CH 12 The Eukaryotes Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths Summer Sem 2022

Microbiology an Introduction
Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition
Chapter 12
The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae,
Protozoa, and Helminths
‫الّٰلهم انفعني بما عّلمتني وعّلمني ما‬

‫ينفعني وزدني علًما‬
Hadeel Ahmad 122
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Fungi (1 of 2)
Learning Objectives
12-1 List the defining characteristics of fungi.
12-2 Differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction, and
describe each of these processes in fungi.
12-3 List defining characteristics of the four phyla of
fungi.
12-4 Identify two beneficial and two harmful effects of
fungi.

Fungi (2 of 2)
• Mycology: the study of fungi- ‫علم دراسة الفطريات‬
• Chemoheterotrophs -> ‫تمتص الكربون من املواد العضوية واستخدامهوففييااننتتااججمالواطداقهاة‬
– Decompose organic matter
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~
• Aerobic or facultative anaerobic ‫بتالحظ ملا يطلع عفن بطلع عالسطح‬
-Prefer high osmotic

‫الفطر اليانع يلي لسا بقوم بعملياته وبكبر‬
fleshy fungi
Vegetative Structures (1 of 2)
• Molds and fleshy fungi-> Multicellular fungi
– The fungal thallus (body) consists of hyphae
filaments; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium
– Septate hyphae: contain cross-walls ‫بتكون مقطعة‬
– Coenocytic hyphae: do not contain septa ‫غير مقطعة )الخاليا‬
(‫فاتحة عبعضها‬
Septat coenocytic
– Vegetative hyphae obtain nutrients while aerial
hyphae are involved with reproduction
‫)‪5.‬‬ ‫‪hyphe-‬‬
‫>‪-‬‬
‫‪aerial‬‬
‫↑‬
‫>‪-‬‬ ‫‪vegetitave‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪mycelium‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ Hyphe‬ممكن اقسمه لنوعني ‪-:‬‬

‫‪Vegetative :-‬‬
‫مجموعة بتمد حالها عشان تجيب غذاء ويزيد مساحتها‬
‫‪-‬الحظو انها بتمتد بشكل عرضي ‪-‬‬
‫‪Aerial :-‬‬
‫بتمتد وبتعمل ‪ division‬بحيث انه ناتج هاد ال ‪ division‬عبارة عن ‪spore‬‬
‫‪-‬الحظو بتمتد بشكل طولي لالعلى ‪-‬‬
Figure 12.2 Characteristics of Fungal
Hyphae
Cell wall
Pore
Nuclei Loading…
Spore
Septum
Septate hypha Coenocytic hypha Growth of a hypha from a spore

Figure 12.3 Aerial and Vegetative Hyphae
.j0_
·Sig: -
Spore
e
Aerial hyphae
Aerial hyphae
↑
Vegetative hyphae
↳
Aspergillus niger A. niger on agar

-
Mold reproduction = spores
Yeast reproduction =
cell division
Vegetative Structures (2 of 2)
• Yeasts
( ‫)عبارة عن دوائر وملهاش خيوط‬
– Nonfilamentous and unicellular
– Budding yeasts divide unevenly -
‫اذا الخلية طلعت منها برعم وخلية جديدة‬
(More common)
– Fission yeasts divide evenly
• Dimorphic fungi ‫شكلها مش ثابت‬
– Yeastlike at 37°-C and moldlike at 25°-C

Figure 12.4 A Budding Yeast
Parent cell Bud
Bud scar

IC02948' yeast Iwish all 94 -
mycelium 5 gig
cons" 1s 31; -
-
Yeastlike growth Moldlike growth
Figure 12.5 Fungal dimorphism. Dimorphism in the fungus Mucor indicus depends on CO2
↓
concentration. On the agar surface, Mucor exhibits yeastlike growth, but in the agar
where CO2 from metabolism has accumulated, it is moldlike.
-58855.
CO2
Life Cycle (1 of 4)
ubfor multicellular
• Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually via the
formation of spores that detach from the parent and
germinate into a new mold
Sexually :
‫في ذكر وانثى‬
‫بكون عن طريق اتحاد جزء من فطر مع جزء من الفطر االخر‬
spore ‫ وبطلع‬hyphe ‫نتيجة التزاوج‬
Asexually :
‫ وهكذا‬hyphe ‫ بطلع‬spore ‫ وال‬spore ‫ نفسها بتطلع‬hyphe ‫ال‬
hyphe ‫ ويفلت من ال‬spore ‫ نهاية هاد الكالم رح تكون‬sexually or asexually ‫سواء كان‬
mold ‫ ويتكون ما يسمى‬hyphe ‫ويكون هو‬

