Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EDITED BY
Foreword
Preface
About the Artist
Contributors
17 Psychological Symptoms
Chase Samsel, Kathleen Perko, Lori Wiener, and Maryland Pao
18 Existential Suffering and Distress
Elisha Waldman and Mark Bartel
19 Neurological Symptoms
Shih-Ning Liaw, Jenna E. Freitas, and Julie Hauer
20 Pediatric Delirium in the Palliative Care Setting
Paula Tran, Jeffrey Moss, Eunice Koh, Katherine Ort, Richard J.
Shaw, and Michelle Goldsmith
21 Fatigue
Christina Ullrich, Shana Jacobs, and Pamela S. Hinds
22 Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
Toluwalase A. Ajayi, Eric S. Zhou, and Valerie E. Rogers
23 Prevention and Treatment of Pain in Children with Serious Illness
Stefan J. Friedrichsdorf, Lauren Heathcote, Michael Sangster,
Donna Eull, and Amber Borucki
24 Respiratory Symptoms
Rose Sharpe, Megan Jordan, Raymond Barfield, Sarah Gall,
Margarita Bidegain, Kristen Lakis, Renee Bartle, and Emily Layok
25 Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Kevin Madden and Margaret M. Mahon
26 Dermatologic Conditions and Symptom Control
Kimberly A. Bower, Julie Good, Anke Reineke, Cristina Gordon,
and Michele R. Burdette-Taylor
27 Easing Distress When Death Is Near
Debra Lotstein and Rachel Rusch
Section IV Illness and Treatment Experience
28 Prenatal and Neonatal Palliative Care
Christy Cummings, Anne Sullivan, Lauren Cramer, and Renee
Boss
29 Children with Complex Chronic Conditions
Jori Bogetz, Christopher A. Collura, and Christy Torkildson
30 Advanced Heart Disease
Melissa K. Cousino, Chelsea Heneghan, and Elizabeth D. Blume
31 Cystic Fibrosis and Other Childhood Lung Diseases
Elisabeth Potts Dellon, Jessica Goggin, and Elliot Rabinowitz
32 Solid Organ Transplant
Timothy Klouda, Debra Boyer, Lynne Helfand, Michael McCown,
Nicholas Purol, and Dawn Freiberger
33 Oncological Illnesses
Sarah McCarthy, Kimberly A. Pyke-Grimm, and Angela M. Feraco
34 Hematologic Symptoms
Barbara Speller-Brown, Jillian Campbell, Allistair Abraham, Priyal
Patel, Lisa Humphrey, and Jennifer Webb
35 Primary and Acquired Immune Deficiency Disorders
Wei Li Adeline Koay, Natella Rakhmanina, Megan Wilkins, Sarah
Matthews, and Ami Doshi
Index
FOREWORD
“We have such a long way to go,” said the boy. “Yes, but look how far we
have come,” sighed the horse.
Charlie Mackesy (The Boy, the Mole, the Fox, and the Horse)
Over the past 25 years the field of pediatric palliative care has grown
exponentially from its early beginnings in the children’s hospice
movement to its current status as a pediatric specialty and the
professionalization of team members’ respective disciplines in
palliative care. In 1998, the World Health Organization first
published its guideline on “Cancer Pain Relief and Palliative Care in
Children,” setting a public health framework for a global call to action
to provide palliative care to children with life-threatening illnesses
and their families. In 2001, in the United States, the Institute of
Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine) published its
seminal report entitled “When Children Die.” This groundbreaking
review of the care of dying children in the United States concluded
that care was neither competent nor compassionate, identified a
host of barriers, and offered a series of wide-ranging
recommendations to address this serious public health need. In
2011, the first edition of this textbook was published, offering an
interdisciplinary evidenced-based compilation of the growing
knowledge base in this nascent field with an expansive perspective
on what constitutes the field of pediatric palliative care. In the
ensuing years, numerous national and international policies have
supported the integration of pediatric palliative care into healthcare
systems, with the World Health Organization’s Resolution in 2014
calling it “an ethical responsibility of its member states.”
Now, in 2021, this second edition demonstrates how the research
expertise, clinical practice, educational efforts, and policy reform
have evolved to assure that humane, competent, and compassionate
care to children with serious illness and their families is possible.
This publication comes at a time when the International Children’s
Palliative Care Network estimates that up to 21.5 million children
worldwide are in need of a palliative care approach and up to 8
million require specialty palliative care, with the majority who require
care living in low- and middle-income countries. The need for wide
dissemination of this textbook as an educational resource is
compelling.
For the reader, the text’s format models the concept of
interdisciplinary team care, with each of the editors being
internationally recognized clinician educators, researchers, and
champions in pediatrics, nursing, and psychology. All of the chapters
are team-authored and showcase the growing range and depth of
expertise and scholarship in the fields of pediatrics, psychology,
social work, rehabilitation, chaplaincy, and child life. With a
thoughtful and intentional approach to using poetry, art, clinical
vignettes, and reflections, the authors demonstrate the art and
science of providing physical, psychological, and spiritual care to the
seriously ill child and family.
