 1
0
− = − 2 [ 2 − 2 + 2 − ⋯]
2 3 π 1 2 3
𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 2)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 4 π2 1 1 1
2 (− ) (− ) = 2 − 2 + 2 − ⋯
0 3 16 1 2 3
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝜋𝑥
−𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑛𝜋𝑥
−𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝜋𝑥 π2 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 ∴ = − + −⋯
= {(𝑥 − 2) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (2𝑥) ( ) + (2) ( )} 12 12 22 32
𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 3
2 ( ) ( )
2 2 0
2 3 2 Example: 3 Find the Fourier series expansion for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙 in the interval – 𝑙 <
2
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= {(𝑥 − 2) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) + (2𝑥) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) − (2) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )} 𝑥<𝑙
𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 0
16 Solution:Let𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥, −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙

= {(0 + (−1)𝑛 − 0) − (0 + 0 − 0)} { ∵ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 }
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑘(−𝑥) = −𝑘𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝟏𝟔 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥)is an odd function of 𝑥. The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) contains sine terms
𝒂𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏
𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐
only, and hence 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛 = 0.
∴ (1) becomes
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 {∵ 𝒍 = 𝟐} 𝒏𝝅𝒙
2 2 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − − −(𝟏)
𝑛=1 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
𝒍 Here 𝑙 = 2
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
where 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒍 𝒍 𝟏
𝟎 Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 −𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
To find 𝒃𝒏 : 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 & 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟐
𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 To find 𝒂𝟎 :
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 1 2
0
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙 2 −2
2𝑘 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 1 0 2
𝑙 𝑙 = {∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 }
0 2 −2 0
𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
2𝑘 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 0 2
1 𝑥2 1
= {(𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋
𝑙
) − (1) ( 𝑙
)} = {2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 } = [2(𝑥)0−2 + ( ) ] = [2(0 + 2) + (2 − 0)]
𝑙 𝑛𝜋 2 2 −2 0 2 2 0 2
𝑙 ( )
𝑙 0
`𝒂𝟎 = 𝟑
𝑙
2𝑘 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= {−(𝑥) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) + ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )} To find 𝒂𝒏 :
𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 0
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝑘 𝑙 2 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
= {(− (−1)𝑛 + 0) − (0 + 0)} {∵ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 ; 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎} 2 −2 2
𝑙 𝑛𝜋
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝟐𝒌𝒍 = {∫ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥}
𝒃𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 2 −2 2 0 2
𝒏𝝅
0 2
∴ (1) becomes 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠
= {[2 ( 𝑛𝜋 2 )] + [(𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋
2
) − (1) ( 2
)] }
∞ 2 𝑛𝜋 2
2𝑘𝑙 (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 −2 2 ( )
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑙 2
𝑛=1 0
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= {[2 ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )] + [(𝑥) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) + (1) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )] }
2 𝑛𝜋 2 −2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 0
𝟐 , −𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
Example: 4 Find the Fourier series for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 1 4 4
= {(0 − 0) + [(0 + 2 2 (−1)𝑛 ) − (0 + 2 2 )]}
Solution:Given function 𝑓(𝑥) is neither even nor odd function of 𝑥. 2 n π n π
The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 is given by 1 4 4
= { 2 2 (−1)𝑛 − 2 2 }
∞ ∞ 2 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙 1 4 2
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − − −(𝟏) = [(−1)𝑛 − 1] = 2 2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 2𝑛 𝜋2 2 𝑛 𝜋
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
−𝟒 𝟐
𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 Ans :𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏; 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎 ; 𝒃𝒏 = { 𝒏𝝅
𝒂 𝒏 = { 𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐
Fourier series in (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅 )

To find 𝒃𝒏 :
From equation (𝐴), Put 𝑙 = 𝜋 , the interval (0,2𝑙)becomes(0,2𝜋). ∴ The Fourier
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅 ) 𝒊𝒔
2 −2 2
∞ ∞
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝒂𝟎
= {∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥} 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙
2 −2 2 0 2 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
0 2 𝟐𝝅
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −cos −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝟏
2 2 2
= {[2 ( 𝑛𝜋 )] + [(𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) ( )] } Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ,
2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝝅
2 −2 2 ( ) 𝟎
2 0
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
2 𝟏 𝟏
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝒂𝑛 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 & 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= {[−2 ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )] + [−(𝑥) ( ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) + ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )] } 𝝅 𝝅
2 𝑛𝜋 2 −2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 0 𝟎 𝟎
1 4 4 4
= {[(− ) + (−1)𝑛 )] + [(− (−1)𝑛 + 0) − (0 + 0)] Fourier series in (– 𝝅, 𝝅)
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
1 4 4 4 1 4 From equation(𝐵), Put𝑙 = 𝜋, the interval (– 𝑙, 𝑙) becomes (– 𝜋, 𝜋)
= {− + (−1)𝑛 − (−1)𝑛 } = {− }
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 ∴ The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (−𝝅, 𝝅) 𝒊𝒔
𝟐 ∞ ∞
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒂𝟎
𝒏𝝅 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙
∞ ∞ 𝟐
3 4 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∴ (1)becomes 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝝅
2 𝜋2 𝑛 2 2 𝜋 𝑛 2 𝟏
𝑛=1,3,5,…… 𝑛=1
where 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝝅
−𝝅
Practice problems 𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟏
1. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) of period 2𝑙 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 & 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
𝒍 + 𝒙 , −𝒍 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 −𝝅 −𝝅
defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = { . Deduce that∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 =
𝒍 − 𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍 (𝟐𝒏−𝟏)𝟐 𝟖
𝟒𝒍 Case: 1Fourier series of Even Function in (−𝝅, 𝝅 )

Ans :𝒂𝟎 = 𝒍; 𝒂𝒏 = {𝐧𝟐 𝝅𝟐 If 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function of 𝑥 in (−𝝅, 𝝅), then the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is
∞
0 , −2 < 𝑥 < 0 𝒂𝟎
2. Develop𝑓(𝑥) in a Fourier series in the interval (-2,2) if 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙
1, 0 < 𝑥 < 2 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅 𝝅 1 1 1
𝟐 𝟐 =− {(𝜋 − 𝑥)3 }2𝜋
0 =− {−𝜋 3 − 𝜋 3 } = − {−2𝜋 3 }
where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 &𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝝅 𝝅
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐𝝅𝟐
Case: 2Fourier series of Odd Function in (−𝝅, 𝝅) 𝒂𝟎 =
𝟑
If 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function of 𝑥 in (−𝝅, 𝝅 ), then the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is To find 𝒂𝒏 :
∞ 2𝜋
1
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒏=𝟏
𝜋
0
𝝅
2𝜋
𝟐 1
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞, 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝝅 𝜋
𝟎
0
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES UNDER(𝟎, 𝟐𝝅) 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋

