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FUNDAMENTALS page i
OF
DIGITAL LOGIC WITH VHDL
DESIGN
FOURTH EDITION
Stephen Brown and Zvonko

Vranesic
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
University of Toronto
page ii
FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH VHDL DESIGN
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New

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ISBN 978-1-260-59778-3
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To Susan and Anne page iii
page iv
ABOUT THE AUTHORS page v
Stephen Brown received the Ph.D. and M.A.Sc. degrees in

Electrical Engineering from the University of Toronto, and his B.A.Sc.
degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of New
Brunswick. He joined the University of Toronto faculty in 1992,
where he is now a Professor in the Department of Electrical &
Computer Engineering. He is also the Director of FPGA Academic
Programs for Intel Corporation.
His research interests include field-programmable VLSI technology,
CAD algorithms, computer architecture, and applications of machine
learning. He won the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council's 1992 Doctoral Prize for the best Ph.D. thesis in
Canada, and the New Brunswick Governor-General's 1985 award for
the highest academic standing in the Faculty of Engineering. He is a
coauthor of more than 150 scientific research papers and two other
textbooks: Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog Design and
Field-Programmable Gate Arrays.
He has won many awards for excellence in teaching electrical
engineering, computer engineering, and computer science courses.
Zvonko Vranesic received his B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees,

all in Electrical Engineering, from the University of Toronto. From
1963 to 1965 he worked as a design engineer with the Northern
Electric Co. Ltd. in Bramalea, Ontario. In 1968 he joined the
University of Toronto, where he is now a Professor Emeritus in the
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering. During the 1978-
79 academic year, he was a Senior Visitor at the University of
Cambridge, England, and during 1984-85 he was at the University of
Paris, 6. From 1995 to 2000 he served as Chair of the Division of
Engineering Science at the University of Toronto.
He is a coauthor of four other books: Computer Organization and
Embedded Systems, 6th ed.; Fundamentals of Digital Logic with
Verilog Design, 3rd ed.; Microcomputer Structures; and Field-
Programmable Gate Arrays. In 1990, he received the Wighton
Fellowship for "innovative and distinctive contributions to
undergraduate laboratory instruction." In 2004, he received the
Faculty Teaching Award from the Faculty of Applied Science and
Engineering at the University of Toronto.
He has represented Canada in numerous chess competitions. He
holds the title of International Master.
PREFACE page vi
This book is intended for an introductory course in digital logic

design, which is a basic course in most electrical and computer
engineering programs. A successful designer of digital logic circuits
needs a good understanding of the classical methods of logic design
and a firm grasp of the modern design approach that relies on
computer-aided design (CAD) tools.
The main goals of this book are (1) to teach students the
fundamental concepts of classical manual digital design and (2)
illustrate clearly the way in which digital circuits are designed today,
using CAD tools. Even though current modern designers very rarely
use manual techniques, our motivation for teaching such techniques
is to give students an intuitive feeling for how digital circuits operate.
The manual techniques also provide an illustration of the types of
manipulations performed by CAD tools, giving students an
appreciation of the benefits provided by design automation.
Throughout the book, basic concepts are introduced by way of
simple design examples, which we perform using both manual
techniques and modern CAD-tool-based methods. After basic
concepts are established, more complex examples are provided
using the CAD tools. Thus, to illustrate how digital design is
presently carried out in practice, our emphasis is on modern design
methodology.
TECHNOLOGY
This book discusses modern digital circuit implementation
technologies. The emphasis is placed on programmable logic devices
(PLDs), which is the most appropriate technology for use in a
textbook for two reasons. First, PLDs are widely used in practice and
are suitable for almost all types of digital circuit designs. In fact,
students are more likely to be involved in PLD-based designs at
some point in their careers than in any other technology. Second,
circuits are implemented in PLDs by end-user programming.
Therefore, students can be provided with the opportunity, in a
laboratory setting, to implement this book's design examples in
actual chips. Students can also simulate the behavior of their
designed circuits on their own computers. We use the two most
popular types of PLDs for targeting of designs: complex
programmable logic devices (CPLDs) and field-programmable gate
arrays (FPGAs).
We emphasize the use of a hardware description language (HDL)
in specifying the logic circuits, because an HDL-based approach is
the most efficient design method to use in practice. We describe in
detail the IEEE Standard VHDL language and use it extensively in
examples.
SCOPE OF THE BOOK

This edition of the book has been extensively restructured. All of the
material that should be covered in a one-semester course is now
included in Chapters 1 to 6. More advanced material is presented in
Chapters 7 to 11.
Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the process page vii

of designing digital systems. It discusses the key steps in
the design process and explains how CAD tools can be used to
automate many of the required tasks. It also introduces the
representation of digital information.
Chapter 2 introduces logic circuits. It shows how Boolean algebra
is used to represent such circuits. It introduces the concepts of logic
circuit synthesis and optimization, and shows how logic gates are
used to implement simple circuits. It also gives the reader a first
glimpse at VHDL, as an example of a hardware description language
that may be used to specify the logic circuits.
Chapter 3 concentrates on circuits that perform arithmetic
operations. It discusses numbers and shows how they can be
manipulated using logic circuits. This chapter illustrates how VHDL
can be used to specify a desired functionality and how CAD tools can
provide a mechanism for developing the required circuits.
Chapter 4 presents combinational circuits such as multiplexers,
encoders, and decoders that are used as building blocks in larger
circuits. These circuits are very convenient for illustrating the
application of many VHDL constructs, giving the reader the
opportunity to discover more advanced features of VHDL.
Chapter 5 introduces storage elements. The use of flip-flops to
realize regular structures, such as shift registers and counters, is
discussed. VHDL-specified designs of these structures are included.
Chapter 6 gives a detailed presentation of synchronous sequential
circuits (finite state machines). It explains the behavior of these
circuits and develops practical techniques for both manual and
automated design.
Chapter 7 is a discussion of a number of issues that arise in the
design of digital logic systems. It reveals and highlights problems
that are often encountered in practice, and explains how they can be
overcome. Examples of larger circuits illustrate a hierarchical
approach in designing digital systems. Complete VHDL code for
these circuits is presented.
Chapter 8 deals with more advanced methods for optimized
implementation of logic functions. It presents algorithmic techniques
for optimization, and also explains how logic functions can be
specified using a cubical representation or binary decision diagrams.
Chapter 9 discusses asynchronous sequential circuits. While this
treatment is not exhaustive, a clear indication of the main
characteristics of such circuits is provided. Even though
asynchronous circuits are not used extensively in practice, they
provide an excellent vehicle for gaining a more complete
understanding of the operation of digital circuits. Asynchronous
circuits illustrate the importance of clearly understanding how the
structure of a circuit affects the propagation delays of signals, and
how these delays can impact a circuit's functionality.
Chapter 10 presents a complete CAD flow that a designer
experiences when creating, implementing, and testing a digital
circuit.
Chapter 11 introduces the topic of testing. A designer of logic
circuits must be aware of the need to test circuits and should be
conversant with at least the most basic aspects of testing.
Appendix A provides a complete summary of VHDL features.
Although use of VHDL is integrated throughout the book, this
appendix provides a convenient reference that the reader may
occasionally consult while writing VHDL code.
Appendix B presents the electronic aspects of digital page viii

circuits. This appendix shows how the basic gates are built
using transistors and presents various factors that affect circuit
performance. The most modern technologies are emphasized, with
particular focus on CMOS technology and PLDs.
WHAT CAN BE COVERED IN A COURSE

Much of the material in the book can be covered in 2 one-quarter
courses. Thorough coverage of the most important material can be
achieved in a single one-semester, or even a one-quarter, course.
This is possible only if the instructor does not spend too much time
discussing the intricacies of VHDL and CAD tools. To make this
approach possible, we organized the VHDL material in a modular
style that is conducive to self-study. Our experience in teaching
students at the University of Toronto has shown that the instructor
may only spend a total of three to four lecture hours on VHDL,
describing how the code should be structured (including the use of
design hierarchy) using scalar and vector variables, and the style of
code needed to specify sequential circuits. The VHDL examples given
in this book are largely self-explanatory, and students can
understand them with ease.
The book is also suitable for a course in logic design that does not
include exposure to VHDL. However, some knowledge of VHDL, even
at a rudimentary level, is beneficial to the students, and is great
preparation for a job as a design engineer.
One-Semester Course
The following material should be covered in lectures:
• Chapter 1—all sections.
• Chapter 3—sections 3.1 to 3.5.
One-Quarter Course
In a one-quarter course the following material can be covered:
• Chapter 3—sections 3.1 to 3.3 and section 3.5.
• Chapter 6—sections 6.1 to 6.4.
page ix
VHDL
VHDL is a complex language that some instructors feel is too hard
for beginning students to grasp. We fully appreciate this issue and
have attempted to solve it by presenting only the most important
VHDL constructs that are useful for the design and synthesis of logic
circuits. Many other language constructs, such as those that have
meaning only when using the language for simulation purposes, are
omitted. The VHDL material is integrated gradually, with more
advanced features presented only at points where their use can be
demonstrated in the design of relevant circuits.
The book includes more than 150 examples of VHDL code. These
examples illustrate how VHDL is used to describe a wide range of
logic circuits, from those that contain only a few gates to those that
represent digital systems such as a simple processor.
CAD TOOLS
All of the examples of VHDL code presented in the book are
provided on the authors' website at
www.eecg.toronto.edu/~brown
To gain a more thorough understanding of the VHDL code examples,

the reader is encouraged to compile and simulate the code using a
commercially-available simulation CAD tool. Toward this end each
example of VHDL code on the Authors' website is accompanied by
setup files for the widely-used ModelSim simulator available from
Mentor Graphics. A detailed tutorial is provided that includes step-
by-step instructions for obtaining, installing, and using this VHDL
simulator.
Modern digital systems are quite large. They contain complex logic
circuits that would be difficult to design without using good CAD
tools. Our treatment of VHDL should enable the reader to develop
VHDL code that specifies logic circuits of varying degrees of
complexity. To gain a proper appreciation of the design process, in
addition to simulating the behavior of VHDL code (as mentioned
above) it is highly beneficial to implement the designs in
commercially-available PLDs by using CAD tools.
Some excellent CAD tools are available free of charge, for
example, Intel Corporation's Quartus CAD software, which is widely
used for implementing designs in programmable logic devices such
as FPGAs. The Lite Edition of the Quartus software can be
downloaded from Intel's website and used free-of-charge. Intel also
provides a set of FPGA-based laboratory boards with accompanying
tutorials and laboratory exercises that are appropriate for use with
this book in a university setting. This material can be found on the
Internet by searching for "Intel FPGA Academic Program".
SOLVED PROBLEMS
The chapters include examples of solved problems. They provide
typical homework problems and show how they may be solved.
page x
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
More than 400 homework problems are provided in this book.
Answers to selected problems are given at the back. Full solutions to
all problems are available to instructors in the accompanying
Solutions Manual.
POWERPOINT SLIDES AND SOLUTIONS MANUAL

