Ionicequiibivm

substance
→
electrolyte non .

electrolyte .

( provide ions ) ( don't provide )

ions

E-
✓→ glucose
kleak electrolyte
strong (electrolyte
=D ✗ last )

|s 1-
:* : - w±_ : -

HCl ,HI,HBYHz50y,HH0g CHJCOOH ,

HCH

µHU0y,HI0y1HBr0q 2h10m
,HhyI
p w_
: -

| s÷÷y
.

HAOH KOH , 1504

,

,
aionlnsrlonlz
All soluble salts
F) salts : -

electrolyte
are
strong
¥_.CHjo0HH4 .
 ✗
de-gseeof-ioni.ee?aon
factors of ionisation oFweake6eñoh
-
affecting degree
-

if natuu& : -

dielectric xp
natvueofsoeut : -

constant § then

OF solvent

i÷gg EF-fect-EIY.IE at +
ex
-0
Dh= + we .

1- txt
%-) couuuonionefet : -
← backward ✗ I

HCHcaq.TT titian
)→ q
,
1- CHEAP ,

Hcleag .

,
+
ctiaq ,
forward XP

oddionefket-o.HCHq.FM?aI;cH9ae
→
I

,→o
,

-1141g ,
Haogq
↳ yo
?⃝
?⃝
4.it#-effe-tofdih-hon:- according
ostwald
to .

ionisation
dilution dilution
law on
degree
of weak electrolyte increase
.

A-9qy.la?-Tt--o
HA

C
caq , # Htcaq ,
-
+
-

t- egc-n-c-cxn-ean-caka-TYIY-ka-Y n.ru
-

¥÷,
I-fxco.la/oY.-

t.mn#
ka =
Y÷ then 1- ✗ I 1

of

¥Ñ÷ a*i• Eg 0-2 .

"
if
when ¥(
.

only

µ=T applicable
only when K&cñ2
-
 YI ? ¥ > "

✗=f-§¥'t+P
✗ ✗
¥
Tax trip
I. ① HAcaqyT-htcqy-A-q.IO#HAq-MfFB0++A-9q ,
lqy
C- n n n c- n n n

Constant
ka="E¥¥
on dilution in -131 :
- -

increase
¥ ② on dilution ✗
always always
- .

'

↳wr④
- ←

At + DO * tho f- 1704+134 At

c- ex c- th
eye CI CI

k*=¥!÷p .

peg In
El

Reg '¥É¥i=F
=

=
Ionicproductofwaltr ( Kw )
¥ tho
in solution : -

TE 1-1++04-0 DH =
-11371%4--2

Kb=Ka=kd =
tt¥÷
* IF-tu.is wakñ-¥É : -

Kd =
This __%E=u
constant
←
constant
'

Kd [1-20]
.
= 1-4-131-040 )

+kw=t
Ionic
product
of bro
TP Kcop as DH=+ue
.

AI 25°C Kw = 10-14
10-12
at 90°C Kw =

Inl '÷÷1=¥l±÷)
kw at -1 ,
,

at -12
and Kw ,
.
 RsIeÉÉ
F- -0
+ OH

or

tfot -104-0 k =Kw= -111,0+7-107-9

① 2120 I SIC

-111-4+51*29
HhyttNhi ks±c=
① 211-17

③ 2cycooyf-eyeooni-eyeoo-oksec-foycootiy-og.org
 calculate (kw=ñ14)
qptf.at 25°C for pull the

it Ii , Liii / Ett ) & [04-0]

'

✗ Kat .

solution : - tho f- 1-1++04-0

-
C- ca Cg car .

"
"" ""

|)
" ""
Kw
-1120 ]
Kg
=

10-14=442
.

"

Kd (1%5)=15 cx= 10--7

,,
,gz
µ, ,
, .g×,g
qy , ,

iiil -14-11--9=10-7
'
thought ;+D5z=0_ -
-
-
r

fits bssp=f¥- =/ m%÷

boo

Asap =/ 1oo0I1×
300

same
%÷g..=-m÷;;
-

=
-

1¥34
jellying

{
É see , ¥ Sig , DGI 103-100-7
-2.3
Dai
-

{ kp=P÷-
DG
'

=
-
Rtlnkp

Dng
-4
'

I
Hzy ,
→ 2.
Hey ,

5>0
F- 72 Alg )
Haig ,

1- ✗ 24
"
g.
4- =

;÷(P÷ ,
/
"