= {[(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) (− ) + 2(1) (− )]}
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
Example: 1 Find the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝝅 − 𝒙)𝟐 in (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅) of period 𝟐𝝅 and 0
𝜋2 1 1 1 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
hence deduce that =
12
+
22
+
32
+⋯ = {[(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( 2 ) − ]}
6 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛3
0
Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
1 2(−𝜋) 2(𝜋)
The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (0,2𝜋 ) is = {[0 − 2
− 0] − [0 − 2 − 0]} [∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 & 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏𝝅 = 𝟏]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
∞ ∞
𝒂𝟎 1 2𝜋 2𝜋 1 4𝜋
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏) = { 2 + 2} = [ 2]
𝟐 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟐𝝅 𝟒
𝟏 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐
Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 , 𝒏
𝝅
𝟎 To find 𝒃𝒏 :
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 2𝜋
𝟏 𝟏 1
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 & 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝝅 𝝅 𝜋
𝟎 𝟎
0
To find 𝒂𝟎 : 2𝜋
1
2𝜋 2𝜋 = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 0
𝜋 𝜋
0 0 1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
3 2𝜋 = {[(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 (− ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) (− ) + 2 ( )]}
1 (𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
= { } 0
𝜋 −3 0
cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
𝟐𝝅
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝟏
= {[−(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( 2 ) + 2 ( 3 )]} here, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ,
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝝅
0 𝟎
1 1 1 −𝜋 2 2 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
= {[−(−𝜋)2 ( ) − 0 + 2 ( 3 )] − [ − 0 + 3 ]} 𝟏 𝟏
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 & 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
1 −𝜋 2 2 𝜋 2 2 𝟎 𝟎
= { + 3+ − } [∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 & 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏𝝅 = 𝟏]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛3
To find 𝒂𝟎 :
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎 1 1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
∴ (𝟏)becomes, 𝜋 𝜋
0 0
∞ 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑖𝑛 (0,2𝜋)
𝜋2 1 1 2𝜋𝑥 2 𝑥 3 2𝜋
1 𝑥3 1
2𝜋
8𝜋 3
𝑓(𝑥) = + 4 ∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 Left hand limit 𝑓(0) = 𝜋 2
3 𝑛 Right hand limit 𝑓(2𝜋) = 𝜋 2 = { − } = {𝜋𝑥 2 − } = {(4𝜋 3 − ) − (0 − 0)}
𝑛=1 𝜋 2 3 0 𝜋 3 0 𝜋 3
𝑓(0) = 𝑓(2𝜋) i.e.,equal
Deduction Part: ∴ 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous 1 4𝜋 3
= { }
Put 𝑥 = 0 in the above equation, we get 𝜋 3
∞
𝜋2 1 𝟒𝝅𝟐
𝑓(0) = +4∑ 2 − − −(𝟐) 𝒂𝟎 =
3 𝑛 𝟑
𝑛=1
At 𝑥 = 0 the function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous then (2) becomes To find 𝒂𝒏 :
∞ 2𝜋
𝜋2 1 1
𝜋2 = +4∑ 2 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑛 𝜋
𝑛=1 0
2 2𝜋
𝜋 1 1 1
∴ = 2+ 2+ 2+⋯ 1
6 1 2 3 = ∫ (2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
Example: 2 Expand 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒙) as Fourier series in (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅) and hence 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 = {[(2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (2𝜋 − 2𝑥) (− ) + (−2) (− )]}
deduce that the sum of the series of + + + ⋯ … … … …. 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐 0
Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = 2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 1 (2𝜋 − 4𝜋) (2𝜋 − 0)
= {[0 + + 0] − [0 + + 0]}
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛2
The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (0,2𝜋 ) is
∞ ∞ 1 2𝜋 2𝜋 1 4𝜋
𝒂𝟎 = {− 2 − 2 } = {− 2 } [∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 & 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏𝝅 = 𝟏]
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏) 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛
𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝟒
𝒂𝒏 = − 𝟐
𝒏
To find 𝒃𝒏 : 1. Obtain the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ; 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋 and hence deduce that
2𝜋
1 1 1 𝜋2
1 + + + … =
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 12 22 32 6
𝜋
0 𝟖𝝅𝟐 𝟒 𝟒𝝅
Ans: 𝒂𝟎 = ; 𝒂𝒏 = ; 𝒃𝒏 = − ; discontinuity appears at 𝑥 = 0
2𝜋 𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝒏
1
= ∫ (2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. Find the Fourier series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = {
1, 0<𝑥<𝜋
𝜋 2 , 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋
0
𝟐
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 Ans : 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟑; 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎; 𝒃𝒏 = {
−
𝝅𝒏
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
= {[(2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (− ) − (2𝜋 − 2𝑥) (− ) + (−2) ( 3 )]}
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
0
1 2 2 𝝅−𝒙 2 𝝅𝟐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋, show that𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1
= {[0 + 0 − 3 ] − [0 + 0 − 3 ]} [∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 & 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒏𝝅 = 𝟏] 2 𝟏𝟐 𝑛2
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
1 2 2
= {− 3 + 3 } ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES UNDER (−𝝅, 𝝅)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
−𝒙 + 𝟏 , −𝝅 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎 Example:1 Find the Fourier series expansion of 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙+𝟏, 𝟎≤ 𝒙≤𝝅
∴ (1) becomes −𝑥 + 1 , −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2
∞ 𝑥+1, 0≤𝑥 ≤𝜋
2𝜋 1
𝒇(𝑥) = − 4 ∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 − − −(𝟐) Let𝑓1 (𝑥) = −𝑥 + 1; 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
3 𝑛
𝑛=1
Deduction Part 𝑓1 (−𝑥) = −(−𝑥) + 1 = 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑓2 (𝑥)
At 𝑥 = 0, the function 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous ∴ 𝑓(𝑥)is an even function of 𝑥 and hence the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) contains
∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(2𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋
then (2) becomes cosine terms only, and hence 𝑏𝑛 = 0.
Left hand limit 𝑓(0) = 0
∞
Right hand limit 𝑓(2𝜋) = 0 The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) is
2𝜋 2 1
𝑓(0) = −4∑ 2 ∞
3 𝑛 Here, 𝑓(0) = 𝑓(2𝜋) 𝑖. e., equal 𝒂𝟎
𝑛=1 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏)
∞ ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
2𝜋 2 1 𝜋 𝜋
0= −4∑ 2 𝟐 𝟐
3 𝑛 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞, 𝒂𝐨 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 & 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑛=1
𝜋 𝜋
2 𝟎 𝟎
2𝜋 1 1 1
− = −4 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … … … … ] To find 𝒂𝒐 :
3 1 2 3
2 𝜋
1 1 1 𝜋 2
∴ 2
+ 2 + 2 + ⋯………… = 𝑎o = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 2 3 6 𝜋
0
Practice Problems
𝜋 ∞
2 (𝜋 + 2) 4 1
= ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒊𝒏 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅} 𝑓(0) = − ∑
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑛2
0 𝑛=1,3,5,….
𝜋 At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous
2 𝑥2
= { + 𝑥} ∞
𝜋 2 0 (𝜋 + 2) 4 1
1= − ∑
2 𝜋 2 2 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1,3,5,….
= {( + 𝜋) − (0)}
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋 1 1 1
(− ) (− ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯
2 𝜋 2 + 2𝜋 1 𝜋(𝜋 + 2) 2 4 1 3 5
= { } = {𝜋 2 + 2𝜋} =
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2 1 1 1
∴ = 2+ 2+ 2+⋯
𝒂𝟎 = 𝝅 + 𝟐 8 1 3 5
To find 𝒂𝒏 :
IMPORTANT NOTE
𝜋
2 If the trigonometric functions like 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 appears in the expansion of
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0 Fourier series, first we find the general term 𝑎𝑛 and then to put 𝒏 = 𝟎 in the
𝜋
2 resulting function𝒂𝒏 , we can find the value of 𝒂𝟎 easily.
= ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒊𝒏 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅}
𝜋
0
Example:2 Find the Fourier series expansion of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 in −𝝅 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= {(𝑥 + 1) ( ) − (1) (− )} Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 ; −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥){∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(−𝜽) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽}
2 cos 𝑛𝜋 1
= {(0 + 2
) − (0 + 2 )} {∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 ; 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎} ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is an even function and hence 𝑏𝑛 = 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
2 (−1)𝑛 1 2 The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) is
= {(0 + 2
) − (0 + 2 )} = 2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋𝑛 𝒂𝟎
∞
𝟒 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏)

𝟐
− 𝒊𝒇𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒏=𝟏
𝒂𝒏 = { 𝝅𝒏𝟐 𝜋 𝜋
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝟐 𝟐
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 & 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Hence, (𝟏) becomes 𝜋 𝜋
𝟎 𝟎
∞
(𝜋 + 2) 4 1 To find 𝒂𝒏 :
𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
2 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1,3,5,…. 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Dedution Part:Put 𝑥 = 0 in the above equation, we get 𝜋
0
𝜋 −𝑛 + 1 + 𝑛 + 1
2 = (−1)𝑛+1 { }
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛2 − 1
𝜋
0 𝟐
𝜋 𝒂𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏
1 𝒏 −𝟏
= ∫ 𝑥[2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]𝑑𝑥 Put 𝑛 = 0 in the above, we get
𝜋
0
𝜋
2 2
1 𝑎0 = (−1)0+1 =− =2
02 −1 −1
= ∫ 𝑥[sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟐
0
2
∵ 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝑨 = 𝒏 ; 𝑩 = 𝟏 Put 𝑛 = 1 then 𝑎1 = = ∞
0
𝜋 𝜋
1 So the formula for 𝑎𝑛 cannot be used to find 𝑎1 . Hence, we have to find a1
= {∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 separately.
0 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 2 1
1 − cos(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑎1 = ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥[2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
= {[(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )] 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 1)2 0 0
0
𝜋
𝜋 1
− cos(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 − sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙]
− [(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )] } 𝜋
(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 1)2 0
0 𝜋
𝜋 1 − cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥
1 cos(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 = {(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )}
= {[−(𝑥) ( )+( )] 𝜋 2 4
𝜋 (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 1)2 0
0 1 −𝜋(1)
𝜋 = {( + 0) − (0 + 0)}
cos(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝜋 2
− [−(𝑥) ( )+( )] }
(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 1)2 −𝟏
0 𝒂𝟏 =
𝟐
1 cos(𝑛 + 1)𝜋 sin(𝑛 + 1)𝜋
= {[(−(𝜋) + ) − (0 + 0)] Hence, (𝟏) becomes
𝜋 (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 1)2 ∞ ∞
𝑎0 𝑎0
cos(𝑛 − 1)𝜋 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 = + 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
− [(−(𝜋) + ) − (0 + 0)]} 2 2
(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 1)2 𝑛=1 𝑛=2
1 −𝜋(−1)𝑛+1 𝜋(−1)𝑛+1
= { + } ∞
𝜋 (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 − 1) cos 𝑥 (−1)𝑛+1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − +2∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝑥
−1 1 2 (𝑛 − 1)
= (−1)𝑛+1 {(𝑛+1) + (𝑛−1)} 𝑛=2
Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Prof of Mathematicss,(SASL) VIT BHOPAL

∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏UNIVERSITY , Kottrikalan-466
± 𝟏)𝝅 = (−𝟏) 𝒏+𝟏 114,Sehore (Dt),Madhya Pradesh,India Page 17
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏 ± 𝟏)𝝅 = 0
𝜋
2
Example: 3 Obtain Fourier series for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| in −𝝅 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 and = ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐 0
hence deduce that + + +⋯ = (OR)
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟖 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 −cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
−𝒙 , −𝝅 < 𝑥 < 0 = {[(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )]}
A function 𝒇(𝒙) is defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = { . Find the Fourier series of 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝟏 𝝅𝟐
2 (−1)𝑛 1
𝒇(𝒙) and hence deduce that ∑∞ = = {[0 + ] − [0 + 2 ]}
𝐧=𝟏 (𝟐𝒏−𝟏)𝟐 𝟖 𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| in − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛 1
= [ − 2]
−𝑥 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0 𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥, 0<𝑥<𝜋 2
= [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝜋𝑛2
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|is an even function of 𝑥 in −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 and Hence 𝑏𝑛 = 0 −𝟒
, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by 𝒂𝒏 = { 𝟐
𝝅𝒏
∞ 𝟎 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝒂𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏) Hence,(𝟏) becomes,
𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 ∞
𝝅 𝝅 𝑎0
𝟐 𝟐 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 , 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2
𝝅 𝝅 𝑛=1
𝟎 𝟎 ∞
𝜋 4 1
To find 𝒂𝟎 : 𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑ cos 𝑛𝑥
𝜋
2 𝜋 𝑛2
𝑛=1,3,5,…
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Deduction Part :Put 𝑥 = 0 in the above, we get
𝜋
0 𝜋 4 1
𝜋 𝑓(0) = − ∑∞
𝑛=1,3,5,…
2 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑛2
2 2 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] At 𝑥 = 0, the function 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous −𝒙 , −𝝅 < 𝑥 < 0
𝜋 𝜋 2 0 𝒇(𝒙) = {
0 𝒙, 𝟎<𝑥 <𝜋
𝜋 4 1 1 1
0= − ( + + 2 hand+ ⋯ )limit 𝑓(0 −) = 0
𝒂𝟎 = 𝝅 2 𝜋 12 32 Left
5
To find 𝒂𝒏 : 𝜋 4 1 1 1 Right hand limit 𝑓(0 +) = 0
− = − ( 2 + 2 + 2 +⋯)
𝜋 2 𝜋 1 3 5 Here 𝑓(0 +) = 𝑓(0 −)i.e., equal
2 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝜋 1 1 1 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 continuous
𝜋 ∴ = 2+ 2+ 2+⋯
0 8 1 3 5
Example : 4 Find the Fourier expansion of 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 in the interval −𝝅 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.
Solution :Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ; −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 1 −𝜋(−1)𝑛+1 𝜋(−1)𝑛+1
= { − } { ∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏 ± 𝟏)𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 & 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏 ± 𝟏)𝝅 = 𝟎}
𝜋 (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 − 1)
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) cos(−𝑥) = −𝑥 cos 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥){∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(−𝜽) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽}
1 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos 𝑥 is an odd function and hence 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛 = 0. = −(−1)𝑛+1 { + }
(𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 − 1)
𝑛−1+𝑛+1
∞ = (−1)(−1)𝑛 (−1)1 { }
𝑛2 − 1
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏)
𝟐𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒃𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏
𝝅 𝒏 −𝟏
𝟐 2
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 Put 𝑛 = 1, then 𝑏1 = − = −∞
𝝅 0
𝟎
So the formula for 𝑏𝑛 cannot be used to find b1. Hence, we have to find b1
To find 𝒃𝒏
𝜋 separately.
2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋 𝑏1 = ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 0
2 1 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥[2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑥]𝑑𝑥 1
𝜋 𝜋 = ∫ 𝑥[2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
0 0 ∵ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 − 𝑩) 𝜋
1 𝜋 0
= ∫ 𝑥[sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 + sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥]𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 1
1 = ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙}
= {∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } 𝜋
0
𝜋
0 0 𝜋
1 − cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥
𝜋 = {(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )}
1 − cos(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝜋 2 4
= {[(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )] 0
𝜋 (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 1)2
0 1 −𝜋(1)
𝜋 = {( + 0) − (0 + 0)} { ∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅 = 𝟏; 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅 = 𝟎}
𝜋 2
− cos(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 − sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥
+ [(𝑥) ( ) − (1) ( )] } −𝟏
(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 1)2
0 𝒃𝟏 =
𝟐
1 cos(𝑛 + 1)𝜋 sin(𝑛 + 1)𝜋 ∞
= {[(−(𝜋) + ) − (0 + 0)]
𝜋 (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 1)2 ∴ (𝟏)becomes, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛=2
cos(𝑛 − 1)𝜋 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝜋 ∞
+ [(−(𝜋) + ) − (0 + 0)]} −1 𝑛(−1)𝑛
(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 1)2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 ∑ 2 sin 𝑛𝑥
2 𝑛 −1
𝑛=2
Example: 5 Find the Fourier expansion of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 in the interval −𝝅 < 𝑥 < To find 𝒂𝒏 :
𝜋
𝜋. 1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝜋
−𝜋
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 + (−𝑥)2 = −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝜋
1
The function 𝑓(𝑥) is neither even nor odd function of 𝑥. = ∫(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−𝜋
The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (−𝜋, 𝜋)is
𝜋 𝜋
∞ ∞ 1
𝒂𝟎 = { ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 + ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏) 𝜋
𝟐 −𝜋 −𝜋
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝝅 𝒂
𝟏 𝜋 𝒂
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 1 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝝅 = {0 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 } [∵ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = { ]
−𝝅 𝜋 𝟎
0 −𝒂
𝝅 𝝅 𝟎 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂𝒏 =
𝝅
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 & 𝒃𝒏 =
𝝅
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
−𝝅 −𝝅
= [(𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (2𝑥) (− ) + (2) (− )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
To find 𝒂𝟎 : 𝜋
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
1
𝜋
= [(𝑥 2 ) ( ) + (2𝑥) ( 2 ) − (2) ( 3 )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 0
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑛
−𝜋 2 (2𝜋)(−1)
𝜋 = {[0 + − 0] − [0 + 0 − 0]} [∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 & 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 ]
𝜋 𝑛2
1
= ∫(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝟒(−𝟏)𝒏
𝜋
−𝜋 𝒂𝒏 =
𝒏𝟐
𝜋 𝜋
1 To find 𝒃𝒏 :
= { ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋 −𝜋 1 1
𝒂 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝒂 𝜋 𝜋
1 −𝜋 −𝜋
𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙, 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
= {0 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 } [∵ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = { ] 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝟎 1
0 −𝒂
𝟎 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 = { ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
𝜋
𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋
2 𝑥3 2 𝜋3 𝒂
= { } = { } 𝒂
𝜋 3 0 𝜋 3 𝜋
1 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒇𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝟐
= {2 ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 0} [∵ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = { ]
𝟐𝝅 𝜋 0 𝟎
𝒂𝟎 = −𝒂
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝟑
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 5. Expand 𝑓(𝑥) in a Fourier series where 𝑓(𝒙) = {
−𝜋, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
= {[(𝑥) (− ) − (1) (− )]} 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
1 1 1 𝜋2
Hence show that + + +⋯ =
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 12 32 52 8
= {[−(𝑥) ( ) + ( 2 )]} −𝟐
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 0 −𝛑 𝐢𝐟 𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝 (−𝟏)𝐧+𝟏
Ans:𝒂𝟎 = ; 𝒂𝒏 = { 𝛑𝐧𝟐 ; 𝒃𝒏 =
𝟐 𝐧
2 −𝜋(−1)𝑛 𝟎 𝐢𝐟 𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧
= {( + 0) − (0 + 0)} [∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 & 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 ]
𝜋 𝑛
HALF RANGE SERIES
𝟐(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
𝒃𝒏 = 1. If the range is 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝑙, then the half range cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) is
𝒏
∞
∴(𝟏)becomes, 𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬
∞ ∞ 𝟐 𝒍
𝑎0 𝒏=𝟏
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
2 𝒍 𝒍
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝟐 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
∞ ∞ Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ; 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛+1 𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
= +4∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 2 ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝟎 𝟎
3 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 2. If the range is 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝑙, then the half range sine series for 𝒇(𝒙) is
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒙
Practice problems 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
1. Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ; −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 and hence deduce that
𝒍
1 1 1 𝜋2 1 1 1 𝜋2 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
(𝑖) 2 + 2 + 2 + … = (𝑖𝑖) 2 + 2 + 2 + … = Where, 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒅𝒙
1 2 3 6 1 3 5 8 𝒍 𝒍
𝟎
𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝟒(−𝟏)𝒏
Ans: 𝒂𝟎 = ; 𝒂𝒏 =
𝟑 𝒏𝟐
REMARK:By putting 𝑙 = 𝜋, the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 becomes 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.
2. Find the Fourier series to represent 𝑓(𝑥) = |sin 𝑥| in the interval−𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.
−𝟐 𝟒
Ans : 𝒂𝒏 = (𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏−𝟏)𝝅 [(−𝟏)𝒏 + 𝟏], 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏 ; 𝒂𝟎 = ; 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏 1. If the range is 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, then the half range cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) is
𝝅
∞
3. Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = |cos 𝑥|as a Fourier series in the interval −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋. 𝒂𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙
𝟎, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
𝟒
Ans: 𝒂𝒏 = { 𝒏𝝅
−𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ; 𝒂𝟎 = ; 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟎 𝝅 𝝅
𝝅
, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅(𝒏𝟐 −𝟏) Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 & 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
4. Determine the Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in the interval−𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋. 𝟎 𝟎
−𝟐(−𝟏)𝒏 2. If the range is 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, then the half range sine series for 𝒇(𝒙) is
Ans: 𝒃𝒏 =
𝒏
∞
2𝑘 1 𝑙 2 1 𝑙2
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 = { [ − 0] − [0 − ]}
𝑙 2 4 2 4
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅 2𝑘 𝑙 2 𝑙 2
𝟐 = { + }
Where, 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑙 8 8
𝝅
𝟎 2𝑘 2𝑙 2
= { }
𝑙 8
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES UNDER HALF-RANGE COSINE AND SINE SERIES
𝒌𝒍
Example: 1 Obtain the Fourier cosine series of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝟎 =
𝟐
𝒍
𝒌𝒙 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ To find 𝒂𝒏 :
𝟐
{ 𝑙
𝒍 𝑙 𝑙
𝒌(𝒍 − 𝒙) , ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍 2
𝟐 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
Solution: The half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 is 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0 0 𝑙
∞
𝒂𝟎 𝒏𝝅𝒙 { 2 }
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − − −(𝟏) 𝑙
𝟐 𝒍 2 𝑙
𝒏=𝟏
𝒍 𝒍
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝟐 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘 ∫(𝑙 − 𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 & 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒅𝒙 0 𝑙
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍 { 2 }
𝟎 𝟎
𝑙
To find 𝒂𝟎 : 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
2𝑘 sin − cos
𝑙 = [(𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 ) − (1) ( 𝑛2𝜋2 𝑙 )]
2 𝑙
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2 0
𝑙 {
0
𝑙
𝑙
𝑙
𝑙
𝑙
sin − cos
2 2 𝑙 𝑙
2 2 + [(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (−1) ( 𝑛 2 𝜋2
)]
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘 ∫(𝑙 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙 2 }
0 𝑙 0 𝑙
{ 2 } { 2 } 𝑙
𝑙
2𝑘 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
2 2 2 𝑙 𝟑 = {[(𝑥) ( ) (sin ) + ( 2 2 ) (cos )]

