TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA - ST.

LUKE’S COLLEGE OF NURSING | BATCH LUMINARIS

MC_101_ ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY | 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023
CHAPTER 4: TISSUES
MS. DAISY R. SUCALDITO | ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE

 the cells layer can be simple, stratified, or

TISSUE pseudostratified
 group of cells with similar structure and function, plus the
 the cell shapes can be squamous, cuboidal,
extracellular substance surrounding them
 Histology is the study of tissue columnar, or a special transitional shape, that
varies with the degree of stretch
TYPE OF TISSUES CELL LAYER
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM  consists of single layer of
1. Epithelial tissue – a covering or lining tissue cells with each cell extending
2. Connective tissue – a diverse primary type that makes from the basement to the free
up part of every organ in the body surface
3. Muscle tissue – a tissue that contracts or shortens, STRATIFIED  consists of more than one
making our movement possible EPITHELIUM layer of cells but only the basal
4. Nervous tissue – responsible for coordinating and layer attaches the deepest layer
controlling many body activities to the basement membrane
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED  special type of simple
EPITHELIAL TISSUE COLUMNAR epithelium that appears to be
EPITHELIUM falsely stratified
 covers and protect surfaces, both outside and  consists of one layer cells
inside of the body with all the cells attached to the
 included under the classification of epithelial tissue basement membrane
are the exocrine and endocrine glands  due to variations in the
shape of the cells, the epithelia
EPITHELIAL TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS: appears to be stratified
1. Mostly composed of cells
2. Covers body surfaces
3. Distinct cell surfaces CELL SHAPES
 Free (apical) surface – cells are exposed and not SQUAMOUS  flat or scale-like
attached to other cells CUBOIDAL  cube-shaped; about as wide
 Lateral surface – cells are attached to other as they are tall
epithelial cells COLUMNAR  tend to be taller than they are
 Basal surface – base of the cell; attached to the wide
basement membrane
 Basement membrane – attach the epithelial cells
underlying tissues. It also supports and guides cell SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
migration during tissue repair
4. Cell and matrix connections  a single layer of thin flat cells
5. Nonvascular  some substances easily pass through this layer of
6. Capable of regeneration cells, but other substances do not

FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE: SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

1. Protect underlying structures
2. Acts as a barrier  a single layer of cube-like cells that carry out active
3. Permits passage substances transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion
4. Secretes substances  they have a greater secretory capacity simple
5. Absorption of substances squamous epithelial cells

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA:
 classified primarily according to the number of cell
layers and the shape of the superficial cells