spores ‫ هو شكل ال‬asexual spores ‫االساس يلي اعتمدوه في تقسيم‬
Life Cycle (2 of 4)
• Asexual spores
– Produced via mitosis and cell division; formed by
the hyphae of one organism
– Conidiospore: not enclosed in a sac
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– Arthroconidia: fragmentation of septate hyphae
– Blastoconidia: buds of the parent cell
– Chlamydoconidium: spore within a hyphal
segment
– Sporangiospore: enclosed in a sac

‫‪Asexual spores divide into group according to spores shape‬‬
‫‪Conidiospore :‬‬
‫‪ hyphe‬حاملة عراسها مجموعة ‪spores‬‬
‫من وين اجت هاي ال ‪spores‬؟‬
‫من ال ‪ hyphe‬نفسها عملت انقسامات بال ‪ mitosis‬وانتجت ‪spores‬‬
‫منها‬
‫‪Arthroconidia :‬‬
‫احيانا ال ‪ hyphe‬بتكون كبيرة وبتصير بتتكسر وبتعمل ‪fragmentation‬‬

‫وخاصة نوع ال ‪ hyphe‬يلي هو ‪ septa‬فبتقطع وكل‬
‫قطعه بصير عندها انقسام وبتطلع ‪spores‬‬
‫‪Chlamydoconidium :‬‬
‫هاد النوع بكون جدارها سميك‬

‫بعض ال ‪ hyphe‬بنالقي فيها انتفاخات ولو فتحنا االنتفاخ بنالقي انه ال‬
‫‪ spores‬قاعده فيه‬
‫‪Sporangiospore :‬‬
‫نفس ال ‪ conidospore‬غصن ال ‪ hyphe‬بكون حامل ال ‪ spore‬بس االختالف انه‬

‫بكون مغلفات بكيس‬
‫‪Blastoconidia :‬‬
‫عادة هي مش لل ‪ multicellular‬وانما لل ‪unicellular‬‬

‫)‪(Yeast‬‬
‫اوقات بطلع منه برغم صغير على شكل ‪ hyphe‬من كثر ما هي صغيرة بنسميها‬
‫‪pseudohyphe‬‬
Figure 12.6 Representative Asexual Spores
Conidia Arthroconidia
Pseudohypha
Conidiophore Blastoconidia
Conidia are arranged in Fragmentation of hyphae Blastoconidia are formed

chains at the end of an results in the formation of from the buds of a parent cell
Aspergillus niger conidiophore. arthroconidia in Ceratocystis ulmi. of Candida albicans.
Spores' 59sEhyphes'Is
body. Shyphe"*
Sporangiospores
Chlamydoconidium
Sporangiophore
Chlamydoconidia are thick-walled Sporangiospores are formed

cells within hyphae of this Candida within a sporangium of Rhizopus
satspores .
albicans. stolonifer. .
S. spore
Life Cycle (3 of 4) ‫كيف تحدث ؟‬
‫ مع بعض ف بتنقل نواة وحدة للثانية‬2hyphae ‫عند التقاء رؤوس‬
spores ‫وبندمجو ويعملو زايغوت وهاد نفسه بصير يطلع‬
• Sexual spores
– Fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains
– Sexual reproduction consists of 3 phases:
‫نواة وحدة بتتتقل‬
● Plasmogamy: haploid donor cell nucleus (+) ‫للثانية وبكون عدد‬
penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (−) ‫الكروموسومات فردية‬
● Karyogamy: + and − nuclei fuse and form diploid

