UNDERSTANDING THE SELF G Note: DOUBLE CHECK THE SPELLING!

CHAPTER 2 LESSON 1: THE PHYSICAL AND

SEXUAL SELF

Pseudohermaphrodites are formed who are individuals having accessory reproductive structures that do not
matchll their gonads;
Hermaphrodites are individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues but this condition is rare in
nature.
Puberty is the period of life when the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional
under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen in females).

❖ DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN FEMALES & MALES

In Females:
o Vaginal infections are infections that is more common in young and elderly women and whose resistance
to diseases is low.
o Vaginal infections that are left untreated may spread throughout the female reproductive tract and may
cause pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility.
o Escherichia coli which spreads through the digestive tract; sexually transmitted microorganisms such as
syphilis, gonorrhoea, and herpes virus; and yeast (a type of Fungus).
o Painful or abnormal menses may also be due to infection or hormone imbalance.
o Tumors of the breast and cervix are the most common reproductive cancers in adult females.

In Males:
o Common inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and epididymitis.
o Orchiditis, or inflammation of the testes- can cause sterility and most commonly mumps in an adult
male.
o Prostate cancer (a common sequel to prostatic hypertrophy) is a widespread problem in adult males.

Erogenous Zones- they refer to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal when
touched in a sexual manner.

❖ FOUR (4) COMMONLY KNOWN EROGENOUS ZONES

1. Mouth 2. Breasts 3. Genitals 4. Anus

❖ FOUR (4) COMMON AREAS OF THE BODY THAT CAN BE AROUSED EASILY
1. Neck 2. Thighs 3. Abdomen 4. Feet

Human Sexual Behavior- It is defined as any activity-solitary, between two persons, or in a group-that
induces sexual arousal.

❖ TWO (2) MAJOR FACTORS THAT DETERMINE HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (N-Necessary)
1. The inherited sexual response parents that have evoved as a means of ensuring reproduction
2. The degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on the individual by society in the
expression of his/her Sexuality.

❖ TWO (2) TYPES OF BEHAVIOR

1. Solitary Behavior- Self-gratification means self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and generally,
sexual climax, most self-gratification takes place in private as an end in itself.
o Self-gratification is most frequent among the unmarried; there are more males who perform acts of self-
gratification than females.

2. Socio-sexual Behavior
o Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs between only one male
and one female.
o It usually begins in childhood and may be motivated by curiosity, such as showing or examining genitalia.
o Coitus the insertion of the male reproductive structure into the female reproductive organ, is viewed by
society quite differently depending upon the marital status of the individuals.

❖ FOUR (4) PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

1. Excitement phase -There is an increase in pulse and blood pressure, and skin temperature. Flushing and
swelling of all distensible body parts are also experienced.
2. Plateau phase- It is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs.
3. Sexual climax- It is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure.
4. Resolution phase -It is the last stage that refers to the return to a normal or subnormal physiologic state.

Nervous System Factors- Autonomic system involved in controlling the involuntary response.
Hypothalamus and the limbic system are the parts of the brain believed to be responsible for regulating the
sexual response.

❖ FIVE (5) SEXUAL PROBLEMS

o Physiological problems. Diseases that are due to abnormal development of the genitalia or that part of the
neurophysiology controlling sexual response
o Psychological problems. Caused by socially induced inhibitions, maladaptive attitudes, ignorance, and
şexual myths held by society
o Premature emission of semen is a common problem, especially for young males.
o Ejaculatory impotence, which results from the inability to ejaculate in coitus, is uncommon and is
usually of psychogenic origin.
o Vaginismus is a strong spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female reproductive organ so that
penetration is painful or impössible.

❖ These are bacterial, vira or parasitic infections I transmitted from an infected person
To an uninfected person through sexual contact:
1. Chlamydia- is a common STD that can cause infection among both men and women.
2. Gonorrhoea- is a sexually transmitted infection, also called a sexually transmitted disease, caused by
bacteria.
3. Syphilis-a sexually transmitted infectious (STI) disease caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum
4. Chancroid- a highly contagious yet curable sexually transmited disease (STD) caused by the bacteria
Haemophilus ducreyi [hum-AH-fil-us DOO-cray]. Chancroid causes ulcers, usually of the genitals.
5. Human Papillomavirus – is a viral infection that commonly causes skin or mucous membrane growths
(warts).
6. Herpes Simplex Virus -a virus that causes infections. It is very contagious. There are two types of this
virus. One type (HSV-1) usually causes sores around the lips or inside the mouth that are sometimes called
fever blisters or cold sores.
7. Trichomonas Vaginalis – Trichomoniasis (or “trich”) is a very common STD caused by infection with
Trichomonas vaginalis (a protozoan parasite). Although symptoms vary, most people who have trich
cannot tell they have it.