M. K. Z. S. ZABALA
 TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA - ST. LUKE’S COLLEGE OF NURSING | BATCH LUMINARIS
MC_101_ ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY | 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023
CHAPTER 4: TISSUES
MS. DAISY R. SUCALDITO | ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
SIMPLE COLUMNAR
 a single layer of tall and thin cells
 the large size of these cells enables them to
perform complex functions such as secretion
 the simple columnar epithelium of the small
intestine produces and secretes mucus and
digestive enzymes
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
COLUMNAR
 secretes mucus which cover its free surface
 cilia in the airways move the mucus and
accumulated debris toward the throat where it is
swallowed
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
 forms a thick epithelium because it consists of
several layers of cells
 through the deepest cells are cuboidal or columnar
and are capable of dividing and producing new
cells, the naming is based on the shape of the
surface cells
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
 outer of layer of the skin is comprised of keratinized
squamous epithelium
 keratin reduces the loss of water
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
 stratified squamous epithelium of the mouth is a
moist nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
 provides protection against abrasion and acts as a
mechanical barrier
 water, however, can move across it more readily
than across the skin (keratinized stratified
epithelium)
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
 consists of more than one layer of
cuboidal epithelial cells
 this epithelial type is relatively rare and is
found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian
follicular cells, and the salivary glands
 functions in absorption, secretion and
protection
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
 consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells;
the surface cells are columnar but the deeper cells
are irregular or cuboidal in shape
 like stratified cuboidal epithelium, stratified
columnar epithelium is relatively rare, found in the
mammary gland ducts, the larynx, and a portion of
the male urethra
 carries out secretion, protection, and absorption
just like cuboidal
TRANSITIONAL
 a special type of stratified epithelium that can be
greatly stretched
 the shape of the cells change as the epithelium is
stretched
 transition epithelium lines cavities that can expand
greatly such as the urinary bladder
 also protects underlying structures like the urinary
bladder from the caustic effects of urine
FREE CELL SURFACES
 most epithelia have a free surface that is not in
contact with other cells and faces away from
underlying tissues
 the characteristics of the free surface reflect its
functions
 the free surface can be smooth or lined with
microvilli or cilia
 cilia move materials over the top of
the cell
 microvilli increase surface area
CELL CONNECTIONS
 cells have several structure that hold one cell to
one another or to the basement membrane
 these structures do three thing:
 mechanically bind the cells together
 help form a permeability barrier
 provide a mechanism for intercellular
communication
M. K. Z. S. ZABALA
 TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA - ST. LUKE’S COLLEGE OF NURSING | BATCH LUMINARIS
MC_101_ ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY | 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023
CHAPTER 4: TISSUES
MS. DAISY R. SUCALDITO | ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
Desmosomes – mechanical link that bind cells together
Hemidesmosomes – half desmosomes that anchor cells to
the basement membrane
Tight junctions – prevent passage of materials between
epithelial cells because they completely surround each cell,
similar to the way a belt surrounds the waist; found in the
lining of the intestines
 materials that pass through the epithelial layer must
pass through the cells so these cells regulate what
materials can cross
Gap junctions - small channels that allow small molecules
and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an adjacent one
 most epithelial cells are connected to one another
by gap junctions and researchers believe that
molecules or ions moving through the gap junctions
act as communication signals to coordinate the
activities of the cells
GLANDS
 glands are secretory organs that secrete
substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into the
bloodstream
 glands are composed of primarily of epithelium,
with a supporting network of connective tissue
Endocrine glands - ductless glands; they secrete their
products (termed hormones) into the bloodstream
Exocrine glands - glands with ducts
 both the gland and its ducts is lined with epithelium
 some exocrine glands are composed of a single
cell like goblet cells that secrete mucus
 most exocrine glands are multicellular, comprised
of many cells
 exocrine glands can be also classified according to
how products leave the cell
 multicellular exocrine glands can be classified
according to the structure of their ducts and
secretory regions
 Simple glands - have a single, non-branched duct,
some have branched ducts (e.g. sweat glands)
 Compound exocrine glands - have multiple
branched ducts (e.g. mammary glands)
 Tubular - glands with secretory regions
shaped as tubules (small tubes); can be
straight or coiled
o Tubuloacinar/Tubualveolar –  Reticular fibers – fine, short that branch;
combination of the two (e.g.
pancreatic gland)
 Acinar/Alveolar - shaped in saclike structures
MODES OF SECRETION
 Merocrine secretion – secretion involves the
release of secretory products by exocytosis (e.g.
sweat and salivary glands)
 Apocrine secretion – involves the release of
secretory products as pinched-off fragments of the
gland cells (e.g. mammary glands)
 Holocrine secretion – involves the shedding of the
entire cells (e.g. sebaceous gland)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of
every organ in the body
 differs from the other three types in that it consists
of cells separated from each other by abundant
extracellular matrix
 connective tissue is diverse in both structure and
function
 connective tissue is comprised of cells, protein
fibers, and an extracellular matrix
FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
1. Enclose and separate other tissues
2. Connecting tissues to one another
3. Supporting and moving parts of the body
4. Storing compounds
5. Cushioning and insulating
6. Transporting
7. Protecting
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS:
 Blast (germ) – forms the matrix
 Cyte (cells) – maintains
 Clast (break) – breaks down
 Adipocytes – contains large amount of lipids
 Marcrophages – WBCs that move about and
ingest foreign subtances
 Mast cells – play an important role in inflammation
 Mesenchymal cells – have the potential to
differentiate to form adult cell types
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
 Protein Fibers
 Collagen fibers – microscopic ropes;
flexible but resist stretching
support network
 Elastic fibers – coiled; can recoil back to
shape
M. K. Z. S. ZABALA
 TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA - ST. LUKE’S COLLEGE OF NURSING | BATCH LUMINARIS
MC_101_ ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY | 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023
CHAPTER 4: TISSUES
MS. DAISY R. SUCALDITO | ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE

 Ground Substance – shapeless background COLLAGENOUS  has an extracellular matrix

where cells and collagen fibers can be seen; highly consisting mostly of collagen fibers
structured molecules
 Fluid DENSE  oriented in
REGULAR the same
LOOSE CONNECTIVE direction
TISSUE  examples are
tendons and
 consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a ligaments
lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with DENSE  oriented in
ground substance and fluid IRREGULAR the multiple
directions
 examples are
AREOLAR  consists of collagen fibers
in the dermis of
and a few elastic fibers
the skin and in
 most common cells in LCT
organ capsules
are the fibroblasts
ADIPOSE  consists of adipocytes, or fat
cells, which contain large
ELASTIC  has abundant elastic fibers among
amounts of lipid for energy
its collagen fibers
storage
 elastic fibers allow the tissue to
 adipose tissue pads, protects
stretch and recoil
parts of the body and act as a
 example is the vocal cords
thermal insulator
 a genetic condition called Marfan
RETICULAR  forms the framework of
syndrome results from, in part the
lymphatic tissue, such as in the
inability to properly and form elastic
spleen and lymph nodes, as
fibers
well as in bone marrow and the
liver
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE CONNECTIVE
1. Cartilage
TISSUE
 composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces
called lacunae within an extensive matrix
 has a relatively large number of protein fibers that
form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the  collagen in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility and
extracellular space strength
 cartilage provides support but if bent or slightly
compressed, it resumes to its original shape

