CHAPTER 2

Related Literature

In many countries, a mosquito bite is more than just an annoyance. From the malaria parasite transmitted by

the Anopheles species to the viruses that cause yellow fever and dengue, mosquitoes are responsible for the

transmission of many of our greatest killers. Even if you live somewhere where a bite carries no risk of

disease, the high-pitched whine of a mosquito is an unwelcome noise. Mosquitoes are one of the planet’s

deadliest animals. Hundreds of thousands of people die each year from such mosquito-borne illnesses as

malaria, dengue, West Nile virus and yellow fever, most of them children. Another 200 million are infected

and suffer the symptoms. Natural essential oils extracted from the peel of a citrus fruit could be an effective

new eco-friendly alternative in mosquito control programs. Also, Chromolaena Odorata an insect repellent

plant exhibited mosquito larvicidal activity. Active compounds responsible for larvicidal activity were

identified as hexacosanol and stigmasterol.

International Sources

Ollitrault et al. (2020) Distributed and cultivated throughout Southeast Asia and East Indian Archipelago the

C. maxima, otherwise known as pomelo presents distinctive characteristics compared with another Citrus

species. In addition, the biggest fruits, thick peels and huge pulp vesicles are found in C. maxima when

compared to other Citrus fruits.

(NU Visakh · 2022 ·) — The essential oils are also an eco-friendly option for insect pest management. The

Citrus maxima peel essential oil (CMEO), a waste product.

Solidum (2019) Shows the medicinal properties of C, mazina. The Materials and Methods: Total flavonoids

were determined using the aluminum chloride method, Vitamin C was evaluated using the thiourea and 2.4,

dinitrophenylhydrazine method, and carotenoid content of the extract was calculated using a 95 percent

ethanol solution. The DPPH technique was used to determine the antioxidant activity and IC50 of PPE

Monosaccharides are sufrstances that can't be converted into simple sugars, disaccharides yield two

monosaccharide molecules when hydrolyzed, trisaccharides yield three, tetrasaccharides yield four, and so

on. In conclusion, based on the phytochemical screening conducted, all fruit Peels qualitatively showed. the

presence of reducing sugars as well as glycosides. Fruits used were the following: pomelo, rambutan, and

mangosteen.

Kripena's (2020), it is asserted that maxima serve as a viable natural substitute for synthetic insecticides and

repellents. The research emphasizes its efficacy in causing harm to the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. This

finding underscores the potential of maxima as a promising solution in the ongoing quest for effective and

sustainable strategies against vector-borne diseases.

Alfar (2019), " Chromolaena Odorata contains bio-active chemicals suitable and alternative biocontrol

substance and also contains phytochemicals that serve as repellent or may kill insects."
Local Sources

Flores (2018) A specific form of citrus fruit has been discovered to be easily effective in preventing dengue

fever in the Philippines. More specifically the C. maxima, from their study in the Indian Journal of Natural

Products it was proven that the dengue vector Aedes aegypti was negatively affected by the fruit. In addition,

the study also recognized pomelo as a potential vector control measure against Aedes aegypti.

Corpuz, et al. (2020)

One way to control mosquito bites is by using mosquito repellent from a natural source. Pomelo (Citrus

maxima) has major active constituent limonene, occurs naturally in citrus fruits. Pomelo peel oils have that

specific aroma that can be used: as a mosquito lotion repellent.