2𝑘 𝑥 (𝑙 − 𝑥) 𝒙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙
= {[ ] + [ ] } [ ∵ ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ] 0
𝑙 2 0 −2 𝑙 𝟑
2 𝑙
𝑙
𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝑘 1 1 + [(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( ) (sin ) − ( 2 2 ) (cos )] }
= { [𝑥 ]0 − [(𝑙 − 𝑥)2 ]𝑙𝑙 }
2 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 2 2 2 2
2𝑘 𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 𝑙
2 𝑙
= {([( ) ( ) (sin ) + ( 2 2 ) (cos )] − [0 + ( 2 2 )]) 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝑙2 𝑛
𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋 0 𝑙
+ ([0 − 2 2
(−1) ] − [( ) ( ) (sin ) − ( 2 2
) (cos )])} { 2 }
𝑛 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 2 𝑙
2 𝑙
2𝑘 𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= {( ) ( ) (sin ) + ( 2 2 ) (cos ) − ( 2 2 ) − 2 2 (−1)𝑛 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ∫(𝑙 − 𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0 𝑙
𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋 { 2 }
− ( ) ( ) (sin ) + ( 2 2 ) (cos )} 𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 2 − cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
− sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
2𝑐 𝑙 𝑙 2
2𝑘 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 𝑙2 = {[(𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋 )− (1) ( 𝑛2𝜋2 )]
𝑙
= {2 ( 2 2 ) (cos ) − ( 2 2 ) − ( 2 2 ) (−1)𝑛 } 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0
2𝑘 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
= {2 ( 2 2 ) (cos ) − ( 2 2 ) [1 + (−1)𝑛 ]} − cos − sin
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 + [(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (−1) ( 𝑛2 𝜋 2
)] 𝑙 }
𝑙 𝑙2
𝟐𝒌𝒍 𝒏𝝅 2
𝒂𝒏 = {𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) − [𝟏 + (−𝟏)𝒏 ]}
𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟐 𝑙
2c 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
∴(𝟏)becomes, = {[−(𝑥) ( ) (cos ) + ( 2 2 ) (sin )]

𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 0
∞
𝑘𝑙 2𝑘𝑙 1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + 2 ∑ ( 2 ) {2 (cos ) − [1 + (−1)𝑛 ]} cos 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙
4 𝜋 𝑛 2 𝑙 + [−(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( ) (cos ) − ( 2 2 ) (sin )] }
𝑛=1
𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
2
𝒄𝒙 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤
𝒍 2𝑐 𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2
𝑛𝜋
𝟐 = {([− ( ) ( ) (cos ) + ( 2 2 ) (sin )] − [0])
Example: 2 Obtain the sine series of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝑙 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 2
𝒍
𝒄(𝒍 − 𝒙) , ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍 𝑙 𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋
𝟐
+ ([0 − 0] − [− ( ) ( ) (cos ) − ( 2 2 ) (sin )])}
2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 2
Solution:The half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) is
∞ 2𝑐 2𝑙 2 𝑛𝜋
𝒏𝝅𝒙 = [ sin ]
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − − −(𝟏) 𝑙 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2
𝒍
𝒏=𝟏 𝟒𝒄𝒍 𝒏𝝅
𝒍 𝒃𝒏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟐
Where, 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒅𝒙 Hence, (1) becomes
𝒍 𝒍
𝟎 ∞
4𝑐𝑙 1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
To find 𝒃𝒏 : 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ∑ 2 sin ( ) sin ( )
𝜋 𝑛 2 𝑙
𝑙 𝑛=1
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 Example: 3 Find the half range sine series of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 in (𝟎, 𝒍)
0
∞
Solution:The half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) is 8𝑙 2 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∞ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ sin
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝜋3 𝑛 3 𝑙
𝑛=1,3,5,…
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − − −(𝟏)
𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
𝒍 Example: 4 Find the half range cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝝅 − 𝒙)𝟐 in 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝝅.
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
Where, 𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒅𝒙 Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 . Half range cosine series is
𝒍 𝒍
𝟎 ∞
𝒂𝟎
To find 𝒃𝒏 : 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏)
𝟐
𝑙 𝒏=𝟏
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝝅 𝝅
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝟐 𝟐
𝑙 𝑙 Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 , 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
0 𝝅 𝝅
𝟎 𝟎
𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 To find 𝒂𝟎 :
= ∫(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝜋
0 2
𝑙 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
− cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
− sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 0
= {(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (𝑙 − 2𝑥) ( 𝑛 2 𝜋2
) + (−2) ( 𝑛 3 𝜋3
)} 𝜋
𝑙
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙3 2
0 = ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
= {−(𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) (cos ) + (𝑙 − 2𝑥) ( 2 2 ) (sin )
𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙 2 (𝜋 − 𝑥)3 𝜋 𝒙𝟑
= [ ] {∵ ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = }
𝑙3 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑙 𝜋 −3 0 𝟑
− (2) ( ) (cos )}
𝑛3 𝜋 3 𝑙 2 2
0 =− [(𝜋 − 𝑥)3 ]𝜋0 = − [0 − 𝜋 3 ]
3𝜋 3𝜋
2 𝑙3 𝑙3
= {[0 + 0 − 2 ( 3 3 ) (−1)𝑛 ] − [0 + 0 − 2 ( 3 3 )]} 𝟐𝝅𝟐
𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝒂𝟎 =
𝟑
2 𝑙3 𝑙3
= {−2 ( 3 3 ) (−1)𝑛 + 2 ( 3 3 )} To find 𝒂𝒏
𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3 2 2 2
2 𝑙 4𝑙 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= . 2 ( 3 3 ) [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] = 3 3 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] 𝜋 𝜋
𝑙 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0 0
𝟖𝒍 𝟐 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 − cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋

= {[(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) ( ) + 2(−1) ( )] }
𝒃𝒏 = { 𝒏𝟑 𝝅𝟑 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
Hence, (1) becomes
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝒂𝟎 =
𝟐
= {[(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( 2 ) + 2 ( 3 )] } 𝟑
To find 𝒂𝒏 :
2 1 2 2𝜋
= {[0 + 0 + 0] − [0 − 2𝜋 ( 2 ) + 0]} = { 2 } 𝑙 1
𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
𝟒 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝒍 = 𝟏}
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐 𝑙 𝑙 1
0 0
𝒏
1
Hence, (1) becomes
= 2 ∫(𝑥 − 1)2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞
2
𝜋 1 0
𝑓(𝑥) = + 4 ∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝑥
3 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑛=1
= 2 {(𝑥 − 1)2 ( ) − 2(𝑥 − 1) (− 2 2 ) + 2(1) (− 3 3 )}
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0
Example: 5 Obtain the half range cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 in the interval 1
= 2 {[0 + 0 + 0] − [0 − 2 ( 2 2 ) + 0]}
𝜋2 1 1 1 𝑛 𝜋
𝟎 < 𝑥 < 1. Hence deduce that = + + +⋯
24 12 22 32 𝟒
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐 𝟐
Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 1 Here𝒍 = 𝟏 𝒏 𝝅
The half range cosine series in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 is ∴(𝟏)becomes,
∞ ∞
𝒂𝟎 1 2 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏) 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) + ∑ 2 2 cos
𝟐 2 3 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙
𝒏=𝟏 𝑛=1
𝒍 𝒍 ∞
𝟐 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 1 4 1
Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 &𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒅𝒙 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒍 𝒍 𝒍 3 𝜋2 𝑛
𝟎 𝟎 𝑛=1
To find 𝒂𝟎 : Deduction Part

