1.

a stretch of talk by one person before and after which there is silence on the part that person
utterance

2. a sentence whose structure permits more than one meaning

structural amiguity

3. It shows people's emotions and/or attitudes towards what the word refers to
Connotation

4. A relationship that applies between two sentences, where the truth of one implies the truth of
the other because of the meanings of the words involved
One- way entailment

5. It cannot be said to be in any particular language

Proposition

6. Words share one of the meanings

partial syonym

7. A word whose referent is totally included in the referent of another word hyponym

8. a relation in which two words have different written and sound forms and are opposite in
meaning
antonymy

9. A sentence is necessarily false, as a result of the senses of the words in it.

contradiction

10. Words have the same form (sound & written) but have different meanings.
Homonym

11. A word or phrase or sentence has more than one sense.

Ambiguity

12. The additional meaning of the word has beyond its denotative meaning.
connotation

13. It is also called symmetrical entailment which is a relation that applies between two sentences
where the truth of one implies the truth of the other and vice versa because of the meanings of
the words involved.
Two – way entailment

14. It is derived from observing or violating one or more maxims and drawn after a conversation
is over.
Conversational implicature

15. Pairs of words which come in pairs and between them exhaust all the relevant possibilities.
Antonymy : qhe trai nghia Homophony : pa giong nhung khac nghia
1. Binary antonyms be - bee
not alive #dead way - weigh
present # absent bare - bear
drunk # sober meat - meet
odd # even flour - flower
married # single pail - pale
exit # entrance sew – sow
fantasy # reality
dissimilar # identical Hyponymy : n* tu dc bao ham y
true # false
pass # fail Animal – bird
sink # float Fruit - lemon
yes # no Season - spring
natural # artificial Flower - tulip
occupied – vacant Wind - Breeze
pull – push Storm - Hurricane
2. Gradable antonyms Building - Hut
hot - cold Hen - Chicken
warm - cool Prey - Rabbit
tall - short
long - short
top - bottom
love - hate
thick - thin
clever - stupid
foolish - wise
dump - smart
rich - poor
rude - polite
never - always
possibility - certainly
worried - calm
optimistic - pessimistic
friendly - unfriendly.
wet - dry
interesting/boring.
bright - dull.
modern/old - fashioned.
bland - delicious.
challenging - simple
3. Relational Antonyms
buy - sell
above – below
doctor – patient
husband – wife
teacher - student
predator - prey
give - receive
borrow - lend
bring - take
trap - release
up - down
hired - fired
parent - offspring
 P3: explain
• John found the book on Wynyard Station.
→John found the book which was written about Wynyard Station.
→John found the book which was lying on Wynyard Station

• Visiting friends can be boring.

→It can be boring to visit friends.
→Friends who are visiting can be boring.

• They passed the port at night.

→They went by the harbor at night.
→They delivered the Portuguese wine at night

• The policemen have stopped drinking.

→The policemen have given up drinking.
→The policemen have stopped people from drinking.

• I saw her duck.

→I saw her lower her head.
→I saw the duck that belongs to her.

• The thing that bothered Bill was crouching under the table.
→It was crouching under the table that bothered Bill.
→The creature that bothered Bill was crouching under the table.

• The thing that bothered Bill was crouching under the table.
→It was crouching under the table that bothered Bill.
→The creature that bothered Bill was crouching under the table.

• John loves Richard more than Martha.

→John loves Richard more than Martha loves Richard.
→John loves Richard more than John loves Martha.

• I found him a very good student.

→I found a very good student for him.
→I recognized that he was a very good student.

• Everyone believes that a pretty woman loves him.

→Everyone believes that he himself is loved by a pretty woman.
→Everyone believes that this person is loved by a pretty woman.

• Ringing bells did not annoy him.

→Bells that are ringing did not annoy him.
→Making bells ring did not annoy him.
• I will tell you when they arrive.
→I will tell you what time they arrive/ the time of their arrival.
→ When they arrive, I will let you know something.

• The tourists wanted to read some more interesting books.

→The tourists wanted to read some more books which are interesting.
→The tourists wanted to read some books which are more interesting.

• My fiancée is reserved.
→My fiancée is kept aside.
→My fiancée is discreet

• Ms. Jane said that she would pay me on Monday.