zygote ‫االنوية تتحد مع بعض‬
● Meiosis: diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei
(sexual spores) ‫ عنده كروسومات بعدد فردي‬spores ‫ينتج‬
● The sexual spores produced by fungi characterize the
phyla. phylum ‫ بشوف شكله وبناء هالشكل بعرف من اي‬spores ‫بنوخد ال‬
‫ومعظم الفطريات في املختبر تتكاثر الجنسيا‬
● Clinical identification is based on microscopic
examination of asexual spores, because most fungi &
exhibit only asexual spores in laboratory settings.
·5.
Sess
E
⑤
: ‫احتياجات الفطر لحتى تنمو‬
Nutritional Adaptations
• Grow better at pH of 5
• Grow in high sugar and salt concentration; resistant
to osmotic pressure
• Can grow in low moisture content
• Can metabolize complex carbohydrates
range wider than ‫ متعادل ب‬، ‫ قاعدي‬، ‫ يعني يقدرو يعيشو بجو حامضي‬wide range of ph ‫– يعيشو على‬
‫ وبتعيش فيه لفترة طويلة اكثر‬acidic environment ‫ يعني بتحب ال‬٥ ‫ هي‬optimum ph ‫ لكن ال‬bacteria
‫من البكتيرياوبتتحمل الظروف اقوى‬
‫– بتعيش حتى لو بتركيز مي قليل على عكس البكتيريا يلي بدها تركيز معني‬
‫– الفطر قاعد يوكل ويحطم السكاكر املعقدة والكربوهيدرات ويحصل على غذائه‬

Fungal Diseases
• Mycosis: fungal infection
‫باالجهزة الداخلية برئته او الدم مثال‬
• Systemic mycoses: deep within the body &
• Subcutaneous mycoses: beneath the skin
&, 5T
• Cutaneous mycoses: affect hair, skin, and nails
>
⑤
• Superficial mycoses: localized (e.g., hair shafts) -
• Opportunistic mycoses: fungi harmless in normal

habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host
‫عادة هاد الفطر ما يمرضنا ولكن ملا املريض تضعف مناعته رح ينتهز الفرصة‬
‫ويهاجمه ورح يقدر عليه‬
E
Lichens
Lichens
• Mutualistic combination of a green alga (or cyanobacterium)
and fungus
‫فطر عايش مع بكتيريا وما يتركو بعض او ممكن طحالب‬

‫مع فطر وبكون بينهم منفعة متبادلة‬

Fungus
Figure 12.11b Alga
Lichens (2 of 2)
Cortex
Algal
layer
Medulla
Fungal
hyphae
Cortex
Rhizine
Lichen thallus
Algae (1 of 2)
Learning Objectives
12-7 List the defining characteristics of algae.
12-8 List the outstanding characteristics of the five
phyla of algae discussed in this chapter.
12-9 Identify two beneficial and two harmful effects
of algae.

Algae (2 of 2)
isit!9,5
• Unicellular or filamentous photoautotrophs
Ist dis
• Lack roots, stems, and leaves -
• Algae are mostly aquatic, although some are found in
soil or on trees when sufficient moisture is available
there.
– Water is necessary for growth and reproduction

Characteristics of Algae (1 of 2)
• The identification of unicellular and filamentous algae
requires microscopic examination.
• Most algae are found in the ocean. Their locations
depend on the availability of appropriate nutrients,
wavelengths of light, and surfaces on which they can
grow.
‫ في املختبر بحط عليها طحلب‬media ‫عشان اجمد ال‬
(agar)

in some case
• The body of a multicellular alga is called a thallus.

Thalli of the larger multicellular algae, those
58. bs1
commonly called seaweeds, consist of:
>
- branched holdfasts (which anchor the alga to a

⑤
Ralgae (1.5
rock)
jis:11
- stemlike and often hollow stipes &
-
Slyc igs.
blade 9
- leaflike blades (Figure 12.12b).