The book is divided into four sections that frame the critical
thinking and domains of care in pediatric palliative care, setting the
stage for individual chapters that discuss a range of essential topics
including age-appropriate communication methods, shared decision-
making, ethical challenges, family dynamics, experienced ways to
navigate “a careful dance” with the other pediatric experts caring for
the child and family, symptom control, the importance of healthcare
provider’s introspection and self-care, and much more. In multiple
chapters, the authors identify the need for more research in, for
example, symptom assessment and control, new technologies and
better payment methods to further the evidence base for
standardized protocols, treatment guidelines, and economic data
that are essential aspects to assuring full integration into healthcare
systems.
This unique format and scope allows learners to become
educated in the basics of best practices in pediatric palliative care
while serving as a compendium of referenced educational materials
for those engaged in providing, teaching, or learning specialty
palliative care. For each of the disciplines reading this book, the text
is a combination of the basic skills that needs to be mastered and
the advanced knowledge the specialist in pediatric palliative care
needs to know.
This new comprehensive second edition is an up-to-date
reference and guide capturing the complexity and challenges that
healthcare providers face in caring for children with serious illness,
some of whom will die. It shows a way forward while emphasizing
an important principle: every encounter offers the clinician “the
opportunity for a sense of connection and meaning.”
Caring for these sick children and their families is a privilege and
a responsibility. Access to pediatric palliative care is a human right
imbedded in the right to health and in the right to freedom from
cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment. Fostering
interdisciplinary care and arming new pediatric teams with the
knowledge and experience presented in this textbook furthers the
call to action to make palliative care a reality for all children in need.
Kathleen M. Foley, MD
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Member Emeritus
Weill Cornell Medical College Professor Emeritus,
Department of Neurology
Holding the Moment by Evelyn Berde, (2007)
PREFACE
Allistair Abraham, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Children’s National Hospital
Washington, DC, USA
Toluwalase A. Ajayi, MD
Medical Director of Palliative Medicine
Scripps Mercy Hospital San Diego
San Diego, CA, USA
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Pediatrics
University of California San Diego and Staff Researcher, Scripps
Research Translational Institute
San Diego, CA, USA
Elizabeth D. Blume, MD
Associate Professor
Director
Advanced Cardiac Therapies
Boston Children’s Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
Jori Bogetz, MD
Acting Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care
Department of Pediatrics
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle Children’s Hospital and Research Institute
Seattle, WA, USA
Amber Borucki, MD
Anesthesiologist
Center of Pain, Palliative and Integrative Medicine
Benioff Children’s Hospitals
University of California at San Francisco (UCSF)
San Francisco, CA, USA
Debra Boyer
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Harvard Medical School
Associate Medical Director, Lung Transplant Program
Boston Children’s Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
Kris Catrine, MD
Medical Director
Department of Pain Medicine, Palliative Care and Integrative
Medicine
Children’s Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Christy Cummings, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Division of Newborn Medicine
Boston Children’s Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
Ami Doshi, MD
Director of Inpatient Palliative Care
Department of Pediatrics
Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego
San Diego, CA, USA
Stefan J. Friedrichsdorf, MD
Professor in Pediatrics
University of California at San Francisco (UCSF)
Medical Director
Center of Pain, Palliative and Integrative Medicine
Benioff Children’s Hospitals
University of California at San Francisco (UCSF)
San Francisco, CA, USA
Sarah Gall, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Duke University Health System
Durham, NC, USA
Michelle Goldsmith, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA, USA
Julie Good, MD
Clinical Associate Professor
Stanford University School of Medicine
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine and
by Courtesy, Pediatrics
Stanford Children’s Health
Stanford, CA, USA
Cristina Gordon, MD
Voluntary Clinical Instructor
University of California San Diego
San Diego, CA, USA
Lisa Humphrey, MD
Director of Hospice and Palliative Medicine
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Columbus, OH, USA
Shana Jacobs, MD
Associate Professor
Children’s National Hospital
Department of Pediatrics
The George Washington University
Washington, DC, USA
Megan Jordan, MD
Medical Director Pediatric Palliative Care
Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics
Duke University Health System
Durham, NC, USA
Timothy Klouda
Division of Pulmonary Medicine
Boston Children’s Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
Eunice Koh, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatric Critical Care
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA, USA
Stephen Liben, MD
Director
Pediatric Palliative Care Program
Professor of Pediatrics
McGill University
Montreal Children’s Hospital
Montreal, QC, Canada
Robert Macauley, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Cambia Health Foundation Endowed Chair in Pediatric Palliative Care
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR, USA
Kevin Madden, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine
Division of Cancer Medicine
The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, TX, USA
Daniel P. Mahoney, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Texas Children’s Hospital
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Michael McCown, DO
Chief, Pediatric Pulmonology
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, MD, USA
Elissa G. Miller, MD
Chief, Division of Palliative Medicine
Division of Palliative Medicine
Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children
Wilmington, DE, USA
Kim Mooney-Doyle, PhD, RN, CPNP-AC
Assistant Professor
University of Maryland School of Nursing
Baltimore, MD, USA
Jonathan Mullin, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO, USA
Sara Munoz-Blanco, MD
Assistant Professor
Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine/Pediatric Hospice and Palliative Medicine
Section of Palliative Care, Department of Internal Medicine
University of Texas Southwestern
Dallas, TX, USA
Katherine Ort, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and
Pediatrics
NYU Grossman School of Medicine Department of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry and Department of Pediatrics
New York, NY, USA
Maryland Pao, MD
Clinical and Deputy Scientific Director
National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program
Bethesda, MD, USA
Priyal Patel, DO
Assistant Professor
Hospice and Palliative Medicine
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant
Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Elliot Rabinowitz, MD
Division of Pulmonary Medicine
Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care
Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Instructor of Pediatrics
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Chase Samsel, MD
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School
Medical Director
Psychiatry Consultation Service
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Attending Psychiatrist
Pediatric Transplant Center
Boston Children’s Hospital
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Boston Children’s Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
Richard J. Shaw, MD
Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Pediatrics
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA, USA
Anne Sullivan, MD
Instructor in Pediatrics
Attending Neonatologist
Division of Newborn Medicine
Boston Children’s Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
Paula Tran, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA, USA
Christina Ullrich, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor
Harvard Medical School
Clinical Director
Pediatric Advanced Care Team
Senior Physician
Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care
Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children’s Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
Children are born with rainbows in their hearts and you’ll never reach them
unless you reckon with rainbows.