A set of PowerPoint slides that contain all of the figures in the book
is available on the Authors' website. Instructors can request access
to these slides, as well as access to the Solutions Manual for the
book, at:
www.mhhe.com/brownvranesic
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our thanks to the people who have helped
during the preparation of this book. Dan Vranesic produced a
substantial amount of artwork. He and Deshanand Singh also helped
with the preparation of the solutions manual, and Tom Czajkowski
helped in checking the answers to problems. Matthew Brown edited
the text to improve readability, and Andrew Brown helped to create
some examples of VHDL code. The reviewers, William Barnes, New
Jersey Institute of Technology; Thomas Bradicich, North Carolina
State University; James Clark, McGill University; Stephen DeWeerth,
Georgia Institute of Technology; Sander Eller, Cal Poly Pomona; Clay
Gloster, Jr., North Carolina State University (Raleigh); Carl Hamacher,
Queen's University; Vincent Heuring, University of Colorado; Yu Hen
Hu, University of Wisconsin; Wei-Ming Lin, University of Texas (San
Antonio); Wayne Loucks, University of Waterloo; Kartik Mohanram,
Rice University; Jane Morehead, Mississippi State University; Chris
Myers, University of Utah; Vojin Oklobdzija, University of California
(Davis); James Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Gandhi
Puvvada, University of Southern California; Teodoro Robles,
Milwaukee School of Engineering; Tatyana Roziner, Boston
University; Rob Rutenbar, Carnegie Mellon University; Eric Schwartz,
University of Florida; Wen-Tsong Shiue, Oregon State University;
Peter Simko, Miami University; Scott Smith, University of Missouri
(Rolla); Arun Somani, Iowa State University; Bernard Svihel,
University of Texas (Arlington); and Zeljko Zilic, McGill University
provided constructive criticism and made numerous suggestions for
improvements.
Nicholas Reeder, Sinclair Community College, Dayton, OH,
provided excellent proof reading.
Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vranesic

CONTENTS page xi
Chapter1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Digital Hardware 2
1.1.1 Standard Chips 4
1.1.2 Programmable Logic Devices 4
1.1.3 Custom-Designed Chips 5
1.2 The Design Process 5
1.3 Structure of a Computer 7
1.4 Logic Circuit Design in This Book 10
1.5 Digital Representation of Information 10
1.5.1 Binary Numbers 11
1.5.2 Conversion between Decimal and Binary Systems 13
1.5.3 ASCII Character Code 14
1.5.4 Digital and Analog Information 14
1.6 Theory and Practice 16
Problems 17
Chapter2
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC CIRCUITS 19
2.1 Variables and Functions 20
2.2 Inversion 23
2.3 Truth Tables 24
2.4 Logic Gates and Networks 25
2.4.1 Analysis of a Logic Network 26
2.5 Boolean Algebra 30
2.5.1 The Venn Diagram 34
2.5.2 Notation and Terminology 38
2.5.3 Precedence of Operations 40
2.6 Synthesis Using AND, OR, and NOT Gates 40
2.6.1 Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums Forms 44
2.7 NAND and NOR Logic Networks 50
2.8 Design Examples 54
2.8.1 Three-Way Light Control 55
2.8.2 Multiplexer Circuit 56
2.8.3 Number Display 58
2.9 Introduction to CAD Tools 59
2.9.1 Design Entry 60
2.9.2 Logic Synthesis 61
2.9.3 Functional Simulation 62
2.9.4 Physical Design 62
2.9.5 Timing Analysis 62
2.9.6 Circuit Implementation 63
2.9.7 Complete Design Flow 63
2.10 Introduction to VHDL 63
2.10.1 Structural Specification of Logic Circuits 65
2.10.2 Behavioral Specification of Logic Circuits 69
2.10.3 Hierarchical VHDL Code 70
2.10.4 How not to Write VHDL Code 73
2.11 Minimization and Karnaugh Maps 73
2.12 Strategy for Minimization 81
2.12.1 Terminology 81
2.12.2 Minimization Procedure 83
2.13 Minimization of Product-of-Sums Forms 86
2.14 Incompletely Specified Functions 88
2.15 Multiple-Output Circuits 90
2.16 Concluding Remarks 95
2.17 Examples of Solved Problems 95
Problems 105
References 113
Chapter3
NUMBER REPRESENTATION AND ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS
115
3.1 Positional Number Representation 116
3.1.1 Unsigned Integers 116
3.1.2 Octal and Hexadecimal Representations 116
3.2 Addition of Unsigned Numbers 118
3.2.1 Decomposed Full-Adder 122
3.2.2 Ripple-Carry Adder 122
3.2.3 Design Example 124
3.3 Signed Numbers 124
3.3.1 Negative Numbers 124
3.3.2 Addition and Subtraction 128
3.3.3 Adder and Subtractor Unit 131 page xii

3.3.4 Radix-Complement Schemes. 132
3.3.5 Arithmetic Overflow 136
3.3.6 Performance Issues 137
3.4 Fast Adders 138
3.4.1 Carry-Lookahead Adder 138
3.5 Design of Arithmetic Circuits Using CAD Tools 144
3.5.1 Design of Arithmetic Circuits Using Schematic Capture
144
3.5.2 Design of Arithmetic Circuits Using VHDL 144
3.5.3 Representation of Numbers in VHDL Code 147
3.5.4 Arithmetic Assignment Statements 149
3.6 Multiplication 152
3.6.1 Array Multiplier for Unsigned Numbers 154
3.6.2 Multiplication of Signed Numbers 154
3.7 Other Number Representations 156
3.7.1 Fixed-Point Numbers 157
3.7.2 Floating-Point Numbers 157
3.7.3 Binary-Coded-Decimal Representation 159
Problems 169
Reference 172
Chapter4
COMBINATIONAL-CIRCUIT BUILDING BLOCKS 173
4.1 Multiplexers 174
4.1.1 Synthesis of Logic Functions Using Multiplexers 177
4.1.2 Multiplexer Synthesis Using Shannon’s Expansion 180
4.2 Decoders 184
4.2.1 Demultiplexers 188
4.3 Encoders 188
4.3.1 Binary Encoders 189
4.3.2 Priority Encoders 190
4.4 Code Converters 191
4.5 Arithmetic Comparison Circuits 192
4.6 VHDL for Combinational Circuits 193
4.6.1 Assignment Statements 193
4.6.2 Selected Signal Assignment 194
4.6.3 Conditional Signal Assignment 197
4.6.4 Generate Statements 200
4.6.5 Concurrent and Sequential Assignment Statements
202
4.6.6 Process Statement 203
4.6.7 Case Statement 208
4.6.8 VHDL Operators 210
Problems 226
Chapter5
FLIP-FLOPS, REGISTERS, AND COUNTERS 231
5.1 Basic Latch 232
5.2 Gated SR Latch 234
5.2.1 Gated SR Latch with NAND Gates 236
5.3 Gated D Latch 237
5.3.1 Effects of Propagation Delays 239
5.4 Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flops 239
5.4.1 M-S D Flip-Flop 240
5.4.2 Other Types of Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flops 241
5.4.3 D Flip-Flops with Clear and Preset 243
5.4.4 Flip-Flop Timing Parameters 246
5.5 T Flip-Flop 247
5.6 JK Flip-Flop 248
5.7 Summary of Terminology 249
5.8 Registers 249
5.8.1 Shift Register 250
5.8.2 Parallel-Access Shift Register 251
5.9 Counters 252
5.9.1 Asynchronous Counters 252
5.9.2 Synchronous Counters 254
5.9.3 Counters with Parallel Load 258
5.10 Reset Synchronization 260
5.11 Other Types of Counters 261
5.11.1 BCD Counter 261
5.11.2 Ring Counter 262
5.11.3 Johnson Counter 265
5.11.4 Remarks on Counter Design 265
5.12 Using Storage Elements with CAD Tools 265
5.12.1 Including Storage Elements in Schematics 265
5.12.2 Using VHDL Constructs for Storage Elements 268
5.13 Using VHDL Sequential Statements for Registers and
Counters 273
5.13.1Flip-Flops and Registers with Enable Inputs page xiii