Characteristics of Algae (2 of 2)
• All reproduce asexually -> Spore formation
• Multicellular algae can fragment or reproduce sexually
545s 515-
via alternation of generations =-
fungi slss -
asexuays]
I- sexualy

Two type of algae :
Brown algae, red algae
Selected Phyla of Algae (1 of 6)

• Brown algae (kelp)
– Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls
– Multicellular and macroscopic ‫بنقدر نشوفه بالعني‬
– Produce algin—thickener used in foods
A
‫بزيد سماكة الطعام‬

Figure 12.12b Algae and Their Habitats (2 of 3)
j -
-
51958:--soi's
Pneumatocyst
~
Blade
title,
Stipe
one
&
filamentus
cell
hold stick:
5 is
-
filament()
- 2
The hollow stipe and gas-filled pneumatocysts

hold the thallus upright, ensuring that sufficient
Brown alga (Macrocystis) sunlight is received for growth

• Red algae
– Have branched thalli 25
->
– Most are multicellular 5:55 hyphes/

->
– Harvested for agar and carrageenan (gelling
L
agent in food)
– Some produce a lethal toxin
Petri dish ‫الوسط الغذائي للبكتيريا ملا احضره باملختبر اغليه واصبه بال‬
‫بجمد‬
‫ليش ؟‬
seaweed ‫( مستخلص من‬agar) ‫احنا بنكون ضايفني عليه طحلب‬

Figure 12.12c Algae and Their
Habitats (3 of 3)

• Diatoms
– Unicellular or filamentous
– Store oil I
->
– Produce domoic acid—cause neurological disease

Figure 12.14 Diatoms

Protozoa (1 of 3)
Learning Objectives
12-10 List the defining characteristics of protozoa.
12-11 Describe the outstanding characteristics of the
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seven phyla of protozoa discussed in this chapter, and
give an example of each.
12-12 Differentiate an intermediate host from a definitive
host.
(‫ )الطفيليات‬parasite ‫ال‬
‫تقسم الى نوعني‬
Protozoa ‫ يلي همي‬Unicellular cell ‫اول واحد ال‬
helminthes ‫ يلي همي‬multicellular ‫الثاني هو ال‬

Protozoa (2 of 3)
• Unicellular eukaryotes
• Inhabit water and soil
• Animal-like nutrition - waste ‫بتحصل على غذائها بتاكله وبتهضمه بجهازها الهضمي وال‬
‫تبعها بتخرجه عن طريق فتحة برازية‬
• Complex life cycles

Protozoa (3 of 3)
adult and mature shape ‫ال‬
• Feeding and growing form is a trophozoite B

• Asexual reproduction is by fission, budding, or
schizogony (multiple fission)-> ‫واديشوهرم‬،‫بتنقسنمواعكثهرومانلبمالرةزم‬
• Sexual reproduction is by conjugation
• Some produce a cyst to survive adverse conditions
‫ بتكون موجودة ع شكلني‬Protozoa ‫ال‬

adverse ‫ في ال‬cyst ‫ او‬mature ‫ وهو ال‬trophozoit ‫يا‬
condition

‫ملا تسوء الظروف بقعد بكيس لفترة من الزمن‬
‫)‪(insistation‬واذا تحسنت الظروف بخرج من‬
‫كيسه )‪ (exisstation‬وبرجع بصير ‪trophozoit‬‬
Figure 12.17 Conjugation in the Ciliate Protozoan Paramecium
Macronucleus
Micronucleus

Characteristics of Protozoa
• Require a large supply of water ‫قشرة خارجية تحميهم من‬
‫املؤثرات الخارجية‬
d
• Many have an outer protective pellicle, requiring
specialized structures to take in food
‫ عنده اهداب‬Protozoa ‫نوع من انواع ال‬ - ‫فتحة مثل الفم‬
– Ciliates wave cilia toward mouthlike cytostome
‫اقدام كاذبة للحصول على الغذاء‬
& – Amebae phagocytize food
• Food is digested in vacuoles and wastes eliminated
through an anal pore waste ‫فتحة يخرج منها ال‬
-
‫كيف بتدخل الطعام هالفم ؟‬

‫ بتصير تتحرك مثل االمواج وتشوف شو في طعام حواليها بتدفشو عالفم‬cilia ‫ال‬
(food vacule) ‫ وبعدها بمشيه ليوصل فجوات غذائية‬cytostome ‫تاعها يلي سميناه‬
‫عشان يتم هضمه‬

Medically Important Protozoa (1 of 2)
‫النها بتمرضنا‬ ‫مهمة من ناحية طبية‬
• Feeding grooves (Excavata)