𝑙 At 𝑥 = 0, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is discontinuous 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 1
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∞ Left hand limit 𝑓(0) = 1
𝑙 1+0 1 4 1
0 ( )= + 2∑ 2 Right hand limit 𝑓(1) = 0
1
2 3 𝜋 𝑛
𝑛=1
2 𝑓(0) = 𝑓(1)i.e. unequal
= ∫(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝒍 = 𝟏} 1 4 1 1 1
1 = [ + + +⋯] ∴ 𝑓(𝑥)isdiscontinuous
0 6 𝜋 2 12 22 32
(𝑥 − 1)3 1 𝒙𝟑 𝜋2 1 1 1
= 2[ ] {∵ ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = } ∴ = 2+ 2+ 2+⋯
3 𝟑 24 1 2 3
0
2 2
= [(𝑥 − 1)3 ]10 = [0 − (−1)] Practice problems
3 3
∞
1. Obtain the half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in the interval (0, 𝜋). 𝟏 𝟏 𝒍
∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝟐 = ∫ [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟎, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝟐 𝒍 𝟎
Ans:𝒂𝟎 = 𝝅; 𝒂𝒏 = { 𝟒 ; 𝒏=𝟏
− , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝒏𝟐 𝝅
2. Obtain the half range sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) in the interval (0, 𝜋). and Put𝒍 = 𝝅 in the above formulas, we get
𝑎0
1
deduce that 3 −
1 1 𝜋3 3. If the half range cosine series of 𝑓(𝑥) in(0, 𝜋)is 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 , then
1 3 3 + 5 3 −⋯∞ = 32
2
∞
𝒂𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
𝟎 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝟐 = ∫ [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Ans:𝒃𝒏 = { 𝟖 𝟒 𝟐 𝝅 𝟎
𝟑 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝒏=𝟏
𝒏 𝝅
4. If the half range sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) in(0, 𝜋)is 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
1 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 , then
3. Obtain the half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in the interval (0, 𝑙) and hence
∞
1 𝜋2 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
deduce that ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 = . ∑ 𝒃𝒏 𝟐 = ∫ [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 𝒅𝒙
6 𝟐 𝝅 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏
𝟐𝒍
Ans: 𝒃𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
𝒏𝝅
4. Obtain the Fourier cosine series expansion of 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in (0, 𝜋) and hence find ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES UNDER ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE FUNCTION
1 1 1 𝜋−2 Example: 1 Find the root mean square value of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 in the
the value of − + −⋯=
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
interval (𝟎, 𝒍).
𝟐(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝟏
Ans: 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟐; 𝒂𝒏 = 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏 ; 𝒂𝟏 = − Solution: The r.m.s value of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in (0, 𝑙)
𝒏𝟐 𝟐
𝑏
1
ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE(R.M.S) 𝑦̅ = √ ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
The R.M.S value of function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) defined over the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) is given by
𝑙
𝟏 𝒃 1
̅=√
𝒚 ∫ 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =√ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥{here. 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 𝑙}
𝒃−𝒂 𝒂 𝑙−0 0
𝑙
1 𝑥3 1 𝑙3 𝑙2
Parseval’s identity =√ ( ) =√ ( )=√
𝑙 3 0 𝑙 3 3
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1. If the half range cosine series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (0, 𝑙)is 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ,
2 𝑙 𝒍
∞ ̅=
∴𝒚
𝟐
𝒂𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝒍 √𝟑
then + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝟐 = ∫ [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟐 𝒍 𝟎
𝒏=𝟏
𝑛𝜋𝑥
Example: 2 Find the root mean square value of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 in the
2. If the half range sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) in(0, 𝑙)is 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
1 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 , then
𝑙 interval (𝟎, 𝒍).
Solution:The r.m.s value of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in (0, 𝑙) Example:1Find the Fourier series for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 in (−𝝅, 𝝅). Hence find
𝑏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1 + + + ………∞
𝑦̅ = √ ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝟒 𝟒𝟒
𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in(−𝜋, 𝜋)
1 𝑙 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
=√ ∫ (𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥Here 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 𝑙
𝑙−0 0 𝑓(𝑥)is an even function of 𝑥.
𝑙 ∴ The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) contains cosine terms only, and hence 𝑏𝑛 = 0.
1 𝑙 1 𝑥5 1 𝑙5 𝑙4
= √ ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = √ ( ) = √ ( ) = √ The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) is
𝑙 0 𝑙 5 0 𝑙 5 5
∞
𝒂𝟎
𝒍𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏)
̅=
∴𝒚 𝟐
√𝟓 𝜋
𝒏=𝟏
𝜋
𝟐 𝟐
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 & 𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙
Example: 3 State Parseval’s identity for full range expansion of 𝒇(𝒙) as Fourier 𝜋 𝜋
𝟎 𝟎
series in (𝟎, 𝟐𝒍).
To find 𝒂𝟎 :
Solution: 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∞
2 𝟐 2 𝑥3
1 2𝑙
𝑎0 2
1 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = { }
∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑏𝑛 2 ) (𝐨𝐫) 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3 0
0 0
2𝑙 0 4 2
𝑛=1 𝟐
𝟐𝝅
∞ 𝒂𝟎 =
1 2𝑙 𝑎0 2 𝟑
∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑏𝑛 2 )
𝑙 𝑜 2 To find 𝒂𝒏
𝑛=1
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
Practice problems 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
0 𝑜
1. Find the root mean square value of the function𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥in the interval (0, 𝜋).
𝝅 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋
̅=
Ans:𝒚 = {[(𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (2𝑥) ( ) + 2 ( )] }
√𝟑 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
2
2.Find the root mean square value of the function𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in the interval (0, 𝜋) 2 2𝜋(−1)𝑛
= {[0 + + 0] − [0 + 0 + 0]} {∵ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎; 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 }
̅=
Ans:𝒚
𝝅𝟐 𝜋 𝑛2
√𝟓
𝟒(−𝟏)𝒏
𝒂𝒏 =
𝒏𝟐
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Hence, (1) becomes

