UNIT 3

Electrical Services & Mechanical Services in Buildings: Project Procedure:

● Understanding project requirements
● Contracts
● Conceptual planning, Designing
● Project Planning
● Budgeting, costing and Estimation
● Project Execution
● Testing and commissioning
● Billings
● Project Closure

Why study electrical services?

It's hard to imagine society today without the 3 main branches of Electrical
Engineering:
● Telecommunications
● Power & Lighting
● Computer Engineering
Electricity powers our world. For example, just as blood pumps in our veins, we need
electrical power flow.

What is Electricity?
● Electricity is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena
resulting from the presence & flow of electric charge.
● The first use of electric supply to homes was established in 1882 by Thomas
Edison.

Introduction to Electrical services:

● Have you paid attention to the appliances in your day-to-day life?
● What type of lighting do you have at your place?
● Where does the power come from? For example, where does a fan get its
power from?
● What happens behind the scenes?
● Types of sources:
○ Thermal (Fossil fuels, coal, diesel)
○ Hydro (Water sources)
○ Nuclear (Power sources)
○ Renewable (Wind turbines, solar panels)
○ Sources of electricity generation:
 ○ RES: comprises biomass power, small hydro projects, biomass gasifiers,
solar, and wind energy.

Where does Maharashtra get electricity from?

● Mahavitaran or Mahadiscom or MSEDCL (Maharashtra State Electricity
Distribution Company Limited) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the
Maharashtra State Electricity Board.
● It is the largest electricity distribution utility in India.
● MSEDCL distributes electricity to the entire state of Maharashtra except for
some parts of Mumbai city where Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and
Transport, Tata Power, and Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited are electricity
distributors.
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Task:
List down Thermal power plants in Maharashtra.
List down Hydro power plants in Maharashtra.
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What is voltage?
● Voltage, also known as electric pressure, is calculated as Energy / charge.
● Batteries are sources of voltage in many electric circuits.
Power Generation and Transmission:
● Phase 1: Generation - Power stations located far away.
● Phase 2: Transmission - Power station generates electricity at lower voltages
with no losses.
● Phase 3: Distribution - Power is carried by distribution lines through
distribution poles.

Indian Context - Distribution of voltages:

● Voltages: 440V, 11KV, 33KV, 66KV
● Generation: Up to 440KV
● Transmission voltages: 33KV, 66KV, 220KV, 440KV
 ● Distribution voltages: 400/230V to 33KV
● Red wire: High tension, step up from generation voltages
● Substation - Step down - distribution voltages

Transmission voltages:
● Transmission voltages are defined as any line with voltage greater than 39,000
volts or 39 kV.

Substations - Step up the voltage or step down:

● They include transformers. Voltage needs to be stepped down as power
cannot be delivered.

Power Generation and Transmission:

● Power Generation systems combine potential or stored energy converters
providing kinetic energy, which creates electric power for lighting, heating,
and other modern conveniences.
● Electrical power transmission involves the bulk movement of electrical energy
from a generation site (e.g., a power plant) to an electrical substation, where
voltage is transformed & distributed to consumers and other substations.
● The current is sent through transformers to increase the voltage to push the
power over long distances.
● Electrical charge flows through high-voltage transmission lines.
 ● Residential buildings receive 120/240V depending on their distance from the
grid station.

Entry in buildings:
● In urban areas, electrical cables are usually underground and brought up to
the entry point at ground level or basement level.
● These cables terminate in a distribution board at the first convenient position.

Short Circuit:
● When part of a wire carrying current touches another wire or part of the
circuit, giving electricity a path of less resistance, it is said to have
short-circuited.
● Example: A wire with faulty insulation becomes exposed and touches metal,
allowing current to flow easily and potentially causing a shock.
● Less resistance implies more heat, which can cause a fire.