280
5.13.2 Shift Registers with Enable Inputs 283
5.14 Design Example - Reaction Timer 283
5.14.1 Register Transfer Level (RTL) Code 290
5.15 Timing Analysis of Flip-flop Circuits 292
5.15.1 Timing Analysis with Clock Skew 294
Problems 303
Chapter6
SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS 309
6.1 Basic Design Steps 311
6.1.1 State Diagram 311
6.1.2 State Table 313
6.1.3 State Assignment 313
6.1.4 Choice of Flip-Flops and Derivation of Next-State and
Output Expressions 315
6.1.5 Timing Diagram 316
6.1.6 Summary of Design Steps 318
6.2 State-Assignment Problem 322
6.2.1 One-Hot Encoding 325
6.3 Mealy State Model 327
6.4 Design of Finite State Machines Using CAD Tools 331
6.4.1 VHDL Code for Moore-Type FSMs 332
6.4.2 Synthesis of VHDL Code 334
6.4.3 Simulating and Testing the Circuit 335
6.4.4 An Alternative Style of VHDL Code 337
6.4.5 Summary of Design Steps When Using CAD Tools 338
6.4.6 Specifying the State Assignment in VHDL Code 338
6.4.7 Specification of Mealy FSMs Using VHDL 341
6.5 Serial Adder Example 343
6.5.1 Mealy-Type FSM for Serial Adder 343
6.5.2 Moore-Type FSM for Serial Adder 345
6.5.3 VHDL Code for the Serial Adder 347
6.6 State Minimization 351
6.6.1 Partitioning Minimization Procedure 353
6.6.2 Incompletely Specified FSMs 360
6.7 Design of a Counter Using the Sequential Circuit Approach
361
6.7.1 State Diagram and State Table for a Modulo-8 Counter
362
6.7.2 State Assignment 362
6.7.3 Implementation Using D-Type Flip-Flops 363
6.7.4 Implementation Using JK-Type Flip-Flops 365
6.7.5 Example—A Different Counter 368
6.8 FSM as an Arbiter Circuit 371
6.9 Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 376
6.10 Algorithmic State Machine (ASM) Charts 380
6.11 Formal Model for Sequential Circuits 383
Problems 394
Chapter7
DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN 399
7.1 Bus Structure 400
7.1.1 Using Tri-State Drivers to Implement a Bus 400
7.1.2 Using Multiplexers to Implement a Bus 402
7.1.3 VHDL Code for Specification of Bus Structures 404
7.2 Simple Processor 408
7.3 A Bit-Counting Circuit 420
7.4 Shift-and-Add Multiplier 425
7.5 Divider 432
7.6 Arithmetic Mean 442
7.7 Sort Operation 445
7.8 Clock Synchronization and Timing Issues 454
7.8.1 Clock Distribution 456
7.8.2 Flip-Flop Timing Parameters 457
7.8.3 Asynchronous Inputs to Flip-Flops 458
7.8.4 Switch Debouncing 459
Problems 461
Chapter8
OPTIMIZED IMPLEMENTATION OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS
465
8.1 Multilevel Synthesis 466
8.1.1 Factoring 467
8.1.2 Functional Decomposition 470 page xiv

8.1.3 Multilevel NAND and NOR Circuits 475
8.2 Analysis of Multilevel Circuits 478
8.3 Alternative Representations of Logic Functions 483
8.3.1 Cubical Representation 483
8.3.2 Binary Decision Diagrams 487
8.4 Optimization Techniques Based on Cubical Representation
493
8.4.1 A Tabular Method for Minimization 493
8.4.2 A Cubical Technique for Minimization 501
8.4.3 Practical Considerations 508
Problems 518
Chapter9
ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS 521
9.1 Asynchronous Behavior 522
9.2 Analysis of Asynchronous Circuits 525
9.3 Synthesis of Asynchronous Circuits 533
9.4 State Reduction 546
9.5 State Assignment 560
9.5.1 Transition Diagram 563
9.5.2 Exploiting Unspecified Next-State Entries 566
9.5.3 State Assignment Using Additional State Variables 569
9.5.4 One-Hot State Assignment 575
9.6 Hazards 576
9.6.1 Static Hazards 576
9.6.2 Dynamic Hazards 581
9.6.3 Significance of Hazards 583
9.7 A Complete Design Example 583
9.7.1 The Vending-Machine Controller 583
Problems 598
C h a p t e r 10
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN TOOLS 603
10.1 Synthesis 604
10.1.1 Netlist Generation 604
10.1.2 Gate Optimization 604
10.1.3 Technology Mapping 606
10.2 Physical Design 609
10.2.1 Placement 609
10.2.2 Routing 611
10.2.3 Timing Analysis 613
References 616
C h a p t e r 11
TESTING OF LOGIC CIRCUITS 617
11.1 Fault Model 618
11.1.1 Stuck-at Model 618
11.1.2 Single and Multiple Faults 619
11.1.3 CMOS Circuits 619
11.2 Complexity of a Test Set 619
11.3 Path Sensitizing 621
11.3.1 Detection of a Specific Fault 623
11.4 Circuits with Tree Structure 625
11.5 Random Tests 626
11.6 Testing of Sequential Circuits 629
11.6.1 Design for Testability 629
11.7 Built-in Self-Test 633
11.7.1 Built-in Logic Block Observer 637
11.7.2 Signature Analysis 639
11.7.3 Boundary Scan 640
11.8 Printed Circuit Boards 640
11.8.1 Testing of PCBs 642
11.8.2 Instrumentation 643
Problems 644
References 647
AppendixA
VHDL REFERENCE 649
A.1 Documentation in VHDL Code 650
A.2 Data Objects 650
A.2.1 Data Object Names 650
A.2.2 Data Object Values and Numbers 650
A.2.3 SIGNAL Data Objects 651
A.2.4 BIT and BIT VECTOR Types 651
A.2.5 STD LOGIC and STD LOGIC VECTOR Types 652
A.2.6 STD ULOGIC Type 652
A.2.7 SIGNED and UNSIGNED Types 653
A.2.8 INTEGER Type 653
A.2.9 BOOLEAN Type 654
A.2.10 ENUMERATION Type 654 page xv

A.2.11 CONSTANT Data Objects 654
A.2.12 VARIABLE Data Objects 655
A.2.13 Type Conversion 655
A.2.14 Arrays 655
A.3 Operators 656
A.4 VHDL Design Entity 657
A.4.1 ENTITY Declaration 657
A.4.2 Architecture 658
A.5 Package 660
A.6 Using Subcircuits 661
A.6.1 Declaring a COMPONENT in a Package 663
A.7 Concurrent Assignment Statements 664
A.7.1 Simple Signal Assignment 664
A.7.2 Assigning Signal Values Using OTHERS 665
A.7.3 Selected Signal Assignment 666
A.7.4 Conditional Signal Assignment 667
A.7.5 GENERATE Statement 668
A.8 Defining an Entity with GENERICs 668
A.9 Sequential Assignment Statements 669
A.9.1 PROCESS Statement 671
A.9.2 IF Statement 671
A.9.3 CASE Statement 672
A.9.4 Loop Statements 673
A.9.5 Using a Process for a Combinational Circuit 673
A.9.6 Statement Ordering 674
A.9.7 Using a VARIABLE in a PROCESS 675
A.10 Sequential Circuits 680
A.10.1 A Gated D Latch 680
A.10.2 D Flip-Flop 681
A.10.3 Using a WAIT UNTIL Statement 681
A.10.4 A Flip-Flop with Asynchronous Reset 682
A.10.5 Synchronous Reset 682
A.10.6 Registers 684
A.10.7 Shift Registers 686
A.10.8 Counters 688
A.10.9 Using Subcircuits with GENERIC Parameters 688
A.10.10 A Moore-Type Finite State Machine 692
A.10.11 A Mealy-Type Finite State Machine 696
A.11 Common Errors in VHDL Code 696
A.12 Concluding Remarks 699
References 700
AppendixB
IMPLEMENTATION TECHNOLOGY 701
B.1 Transistor Switches 702
B.2 NMOS Logic Gates 704
B.3 CMOS Logic Gates 707
B.3.1 Speed of Logic Gate Circuits 714
B.4 Negative Logic System 715
B.5 Standard Chips 718
B.5.1 7400-Series Standard Chips 718
B.6 Programmable Logic Devices 720
B.6.1 Programmable Logic Array (PLA) 721
B.6.2 Programmable Array Logic (PAL) 723
B.6.3 Programming of PLAs and PALs 725
B.6.4 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) 727
B.6.5 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays 731
B.7 Custom Chips, Standard Cells, and Gate Arrays 736
B.8 Practical Aspects 738
B.8.1 MOSFET Fabrication and Behavior 738
B.8.2 MOSFET On-Resistance 742
B.8.3 Voltage Levels in Logic Gates 743
B.8.4 Noise Margin 745
B.8.5 Dynamic Operation of Logic Gates 746
B.8.6 Power Dissipation in Logic Gates 749
B.8.7 Passing 1s and 0s Through Transistor Switches 751
B.8.8 Transmission Gates 753
B.8.9 Fan-in and Fan-out in Logic Gates 755
B.8.10 Tri-state Drivers 759
B.9 Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) 761
B.9.1 SRAM Blocks in PLDs 762
B.10 Implementation Details for SPLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs 763
B.10.1 Implementation in FPGAs 771
B.11 Concluding Remarks 773
B.12 Examples of Solved Problems 773
Problems 780
References 790
ANSWERS 791
INDEX 805
page xvi
page xvii
page xviii
page 1
chapter
1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will be introduced to:

• Digital hardware components
• An overview of the design process
• Binary numbers
• Digital representation of information
This book is about logic circuits—the circuits from which

page 2
computers are built. Proper understanding of logic circuits is vital for

today's electrical and computer engineers. These circuits are the key
ingredient of computers and are also used in many other
applications. They are found in commonly used products like music
and video players, electronic games, digital watches, cameras,
televisions, printers, and many household appliances, as well as in
large systems, such as telephone networks, Internet equipment,
television broadcast equipment, industrial control units, and medical
instruments. In short, logic circuits are an important part of almost
all modern products.
The material in this book will introduce the reader to the many
issues involved in the design of logic circuits. It explains the key
ideas with simple examples and shows how complex circuits can be
derived from elementary ones. We cover the classical theory used in
the design of logic circuits because it provides the reader with an
intuitive understanding of the nature of such circuits. But,
throughout the book, we also illustrate the modern way of designing
logic circuits using sophisticated computer aided design (CAD)
software tools. The CAD methodology adopted in the book is based
on the industry-standard design language called VHDL. Design with
VHDL is first introduced in Chapter 2, and usage of VHDL and CAD
tools is an integral part of each chapter in the book.
Logic circuits are implemented electronically, using transistors on
an integrated circuit chip. Commonly available chips that use modern
technology may contain more than a billion transistors, as in the
case of some computer processors. The basic building blocks for
such circuits are easy to understand, but there is nothing simple
about a circuit that contains billions of transistors. The complexity
that comes with large circuits can be handled successfully only by
using highly organized design techniques. We introduce these
techniques in this chapter, but first we briefly describe the hardware
technology used to build logic circuits.
1.1 DIGITAL HARDWARE