∞ ∞
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 𝒂𝟎
𝑓(𝑥) = +4∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏)
3 𝑛2 𝟐
𝑛=1 𝒏=𝟏
𝜋 𝜋
Deduction Part:[using Parseval’s identity] 𝟐 𝟐
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 &𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙
The Parseval’s theorem for half range cosine series in the interval (0, 𝜋) is 𝜋 𝜋
𝟎 𝟎
∞ 𝝅
𝒂𝟎𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 To find 𝒂𝟎 :
+ ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝟐 = ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝜋 𝜋
𝟒 𝟐 𝝅 2 2
𝒏=𝟏 𝟎
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 2 4(−1)𝑛 𝜋 𝜋
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝜋) ; 𝑎0 = ; 𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑜
3 𝑛2 2 3 𝜋
𝜋
2 𝜋𝑥 𝑥 2 𝜋3 𝜋3 2 𝜋3
∞ = { − } = {[ − ]} = { }
1 4𝜋 4 1 16(−1)2𝑛 1 𝜋 2 3 0 𝜋 2 3 𝜋 6
. + ∑ = ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
4 9 2 𝑛4 𝜋
𝑛=1 0 𝝅𝟐
∞ 𝒂𝟎 =
𝜋4 1 1 𝑥5
𝜋 𝟑
+ 8 ∑ 4 = { } { ∵ (−𝟏)𝟐𝒏 = 𝟏} To find 𝒂𝒏
9 𝑛 𝜋 5 0
𝑛=1
𝜋 𝜋
∞ 𝟐 2
𝜋4 1 1 𝜋4 𝑎𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
+8∑ 4 = 𝜋 𝜋
9 𝑛 𝜋 5 0 𝑜
𝑛=1
∞ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋
1 𝜋4 𝜋4 4𝜋 4 = {[(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (𝜋 − 2𝑥) ( ) + (−2) ( )] }
8∑ 4 = − = 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝑛 5 9 45
𝑛=1
2 (−𝜋)(−1)𝑛 𝜋
∞ = {[0 + + 0] − [0 + 2 + 0]} [∵ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎; 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 ]
1 4𝜋 4 1 𝜋 𝑛 2 𝑛
∑ 4
= ×
𝑛 45 8 −2
𝑛=1
= {(−1)𝑛 + 1}
1 1 1 𝜋 4 𝑛2
∴ 4
+ 4 + 4 + ⋯….∞ = −𝟒
1 2 3 90 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝒂 𝒏 = { 𝒏𝟐
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
Example: 2 Expand (𝒙) = 𝝅𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝝅 as a Fourier cosine series and
𝟏 𝛑𝟒
Hence, (1) becomes
Hence find∑∞
𝟏 = . ∞
𝐧𝟒 𝟗𝟎
𝜋2 1
Solution:Given (𝑥) = 𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = −4 ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
6 𝑛2
𝑛=2,4,6….
The half-range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) is
DEDUCTION PART:[using Parseval’s identity]
The Parseval’sidentity for half range cosine series in the interval (0, 𝜋) is
∞ 𝝅
𝒂𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 Example: 3 Find the half range cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝝅 − 𝒙)𝟐 in 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝝅.
+ ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝟐 = ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝝅𝟒
𝟒 𝟐 𝝅 Hence find the sum of the series
𝟏
+
𝟏
+
𝟏
+ ⋯….∞ =
𝒏=𝟏 𝟎 𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝟒 𝟗𝟎
−𝟒 𝟐 Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝜋 − 𝑥) 2
𝝅 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝝅𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒊𝒏 (𝟎, 𝝅) ; 𝒂𝟎 = ; 𝒂 𝒏 = { 𝒏𝟐
𝟑 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 Half range cosine series is
𝜋 ∞
∞ 𝒂𝟎
1 𝜋4 1 16 1 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟐)
. + ∑ = ∫[𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]2 𝑑𝑥 − − −(𝟐) 𝟐
4 9 2 𝑛4 𝜋 𝒏=𝟏
𝑛=2,4,6… 0 𝝅 𝝅
𝜋 𝟐 𝟐
1 Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 &𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= ∫[𝜋 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝜋𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ] 𝑑𝑥 𝝅 𝝅
𝜋 𝟎 𝟎
0
𝜋 To find 𝒂𝟎 :
1 2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
= {𝜋 − 2𝜋 + } 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 3 4 5 0 2 2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝜋5 𝜋5 𝜋5 0 0
= { − + }
𝜋 3 2 5 2 (𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝜋3
𝒙𝟑
= [ ] {∵ ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = }
1 𝜋5 𝜋5 1 𝜋5 𝜋 −3 0 𝟑
= {− + } = { }
𝜋 6 5 𝜋 30 2 2
=− [(𝜋 − 𝑥)3 ]𝜋0 = − [0 − 𝜋 3 ]
∞ 3𝜋 3𝜋
1 𝜋4 1 16 𝜋4
∴ (𝟏)becomes . + ∑ = { } 𝟐𝝅𝟐
4 9 2 𝑛4 30 𝒂𝟎 =
𝑛=2,4,6…
𝟑
∞
1 16 𝜋 4 𝜋 4 To find 𝒂𝒏 :
∑ = −
2 𝑛4 30 36 𝜋
𝑛=2,4,6… 2
∞ 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 16 𝜋4 𝜋
{ ∵ 𝑛 is even, Replace 𝑛 = 2𝑛} 0
∑ 4
=
2 (2𝑛) 180 𝜋
𝑛=1 2
∞ = ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
16 1 𝜋4 𝜋
∑ 4= 0
32 𝑛 180
𝑛=1 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 − cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
∞ = {[(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) ( ) + 2(−1) ( )] }
1 𝜋4 𝜋4 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
∑ = × 2 =
𝑛4 180 90
𝑛=1 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= {[(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( 2 ) + 2 ( 3 )] }
2 1 2 2𝜋 Practice Problems
= {[0 + 0 + 0] − [0 − 2𝜋 ( 2 ) + 0]} = { 2 }
𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 1. Find the Fourier cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, show that
𝟒 ∞
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐 𝟏 𝛑𝟒
𝒏 ∑ =
∞ (𝟐𝐧 − 𝟏)𝟒 𝟗𝟔
𝜋2 1 𝟏
∴ (𝟏)becomes, 𝑓(𝑥) = + 4 ∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 −4
3 𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛=1 Ans:𝒂𝟎 = 𝝅 ; 𝑎𝑛 = {𝜋𝑛2
∞ 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2𝜋 2 4 𝜋2 1
We have 𝑎0 = ; 𝑎𝑛 = 2 ; also, 𝑓(𝑥) = + 4 ∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 2.Find the Fourier sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, show that
3 𝑛 3 𝑛
𝑛=1
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝛑𝟒
The Parseval’sidentity for half range cosine series in the interval (0, 𝜋) is 𝟐
+ 𝟐 + 𝟐 + ⋯………… =
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
∞ 𝝅
𝒂𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 3.Find the half range sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝑙).Hence prove that
+ ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝟐 = ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟐 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝛑𝟒
𝒏=𝟏 𝟎
+ + + ⋯ … … … … =
2 ∞ 𝜋 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟔
1 2𝜋 2 1 4 2 1
( ) + ∑ ( 2 ) = ∫[(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ]2 𝑑𝑥
4 3 2 𝑛 𝜋 HARMONIC ANALYSIS
𝑛=1 0
𝜋
1 4𝜋 4 1 16 1
∞ Consider a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with period 2𝑙 or 2𝜋. Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is not
( ) + ∑ 4 = ∫(𝜋 − 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
4 9 2 𝑛 𝜋 given explicitly. In such a case, The Fourier coefficients𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are not
𝑛=1 0
∞ 𝜋 obtained directly. They can be found only approximately by numerical methods.
𝜋4 1 1 (𝜋 − 𝑥)5 1 1
+8∑ 4 = { } =− {(𝜋 − 𝑥)5 }𝜋0 = − {0 − 𝜋 5 } Assume that the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is tabulated for equally spaced values of 𝑥 in
9 𝑛 𝜋 −5 0
5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑛=1
the interval (0,2𝑙) or (0.2𝜋). From this table values of 𝑥and 𝑦, we can find the
∞
𝜋4 1 𝜋4 constants 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 .
⇒ +8∑ 4 =
9 𝑛 5
𝑛=1
∞ FORMULAS
1 𝜋 4 𝜋 4 4𝜋 4
⇒ 8∑ = − =
𝑛 4 5 9 45 1. If the range (0,2𝑙) is divided into ‘𝑛’ equal sub-intervals, then the Fourier
𝑛=1
∞ series of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by
1 4𝜋 4 𝜋4
⇒∑ 4= = 𝒂𝟎
∞
𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑛 45 × 8 90
𝑛=1 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ (𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 )
∞
𝟐 𝒍 𝒍
𝒏=𝟏
1 1 1 1 𝜋4
∴ ∑ 4 = 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯….∞ = 𝟐 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑛 1 2 3 90 Where, 𝒂𝟎 = ∑ 𝒚, 𝒂𝒏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 & 𝒃𝒏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝑛=1 𝒏 𝒏 𝒍 𝒏 𝒍
2. If the range (0,2𝜋) is divided into ‘𝑛’ equal sub-intervals, then the Fourier Since the last value of 𝑦 is repetition of the first, only the first six values will be
series of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by used,here𝑛 = 6
∞
𝒂𝟎 We know that the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval (0,2𝜋) is
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑(𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙) ∞ ∞
𝟐 𝑎0
𝒏=𝟏
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 2
𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞, 𝒂𝟎 = ∑ 𝒚 , 𝒂𝒏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 & 𝒃𝒏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝑎0
= + 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 − − −(𝟏)
∞ 2
𝒂𝟎
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 ∶ 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑(𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒃𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙)
𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝒏=𝟏
𝒂𝟎
= + (𝒂𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) + (𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙) + ⋯
𝟐 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 0
The term (𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥) is called the fundamental harmonic or first
𝝅⁄ 1.4 0.7 −0.7 1.212 1.212
harmonic, the term (𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥)is called the second harmonic and so 𝟑
on.
𝟐𝝅⁄ 1.9 −0.95 −0.95 1.645 −1.645
𝟑
Harmonic analysis
𝝅 1.7 −1.7 1.7 0 0
The process of finding the Fourier series for a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) from the
tabulated values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 at equal intervals of 𝑥 is called harmonic analysis. 𝟒𝝅⁄ 1.5 −0.75 −0.75 −1.299 1.299
𝟑
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES UNDER HARMONIC ANALYSIS 𝟓𝝅⁄ 1.2 0.6 −0.6 −1.039 −1.039
𝟑
Example: 1 Compute the first two harmonic of the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) given by
the following table. ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Total ∑ 𝑦 = 8.7
𝝅⁄ 𝟐𝝅⁄ 𝟒𝝅⁄ 𝟓𝝅⁄ = −1.1 = −0.3 = 0.519 = −0.173
𝒙 0 𝟑 𝟑 𝝅 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝝅
To find 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒃𝟏 &𝒃𝟐 first. We know that
𝒚 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
𝟐 2
𝒂𝟎 = ∑ 𝒚 = (8.7) = 2.9 ∵ 𝒏 = 𝟔
𝒏 6
Find also the constant term. 𝟐 2
𝒂𝟏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = (−1.1) = −0.367
Solution: 𝒏 6
Here, the length of the interval is 2𝜋 𝟐 2
𝒂𝟐 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 = (−0.3) = −0.10
𝒏 6
𝟐 2
𝒃𝟏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = (0.519) = 0.173 𝒙 𝒚 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝒏 6
𝟐 2
𝒃𝟐 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 = (−0.173) = −0.058 𝟎° 40.0 40.000 40.000 0 0
𝒏 6
Hence (1) becomes,
𝟔𝟎° 31.0 15.500 −15.500 26.847 26.847
2.9
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = − 0.367𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 0.1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 + 0.173 sin 𝑥 − 0.058𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
2
𝟏𝟐𝟎° −13.7 6.850 6.850 −11.865 11.865
= 1.45 + (−0.367𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 0.173 sin 𝑥) + (−0.1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 − 0.058𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
isthe required Fourier series up to two harmonic. 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 20.0 −20.000 20.000 0 0
Also constant term 𝑎0 = 2.9
𝟐𝟒𝟎° 3.7 −1.850 −1.850 −3.204 3.204
Example: 2 Find the Fourier series up to two harmonic for 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) in (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅)in
the following data. 𝟑𝟎𝟎° −21.0 −10.500 10.500 18.187 18.187
𝒙 0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 300° 360° ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Total ∑ 𝑦 = 60
= 30 = 60 = 29.965 = 60.103
𝒚 40.0 31.0 -13.7 20.0 3.7 -21.0 40.0
We know that
Solution: 𝟐 2
𝒂𝟎 = ∑ 𝒚 = (60) = 20 ∵ 𝒏 = 𝟔
Here, the length of the interval is 360° or 2𝜋,also 𝑛 = 6 𝒏 6
Since the last value of 𝑦 is repetition of the first, only the first six values will be 𝟐 2
𝒂𝟏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = (30) = 10
𝒏 6
used.
𝟐 2
We know that the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval (0,2𝜋) is 𝒂𝟐 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 = (60) = 20
𝒏 6
∞ ∞
𝑎0 𝟐 2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝒃𝟏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = (29.965) = 9.988
2 𝒏 6
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝟐 2
𝑎0 𝒃𝟐 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 = (60.103) = 20.034
= + 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 − − −(𝟏) 𝒏 6
2
To compute 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒃𝟏 &𝒃𝟐 first, let us form the following tables values of 𝑥 Hence (1) becomes
and 𝑦 20
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 + 9.988 sin 𝑥 + 20.034 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
2
= 10 + (10𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 9.988 sin 𝑥) + (20 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 + 20.034 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝟒 26 −13 −13 −22.516 −22.516
𝟓 20 10 −10 −17.32 −17.32
∑𝑦 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

Total
= 125 = −25 = −7 = −3.464 =0
Example: 3 Compute the first two harmonic of the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) given by
the following table. We know that
𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 𝟐 2
𝒂𝟎 = ∑ 𝒚 = (125) = 41.667 ∵ 𝒏 = 𝟔
𝒏 6
𝒚 9 18 24 28 26 20 𝟐 2
𝒂𝟏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = (−25) = −8.333
𝒏 6
Solution:Here, the length of the interval is 2𝑙 = 6 ⇒ 𝑙 = 3, Also 𝑛 = 6
𝟐 2
We know that the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval (0,2𝑙) is 𝒂𝟐 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 = (−7) = −2.333
𝒏 6
∞ ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝟐 2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝒃𝟏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = (−3.464) = −1.155
2 𝑙 𝑙 𝒏 6
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝟐 2
Put 𝑙 = 3 in the above, we get 𝒃𝟐 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 = (0) = 0
𝒏 6
∞ ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 Hence (1) becomes
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 3 3 41.667
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + (−8.333𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 1.155𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (−2.338𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 0)
𝑎0 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 2
= + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) − − −(𝟏) isthe required Fourier series up to two harmonic.
2 3 3 3 3
To compute 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒃𝟏 & 𝒃𝟐 first, let us form the following tables of values.
Example: 4 Find the Fourier series up to two harmonic for the following data.
𝒙 𝒚 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝅𝒙⁄𝟑) 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅𝒙⁄𝟑) 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝅𝒙⁄𝟑) 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝒙⁄𝟑) 𝑇⁄ 𝑇⁄ 𝑇⁄
𝒙 0 2𝑇⁄ 5𝑇⁄ 𝑇
6 3 2 3 6
𝟎 9 9 9 0 0
𝒇(𝒙) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98
𝟏 18 9 −9 15.588 15.588
𝟐 24 −12 −12 20.784 −20.784 Solution:Here, the length of the interval is 2𝑙 = 𝑇 ⇒ 𝒍 = 𝑻/𝟐, Also 𝑛 = 6. Since
𝟑 28 28 28 0 0 the last value of 𝑦 is repetition of the first, only the first six values will be used.
We know that the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval (0,2𝑙) is ∑𝑦 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
∞ ∞ Total
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 4.6 = 1.12 = 2.670 = 3.014 = −0.328
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
Put 𝑙 = 𝑇/2 in the above, we get We know that