CARL SANDBURG
We hope that the lives of all children will be filled with possibility,
with open horizons and rainbows into the future. Children with
serious illnesses, their families, and those who care for them
confront the realization that “not everything is possible,” that,
despite dramatic scientific and medical advances, the life spans of
some children will be shortened. This threat of premature loss
heightens the sense of time for children and families alike and
challenges clinicians to create new pathways of hope for them.
The interdisciplinary field of pediatric palliative care has emerged
over the past three decades, with rapid development in clinical care,
education, research, and policy. In this section, “Setting the Stage,”
themes, constructs, and emerging evidence that are foundational to
the spectrum of pediatric palliative care provide a conceptual
framework for this book and this field.
Words define, clarify, and communicate experience; their potential
impact is powerful in both positive and negative ways. The
importance of a common language cannot be underestimated when
clinicians from many disciplines care for children and families who
face extraordinary challenges. The opening chapter, “The Language
of Pediatric Palliative Care” sets this foundation.
Who are these children? Who are the parents and families who
care for them? Chapter 2 on the epidemiology of pediatric palliative
care portrays the distribution of conditions, their trajectories and
symptoms, and trends in mortality. The chapter also contains a
declaration that pediatric palliative care is a firmly established field.
Families are discussed regarding their structure, the “work of care”
for the child, coping, and financial issues. Overarching both the child
and family variables are epidemiological factors in healthcare
systems at regional, national, and international levels.
In Chapter 3, “Children’s Voices,” children and their siblings
provide another type of portrait: through their own words and
images they convey their experience of living with illness: their
awareness of its life-threatening nature, the undercurrent of
anticipatory grief, and their role in decision-making. These
experiences are a perfect prelude to the very next chapter, Chapter
4, which is on settings of care. This is because the settings are now
wherever a child needs palliative care. The nature of this care has
broadened and so, too, have the number of settings.
Chapter 5, social considerations and disparities, directly addresses
how the culture that creates disparities in healthcare in general can
also create disparities in pediatric palliative care. Cultural humility is
defined and described as a way of giving palliative care that
welcomes how individuals (children, families, care providers) can
discover how they are both different from each other and the same.
These discoveries guide best-fit palliative care for the ill child, family,
and care situation.
Pediatric palliative care programs have expanded, and this
unfolding of programs is described in Chapter 6, which shows their
growth and networking connections in a non-linear manner.
Programs are now characterized by links beyond hospital settings to
communities. Being informed by business plans has become a
necessity. Relatedly, Chapter 7 frames education and training as
benefitting from interdisciplinary approaches that span settings and
consider the skills of each learner and the knowledge gaps of each
as well. The knowledge and learning of an individual can translate
through planned actions to interdisciplinary team knowing.
“Setting the Stage” closes with Chapter 8, on quality in pediatric
palliative care and defines quality care as being based on knowing
the goals of all involved—the child, family, and care professionals.
Care based on goal awareness of all involved yields safe, effective,
patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable care. Providing that
kind of pediatric palliative care will help pediatric palliative care
providers from diverse disciplines to “reckon with rainbows” of all ill
children.
1 THE LANGUAGE OF PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE
CARE
JOANNE WOLFE, PAMELA S. HINDS, AND BARBARA M. SOURKES
The Word
Oh, a word is a gem, or a stone, or a song,
Or a flame, or a two-edged sword;
Or a rose in bloom, or a sweet perfume,
Or a drop of gall is a word.
INTRODUCTION
8. Koralli.
9. Kangashärkä.
Kun kuopan sivut ovat tulleet niin luisuiksi ja sileiksi, ettei mikään
hyönteinen pääse kiipeämään niitä ylöspäin, kaivautuu toukka
kuopan pohjalle, niin että siitä näkyy vain uhkaavat leuvat, jotka
selkoselälleen avattuina odottavat saalista.