Logic circuits are used to build computer hardware, as well as many
other types of products. All such products are broadly classified as
digital hardware. The reason that the name digital is used will be
explained in Section 1.5—it derives from the way in which
information is represented in computers, as electronic signals that
correspond to digits of information.
The technology used to build digital hardware has evolved
dramatically over the past few decades. Until the 1960s logic circuits
were constructed with bulky components, such as transistors and
resistors that came as individual parts. The advent of integrated
circuits made it possible to place a number of transistors, and thus
an entire circuit, on a single chip. In the beginning these circuits had
only a few transistors, but as the technology improved they became
more complex. Integrated circuit chips are manufactured on a silicon
wafer, such as the one shown in Figure 1.1. The wafer is cut to
produce the individual chips, which are then placed inside a special
type of chip package. By 1970 it was possible to implement all
circuitry needed to realize a microprocessor on a single chip.
Although early microprocessors had modest computing capability by
today's standards, they opened the door for the information
processing revolution by providing the means for implementation of
affordable personal computers.
Figure 1.1 A silicon wafer.
About 30 years ago Gordon Moore, chairman of Intel Corporation,

observed that integrated circuit technology was progressing at an
astounding rate, approximately doubling the number of transistors
that could be placed on a chip every two years. This phenomenon is
informally known as Moore's law. Thus in the early 1990s
microprocessors could be manufactured with a few million
transistors, and by the late 1990s it became possible to fabricate
chips that had tens of millions of transistors. Presently, chips can be
manufactured containing billions of transistors.
Moore's law is expected to continue to hold true for a page 3

number of years. A consortium of integrated circuit
associations produces a forecast of how the technology is expected
to evolve. Known as the International Roadmap for Devices and
Systems (IRDS), this forecast discusses many aspects of technology,
including the maximum number of transistors that can be
manufactured in a given chip area. An example of data that can be
derived from the roadmap is given in Figure 1.2. It indicates how the
maximum number of transistors that can be manufactured on a
single chip has changed over time—chips with about 10 million
transistors could be successfully manufactured in 1995, and this
number has steadily increased, leading to modern chips that have
over a billion transistors. The roadmap predicts that chips with more
than 100 billion transistors will be possible by the year 2025. There
is no doubt that this technology will have a huge impact on all
aspects of people's lives.
Figure 1.2 An estimate of the maximum number of transistors per chip over
time.
The designer of digital hardware may be faced with designing

logic circuits that can be implemented on a single chip or designing
circuits that involve a number of chips placed on a printed circuit
board (PCB). Frequently, some of the logic circuits can be realized in
existing chips that are readily available. This situation simplifies the
design task and shortens the time needed to develop the final
product. Before we discuss the design process in detail, we should
introduce the different types of integrated circuit chips that may be
used.
There exists a large variety of chips that implement various
functions that are useful in the design of digital hardware. The chips
range from simple ones with low functionality to extremely complex
chips. For example, a digital hardware product may require a
microprocessor to perform some arithmetic operations, memory
chips to provide storage capability, and interface chips that allow
easy connection to input and output devices. Such chips are
available from various vendors.
For many digital hardware products, it is also necessary to page 4

design and build some logic circuits from scratch. For
implementing these circuits, three main types of chips may be used:
standard chips, programmable logic devices, and custom chips.
These are discussed next.
1.1.1 STANDARD CHIPS

Numerous chips are available that realize some commonly used logic
circuits. We will refer to these as standard chips, because they
usually conform to an agreed-upon standard in terms of functionality
and physical configuration. Each standard chip contains a small
amount of circuitry (usually involving fewer than 100 transistors) and
performs a simple function. To build a logic circuit, the designer
chooses the chips that perform whatever functions are needed and
then defines how these chips should be interconnected to realize a
larger logic circuit.
Standard chips were popular for building logic circuits until the
early 1980s. However, as integrated circuit technology improved, it
became inefficient to use valuable space on PCBs for chips with low
functionality. Another drawback of standard chips is that the
functionality of each chip is fixed and cannot be changed.
1.1.2 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES

In contrast to standard chips that have fixed functionality, it is
possible to construct chips that contain circuitry which can be
configured by the user to implement a wide range of different logic
circuits. These chips have a very general structure and include a
collection of programmable switches that allow the internal circuitry
in the chip to be configured in many different ways. The designer
can implement whatever functions are required for a particular
application by setting the programmable switches as needed. The
switches are programmed by the end user, rather than when the
chip is manufactured. Such chips are known as programmable logic
devices (PLDs).
PLDs are available in a wide range of sizes, and can be page 5

used to implement very large logic circuits. The most
commonly used type of PLD is known as a field-programmable gate
array (FPGA). The largest FPGAs contain billions of transistors and
support the implementation of complex digital systems. An FPGA
consists of a large number of small logic circuit elements, which can
be connected together by using programmable switches in the FPGA.
Because of their high capacity, and their capability to be tailored to
meet the requirements of a specific application, FPGAs are widely
used today.
1.1.3 CUSTOM-DESIGNED CHIPS

FPGAs are available as off-the-shelf components that can be
purchased from different suppliers. Because they are programmable,
they can be used to implement most logic circuits found in digital
hardware. However, they also have a drawback in that the
programmable switches consume valuable chip area and limit the
speed of operation of implemented circuits. Thus in some cases
FPGAs may not meet the desired performance or cost objectives. In
such situations it is possible to design a chip from scratch; namely,
the logic circuitry that must be included on the chip is designed first
and then the chip is manufactured by a company that has the
fabrication facilities. This approach is known as custom or semi-
custom design, and such chips are often called application-specific
integrated circuits (ASICs).
The main advantage of a custom chip is that its design can be
optimized for a specific task; hence it usually leads to better
performance. It is possible to include a larger amount of logic
circuitry in a custom chip than would be possible in other types of
chips. The cost of producing such chips is high, but if they are used
in a product that is sold in large quantities, then the cost per chip,
amortized over the total number of chips fabricated, may be lower
than the total cost of off-the-shelf chips that would be needed to
implement the same function(s). Moreover, if a single chip can be
used instead of multiple chips to achieve the same goal, then a
smaller area is needed on a PCB that houses the chips in the final
product. This results in a further reduction in cost.
A disadvantage of the custom-design approach is that
manufacturing a custom chip often takes a considerable amount of
time, on the order of months. In contrast, if an FPGA can be used
instead, then the chips are programmed by the end user and no
manufacturing delays are involved.
1.2 THE DESIGN PROCESS

The availability of computer-based tools has greatly influenced the
design process in a wide variety of environments. For example,
designing an automobile is similar in the general approach to
designing a furnace or a computer. Certain steps in the development
cycle must be performed if the final product is to meet the specified
objectives.
The flowchart in Figure 1.3 depicts a typical development page 6

process. We assume that the process is to develop a product
that meets certain expectations. The most obvious requirements are
that the product must function properly, that it must meet an
expected level of performance, and that its cost should not exceed a
given target.
Figure 1.3 The development process.
The process begins with the definition of product page 7

specifications. The essential features of the product are
identified, and an acceptable method of evaluating the implemented
features in the final product is established. The specifications must
be tight enough to ensure that the developed product will meet the
general expectations, but should not be unnecessarily constraining
(that is, the specifications should not prevent design choices that
may lead to unforeseen advantages).
From a complete set of specifications, it is necessary to define the
general structure of an initial design of the product. This step is
difficult to automate. It is usually performed by a human designer
because there is no clear-cut strategy for developing a product's
overall structure—it requires considerable design experience and
intuition.
After the general structure is established, CAD tools are used to
work out the details. Many types of CAD tools are available, ranging
from those that help with the design of individual parts of the
system to those that allow the entire system's structure to be
represented in a computer. When the initial design is finished, the
results must be verified against the original specifications.
Traditionally, before the advent of CAD tools, this step involved
constructing a physical model of the designed product, usually
including just the key parts. Today it is seldom necessary to build a
physical model. CAD tools enable designers to simulate the behavior
of incredibly complex products, and such simulations are used to
determine whether the obtained design meets the required
specifications. If errors are found, then appropriate changes are
made and the verification of the new design is repeated through
simulation. Although some design flaws may escape detection via
simulation, usually all but the most subtle problems are discovered in
this way.
When the simulation indicates that the design is correct, a
complete physical prototype of the product is constructed. The
prototype is thoroughly tested for conformance with the
specifications. Any errors revealed in the testing must be fixed. The
errors may be minor, and often they can be eliminated by making
small corrections directly on the prototype of the product. In case of
large errors, it is necessary to redesign the product and repeat the
steps explained above. When the prototype passes all the tests, then
the product is deemed to be successfully designed and it can go into
production.
page 8
1.3 STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER
page 9
To understand the role that logic circuits play in digital
systems, consider the structure of a typical computer, as illustrated
in Figure 1.4a. The computer case houses a number of printed
circuit boards (PCBs), a power supply, and (not shown in the figure)
storage units, like a hard disk and DVD or CD-ROM drives. Each unit
is plugged into a main PCB, called the motherboard. As indicated on
the bottom of the figure, the motherboard holds several integrated
circuit chips, and it provides slots for connecting other PCBs, such as
audio, video, and network boards.
Figure 1.4 A digital hardware system (Part a)
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that made a song in her heart despite all the trials—so much of a song that
occasionally it flowed into words, and Dorothy's untrained voice was sweet
and clear. She rarely used it over her work, but on this Monday twice she sang
clear and loud,—
"Mine is an unchanging love;