∞ ∞ 𝟐 2
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝒂𝟎 = ∑ 𝒚 = (4.6) = 1.5 {∵ 𝒏 = 𝟔}
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑇 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑇 𝒏 6
2
𝑛=1 2 𝑛=1 2 𝟐 2
𝒂𝟏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = (1.12) = 0.37
𝒏 6
∞ ∞ 𝟐 2
𝑎0 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝒂𝟐 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 = (2.67) = 0.890
= + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝒏 6
2 𝑇 𝑇
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝑎0 2𝜋𝑥 4𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 4𝜋𝑥 𝟐 2
= + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝒃𝟏 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = (3.014) = 1.005
2 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝒏 6
𝑎0 𝟐 2
= + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − − −(𝟏) 𝒃𝟐 = ∑ 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽 = (−0.328) = −0.109
2 𝒏 6
𝟐𝝅𝒙
Here𝜽 = Hence (1) becomes
𝑻
To compute 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒃𝟏 &𝒃𝟐 first, let us form the following tables of values. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.75 + (0.37𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 1.005𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (0.890𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 0.109𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝟐𝝅𝒙 isthe required Fourier series up to two harmonic.
𝒙 𝜽= 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
𝑻
Practice Problems
0 0 1.98 1.980 1.980 0 0
1. Find the Fourier series up to second harmonic representing the function given
𝑻⁄ 𝝅⁄ 1.30 0.650 −0.650 1.126 1.126 by the following table.
𝟔 𝟑
𝒙 0 𝜋⁄ 2𝜋⁄ 𝜋 4𝜋⁄ 5𝜋⁄ 2𝜋
𝑻⁄ 𝟐𝝅⁄ 3 3 3 3
𝟑 𝟑 1.05 −0.525 −0.525 0.909 0.909
𝒚 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.8
𝑻⁄ 𝝅 1.30 −1.3 1.3 0 0
𝟐
Ans :𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟓; 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏; 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟎 ; 𝒃𝟏 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟗; 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟐𝑻⁄ 𝟒𝝅⁄ −0.88 0.44 0.44 0.762 0.762
𝟑 𝟑 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 + (𝟎. 𝟏)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 +…
𝟓𝑻⁄ 𝟓𝝅⁄ 2. Compute the first two harmonic of the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥)
𝟔 𝟑 −0.25 −0.125 0.125 0.217 0.217
𝒙 0 𝜋⁄ 2𝜋⁄ 𝜋 4𝜋⁄ 5𝜋⁄ 2𝜋
3 3 3 3
𝒚 1.80 0.30 0.50 2.16 1.30 1.76 1.80 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example: 1 Find the complex form of the Fourier series of 𝒆𝒂𝒙 , where ′𝒂′ is a
Ans :𝒂𝟎 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟎𝟕; 𝒂𝟏 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕; 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟕 ; 𝒃𝟏 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟑; 𝒃𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
constant in −𝒍 < 𝑥 < 𝑙.
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙−. 𝟏𝟗𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 +… Solution:Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
3. Expand the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in the form of a Fourier series up to second The complex form of Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 is given by
∞
harmonic from the following values of x and y. 𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒄𝒏 𝒆 𝒍 − − −(𝟏)
𝒙 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 𝒏=−∞
𝒍
𝒚 9.0 18.2 24.4 27.8 27.5 22.0 9.0 𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙
where, 𝒄𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆− 𝒍 𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝒍
−𝒍
Ans.𝒂𝟎 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟔; 𝒂𝟏 = −𝟖. 𝟐𝟐; 𝒂𝟐 = −𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 ; 𝒃𝟏 = −𝟏. 𝟗𝟗; 𝒃𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟑
To find 𝒄𝒏 :
𝑙
COMPLEX FORM OF FOURIER SERIES 1 𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑐𝑛 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑙 𝑑𝑥
1. The complex form of Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (−𝒍, 𝒍) is 2𝑙
−𝑙
∞ 𝑙
𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙
1 𝑖𝑛𝜋
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒄𝒏 𝒆 𝒍 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝒄𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆− 𝒍 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑒 (𝑎− 𝑙 )𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒍 −𝒍 2𝑙
𝒏=−∞
−𝑙
𝑙
2. The complex form of Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (𝟎, 𝟐𝒍) is 1 𝑎𝑙−𝑖𝑛𝜋
= ∫ 𝑒 ( 𝑙 )𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ 2𝑙
𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟏 𝟐𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙 −𝑙
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒄𝒏 𝒆 𝒍 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝒄𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆− 𝒍 𝒅𝒙 𝑎𝑙−𝑖𝑛𝜋
𝟐𝒍 𝟎
𝒏=−∞ 1 𝑒 ( 𝑙 )𝑥 𝑙
= { 𝑎𝑙−𝑖𝑛𝜋 }
2𝑙 ( ) −𝑙
𝑙
3. The complex form of Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (−𝝅, 𝝅) is given by
𝑙
∞
𝟏 𝝅 = [𝑒 (𝑎𝑙−𝑖𝑛𝜋) − 𝑒 −(𝑎𝑙−𝑖𝑛𝜋) ]
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒄𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝒄𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2𝑙(𝑎𝑙 − 𝑖𝑛𝜋)
𝟐𝝅 −𝝅 1
𝒏=−∞ = [𝑒 𝑎𝑙 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑙 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜋 ]
2(𝑎𝑙−𝑖𝑛𝜋)
(−1)𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑙 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑙 ∵ 𝒆𝒊𝒏𝝅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 + 𝒊𝟎 = (−𝟏)𝒏

4. The complex form of Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (0,2𝜋) is given by = [ ] ∵ 𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝝅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 − 𝒊𝟎 = (−𝟏)𝒏
∞ (𝑎𝑙 − 𝑖𝑛𝜋) 2
𝟏 𝟐𝝅
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒄𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝒄𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (−1)𝑛 𝒆𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒂𝒙
𝟐𝝅 𝟎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑙 {∵ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒙 = }
𝒏=−∞ (𝑎𝑙 − 𝑖𝑛𝜋) 𝟐
(𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝜋) 1 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑖𝑛)𝜋 𝑒 −(𝑎−𝑖𝑛)𝜋
= (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑙 = { − }
(𝑎𝑙 − 𝑖𝑛𝜋)(𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝜋) 2𝜋 (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛) (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛)
(𝒂𝒍 − 𝒊𝒏𝝅) 1 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 . 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 . 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜋
𝒄𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒍 = { − }
𝒂 𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 + 𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 2𝜋 (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛) (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛)
Hence (1) becomes
1 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 . (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋) 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 . (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋)
∞ = { − }
(𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝜋) 𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝜋 (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛) (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛)
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ (−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑙 𝑒 𝑙
𝑎2 𝑙 2 +𝑛2 𝜋 2 1 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 . (−1)𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 . (−1)𝑛
𝑛=−∞
= { − } {∵ 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽; 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 }
∞
(𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝜋) 𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝜋 (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛) (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑙 ∑ (−1)𝑛 𝑒 𝑙 (−1)𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
𝑎2 𝑙 2 +𝑛2 𝜋 2 = { } {∵ 𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝝅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 − 𝒊𝟎 = (−𝟏)𝒏 }
𝑛=−∞
𝜋(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛) 2
(−1)𝑛 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋 {∵ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙 = }
𝜋(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛) 𝟐
Example: 2 Find the complex form of the Fourier series of𝒆𝒂𝒙 , where 𝒂 is a
constant in −𝝅 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
(−1)𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑛)
Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 in −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋
𝜋(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛)(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑛)
The complex form of Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (−𝝅, 𝝅) is given by (−𝟏)𝒏 (𝒂 + 𝒊𝒏)
∞ 𝒄𝒏 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝝅
𝝅(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 )
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒄𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏)
Hence (1) becomes
𝒏=−∞
𝝅 ∞
𝟏 (−1)𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑛)
where, 𝒄𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝟐𝝅 −𝝅 𝜋(𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛=−∞
To find 𝒄𝒏 : ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋 (−1)𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑛)
1 𝜋
= ∑ ( ) 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 (𝑎2 + 𝑛2 )
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝑛=−∞
1 𝜋 𝑎𝑥 −𝑖𝑛𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 Example: 3 Find the complex form of the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒙 in
2𝜋 −𝜋
−𝝅 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, where ‘a’ is not an integer.
1 𝜋 (𝑎−𝑖𝑛)𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 in −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
2𝜋 −𝜋
𝜋 The complex form of Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in (−𝝅, 𝝅) is given by
1 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑖𝑛)𝑥
= { } ∞
2𝜋 (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑛) −𝜋
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑ 𝒄𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏)
𝒏=−∞
𝟏 𝝅
where, 𝒄𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝝅 −𝝅 Practice problems
To find 𝒄𝒏 : 1. Find the complex form of the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 ; −1 < 𝑥 < 1
𝟏−𝒊𝒏𝝅
1 𝜋 Ans: 𝒄𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟏
𝑐𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟏+𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐
2𝜋 −𝜋
2. Find the complex form of the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 ; −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝜋
1
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (−𝟏)𝒏 (𝟏 + 𝒊𝒏)
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝐀𝐧𝐬 ∶ 𝒄𝒏 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝝅
𝝅(𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 )
𝜋
1 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑥 3. Find the complex form of Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋,
= { [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥]}
2𝜋 (𝑖𝑛)2 + 𝑎2 −𝜋 where ‘𝑎’ is not an integer.
𝒆𝒂𝒙
{∵ ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 [𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙]} (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒌𝝅
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐 𝐀𝐧𝐬 ∶ 𝒄𝒏 =
𝝅(𝒌𝟐 − 𝒏𝟐 )
Here 𝒂 = −𝒊𝒏 &𝒃 = 𝒂
PART-A APRIL/MAY 2017
−𝑖𝑛𝜋 𝑖𝑛𝜋 1. State the sufficient condition for a function 𝑓(𝑥) to be expressed as a Fourier series.
1 𝑒 𝑒
= { 2 [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋] − 2 [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝑎𝜋) + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑎𝜋)]} 𝜋2
2𝜋 𝑎 − 𝑛 2 𝑎 − 𝑛2 2. If the Fourier series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 , in the interval (−𝜋, 𝜋) is +
3
∑∞ 𝑛 4 2 1 1
1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 𝑛=0(−1) [𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −
𝑛2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥] ,then find the value of the infinite series
12
+
22
+
= { [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋] − 2 [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝑎𝜋) + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝑎𝜋)]}
2𝜋 𝑎2 − 𝑛2 𝑎 − 𝑛2 … … ….
{∵ 𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝝅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 + 𝟎} PART-B