• Amebae
• Apicomplexa
• Ciliates

eeding grooves (Excavata) ‫بنسميها الحفارات‬
‫ في مملكة واحدة بسبب انه عندهم‬organism ‫مجموعه من ال‬
• Single-celled eukaryotes with a feeding groove in the e

cytostotom ‫ يدخل فيها الطعام مثل م هسا حكينا عن ال‬groov
cytoskeleton have been placed in the Excavata. Most are

spindle-shaped and possess flagella (Figure 12.18).
6
Excavata includes:
• Diplomonads cyst 5558228:
– No mitochondria; multiple flagella

• Parabasalids n
– No mitochondria; undulating membrane; no cyst stage
• Euglenozoa
‫ذاتية بتصنع غذائها‬ ‫بدهاتعيش على عائل اخر لتحصل على الغذاء‬
– Photoautotrophs or facultative chemotrophs is
– Hemoflagellates—transmitted
-
by bites of blood-
feeding insects ‫بتهاجم الدم‬
Figure 12.18 Members of the Super
Kingdom Excavata
Flagell
a Flagellum
Sucker
disk Chloroplasts
Eyespot
Flagell
a Undulating
Axostyle
membrane
Giardia intestinalis. Trichomonas vaginalis. This Euglena. Euglenoids are
This parasite has flagellate causes urinary and genital autotrophs. Semirigid rings
Eight flagella and a ventral sucker tract infections. Notice the small supporting the pellicle allow Euglena
disk that the parasite uses to attach undulating membrane. This flagellate to change shape.
itself to the intestine. does not have a cyst stage.

Amebae
• Move by extending pseudopods
‫بتهاجم االمعاء وبتعملي مرض الزحار االميبي‬
• Entamoeba histolytica—causes amebic dysentery
• Acanthamoeba—infects corneas and causes
blindness ↳ ‫تقريبا موجودة بكل مكان بتصيب الناس يلي‬
‫مناعتهم ضعيفه واذا صابت القرنية بتسبب العمى‬
• Balamuthia—granulomatous amebic encephalitis

↳ ‫اذا صابتنا بتروح عالدماغ‬
‫ويتسبب نوع التهاب‬

Food vacuole
Pseudopods
Figure 12.19 Amebae

‫ كيف‬، ‫ مالها فم‬Protozoa ‫زي ما شايفني هاي ال‬ Nucleus
‫بدها تدخل الطعام ؟‬
‫( بتشوف الطعام ف‬pseudopos) ‫الها اقدام كاذبة‬
‫بتمدها وبتمد القدم الثانية وبتحيط بالطعام‬
phagocytosis ‫وبدخله عن طريق عملية‬
&
Amoeba proteus
Red
blood
cells
Nu
cle
us
Entamoeba histolytica

Apicomplexa (1 of 2)
• Nonmotile
‫بكنش حر في االمعاء الزم يكون موجود بخلية‬
• Obligate intracellular parasites
• Complex life cycles ‫ من‬Protozoa ‫جرثومة القطط اذا كانت املراة حامل تنقل‬
‫انسجتها النسجة الطفل وبتقتله‬
• Toxoplasma gondii—transmitted by cats; causes
fetal infections
• Cryptosporidium—transmitted via feces; causes
waterborne illness epithelia of intestin ‫بتعيش باالمعاء بتدخل عال‬
‫بتوصلني من املاء امللوث‬

Apicomplexa (2 of 2) ‫الشرح بعد ساليدتني‬
• Plasmodium—causes malaria
– Sexually reproduces in the Anopheles mosquito
– A mosquito injects a sporozoite into its bite, and
the sporozoite undergoes schizogony in the liver;
merozoites are produced
– Merozoites infect red blood cells, forming a ring
stage inside the cell
– Red blood cells rupture, and merozoites infect
new red blood cells