Higher than the heights above."
Mrs. Morgan heard it—heard the tune; caught no words—wanted to hear

none. The spirit of song was not in her heart that morning. All she said was,—
"Don't, for pity's sake, go to singing over the dish-pan. I always thought that
was a miserable, shiftless habit. There is a time for all things."
And Dorothy, wondering much when was her time to sing, hushed her voice
and finished the melody in her heart. So it seemed to her, when the day was
done, that really it had been an unusually hard one. Many steps added to the
usual routine. A dish broken; a leaking pail sending water all over the clean
floor; John's muddy feet tracking through the kitchen just after the mopping
was done; John's hands—traces of them on the clean towel; and then, by
reason of trying to do two things at once at the mother's bidding, she actually
allowed the starch to scorch. So that, in truth, when she sat down in the
wooden-seated chair of her own room for a moment's breathing space, before
it was time to set the table for tea, she looked back over the day with a little
wondering sigh. What had she done this day for the glory of God? How could
he possibly get any glory out of her honest efforts to do her whole duty that
day? True, she had resisted the temptation to slam the door hard, to set down
the tea-kettle with a bang, to say, in an undertone, "I don't care whether it is
clean or dirty," when her attention was called to some undone task. Yet what
had been the result? Mother certainly had never been so hard to please.
"She has found more to blame to-day than she ever did in the days when I
only half tried," said poor Dorothy to herself.
So where was there any glory for the Master to be found in the day? Even
then came the mother's voice calling,—
"Well, are we to have any supper to-night? or must I get it, with all the rest?"
Then Dorothy went down, and I am afraid that she set the cups and saucers
on the table with more force than was needed. Life looked full of pin-pricks
that hurt for the time being as much, or at least she thought they did, as
though they had been made with lancets.
What was the trouble with Mother Morgan?
I do want you to understand her. She did not understand herself, to be sure;
but that is no reason why you should not show more discrimination. It had
been an unusually trying day to her. Apart from the pressure of domestic
cares, which she, in common with many other housekeepers, made always
twice as heavy as they should be, her nerves, or her heart, or her conscience,
or all these combined, had been stirred within her by the words of prayer in
the twilight of the Sabbath. Memory took her back to an old hillside farmhouse,
surrounded by fields less rich and fruitful than those near which she dwelt; to
an old arm-chair, in which an old man sat night and morning, by his side
another chair, in which an old woman sat night and morning; and together
they read out of the same Bible, together they knelt and prayed, and this cold-
faced mother had heard herself prayed for many a time, not only by that old
man, but by the gray-haired woman. And they were her father and her mother,
both sleeping now, side by side, under the snow; and being dead, yet
speaking—speaking loudly to her on that very Monday. As she looked at
Dorothy she felt as though she were wronging her of a birthright. Dorothy had
never heard her mother pray as she had heard her old mother many a time.
Dorothy's mother had never said to her,—
"Dorothy, I want you to be a servant of God more than I want anything else."
That was what leer mother had said to her when she was Dorothy's age, and
many a time afterward; and she was not a servant of God yet, and her
conscience reproached her; and her child had never heard such words, and
her heart reproached her. As truly as I write it, she pitied Dorothy. Yet, can you
understand that this very feeling actually made her voice sharper and her
words more impatient when she spoke to her? The human heart unchanged is
a very strange and contradictory thing.
But I want to tell you what Dorothy Morgan does not know.
Her mother did discover the immaculate condition of the pudding-kettle, and
said aloud—
"I declare, for once this is clean!"

CHAPTER XX.
CLOUDS.
I HAVE been tempted to linger over these first weeks connected with Louise
Morgan's home-coming in order that you might get a clear view of the
surroundings and a true idea of the family life. Now, however, I shall have to
take you away into the spring. The long, cold, busy winter, with its cares and
opportunities, had passed away, and the buds and blossoms, foretelling of the
coming summer, had begun to appear on every hand.
Many changes, subtle and sweet and strong, had been going on in the
Morgan household. Dorothy had held steadily on her course; the first lesson in
her Christian experience being ever present with her, that in the very smallest
matters of life her light might shine for Christ. She was learning the important
lesson to be "faithful over a few things." Little realized she the importance of
this faithfulness. Not an idea had she of the number of times in which the
mother had regarded her curiously, as she looked in vain for careless ways or
forgotten duties, and admitted to herself that "something had come over
Dorothy, and she only hoped it would last." Oh yes, it would last. Dorothy
believed that. She had anchored her soul after the first hours of unrest on the
sure promise of His "sufficient grace," and had no idea of doubting him. Not
much outside work had she been able to take up. Yet, little by little, came
changes. Carey Martyn was full of schemes.
"See here, let us do thus and so," was a favourite phrase of his, and he was
growing more and more fond of saying it to Dorothy.
The bright curtains in the parlour had not been taken down again; the old-
fashioned sofa still held its place in the coziest corner; and now that the sun
was getting around the corner, peeping in at the pleasantest window, the room
took a still more cheery look, and Dorothy had fallen into the habit of touching
a match to the carefully laid fire almost every evening just after tea, and one
by one the different members of the family dropped in.
The long-neglected old-fashioned brass knocker often sounded during these
days. People who had never called on the Morgans, chiefly because of the
fear that they would be coldly received, began to discover that Mrs. Lewis
Morgan was a very pleasant woman, very glad to see her friends; and the
mother was not so disagreeable as they had supposed; and, "really, that shy,
silent Dorothy had improved wonderfully."
Thus it was when the spring opened, only a few months since the new-
comer's first entrance; and nothing very remarkable, so far as outward eyes
could see, had transpired, and yet in a hundred little ways things were
different.
But on this particular May morning when I bring you into the family circle the
prevailing atmosphere was gloom.
In the first place it rained—a soft, sweet spring rain, when the buds swell, and
leaves almost seem to increase in size while you watch, and the spring
flowers nod at one another, and the world, though in tears, seems to the
happy heart to be keeping holiday. Yet, as Louise Morgan stood at her window
and watched the dripping eaves, and listened to the patter on the roof, and
saw the low gray clouds sail by, a rainy day seemed to her a dreary thing.
The truth was, the Morgan family were in trouble. During these passing
months Louise and her husband, reinforced by Dorothy, and afterward by
Carey Martyn, had carried John Morgan about on their hearts as special
subject of constant prayer. Louise had been often eager, persistent, steadfast
for a soul before; yet it seemed to her that the desire had never been so
intense as in this instance; and as she looked over the past, it seemed to her
that she had never had so little encouragement. From the time when she took
that walk home with him in the moonlight, and tried to speak earnest words,
John Morgan had seemed to withdraw more utterly into himself. He carefully
avoided Louise; he refused, positively, all invitations to attend church on the
Sabbath. He plainly informed Lewis that he was wasting words in trying to talk
religion at him, and might consider himself honourably excused from any such
attempts; and to Dorothy, who, with tearful eyes and trembling lips, said simply
to him one night in the darkness, "O John, won't you give yourself to Jesus?"
he unceremoniously and roughly answered, "Shut up."
In every respect John had seemed, during the last few months, to travel
rapidly backward. The corner grocery now saw him more frequently than ever
before; indeed, almost every evening, late into the night, was passed there.
The smell of tobacco and of liquor lingered more constantly now about his
clothing, and pervaded the atmosphere of his room. In vain did Louise
struggle to keep that room pure. Gradually it had changed its outward
appearance. Christmas and Now Year, and then John's birthday, had been
helpful anniversaries to her plans. The bed was spread in spotless white; the
twisted-leg stand had its scratched and pointless top concealed under a white
and delicately crocheted tidy; a little rocker occupied the corner by the
window, with a bright-coloured tidy fastened securely to its back. The space
between the hall door and the clothes-press was occupied by a neat toilet-
stand, with all the convenient accessories of the toilet carefully disposed on it;
the walls were hung with two or three choice engravings and an illuminated
text; and on the white-covered stand there daily blossomed, in a small pure
vase, a rose, or a bunch of lilies of the valley, or a spray of delicate wild flower
—some sweet-breathed treasure from the woods or garden, which struggled
with the tobacco-scented air—placed there by Louise's tasteful fingers.
Once she ventured on a gift in the shape of a nicely-bound Bible, containing

John's name and her own on the fly-leaf, and she made a place for it on the
white-covered stand; but found that the very next morning it had been placed
on the highest shelf in the clothes-press along with a pile of old agricultural
papers that reposed there from one house-cleaning to another. All of these
patient little efforts had been greeted hitherto with nothing but frowns or
sneers or total indifference.
John Morgan seemed to have deliberately determined to ruin his prospects for
this life and the next, and to forbid any one to hold him back. Yet they did not
give him up, these four. The more hopeless the case seemed to grow, the
more steadily did they try to hold their grasp on the arm of power.
But on this rainy morning of which I write, not one of the four but had been
plunged into more or less anxiety and gloom. Apparently, not only had all their
efforts failed, but the subject of them had resolved to remove himself from all
further influence or molestation from them. The threat that he had often and
often made, to leave his home and go where he pleased, he had now
determined to put into execution. A week before he had suddenly and fiercely
announced his decision, and no amount of persuasion had effected the least
change. He was indifferent alike to his father's advice or threats.
"You needn't give me a copper if you haven't a mind to," he had said sullenly
during one of the stormy talks. "I'll risk but that I can take care of myself. I can
beg or can drown myself, if I feel like it. Anyhow, I'm going, and there's no kind
of use in talking."
"But where are you going?" pleaded the mother.