1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 (a) (i) Find the Fourier series of period 2𝜋 for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 in 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋
= { [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋] − 2 [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 − 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋]}
2𝜋 𝑎2 − 𝑛2 𝑎 − 𝑛2 (ii) Find the Fourier series expansion of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) up to second harmonic from the
following data:
1 (−1)𝑛
= { [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 + 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋]} 𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5
2𝜋 𝑎2 − 𝑛2
𝑓(𝑥) 9 18 24 28 26 20
{∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(−𝜽) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 & 𝐬𝐢𝐧(−𝜽) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽}
1 (−1)𝑛 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
=
2𝜋 𝑎2 − 𝑛2 (b )(i) Find the half range cosine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 1
𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝝅 (−𝟏)𝒏 2 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 1 < 𝑥 < 2
𝒄𝒏 =
𝝅 𝒂 𝟐 − 𝒏𝟐 (ii) Find complex form of the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 , (−𝑙, 𝑙)
Hence (1) becomes
PART-A NOV/DEC 2016
∞ ∞
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 (−1)𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 (−1)𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑥 1. State the Dirichlet’s conditions for a function 𝑓(𝑥) to be expanded as a Fourier series.
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑒 = ∑ 𝑒 2. Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = 1, 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝜋) as a Half-range sine series.
𝜋 𝑎 2 − 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑎 2 − 𝑛2
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ PART-B
a) (i) Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 as a Fourier series in the interval (−𝜋, 𝜋) and hence deduce (b )(i) Find the half range cosine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋. Hence ,find the
1 1 1
1 1 1 𝜋4 sum of series 4 + 4 + 4 + ⋯ …
that + + + ……….= 1 2 3
14 24 34 90 (ii) Determine the first two harmonics of Fourier series for the follwing data .
(ii) Obtain the constant term and the coefficient of the first sine and cosine terms in x 0 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
3 3 3 3
the Fourier expansion of 𝑦 as given in the following table:
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 f(x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 - 0.88 - 0.25
𝑓(𝑥) 9 18 24 28 26 20
(b )(i) Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 , (−𝜋, 𝜋)as a complex form of Fourier series
𝑥 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 1 PART-A MAY/JUNE 2015
(ii) Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = { , as a series of cosine in the interval (0,2)
2 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 1 < 𝑥 < 2 1. The instantaneous of the function ,I, at time t of an alternating current wave is given
PART-A MAY/JUNE 2016
by 𝑖 = 𝐼1 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼1 ) + 𝐼3 sin(3𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼3 ) + 𝐼5 sin(5𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼5 )+… Find the effective
0 𝑖𝑛 (−𝑐, 0) value of the current ‘I’.
3. Find the value of Fourier series 𝑓(𝑥) = { at the point of discontinuity 𝑥 =
1 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝑐) 2. If the Fourier series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 with period 2𝜋 is given by
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − + − +….) then find the sum of the series 1- + +
𝑥 + 𝜋 𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 0) 2 3 4 3 5
4. Find the value of 𝑏𝑛 in the Fourier series expansion 𝑓(𝑥) = { 1
−𝑥 + 𝜋 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝜋) + ….
7
PART-B
(a)(i) Find the Fourier series 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 in− 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 PART-B
(ii) Find the Fourier series expansion of𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| in− 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 𝑥 0<𝑥<
𝜋
2
(a) (i) Find the half range sine series of f(x) = { 𝜋 . Hence deduce the sum
(b )(i) Find the half range sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (0,1). 𝜋−𝑥, <𝑥 <𝜋
2
(ii) Find the Fourier cosine series up to third harmonic to represent the function 1
of the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 .
given by the following data: (2𝑛−1)2
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 (ii) Find the complex form of the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑖𝑛 − 1 < 𝑥 < 1.
𝑓(𝑥) 4 8 15 7 6 2
(b) (i) Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| in −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 of periodicity 2𝜋.
PART-A NOV/DEC 2015 (ii) Compute upto the first three harmonic of the fourier series of f(x) given by the
1.Find the root mean square value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑙 − 𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙. following table.
2.Find the sine series function f(x) = 1 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋. x 0 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 2𝜋
PART-B 3 3 3 3
(a)(i) Find the Fourier series expansion the following periodic function of period for y 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
2+𝑥 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 1 1 1 𝜋2
𝑓(𝑥) = { Hence deduce that 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … = .
2−𝑥 0< 𝑥 ≤ 2 1 3 5 8
𝑎𝑥
(ii) Find the complex form of Fourier series 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 in the interval (-𝜋, 𝜋) where
(−1)𝑛 𝜋
PART-A NOV/DEC 2014
a is a real constant.Hence deduce that ∑∞−∞ 2 2 = 𝑎 +𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋 1. State the sufficient conditions for existence of Fourier series.
𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 1 2. Find the half range sine series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 in (0,2)
2. If (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 = + 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋,then deduce the value of ∑∞
𝑛=1
3 𝑛2 𝑛2
PART-B
PART-B
1, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
a) (i) Find the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛 − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋. Hence deduce the value of a) (i) Find the Fourier series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2 , 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋
1
∑∞
𝑛=1 −𝑥 + 1 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑛2 (ii) Find the Fourier series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 + 1, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
(ii) Find the half range cosine series expansion of (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 1
b) (i) Find the half range sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 in (0, 𝑙)
b) (i) Compute the first two harmonics of the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) from the table
(ii) Find the first two harmonies of the Fourier series expansion for the data
given.
𝑥 0 𝜋/3 2𝜋/3 𝜋 4𝜋/3 5𝜋/3 2𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋/3 2𝜋/3 𝜋 4𝜋/3 5𝜋/3 2𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
𝑓(𝑥) 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
(ii) Obtain the Fourier cosine series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 4. Hence
1 1 1
deduce the value of + + + … … … . 𝑡𝑜 ∞ PART-A MAY/JUN 2013
14 34 54
1. State the Dirichlet’s conditions for the Fourier series.
PART-A MAY/JUNE 2014 2. What is meant by Harmonic Analysis?
1. State the conditions for 𝑓(𝑥) to be expanded as a Fourier series in a given integral. PART-B
2. Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 as a half range sine series in the interval (0, 𝜋) b) (i)Find the Fourier series of 𝑥 2 in (−𝜋, 𝜋) and deduce that
PART-B 1 1 1 𝜋4
4
+ 4 + 4 + ……….=
2𝑥 1 2 3 90
1+ , −𝜋 <𝑥 <0
𝜋
(a) (i) Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2𝑥 as a full range Fourier series in the 𝑘𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙⁄2
1− , 0<𝑥<𝜋 (ii) Obtain the Fourier cosine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜋
𝑘(𝑙 − 𝑥) , 𝑙⁄2 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
interval (−𝜋, 𝜋). Hence deduce that + + +⋯∞ =
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟖 c) (i) Find the complex form of Fourier series of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥in (−𝜋, 𝜋), where ′𝑎′ is not an
(ii) Find the half range sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 𝑥2 in the interval (0,4). Hence integer.
1 1 1 1
deduce the value of the series
13
−
33
+
53
−
73
+ ⋯∞ (ii) Obtain the Fourier cosine series of (𝑥 − 1)2 in 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and hence show
1 1 1 𝜋2
b) (i) Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 as a complex form of Fourier series in (−𝜋, 𝜋) that 2 + + + ……… = .
1 22 32 6
(ii) Compute the first three harmonics of the Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) from the table.
𝑥 0 𝜋/3 2𝜋/3 𝜋 4𝜋/3 5𝜋/3 2𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
PART-A NOV/DEC 2013

1. Find the value of 𝑎0 in the Fourier series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 in (0,2𝜋)

Module - 2 Fourier Series

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Module - 2 Fourier Series

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MODULE II FOURIER SERIES

Also 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, |𝑥|, |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|, |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 4 , …,

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 is an odd function. 𝟏 𝟐𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙

Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = 2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Fourier series in (−𝒍, 𝒍 )

Hence, the required Fourier series is 𝟐𝒍

The Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) in 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 is given by 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 To find 𝒂𝟎 :

2 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑥, 0<𝑥<1

16 Solution:Let𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥, −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙

Fourier series in (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅 )

𝟒𝒍 Case: 1Fourier series of Even Function in (−𝝅, 𝝅 )

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES UNDER(𝟎, 𝟐𝝅) 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋

𝟒 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 − − −(𝟏)

Dr.A.Manickam ,Assistant Prof of Mathematicss,(SASL) VIT BHOPAL

2 2 2 𝑙 𝟑 = {[(𝑥) ( ) (sin ) + ( 2 2 ) (cos )]

∴(𝟏)becomes, = {[−(𝑥) ( ) (cos ) + ( 2 2 ) (sin )]

𝟖𝒍 𝟐 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 − cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋

Hence, (1) becomes

To find 𝒂𝟎 : Deduction Part

Hence, (1) becomes

𝟓 20 10 −10 −17.32 −17.32

∑𝑦 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

Put 𝑙 = 𝑇/2 in the above, we get We know that

(−1)𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑙 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑙 ∵ 𝒆𝒊𝒏𝝅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 + 𝒊𝟎 = (−𝟏)𝒏

{∵ 𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝝅 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 + 𝟎} PART-B

𝑓(𝑥) 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0

PART-A NOV/DEC 2013

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