▪ NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION.NATURAL METHOD:

a. Abstinence- the act or practice of abstaining especially from engagement in sexual intercourse or
consumption of intoxIcating beverages.
b. Calendar Method- or the calendar rhythm method, is a form of natural family planning
c. Basal Body Temperature- is defined as the lowest natural, non-pathologic body temperature recorded
after a period of rest.
d. Cervical Mucus Method- lets you track your ovulation days based on the quality of the mucus around
your cervix so that you know when you are most fertile, or most able To become pregnant.
e. Symptothermal Method- A fertility awareness method used to predict when a woman might be fertile.
f. Ovulation Detection- used by women to help determine the time in the menstrual cycle when getting
pregnant is most likely
g. Coitus Interrupts- the man completely removes his penis from the vagina, and way from the external
genitalia of the female partner before he ejaculates.

❖ TWELVE (12) ARTIFICIAL METHODS:

1. Oral Contraceptives- (0CP) consist of the hormones progestin and estrogen, or only progestin, and must
be taken orally once per day in order to prevent pregnancy
2. Transdermal Patch- is a patch that attaches to your skin and contains medication
3. Vaginal Ring- is a type of contraception (birth control). It’s a soft plastic ring that insert into vagina.
4. Subdermal Implants -a body modification placed under the skin, allowing the body to heal over the implant
and creating a raised design.
5. Hormonal Injections- The injection contains a hormone called depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
(DMPA), which is like the hormone progesterone. Its also called simply ‘Depo’ or ‘birth control injection’.
6. Intrauterine Device- (|UD) is a piece of T-shaped plastic, about the size of a quarter, that is placed inside
the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
7. Chemical Barriers- composed of those sites of the human body where potential pathogens can contact the
host cells.
8. Diaphragm-is a dome-shaped bowl made of thin, flexible silicone that sits over the Cervix, the part of the
uterus that opens into the vagina. It covers the cervix so sperm Can’t get in and fertilize an egg
9. Cervical Cap- a small cup made of silicone that fits over the cervix (the part of the Uterus that opens into
the vagina).
10. Male Condoms-a thin cover worn on the penis during intercourse.
11. Female Condoms – a barrier method of contraception worn inside the vagina. They prevent pregnancy by
stopping sperm meeting an egg.
12. Surgical Methods- a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments; Performed to repair
damage or arrest disease in a living body.

CHAPTER 2 LESSON 2: TO BUY OR NOT TO BUY (MATERIAL SELF )

WILLIAM JAMES DESCRIBED THE COMPONENTS OF UNDERSTANDING THE SELF AS (N.N)

1. Its constituents
2. The feelings and emotions they arouse-self-feelings
3. The actions to which they prompt-self-seeking and self-preservation.

❖ FOUR (4) CONSTITUENTS OF SELF

1. the material self 2. the social self 3. the spiritual self 4. Pure ego.

❖ FOUR (4) COMPONENTS OF MATERIAL SELF

1. Body The innermost part of our material self. Intentionally, we are investing n our body.
o Mariah Carey who was reported to have placed a huge amount for the insurance of her vocal cords and
legs.
2. Clothes. Placed in the 2nd hierarchy of material self. Influenced by the “Philosophy of Dress”.
o Clothing is a form of self-expression we choose and wear clothes that reflect our self.
3. Family third in the hierarchy. Our parents and siblings hold another great important part of our self.
4. Home The fourth component of material self . Home is where our heart is. It is the earliest nest of our
selfhood.

CHAPTER 2 LESSON 3 RELIGION

Ritual is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or sacred law.

o Ritual is a specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by all known societies.
o Ritual may be viewed as a system of symbolic acts that is based upon arbitrary rules. Participation to rituals
is expressions of religious beliefs.

self can be described as a ritual being who exhibits a striking parallel between their ritual and verbal behavior.
language is a system of symbols that is based upon arbitrary rules.

❖ FIVE (5) MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS

1. Buddhism 2. Christianity 3. Hinduism 4. Islam 5. Judaism

Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of roses. Instead, there are suffering, pain, and frustrations.