→On Monday, Ms. Jane said that she would pay me.
→Ms. Jane said that on Monday she would pay me.

• He prefers galloping horses.

→He likes watching horses which are racing.
→He likes watching horses which are raised

P4 : Identify the presupposition(s) in each of the following utterances

1. "I wish I had had enough money to buy my first car."
→ The utterance presupposes that I didn't have enough money to buy that car.

2. "She finds the Semantics course she is taking difficult."

→ The utterance presupposes that she is taking a Semantics course.

3. "When did George stop beating his wife?"

→ The utterance presupposes that George has a wife/is married and he used to beat his wife.

4. "She has just born another son."

→ The utterance presupposes that she has already had at least one son before.

5. "She was not aware that her husband loved her younger sister."
→ The utterance presupposes that her husband loved her sister.

6. "Where did you buy the motorbike?"

→ The utterance presupposes that you bought a motorbike

7. "I can't guess when the rain stops."

→ The utterance presupposes that it is raining.

8. "I regret telling her that news."

→ The utterance presupposes that I (have already) told her that news.
9. "Why do you keep on eating those fatty foods?
→ The utterance presupposes that you are eating fatty foods.

10. "You can borrow Ann's cassette player."

→ The utterance presupposes that Ann has a cassette player and that the listener and the speaker
both know who Ann is.

11. "Why don't pigs have wings?"

→ The utterance presupposes that pigs do not have wings.

12."They are going to have a final examination in Semantics."

→ The utterance presupposes that they have attended a course in Semantics and they have not
taken the final exam in Semantics.

P5 : second speaker response

Hung: "I heard that you passed all of your end- of-term exams."
Lan: "I failed in Semantics."
→ Lan's utterance may implicate that Lan passed/didn't fail in the other end-of term exams

Thang: "Please go to the market to buy a kilo of sugar for me."

Oanh: "It is raining heavily."
→ Oanh's utterance may implicate that she cannot go to the market.

Jane: "Let's try the new Arab restaurant round the corner."
Peter: "I'm a vegetarian."
→ Peter's utterance may implicate that the new Arab restaurant round the corner does not sell
vegetarian meals.

Jane: "Coffee, please?"

Peter: "It would keep me awake all night."
→ Peter's utterance may implicate that he will not drink coffee/he refuses Jane's invitation.

Jane: "Coffee, please?"

Peter: "It would keep me awake all night."
→ Peter's utterance may implicate that he will not drink coffee/he refuses Jane's invitation.

Tom: "Can you go out to buy me a pen?

Ann: "It's nearly midnight now."
→ Ann's utterance may implicate that Ann will not go out to buy a pen for Tom.

Peter: "Where is the salad dressing?"

Jane: "We've run out of olive oil."
→ Jane's utterance may implicate that there is no salad dressing left.
Hong: "Would you like to go to the movies?"
Ha: "I have an exam tomorrow."
→ Ha's utterance may implicate that she will not go to the movies with Hong/she refuses Hong's
invitation.

Jane: "Did John like the film?"

Peter: "He left after fifteen minutes."
→ Peter's utterance may implicate that John did not like the film.

Jane: "Are your parents at home tonight?"

Peter: "My father has gone to Ha Noi."
→ Peter's utterance may implicate that his mother is at home tonight.

Tom: "Would you like a cigarette?"

George: "I am coughing a lot."
→ George's utterance may implicate that he will not smoke.

Katherine: "Do you still want to have some ice- cream?"

Maggie: "Do the birds still sing in the woods?"
→ Maggie's utterance may implicate that Maggie still wants to have some ice-cream.

Jane: "Have you finished the student's evaluation form and the reading list?"
Peter: "I've done the reading list."
→ Peter's utterance may implicate he has not finished the student's evaluation form yet.

Jane: "What is this examination in Semantics like?"

Peter: "It is not easy this time."
→ Peter's utterance may implicate that the exam in Semantics last time was easy

Mother: "Have you finished your homework and put your books away?"
Son: "I have just finished my homework."
→The son's utterance may implicate that he has not put his books away yet.

Peter: "Would you mind if I smoked?"

Jane: "I am allergic to cigarette smoke."
→ Jane's utterance may implicate that she would rather Peter didn't smoke

Jane: "Are your parents at home?"

Peter: "My mother has gone to the market."

→ Peter's utterance may implicate that his father is at home.