Figure 12.20 The Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the Apicomplexan That
Causes Malaria
Infected mosquito bites
human; sporozoites migrate
through bloodstream to
Sporozoites in liver of human.
Resulting sporozoites
salivary gland ‫الشرح‬
migrate to salivary Sporozoites undergo
glands of mosquito. schizogony in liver cell;
merozoites are produced.
Zygote
Sexual
reproduction Merozoites released
into bloodstream
Female
In mosquito’s from liver may infect
gametocyte
digestive tract, new red blood cells.
Male Asexual
gametocytes gametocyte reproduction
unite to form
Male
zygote. Merozoite develops
Gametocytes into ring stage in
red blood cell.
Intermediate
host
Another mosquito bites Ring stage grows and
infected human and divides, producing
Female
ingests gametocytes. merozoites.
Merozoites are released when

red blood cell ruptures; some
merozoites infect new red blood
cells, and some develop into male
and female gametocytes.
‫في بعوضه اسمها ‪ Anapholes‬اذا عضت واحد مصاب باملالريا وشفطت دمه ‪-‬بما انها بتغذى عالدم‪-‬‬
‫الدم هاد بكون في داخله جاميت ذكري وجاميت انثوي للطفيلي يلي اسمه ‪plasmodium‬‬
‫هسا في ال ‪ digestive tract‬تبعها بتكون الزايغوت من هدول الثنني جاميت وهاد الزايغوت انقسم وانتج‬
‫طفيلي وحيد خلية بنحكيله ‪ ، sporozoites‬بتطلعه من امعائها وبتضخه في خرطومها ملا تعض بني ادم ‪,‬‬
‫يعني ملا اجت عضت واحد نزلت ابرتها في جلده بتضخله ‪ sporozoit‬تحت الجلد وبتوصله للدم ‪ ،‬وبعدها‬
‫بيوصل للكبد وخالياه ‪.‬‬
‫هسا كل حبة ‪ sporozoites‬بتبلش سلسلة انقسامات الي هي مرحلة )‪(schizogony‬‬

‫بضلها تنقسم اال انه ينتج عن االنقسام الخلية الجديدة يلي اسمها ‪merozoites‬‬
‫هسا هدول ال ‪ merozoits‬بفجرو الخلية وبخرجو ويهاجمو خاليا كبد اخرى ويرجعو للدم مرة ثانية‬
‫شو بالقو هناك ؟‬
‫بالقو ال ‪ RBC‬بدخلو عليهن ويكبرو فيهن بنسمي هاي املرحلة )‪( ring stage‬‬
‫بتمر في ال ‪ RBC‬بعدة مراحل‬
‫باخر مراحل هاي ال ‪ merozoites‬بصرلها ‪ release‬يعني بتكثر وبتكسر الخلية وبتخرج‬

‫بتصيب خاليا اخرى وخاليا اخرى وبعض منها بكبر بصير اسمه ‪free gametocyte‬‬
‫اشي ذكري واشي انثوي وبترجع توكلهم كمان مرة ……‬
‫مالحظات ننتبه عليها ‪-:‬‬
‫البالزموديوم مر ب ‪host 2‬‬
‫اول مرة ملا كان ب امعاء البعوضة ‪ ،‬ثاني مرة ملا كان باالنسان‬
‫وين التكاثر الجنسي صار ؟‬
‫اكيد في ‪ ’mosquito‬يلي هي البعوضة ف محل ما بصير التكاثر الجنسي‬
‫بنسمي ال ‪ host‬هاد ‪definitive host‬‬
‫ومحل ما بصير تكاثر وانقسامات لكن ليست جنسية بنحكيله ‪intermediate‬‬
‫‪host‬‬
Ciliates
‫مرتبة على شكل صفوف دقيقة‬
• Move by cilia arranged in precise rows

• Balantidium coli is the only human parasite; causes
dysentery ‫الوحيد من هاي العائلة يلي يهاجمنا‬
‫وبمرضنا‬

Pellicle Cytostome Food vacuoles
Cilia
Figure 12.21 Ciliates
Contractile vacuole Macronucleus Micronucleus Anal pore
Paramecium
Cytostome
Cilia
Stalk

Helminths (1 of 3)
Learning Objectives
12-14 List the distinguishing characteristics of parasitic
helminths.
12-15 Provide a rationale for the elaborate life cycle of
parasitic worms.
12-16 List the characteristics of the two classes of
parasitic platyhelminths, and give an example of each.

Helminths (2 of 3)
Learning Objectives
12-17 Describe a parasitic infection in which humans
serve as a definitive host, as an intermediate host, and
as both.
.
.