❖ TWO (2) TYPES OF MEDITATION PRACTICES

1. Samantha is practiced as mindíulness of breathing and development of loving- kindness (Metta
Bhavana).
2. Vipassana practices aim at developing insight into reality. Acquiring wisdom is by studying Buddha's
teaching, the Dhama. Through the refiecion of Dhama, Buddhists can achieve a deeper understanding of life.
Buddhists believe in non-violence principle.

❖ SOME OF THE MAJOR BUDDHIST CELEBRATIONS

1. Parinirvana Day- in February
2. Buddha Day (Wesak)- in May
3. Dhama Day- in July
4. Padmasambhava Day- in Otober
5. Sangha Day- in November.

Christians believe in Trinitarian God. One God in three personas: The Father (Creator), God the Son (Savior),
and God the Holy Spirit (Sustainer).
Eternal life after death it will be achieved through faith in Jesus Christ.

❖ TWO (2) PRACTICED BY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES.

1. Sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the birth in Christian World
2. Sacrament of Communion is an act of remembrance of Jesus Christ’s sacrificial Love.

❖ TWO (2) MAJOR CELEBRATIONS IN CHRISTIANITY

1. Christmas- Usually on December 25, commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ.
2. Resurrection (Easter)- Sunday depends in the lunar calendar, sometime in March or April) celebrates the
resurrection of Jesus Christ from death.

Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death and rebirth, governed by Karma.
o They believe that the soul passes through a cycle of successive lives and its next incarnation is always
dependent the previous life was lived
Karma a concept where the reincarnated life will depend an how the past life was spent.
Vedas are sacred scriptures of Hindus.

❖ TWO (2) OTHER IMPORTANT TEXTS OF THE HINDUS.

1. Mahabharata 2. Ramayana

❖ TWO (2) MOST CELEBRATED FESTIVALS OF HINDUS.

1. Diwali is the Festival of Lights
2. Navrati is the festival of nine nights, which celebrate the triumph of good over evil.

Muslims believe in Allah, who is their “One God.”

o They believe in the unity and universality of God. Muslims also have a strong sense of community a
“ummah” and an awareness of their solidarity with all Muslims worldwide.
o They believe that Mohammed is the last and final prophet sent by God. Mohammed was born in Mecca in
570 CE and received revelations from God through the Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 vears
Islam means “willing submission to God.”

❖ FIVE (5) PILARS OF LSLAM. WHICH ARE THE FOUNDATION OF MUSLIM LIFE:
1. Shahadah – statement of faith: “There is no God but the one true God and Mohammed is his messenger.”
2. Sa/at- the prayer that is practiced five times a day.
3. Zakat- the monetary offering for the benefit of the poor. It comprises the 2.5% of a Muslim’s assets.
4. Hajj – the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims who can afford are asked to do the pilgrimage at least once
in their lifetime.
5. Sawm – the fasting. Muslims do fasting, from food, drink, and sexual act, during the celebration of
Ramadan.

❖ TWO (2) OF THE MAJOR FESTIVALS IN ISLAM

1. Eidul-Fitr is the celebration at the end of Ramadan
2. Eidul-Adha is celebrated within the completion of the Pilgrimage; the Haj.

Jews believe in the God of Abraham.

o They believe in the coming of Messiah, the Savior.
The Torah is the guide of the Jewish living.

❖ FIVE (5) MAJOR FESTIVALS OBSERVED BY THE JEWS:

1. Rosh Hashanah – the New Year
2. Yam Kippur- the Day of Atonement
3. Pesach- Passover
4. Shavuot- Pentecost
5. Sukkot- Tabernacles. The Jewish Sabbath begins on Friday evening at sunset and is an important time when
families gather for the Shabbat
Meal.
Logotherapy is a psychotherapy introduced by Dr. Viktor Frankl.
o the main belief of logotherapy is that “man’s primary motivational force is search for meaning.”

❖ THREE (3) BASIC CONCEPTS OF FRANKLIAN PSYCHOLOGY (NECESSARY)

1. Life has meaning under all circumstances.
2. Main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life.
3. Freedom to find meaning.

❖ THREE (3) AIMS OF FRANKLYN PSYCHOLOGY (N-NECESSARY)

1. Become aware of spiritual
2. Make conscious spiritual resources
3. Use defiant power of the human spirit and stand up against adversity.