Ground Wire/Earthing Wire:

● The process of transferring the immediate discharge of electrical energy
directly to the earth by the help of the low resistance wire is known as
electrical earthing.
● Electrical earthing is done by connecting the non-current carrying part of the
equipment or neutral of the supply system to the ground.
● Galvanized iron is mostly used for earthing.
● The earthing provides a simple path for the leakage current.
● The short-circuit current of the equipment passes to the earth, which has zero
potential, thus protecting the system and equipment from damage.

Distribution Board:
● The Distribution Board (also known as Panel Board) is a component of the
Electricity supply system that divides an electric power feed into subsidiary
circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a
common enclosure.
 ● The distribution box is fitted with a seal box to prevent moisture from entering
the insulation of the service cable.
● The position chosen for the distribution board should be readily accessible
both for meter reading and for replacing fuses.
● In some cases, a special glass casing is provided so that the meter can be read
without entering the premises.

Basic Wiring System in a Building:

● Wiring in the building either runs on the surface or is concealed in the
construction.
● Surface wiring is cheaper but its appearance limits its use.

Electric Fuses and Switches:

● Every sub-circuit originating from the distribution fuse board is generally
limited to a total load of 1000 W & requires 5A fuses & switches.
● In large buildings, 15A fuses and wiring are sometimes used due to the higher
total load on the circuit.
Number of Socket Outlets for a Small House:
● Dining room: 2
● Living area: 5
● Double bedroom: 3
● Single bedroom: 2
● Kitchen: 4
● Hall: 1
● Landing: 1
● Garage: 1

Different Types of Electrical Wiring Systems:

● Cleat wiring
● Wooden casing & capping wiring
● CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring
● Lead sheathed or metal-sheathed wiring
● Conduit wiring
There are additional types of conduit wiring according to pipes installation
(Where steel & PVC pipes are used for wiring connections and installation):
● Surface or Open conduit type
● Recessed or concealed or underground type conduit

Cleat wiring
Cable Tyre Sheathed or PolyVinylChloride sheathed wiring-(TRS-Tip Ring Sleeve
cable)

Wooden casing & capping wiring

● Surface/Open conduit type
 ● Recessed or concealed or underground type conduit

Types of Conduit

Advantages of Conduit Wiring:

Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring:

Classification of Distribution System:

● According to the Type of current:
○ A.C Distribution system
○ D.C Distribution system
● According to the type of construction:
○ Overhead distribution system
○ Underground distribution system
● According to the number of wires:
○ Two-wire D.C system
○ Three-wire D.C system
○ Single-phase two-wire A.C System
○ Three-phase three-wire A.C System
○ Three-phase four-wire A.C System
● According to the feeder connections
○ Radial distribution system
■ Drawbacks:
● In case of feeder failure, the consumers in the radial
electricity will fail.
● Transformer failure.
○ Parallel feeder system:
■ Majorly used today
■ Feeders coming out from substations
■ In the event of a line fault, only one set of cable will be affected.
■ Advantages in terms of the electrical power system

○ Ring main distribution system

■ One of the ring distribution systems is fed by more than one
feeder.
■ If any fault occurs on any section of the ring, this section can
easily be isolated by opening the associated section isolators on
both sides of the faulty zone transformer directly.
 ○ Interconnected distribution system
■ When a ring main feeder is energized by two or more substations
or generating stations, it is called an interconnected distribution
system.

Components of the Distribution System:

● Distribution Substations: These are located at the top of the distribution
system.
● Feeders: These carry stepped-down voltages from the substation to
distribution transformers.
● Distribution Transformation: This provides the final transformation in electric
power distribution.
● Distributor Conductors: These carry the output from the distribution
transformer.
● Service Main Conductors: These are small cables that connect the distributor
conductor at the nearest pole.
Common Electrical Symbols:
● Intermediate switches are used for when there are three switches (or more)
controlling one light.
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Draw a Line plan of your residence & mark all the electric symbols appropriately.
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Not Covered:
Systems of wiring Plumbing & AirConditioning, Air Distribution system, Cleaners