One less indifferent than John could not have failed to notice that her face was
pale and her voice husky with pent-up feeling.
"Just exactly where I like, and nowhere else. If I knew where that was I might
tell you, but I don't. I never did as I pleased an hour since I was born, and I
mean to do it now."
What was the use of talking to one in such a mood? Yet they talked, and
argued, and threatened, and used sharp words, and bitter words, and words
that were calculated to leave life-long scars on hearts; and the talks were
frequently renewed, and lasted away into the midnight; and at last John had
declared that he would not stand this sort of thing another hour, and he would
not take any money—not a copper of it, even if it was offered; and he would
not take his clothes along—not a rag.
"You can sell them to the first rag-man that comes along, and build another
barn with their value, for all I care," he said to his father, in a pitiful attempt at
sarcasm.
And then, without another word or a glance at his mother or a pretence at

good-bye, he strode out of the room, closing the door after him with a bang.
That was the evening before, just at supper-time, and though his mother did
that night what she had never done before in her life—put some of the supper
down, carefully covered to keep warm for John—he came not. The next
morning's milking was done without him, and as the long rainy day waned it
became evident to each heart that John was gone.
Now I have not told you the worst of this. For the past week the mother's heart
had been wrung with such anxiety that she had humbled herself in a manner
that she, a few days before, would not have imagined possible. She had
followed Louise one morning up to her room, coming with slow and doubtful
tread, closing the door after her, and looking behind her in a half-frightened
way, as if to be sure that there were no other listeners to her humiliation than
this one, and had said to Louise, catching her breath while she spoke,—
"You know how I feel about John. I have heard you talk about praying over
everything; if you believe that it does any good, why don't you pray to have
him kept at home?"
"Mother," said Louise, coming close to her, taking the hard old hand in hers, "I
do pray for him, every hour in the day, almost every minute it seems to me,
and I believe it will do good; I believe He will hear our prayer. But there is no
one who could pray for John as his mother could. I do so desire to have his
mother's prayers infold him like a garment. Won't you pray for him?"
"I'm not a praying woman," said Mrs. Morgan, trying to keep her voice steady.
"Still, if I believed in it as you do, I would pray now if I never did again."
Then she turned and went swiftly away. She had actually humbled her proud
heart to ask her daughter-in-law to pray for John! She could not get away from
the feeling that Louise's prayers would be likely to avail if any would. More
than that—but this at the time was known only to her own heart, and to the
One who reads the heart—in the silence and darkness of her own room, after
Nellie was asleep, and before Farmer Morgan had drawn the last bolt
preparatory to coming to his bed, she had got down on her knees and had
offered what, in her ignorance, she thought was prayer. "O God," she said, "if
thou hearest human beings in their need, hear me, and keep John from going
away." There was no submission in her heart to the divine will, no reference to
the name which is the only name by which we can approach God, no
realization of anything save John's peril and a blind reaching out after some
hand that had power. Yet it was a nearer approach to prayer than that mother
had made for fifty years!
Neither could she help a feeling, which she told herself was probably
superstition, that something somehow would prevent John from carrying out
his designs. Yet the days went by, and no unseen arm stretched out its hand
of power to arrest John. Instead, the rainy day wore on with the feeling settling
down hopelessly on the mother's heart that her son had gone from her with
hard words on his lips, and with the echo of hard words from her sounding in
his heart. For, so strange a thing is this human heart, Mrs. Morgan had
actually never seemed more hard or cold to her son than she did during the
week that her heart was torn with anxiety for him.
But I have not told you the worst of this. The days moved on, and it became
evident to all that John had carried out his threat and was gone. Then the
mother's grief and dismay found vent in hard and cruel words. She turned in
bitterness from Louise, yes, and from Dorothy, indeed from every one. To
Louise she said plainly it was not strange that John had wanted to get away;
she had given him no peace since she had been there; always tormenting him
to go to church or to prayer-meeting, or to do something that he did not want
to do. For her part, she did not see but he was quite as good as those who
were always running off to meeting. He could not even have any peace in his
own room; it must be cluttered up with rubbish that any man hated—vases to
tip over, and tidies to torment him!
And she flung the tidies on a chair in Louise's room, and folded and packed
away the cover which she said she had been "fooled into buying," and
restored every corner of that little hall chamber to its original dreariness. And,
worse than all, she declared that she hoped and trusted she would hear no
more cant about prayers in that house. She had not been able to see for many
a year that the kind of praying that was being done in these days
accomplished any good.
To Dorothy she declared that if she had had the spirit of a mouse she might
have exerted herself, as other girls did, to make a pleasant spot for her
brother; that she had never tried to please him in anything, not even the
mending of his mittens when he wanted them; she would rather dawdle over
the fire roasting apples with Carey Martyn than give any thought to her own
brother.
Now all this was bitterness itself to poor Dorothy, whose own heart reproached
her for having been so many years indifferent to her brother's welfare, but who
had honestly tried with all the force of her heart to be pleasant and helpful to
John ever since she had been doing anything from a right motive.
Neither did Mrs. Morgan spare her husband. She would not have let a boy like
that go off without a penny in his pocket, she said,—no, not if she had to sell
all the stock to get him ready money. He had as good a right to money as
Lewis ever had, and he had been tied down to the five barns all his life. No
wonder he ran away. He showed some spirit, and she was glad he had.
Do you suppose Farmer Morgan endured this in silence? Not he. And sharp
words grow sharper, and bitter feelings ran high, until the once quiet kitchen
was transformed into a Babel of angry words, and poor Louise could only go
away and weep.
But I have not told you the worst of this: actually the worst was in this Christian
woman's own sore heart. The awful question, "Why?" had crept in and was
tormenting her soul. She had been sincere in her prayers; she had been
honest in her desires; she had been unwavering in her petitions. Why had
God permitted this disastrous thing to come? Had she not tried—oh had she
not tried with sincere desire ever since she came into this home to live Christ
in it? Why, then, had she been allowed to so utterly fail? Would it not be to
God's glory to save John Morgan's soul? Was it not evident that through him
the mother might possibly be reached? Was it not perfectly evident that John,
at home, under her influence and Lewis's and Dorothy's, would be in less
danger than away among strangers, wandering whither he would? Was it not
perfectly evident that this conclusion to their prayers had caused Mrs. Morgan
to lose faith in prayer—to grow harder and harder in her feelings toward God
and toward Christians? Why was all this allowed?
She had prayed in faith—or, at least, she had supposed she had; she had felt
almost sure that God would answer her prayer. She had said to Dorothy, only
the night before John went away—said it with steady voice and a smile in her
eye—"I don't believe John will go away; I don't think God will let him go."
And Dorothy, half-startled, had answered: "O Louise, I don't mean to be

irreverent, but I don't understand. How can God keep him from going, if he will
go?"
And Louise, smiling outright now, so sure was she of her trust, had answered:
"I don't know, dear; he has infinite resources; I only know that I believe he will
do it."
Now what had become of her faith? It grieves my heart to have to confess to
you that this young servant of Christ, who had felt his "sufficient grace" in her
own experience again and again, allowed Satan to stand at her elbow and
push before her that persistent and faithless "Why?"
It was that word in all its changes which was crowding into her heart, on that
May morning, as she looked out at the dripping eaves and the leaden clouds.
CHAPTER XXI.
HEDGED IN.
As for John, perhaps he was quite as much astonished at the turn of events
as was any of the family. It is true he had been threatening for many weeks to
turn his back on the old homestead, but it is doubtful if he had really, during
that time, a well-defined intention of doing any such thing.
No plans as to where he should go or what he should do had taken shape;

only a vague unrest, and a more or less settled determination to some time
get away from it all.
Therefore, as he turned his back on the familiar barns and long-stretching