❖ SIX (6) LOGOTHERAPY ASSUMPTIONS (N-NECESSARY)

1. The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit.
o This first assumption deals with the body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos).
2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable.
o This assumption “ultimate meaning.” This is difficult to grasp but t is something everyone experiences
3. People have a will to meaning. This assumption is seen as our main motivation for living and acting.
4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning.
o Assumption four is that we are free to ‘activate our will to find meaning, and this can be done under any
circumstances.
o This deals with change of attitudes about unavoidable fate.
5. Are to be meaningful. The fifth assumption, the meaning of the moment, is more practical in daily living
than ultimate meaning.
6.. The sixth assumption deals with one’s sense of meaning. This is enhanced by the realization that we are
Irreplaceable.

❖ THREE (3) FRANKL'S SOURCES O MEANING

1. Purposeful work
2. Courage in the face of difficulty
3. Love
CHAPTER 2 LESSON 4: THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING A FILIPINO

❖ GLOBALLY RENOWNED PERSONALITIES/ WHO HAVE MADE FILIPINO RECOGNIZED

1. Pacquiao 2. Lea Salonga, 3. Michael Cinco.

According to1987 Philippine Constitution Filipino citizens Are “...those whose fathers or mothers are
citizens of the Philippines,
Culture and History have greatly influenced the manner Filipinos leam, live, and behave to date.
Filipino Values and Traits

The Philippines is a lush island paradise famous for its grandiose mountain
Views, pristine beaches, and rich and diverse culture changing from province to
Province.

❖ TWELVE (12) FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS

1. Hospitality.
2. Respect for Elders- Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying “Mano po!”and
constantly using “bo” and “opo” in conversations.
3. Close Family Ties- Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with their families regardless if the children are
old enough and already have families of their own.
4. Cheerful Personality- Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. They smile when they are happy.
5. Self-sacrifice- the self-sacrificing attitude of Filipinos can be seen as an extension of the Filipino hospitality.
6. Bayanihan- is the spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos.
o This also about giving without expecting something in return.
7. Colonial Mentality- is regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor foreign
products more than their own.
o This does not only concern goods, but also the desire to look more foreign than local and keep up with
Foreign beauty trends.
8. “Mañana” Habit This is the Filipino term for procrastination. It was derived from a longer Filipino phrase
called “Mamaya na” meaning dawdling things, which could have been done at an earlier time. T is a poor
habit of laziness that results in heavier workloads.
9. “Ningas Kugon” “Ningas” is a Filipino term for flame and “kugon” is a Filipino term for Cogen grass that
easily burns out after it is put into flames.
o refers for the attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing
difficulty, just like how fast the fire of a Cogon grass burns out moments after being ignited.
10. Laziness is a common problem among Filipinos; that is why Filipinos are regarded as “Juan Tamad” or
Lazy Juan.
11. Pride- Most Filipinos hold on to their pride as if they are more precious than keeping a good relationship
with family and loved ones.
12. Crab Mentality This is a toxic trait among Filipinos where one resents the achievement of another, instead
of feeling happy for that person.
Filipino Time Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner.

❖ FOUR (4) FILIPINO MARKERS

1. Proverbs or Salawikain
An example of a Filipino proverb is the saying “Kung may tiyaga, may
Nilaga,”which means that hard work will be rewarded if one is persistent.
2 Superstitions
3. Myths and Legends
4.Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism and nationalism .

❖ FEW WAYS ON HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO (N-NECESSARY)

1. Be an active Filipino citizen.
2. Study the Philippine history.
3. Support local products.
4. Speak the Filipino language.
5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent.

CHAPTER 2 LESSON 5 WHO AM I IN THE CYBER WORLD (DIGITAL SELF)

The Internet has already become an integral part of everyday life for most of the world’s population.
Online identity- is actually the sum of all our characteristics and our interactions .
Partial identity- is a subset of characteristics that make up our identity.
Persona is the partial identity we create that represent ourselves in a specific situation.
Collective Self- Presentation and Impression Management.
Personal identity- is the interpersonal level of self which differentiates the individual as unique from others.
Social identity-is the level of self whereby the individual is identified by his or her group memberships.
Digital devices- help us share information broadly, more than ever before.
Disinhibition effect- sharing and self-disclosure online.
Self-revelation- can be therapeutic to others especially if it goes together with self-reflection.
Sex- is the biological state that corresponds to what we might call a “man or a “woman.”
Gender- is the social understanding of how sex should be experienced and how sex manifests in behavior,
personality, preferences, capabilities, and so forth.
o is a system of classification that values male-gendered things more than female
Sexuality is an individual expression and understanding of desire.
Sexuality is often experienced as fluid.