Helminths (3 of 3)
• Parasitic worms
• Two phyla:
– Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
– Nematoda (roundworms)

Characteristics of Helminths
• Multicellular eukaryotic animals
• Specialized to live in hosts
– May lack digestive system
– Reduced nervous system
– Reduced or lacking locomotion
– Complex reproductive system

Life Cycle (4 of 4)
• Dioecious ‫في دودة ذكر وانثى مثل االسكارس‬
– Separate male and female
• Monoecious (hermaphroditic) ‫نفسها فيها اعضاء ذكرية وانثوية‬
– Male and female reproductive systems in one
animal
• Egg → larva(e) → adult

Arthropods as Vectors (1 of 3)
Learning Objectives
12-20 Define arthropod vector.
12-21 Differentiate a tick from a mosquito, and name
a disease transmitted by each.

‫ جسمهم مقطع‬، ‫على االغلب حشرات‬
‫ الهم هيكل صلب على الضهر‬، ‫لقطع‬
• Arthropods are animals with segmented bodies, hard
external skeletons, and jointed legs
• Vectors are arthropods that carry pathogenic
microorganisms

Figure 12.31 Blood-Sucking
Mosquitoes and Ticks
Arthropods

Figure 12.32 Arthropod Vectors
2.5 mm
2.5 mm
2 cm
1 cm
Human louse Rat flea Deer fly Kissing

bug
‫قمل الجسم‬ ‫براغيث الفئران‬ ‫ذبابة الغزال‬
‫ملا تعضنا كآنها بتقبلنا‬
parasite ‫وبتنزل ال‬

• Mechanical transmission -
‫بعوضة بتجي ع مستنقع او ع اوساخ بتحمل البكتيريا او الفيروسات‬
‫برجليها وبتجي مثال ع صحن االكل بتحط رجليها وبتنزلهم منها‬
• Biological transmission ‫سمواوكبلتتنهكابذار‬pathogen ‫اذا البعوضة مثال اخذت ال‬

‫هي بامعائه بتكاثر وبتنق‬
– Pathogen multiplies in the vector

• Definitive host
– Microbe's sexual reproduction takes place in the
vector
– The mosquito is the definitive host because it harbors the sexually reproducing stage of
Plasmodium. The host in which the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction (in this case, the
human) is the intermediate host.

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Microbiology an Introduction

Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition

‫الّٰلهم انفعني بما عّلمتني وعّلمني ما‬

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-Prefer high osmotic

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‫‪ Hyphe‬ممكن اقسمه لنوعني ‪-:‬‬

Septate hypha Coenocytic hypha Growth of a hypha from a spore

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Aspergillus niger A. niger on agar

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Yeastlike growth Moldlike growth

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‫احيانا ال ‪ hyphe‬بتكون كبيرة وبتصير بتتكسر وبتعمل ‪fragmentation‬‬

‫هاد النوع بكون جدارها سميك‬

‫نفس ال ‪ conidospore‬غصن ال ‪ hyphe‬بكون حامل ال ‪ spore‬بس االختالف انه‬

‫عادة هي مش لل ‪ multicellular‬وانما لل ‪unicellular‬‬

Conidia are arranged in Fragmentation of hyphae Blastoconidia are formed

Chlamydoconidia are thick-walled Sporangiospores are formed

● Karyogamy: + and − nuclei fuse and form diploid

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• Opportunistic mycoses: fungi harmless in normal

‫فطر عايش مع بكتيريا وما يتركو بعض او ممكن طحالب‬

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• The body of a multicellular alga is called a thallus.

- branched holdfasts (which anchor the alga to a

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Selected Phyla of Algae (1 of 6)

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The hollow stipe and gas-filled pneumatocysts

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– Most are multicellular 5:55 hyphes/

– Harvested for agar and carrageenan (gelling

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– Produce domoic acid—cause neurological disease

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• Complex life cycles

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• Feeding and growing form is a trophozoite B

‫ بتكون موجودة ع شكلني‬Protozoa ‫ال‬

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‫كيف بتدخل الطعام هالفم ؟‬

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• Feeding grooves (Excavata)

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• Single-celled eukaryotes with a feeding groove in the e