fields, and went out from them in the darkness of that May evening, not one of
the family was more in fog as to what he would do next than was John
himself. Instinctively he turned his steps to the village, spending the evening in
his old haunt, showing only by a more reckless manner than usual that there
had been any change in his life. In fact he realized no change; he never
turned toward the family road leading homeward as he came out from that
corner grocery at a later hour than usual; but he stopped abruptly before he
reached the top of the hill, considered a moment, then turned and retraced his
steps, and presently struck out boldly on the road leading cityward. The great
city, only sixty miles away, was of course the first point for an enterprising
young man about to start out in life for himself.
About midnight he reached the station where the express train stopped. By
the station lamps he discovered that the eastern-bound train would be due in
five minutes. He drew from his pocket the handful of silver and copper that
constituted his available means, slowly counted them, lounged into the
station, and inquired the price of a ticket to the city, then smiled grimly to
himself to discover that after purchasing one he should have just fivepence
left. "I guess I can live on that for a week or so," he muttered; "father could. If I
can't I can starve. I'm going to the city anyhow." And the ticket was bought.
Presently came the train, and our reckless young traveller sauntered into it,
selected the best seat he could find, settled himself comfortably, and went to
sleep, apparently indifferent to the fact that his mother was at that moment
shedding bitter tears for him. No, he was not indifferent; would not have been,
at least, had he known the fact. Nothing in all his young life's experience
would have amazed him more. He did not understand his mother, which is not
strange, perhaps, when one considers that she had spent years in learning
how to hide her heart away from the sight of those she loved best. John
Morgan actually did not believe that he had ever caused his mother to shed
one tear; he did not believe that she loved him. What did he know about
mother love, save as she revealed it to him?
It is not my purpose to take you wandering with John Morgan. Even if we had
time for it, the experience would be anything but pleasant. He went into many
places where you would not like to follow; he did many things that were better
left undone, and are much better left untold. Yet I will be just to poor, silly,
wicked John. He held back, or rather was held back by a force which he did
not in the least understand, from many a place that otherwise he would have
entered. There were depths of sin and folly into which he had abundant
chance to sink, and from which nothing in his own depraved heart kept him
from sinking, and yet into which he did not sink. He would have smiled in
superior scorn over the thought that the incense of prayer, which had been
rising day and night concerning him during the passing weeks, had anything
to do with the unseen force that held him when he would have plunged
headlong. Still he was held. He is not the first one who has been saved from
self-shipwreck by a power outside of himself, unrecognized and unthanked.
Still it must be confessed that John Morgan took long enough strides in the
road to shipwreck, and did what he could for his own overthrow, goaded
meantime by an exasperating and ever-increasing sense of failure. Here was
he at last, his own master, able to work, if he could find anything to do, or to
let it alone, just as he pleased; no one to direct, or, as he had always phrased
it, to "order." No one to complain, no one to question—a life of freedom at last.
Was it not for this he had pined? It was humiliating to discover that it did not
satisfy him. He could not, even for an hour, cheat himself into believing that he
was happy in the life that he had chosen. A very vagabond of a life he led. He
tried working and lounging and starving, and the time hung heavily. It was
more than humiliating, it was exasperating; but the fact remained that he could
no more get away from the memory of that clean, sweet-smelling, sweetly
kept room, in which he had lately passed his nights, than he could get away
from his own miserable self. Nay, the very smell of the wild-wood violets which
had nodded on him from the tiny vase that last morning at home, and which
he had affected to despise, seemed to follow and haunt him. How perfectly
absurd it was in him here, in the very centre of this great centre of life, to
actually long for a whiff of those wild violets! He sneered at himself, and swore
at himself, and longed for them all the same.
So passed the days, each one bearing him steadily downward, and yet each
one holding him back from the downward depths into which he might have
plunged. And the summer heats came in all their fierceness and wilted him
with their city-polluted breath; he had been used all his life to the free, pure air
of the country. At times it was hard for him to believe that this crowded, ill-
smelling city could belong to the same earth on which the wide-stretching
harvest-fields lay and smiled. And the summer waned, and the rich, rare
October days, so beautiful in the country, so barren of all interest to the
homeless in a great city, came to him, and John Morgan had actually become
a tramp! The work which he had at first despised and hated he now could not
find; and if he would not carry his early threat into execution and literally
starve, he must tramp and beg. Now starving had lost its charms somewhere
among the parchings of those summer months; he had so nearly tried that
way as to shudder over it; to ask for a bite at the back door of country-looking
houses was more to his mind.
One never-to-be-forgotten October day he shook himself out from the shelter
of a wrecked car, near which he had passed the night, and resolved upon a
breakfast of some sort. I wish I could give you a picture of him. His own
mother would not have recognized him. His clothing in the old days had been
none of the finest, but whatever passed through Mother Morgan's hands was
clean, and carefully mended. Now this bundle of rags and dirt would have
been in danger of being spurned from her door without a second glance.
"There is no excuse for filth!" she was wont to say grimly. Her son John had
heard her say it many a time. He thought of it this morning as he shook
himself; yet how could he help the filth? He had no clothes, he had no place in
which to wash, he had nothing with which to brush, and very little left to brush!
True, he had brought himself into this very position, but of that he did not
choose to think; and besides, everybody knows it is easier to get into certain
positions than to get out of them. I wish I could tell you how he felt. He did not
understand his own mood. He was not repentant, not in the least; if anything,
he was more bitter and defiant than ever. But he was disappointed: assuming
control of one's own actions was by no means so comfortable or desirable a
lot as he had imagined. There were days in which he believed that to have
milked the gentle cows, and cared for the fine horses, would have been a
positive relief. It was not work that John had shirked. Yet he had no idea of
going home; his proud spirit and defiant nature would not let him even suggest
that thought to himself.
On this particular morning he had resolved to try again for work. He managed
to get on the last car of an outgoing goods train, and was thus whirled a few
miles into the country. At the first station he jumped off, and began his search
for work. He found a farmer who was compassionate, and gave him wood to
carry into the already well-stocked shed by way of earning his breakfast.
Presently the farmer came to the door and called:
"We are about ready for breakfast now. You can come in while we have
prayers and then have breakfast."
"I don't want prayers," said John, stopping short midway between the door
and the wood-pile, his arms full. "I asked for something to eat, not for praying."
"I know that, and you shall have the something to eat; but a little praying won't
hurt you. Why, man, you can afford to be thankful that you have found a
chance to eat again!"
"No, I can't," said John fiercely. "If I can't have the breakfast without the
praying, I'll go without the breakfast."
"Very well," said the sturdy farmer, "I'm bound you shall then. I declare, if a
fellow has got so far that he can't even listen to a word of prayer, he doesn't
deserve to eat."
"Then I'll starve," said John in anger, and he threw the wood on the floor and
strode away.
"Oh, I don't know about that, father," said a motherly voice, and a motherly
face looking out after angry John. "Seems to me I'd have given him some
breakfast if he didn't want to come to prayers. Maybe he was ashamed to, he
looks so much like a rag-bag."
"Why didn't he say so then!" said the disturbed farmer. "Who expected him to
fly off in a passion at the mention of a prayer? He's a hard case, I'm afraid."
That was true enough; and yet the incident was not so much against John as
it sounds. Poor John! he was angry at his own heart for remembering, with a
certain lingering touch of tenderness, that prayer in the kitchen at home in the
Sabbath evening twilight; he wanted no experience that would call it up more
plainly. Breakfastless, and supperless last night, John Morgan! There had
always been plenty to eat in his father's house. What a bitterness it was to
think that, now he was independent, he was actually a dependent on the
chance charities of the world!
He tramped on; he was growing hungrier; he felt that he really could not work
now until he had a chance to eat; it was actual pauperism this time. A neat-
looking house, a neat kitchen door; he knocked at it and asked for a bit of
bread. A trim old lady answered it,—
"Yes, to be sure. Come in. And so you're hungry? Poor fellow! It must be hard
to be hungry. No home, I suppose?"
John shook his head.
"Poor fellow! You look young too. Is your mother dead, did you say?"
All the while she bustled about, getting a savoury breakfast ready for him—a
cup of steaming coffee, and a bit of meat, and generous slices of bread and
butter—bread that looked and butter that smelled like his mother's. And this
was a farmhouse, and a neat, clean kitchen, and a yellow painted floor.
At that last question a strange feeling came over John Morgan. Was his
mother dead? "No," he almost said. He would not have liked to nod his head
to that. And yet, here he was among the October days, and it had been early
May when he left her. How many funeral processions he had passed on the
streets since, and he had had no word from his mother. Down in the pasture
meadow one day his father had said to him, "Don't plough that bit up; I've
never made up my mind to it. In spite of me, it looks as if it was meant for a
kind of family burying-ground." There was a great tree there and a grassy
hillside, and a small clear stream purled along very near. How did he know but
a grave had been dug on that hillside since he went away? His heart gave a
few sudden thuds, and then for a minute almost seemed to stop beating.
Could it be possible that John Morgan really loved his mother! He was eating
his breakfast now—a good breakfast it was, and the trim old lady talked on.
"Well, there are a good many homeless people in the world. It must be hard;
but then, you know, the Master himself gave up his home, and had not where
to lay his head—did it for our sakes too. Wasn't that strange? Seems to me I
couldn't give up my home. But he made a home by it for every one of us. I
hope you've looked after the title to yours, young man."
No answer from John. The old lady sighed, and said to herself, as she trotted
away for a biscuit for him,—
"He doesn't understand, poor fellow. I suppose he never has had any good
thoughts put into his mind. Dear me! I wish I could do something for him
besides feeding his poor, perishing body."
But John did understand perfectly. What was the matter with all the people this
morning? Why were they so persistently forcing that subject at him? He had
been wandering almost six months, and had never met so many
straightforward words concerning it in all the months as he had this morning.
Is not it possible, John Morgan, that God's watching Spirit knows when to
reach even your heart? The little old lady trotted back, a plate of biscuits in
one hand and a little card in the other.
"Put these biscuits in your pocket; maybe they'll come good when you are
hungry again. And here is a little card; you can read, I suppose?"
The faintest suspicion of a smile gleamed in John Morgan's eyes as he

nodded assent.
"Well, then, you read it once in a while just to please me. Those are true
words on it; and Jesus is here yet trying to save, just the same as he always
was. He wants to save you, young man, and you had better let him do it now.
If I were you I wouldn't wait another day."
As he tramped down the street, his inner man so wonderfully refreshed by the
good coffee and bread and butter, he could not help looking at the card,
which, also, after that breakfast, he could not help taking, although he wanted
to put it into the cheery fire. It was a simple enough card, and printed on it in
plain letters were these words, "It is a faithful saying, and worthy of all
acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners." Then
underneath, "I am the bread of life. He that believeth on me shall never
hunger." Still lower on the card, in ornamented letters, the words, "The Master
is come, and calleth for thee." Then a hand pointing to an italicized line, "I that
speak unto thee am he."
"Queer mess that," said John, and he thrust the card into his pocket and
strode toward the village depot. He meant to board the next train and get a
little farther into the country, and continue his search for work. The train
arrived, and he succeeded in slipping into it. But it was hardly fairly under way
when he discovered that he had miscalculated, and was being borne back
toward the great city, instead of farther into the country.
"I don't care," he said. "I don't know what I want of the country. On the whole, I
may as well try my chances in the city. I'll go up Greenwich Street and try my
luck in the warehouses. I can roll boxes about now since I've had another
breakfast."
But the train presently switched off and ran into another station, into another
part of the city, wherein John was as total a stranger as though he had just
dropped from the clouds.
"Where on earth am I?" he said bewildered, swinging himself down from the
top of the car and looking around. "Just my luck. I'm nowhere. East, west,
north, south,—which way shall I go? I'll go north. Which is north? Or no, I
won't; it's coming winter. I guess I'll go south, and walk as long as it looks
interesting, and see where I'll bring up. What difference does it make which
way I go?"
All the difference in the world, John Morgan. It is a link in the chain which is
narrowing around you. It is one of the apparently trivial movements which will
have its silent, unnoticed, unthought-of part in helping you to decide which
way you will go during all your future, and at what station you will finally land.
CHAPTER XXII.
CORDS UNSEEN.
THE morning service was just over in the great church on Lexington Avenue.
A large company of men and women lingered in the broad aisles, shaking
hands with each other, saying a word here and there in subdued happy tones.
A looker-on, who was familiar with religious meetings, and who yet had not
been present at this one, would have known by the atmosphere lingering in
the church that the worshippers had been having a happy time. They were
loath to leave; they gathered in little knots, at convenient standing-places, and
discussed the events of the hour and the prospects of the evening. Large
numbers of the ladies had packages of white cards in their hands—not unlike
calling-cards in size and texture, and quite as carefully written on as ever
calling-cards were. The handwriting was peculiar—delicate, gracefully
rounded letters, skilful flourishes. Somebody had considered the work
important, and had bestowed time and skill.
"Estelle dear, won't you go forward and get some of the cards? I see very few
here who will go up Fairmount Street, and you may be able to reach some
who will be otherwise neglected."
So spoke one of the lingerers, a fair-faced woman, with silver-tinted hair, to a