❖ GUIDELINES FOR PROPER SHARING OF INFORMATION

1. Stick to safer sites.
2. Guard your passwords.
3. Limit what you share.
4. Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there forever, even if you try to delete it
5. Do not be mean or embarrass other people online.
6 Always tell if you see strange or bad behavior online.
7. Be choosy about your online friends.
8. Be patient.
Sigmund Freud & Alfred Adler- Famous psychiatrists

William James A Harvard psychologist in the late nineteenth century, William James, wrote in his book, The
Principles of Psychology in 1890 that understanding the self can be examined through its different components
o described self: a man’s self s the Sum total of all what he CAN call his.” Possessions then become a part
or a extension of the self.
o according to him. The material self is primarily is about our bodies, clothes.
o immediate family, and home.
o Says that we are deeply affected by these things because we have put much investment of our self to them,

Heman Lotze, James “Philosophy of dress”. He believed that clothing is an essential part of the material self.
Lotze in his book, Microcosmus, stipulates that “any time we bring an object into the surface of our body, we
invest that object into the Consciousness of our personal existence taking n its contours to be our own and
making it part of the Self.” The fabric and style of the clothes we wear bring sensations to the body to which
directly affect our attitudes and behavior.

Russel Belk (1988) posits that “..we regard our possessions part of ourselves. We are what we have and what
we posses.”

Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011) works on the definition of religion “as a set of cultural beliefs and ppractices

Popova (2017) also quoted Dr. Frankl’s definition of love: “Love is the only way to grasp another human
being in the innermost core of his personality.

Costello (2015) captured Viktor Frankl’s message: “The ultimate secret on the spiritual foundation of life is
that love is salvation and joy eternity.” The ultimate factor to find the meaning of life is love.

Tim Berners-Lee made the World Wide Web available to the public.

Goffman (1959) and Leany (1995). Self-presentation- is the process of controlling how one is perceived by
other people” and is the key to relationship inception and development.

Belk (2013) explained that sharing ourselves is no longer new and has been practiced as soon as human bbeings
Schwarz (2010)- mentioned, we have entered an extraordinary era of self-portraiture.

Theorist Judith Butler (1990) conceptualized gender as a performance.

o She explained that popular understandings of gender and sexuality came to be through discourse and social
processes.
o She argued that gender was performative.
Jose Rizal highlighted the importance of speaking if Filipino, a national language as a way of displaying the
love for one’s country.
o Speaking Filipino also serves as a unique identifier of being a Filipino.

Dr. Victor E. Frankl- Survivor of Holocaust.

o graduated with a medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1930.
o Father of Logotherapy.
o According to him, the body and mind are what we have and the spirit is what we are.

According to Marwick (2013)- the terms “sex,” “gender, and “’sexuality” are often thought of synonymous,
they are actually quite distinct.

Damiana Eugenio, regarded as the Mother of Philippine Folklore.

➢ STATEMENTS (N-NECESSARY)
✓ The gonads (reproductive glands that produce the gametes; testis or ovary) begin to form until about the
eighth week of embryonic development.
✓ During the early stages of human development, the embryonic reproductive structures of males and
females are alike and are said to be in the indifferent stage.
✓ The formation of male or female structures depends on the presence of testosterone
✓ The embryonic testes release testosterone, and the formation of the duct system and external genitalia
follows
✓ Female embryos that form ovaries will cause the development of the female ducts and external genitalia
since testosterone hormone is not produced.
✓ Any intervention with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in the embryo results in strange
abnormalities:
✓ Religious beliefs, rituals, practices. And customs are ll part of the expression of the spiritual self.
✓ Media users in the Philippines grew by 12 million or 25% while the number of mobile social users
increased by 13 million or 32%. Those growth figures are stilll higher compared t6 the previous year.
More than half the world now uses a smartphone.
✓ Muslims believe that Mohammed is the last and final prophet sent by Go Mohammed was bom in Mecca
in 570 CE and received revelations from Go through the Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 vears. Quran
The Holy Book of Islam which was taught to be recited in Arabic because any translation Is seen as
inadequate.
✓ The identification of the self to things started in our infancy stage when we make a distinction among
self and environment and others who may desire our possessions.