THREE TYPES OF CARTILAGE

HYALINE  the most abundant type of
cartilage and has many
functions, such as covering the
ends of
FIBROCARTILAGE  has more collagen than
hyaline cartilage and is able to
withstand compression and
resist tearing or pulling

M. K. Z. S. ZABALA
 TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA - ST. LUKE’S COLLEGE OF NURSING | BATCH LUMINARIS
MC_101_ ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY | 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023
CHAPTER 4: TISSUES
MS. DAISY R. SUCALDITO | ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE
 found in the disks between
the vertebrae (bones of the
back) and in some joints, such
as the knee and
temporomandibular (jaw) joints
ELASTIC  contains elastic fibers in
addition to collagen and
proteoglycans
 appear as coiled fibers
among bundles of collagen
fibers
 able to recoil to its original
shape when bent
 the external ear, epiglottis,
and auditory tube contain
elastic cartilage
2. Bone
 a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells
and a mineralized matrix
 the strength and rigidity of the mineralized matrix
enables bones to support and protect other tissue
and organs
 Osteocytes (bone cells) – located within lacunae
TWO TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
SPONGY  has spaces between
trabeculae or plates of bone
and therefore resembles a
sponge
COMPACT  is more solid, with almost no
space between many thin layers
of mineralized matrix
FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Blood
 liquid connective tissue
 contains a liquid matrix, termed the plasma, along
with formed elements
 formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes,
and platelets
 functions in transport of food, oxygen, waste,
hormones, and other substances
MUSCULAR TISSUE
 function of muscle is to contract, or shorten, making
movement possible
 muscle contraction results from contractile proteins
located within the muscle cells
1. Skeletal Muscle
 attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to
move
 skeletal muscle cells are striated or banded
because of the arrangement of contractile protein
within cells
2. Cardiac Muscle
 is the muscle of the heart; it is responsible for
pumping blood
 cylindrical but much shorter than skeletal muscle
cells
 are striated and usually have one nucleus per cell
 they are often branched and connected to one
another by intercalated disks
3. Smooth Muscle
 forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also found in
the skin and the eyes
 is responsible for a number of functions, such as
moving food through the digestive tract and
emptying the urinary bladder
 are tapered at each end, have a single nucleus,
and are not striated
NERVOUS TISSUE
 forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
 it is responsible for coordinating and controlling
many body activities
 consists of neurons and support cells, termed glial
cells
 Neuron – responsible for conducting action
potentials
 Cell body – contains the nucleus; site of
general functions
 Dendrites – receive electric impulses
 Axon – conduct electric impulse
TISSUE MEMBRANE
 thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure
or lines a cavity
 most membranes consists of epithelium and the
connective tissue on which the epithelium rests
M. K. Z. S. ZABALA
 TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA - ST. LUKE’S COLLEGE OF NURSING | BATCH LUMINARIS
MC_101_ ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY | 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023
CHAPTER 4: TISSUES
MS. DAISY R. SUCALDITO | ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE

 inflammation produces five major symptoms:

FOUR TYPES OF TISSUE MEMBRANES redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of
CUTANEOUS  an external body surface function
membrane
MUCOUS  line cavities that open to the TISSUE REPAIR
outside of the body, such as the
digestive, respiratory, and
 involves substitution of dead cells for viable cells
reproductive tracts
 can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis
 consists of epithelial cells,
 Regeneration – new cells are the same
their basement membrane, and
type as those were destroyed, and normal
a thick layer of loose connective
function is usually restored
tissue
 Fibrosis – replacement, a new type of
 functions are protection,
tissue develops that eventually causes
absorption, and secretion
scar production and the loss of some
SEROUS  line cavities that do not open
tissue function
to the exterior of the body, such
 Stem cells – self-renewing,
as pericardial, pleural, and
undifferentiated, cells that continue to
peritoneal cavities
divide throughout life
 consists of three
components: a layer of simple
squamous epithelium, its
basement membrane, and a
delicate layer of loose
connective tissue
 they do not contain glands
but they secrete a small amount
of fluid called serous fluid,
which lubricate the surface of
the membrane
SYNOVIAL  lines the cavities of freely
movable joints
 made up of only connective
tissue and consist of modified
connective tissue cells
 produce synovial fluid, which
makes the joint very slippery,
thereby reducing fiction and
allowing smooth movement
within the joint

TISSUE INFLAMMATION

 is usually a beneficial process occurring when

tissues are damaged
 when viruses infect epithelial cells of the upper
respiratory tract, inflammation and the symptoms of
the common cold are produced
 it mobilizes the body’s defenses and isolates and
destroys microorganisms, foreign materials, and
damaged cells so the tissue repair can proceed

M. K. Z. S. ZABALA