very graceful young woman, who was evidently her daughter, and who
evidently lingered, not so much from personal interest in the scene as
because her mother did. She turned full, wondering, and yet deprecating eyes
on her mother at the question.
"O mamma! I cannot offer those cards to people. I am not one of the workers,
you know; it isn't expected of me. You have some, and that will be sufficient
for our family."
"I am not going up Fairmount Street," the mother answered quietly. "I have
only enough cards to meet my own opportunities, daughter. If Louise were
here, dear, can't you think how she would scatter those little white
messengers?"
"Louise is good, mamma, and I am not, you know; you mustn't expect me to
be Louise. I can no more take her place in that way than I can in a hundred
others."
"Oh yes, you can, my child; it doesn't require any special skill to hand a card
of invitation to a passer-by, or even to speak a word of encouragement to the
half persuaded."
"But, mamma, how would it look for me to invite people to the meetings? I am
not one of the church members. It wouldn't be very consistent, I think."
The mother's eyes were sorrowful and questioning as they rested on the face
of her fair young daughter. She seemed not to know just what would be well to
answer to this. At last she said,—
"Estelle dear, even though you refuse Christ yourself, don't you wish that
many others might come to him? Poor, sad hearts who have not your
opportunities, nor know the way as you do—shouldn't they have their chance
to choose, and aren't you willing to extend the invitation?"
The young girl's cheeks flushed a deeper pink, and her eyes drooped, but she
answered steadily,—
"Certainly I am, mamma."
Then she went forward and received from the pastor a package of the
beautiful cards, turning them over curiously in her hand, wondering much how
it would seem to pass them out to people, and whether the cards would be
accepted or refused.
Simple little cards they were; nothing pretentious or formidable about them;
just an announcement of daily religious services, giving the hours of meetings
and the name of the preacher; then, on the reverse side, in the most exquisite
penmanship, this simple quotation, "The Master is come, and calleth for thee."
Estelle read it, and the glow on her cheeks did not lessen. There was certainly
something very solemn in the suggestion. Estelle could hardly help giving a
moment's attention to the inquiry whether the Master really were calling for
her. Could she have brought her heart to the point of believing that such was
the case, it would have been well with Estelle, for she could not have said the
Master nay. The sin in her case was that she would not study the subject long
enough to be able to believe that she was personally included in the call.
Nevertheless she went her way up Fairmount Street on her unusual errand, a
little touch of vexation in her face over the thought that Louise would have
done all this so well, and would so have delighted in it, while she must
bunglingly try to supply her place. It was about this time that John Morgan
turned into Fairmount Street, much wondering where he was and what he
could be expected to do next.
"Will you have a card, please?" And a vision of loveliness fell on his
astonished gaze, and a delicately-gloved hand was stretched forth with the
fair bit of pasteboard. "It is just an invitation to the meetings; we hope you will
come." And still the card was outstretched, and still John stood and stared.
What was there about that face and voice that seemed familiar to him as one
whom he had met in a dream or in the far-away unreality of some other
existence? It bewildered him to the extent that he forgot either to decline or
accept the card, but stood looking and wondering. Estelle felt the importance
of saying something further to this silent starer. "They have very good singing,
and great crowds come every evening. I think you will like it. Will you take the
card?"
Thus petitioned, John, roused from his bewilderment, put forth his hand for the
proffered card, because for the moment he could not decide what else to do.
Then Estelle, her mission accomplished and her embarrassment great, flitted
away from him around the corner. "What a strange-acting fellow!" was her
comment. "How he did stare! One would suppose he had never seen a lady
before. Dear me! He looks as though he needed a friend. Somehow I can't
help feeling sorry for him. I really hope he will go to the meeting; but of course
he won't." And Estelle Barrows actually realized that for such a dreary,
friendless-looking person as he the love of Christ would be a great
transformation. She did not mean that she, Estelle Barrows, in her beauty and
purity, surrounded by the safeguards of her high position, had no need of
Christ; neither did she realize that this was the logical conclusion of her
reasoning.
"What in the name of common sense has got into all the people to-day? They
are running wild on cards." This was John Morgan's comment. He was
ashamed and vexed to think he had so forgotten his sullenness and
indifference as to stare at the fair young face. He read the card carefully, more
to get away from his present thoughts than from any interest in it; but the
verse on the reverse side held his attention for a few minutes, from the fact
that the words were the very same as those on the card given him by the old
lady who had supplied his breakfast. It struck him as a strange coincidence.
Presently he thrust the bit of pasteboard into his pocket, and dismissed the
incident from his mind.
Not again did it recur to him until he was passing, during that same evening, a
brightly-lighted building, from whence there issued sounds of music.
Something in the strains recalled, he knew not how or why, the incident of the
morning and the card of invitation. "I wonder if this is the place?" he queried.
"It would be rather queer if I had blundered on the very building, without the
least notion of doing any such thing." He paused before the door, listening to
the roll of the organ as it sounded on the quiet air. "That organ doesn't squeak,
anyhow," he said grimly, recalling the organ scene in the old church at home,
and Louise's pleasure in its improved condition after he had taken hold of it.
Thoughts of her suggested the card again, and he brought it forth from his
pocket, and by the light of a friendly lamp compared the name on the card
with the name on the building before him. Yes, they agreed; chance or
Providence, according as you are accustomed to view these matters, had led
him to the very spot. Still he had no intention of going in. "Pretty-looking object
I am to go to church," he said, surveying himself critically, something between
a smile and a sneer on his face. "I would create a sensation, I fancy. I wonder
if the bit of silk and lace that gave me the card is in there? And I wonder if she
expects to see me? And I wonder where I have seen her before, and why her
face haunts me?"
The organ had been silent for some minutes; now it rolled forth its notes
again, and voices, that to John seemed of unearthly sweetness, rang out on
the quiet:—
"Come home! Come home! You are weary at heart;

And the way has been long,
And so lonely and wild!
Oh, prodigal child, come home! Oh, come home!"
Was John Morgan homesick? He would have scorned the thought. Yet at the
sound of these tender words a strange choking sensation came over him, and
something very like a mist filled his eyes. He felt, rather than realized, how
long and lonely and wild the way had been; still he had no intention of going
in. He would step nearer and listen to that music; those voices were unlike
anything he had ever heard before. He drew nearer under the light of the hall
lamp. He could see into the church. The doors stood invitingly open; the aisles
even were full. Some were standing, not well-dressed people all of them, by
any means; but some were so roughly clad that even he would not attract
attention by the contrast. A young man, well-dressed, with an open hymn-
book in his hand, stood by the door, almost in the hall. He turned suddenly,
and his eyes rested on John; he beckoned him forward, then stepped toward
him.
"Come right in, my friend; we can find standing-room for you, and the sermon
is just about to commence."
"I'm not dressed for such places," said John, imagining that he spoke firmly.
"Oh, never mind the dress; that is not of the least consequence; there are
plenty of men in here in their rough working-clothes. Come right in."
"Come home, come home," sang out the wonderful voices. And John Morgan,
still with no intention of going in, yet impelled by a force which he no more
understood than he understood his own soul, stepped forward and followed
the young man into the crowded church. The singing ceased, and the minister
arose and immediately announced his text, "Friend, how camest thou in hither,
not having on a wedding garment?"
The sentence was spoken so like a personal question that John looked about
him, startled. Could it be possible that the man was addressing him—actually
referring to his uncouth dress? This only for an instant; then he discovered
that no one was paying the least attention to him, and that his dress, rough
enough, was not worse than that of some by whom he was surrounded. But
the preacher's manner was so new and strange, so unlike anything that John
Morgan had ever met before, that, despite his own half-formed determination
to get out of this, he stayed, and looked, and listened.
If I could I would tell you about that sermon; but sermons on paper, reported
by a second party, are so very different from the words that come burning hot
from the heart of the preacher, that on second thought I have deemed it
unwise to make the attempt.
To John Morgan the entire service was like a revelation of mysteries. That
which had seemed to him bewildering and contradictory, and finally actually
exasperating in the plan of salvation, was made as clear as the sunlight, and
one by one his own daring subterfuges were swept from him, so that before
the sermon closed he felt that he indeed stood unclothed and speechless
before the King. What next? Where should he go now? Whither flee? Was he
not sufficiently wretched before? Had he need to feel these truths in order to
make his condition less endurable?
The sermon closed, the few words of solemn prayer followed, and the choir
took up the service. Strangely clear, at least to John's ears, were the voices

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Fundamentals of Digital Logic with

VHDL Design 4th Edition Brown

Stephen Brown and Zvonko

FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH VHDL DESIGN

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Cover Image: View Stock/Getty Images

Stephen Brown received the Ph.D. and M.A.Sc. degrees in

Zvonko Vranesic received his B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees,

This book is intended for an introductory course in digital logic

SCOPE OF THE BOOK

Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the process page vii

Appendix B presents the electronic aspects of digital page viii

WHAT CAN BE COVERED IN A COURSE

To gain a more thorough understanding of the VHDL code examples,

POWERPOINT SLIDES AND SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vranesic

3.3.3 Adder and Subtractor Unit 131 page xii

5.13.1Flip-Flops and Registers with Enable Inputs page xiii

8.1.2 Functional Decomposition 470 page xiv

A.2.10 ENUMERATION Type 654 page xv

In this chapter you will be introduced to:

This book is about logic circuits—the circuits from which

computers are built. Proper understanding of logic circuits is vital for

1.1 DIGITAL HARDWARE

Figure 1.1 A silicon wafer.

About 30 years ago Gordon Moore, chairman of Intel Corporation,

Moore's law is expected to continue to hold true for a page 3

The designer of digital hardware may be faced with designing

For many digital hardware products, it is also necessary to page 4

1.1.1 STANDARD CHIPS

1.1.2 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES

PLDs are available in a wide range of sizes, and can be page 5

1.1.3 CUSTOM-DESIGNED CHIPS

1.2 THE DESIGN PROCESS

The flowchart in Figure 1.3 depicts a typical development page 6

The process begins with the definition of product page 7

"Mine is an unchanging love;

Mrs. Morgan heard it—heard the tune; caught no words—wanted to hear

What was the trouble with Mother Morgan?

"I declare, for once this is clean!"

Once she ventured on a gift in the shape of a nicely-bound Bible, containing

"But where are you going?" pleaded the mother.

And then, without another word or a glance at his mother or a pretence at

And Dorothy, half-startled, had answered: "O Louise, I don't mean to be

No plans as to where he should go or what he should do had taken shape;

Therefore, as he turned his back on the familiar barns and long-stretching

John shook his head.

The faintest suspicion of a smile gleamed in John Morgan's eyes as he

So spoke one of the lingerers, a fair-faced woman, with silver-tinted hair, to a

"Certainly I am, mamma."

"Come home! Come home! You are weary at heart;

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