¥1
kp=÷!É(
 ¥
DG= DY -
TD5

-125<0 intercept by > o

stope =

a.T-ads-v-I-DG-u-nrtlnlf-zl-woik.9-tw-D.to
q=-w
÷÷÷¥i÷;¥÷÷÷
→

R→p
Equilibrium
established is

with R ← P
taking
Reactant product
initial iuehely
¥ , Dssys =/ ¥ =%m¥
Joo
boo

s ip-fg.IM/Y-dT=1o ohltI-o )ds un=-9;:-., =-

☐

)
1•";÷o→•
Q D9= -
nrtln / ftp.t
Q Dsienivuse -_ DG?
-
1-

Ttdsouuiuuse =
Atf -1-1150

Ñ%+ + BO + tho I AOH -1134

lag , lag )
.

ca ca
C- ca c- ca

ke
,=¥÷ .

like, =
Ta
jTeq=¥✗
 solution
Relation
#
bfw ph & pom for aqueous
2
: -

Kw = Eh -13-(04-0)

logkw login )
-1
log -104-0
-
=
-
-

pkw= ph + pot =

/i ,P"
Keio 't
-14
logkw
-

forneuñalafueoussolubou .
: -
ph =p
on .

2PM = pkw

¥I|
I
If
at 25°C -

kwppkwtf.ph
TP

"=P¥
É÷¥É
pn.s : -

pk% P >

:
a ,,;a;
neutral .

at
2-57
_¥P"7_
acidic neutral basic
¥1 at 85° ,
kw = 1.6×10-13 their solution

of nature ?
of pH = 6 will be

Ñ 16×10-14
ph=Pk÷ ( neutral ) Kw=

pkw= 14-1%16
"
P = 7- 240.3=6^4
Pkg =p -21%2 .

acidic
Then tnl /&=z×
P$=y lgz
-
.

012 At 80°C , aqueous solution 7

Ph of an

then nature of solution will be ?

pH=Pk÷ ( 7 at 80°C .

t phot
neutral 1017 .

→Érsic
*
DIE
.
 pn=
logan
-

for dilute solution an+= In -13

%n=-logtr
-1 .

pm
→
← 1
Mixtures

1-
Individual substance .

/ strong
→
① acid or base
I> weak .
In Reacting
-
Reacting
mixture
.

② salt mixture

① Acid + Acid
③ Auephiprotc im
or
base + base .

Be
Buffer .

solution
Pal pH calculation of individual substance : -

- -

① iaacidoebase : -

foisfmyaa.com#oYat:-=xn.-factor.oi11o3pnHH0
⑨

: -

)
>
caq .

[1-1+1=10-3
pH =3

Lii , 10-4 in NaOH : -

[04-0]--10-4
PM = 4
,
P4=10

iii , 1-03 rn
Srlotllz : -

[0+1-0]=2×10-3
pot = 3-
log 2=2.7 .

pH = 11.3 .

(4) -03N Balotilz :

oyo#o
I -

M=¥? [ on -01 -_
2×1%3=10-3 " -

pm =3 Ph=7
[ Normality
,

of 5. A. oss:B will sequel to

concentration of y -1 solutions?
Moy in their
-0
 "

{
✗ IY
§ 157M Hel . : -

approximate
:
IH ) ± EH Hel
+ TH
wab-i-HHqeidt-htlwatu-EHF.pe
meth ,@
- .

→
1-07 1-07 185+10-7 110-5
Tht ] = +

2×10-7 -80%310-6 -110-71=1.1×10-6

TH -11 =

,, * + * ,

pn.a.mg
=
,

10-8+10-7=1.1×10-7
10--9+1-07=+10-7
10-7
•

10-10+10-7 y

&qaetp
'
: -

Hei → at + Cl
-

Ctn C .

tzo } 4++04-0 Kw =
Ty -13-(04-0)
Ctn or

kw =
¢+414 ¥107m .

10-14=(10-7+44)
N=
0.8×10-7
µ -11 = Ctu = 10-7+0.8×187
Tht) = 1.8×10-7

)
M=
log
7- 1108

11%6.8-1
If
-

* tht ] flit from solution of acid then 1-4-1)

water will be considered
of
.
*
If (011-0) ftobm from base then -44-01 of water

will be considered .

4- 10-10 in Ham then pm of solution ?

pm >7 I Met Ciii / PET Can't

predict
toy -01=1810+10-7110-7 p0t
" '

is
.

In solution of her
an
aqueous
.

[4-1] 52×10-7
= Molar . then what is

concentration of her in solution

-

till → Ht + Cl

Ctn C

-104-0 1-4-11=71 n
Hzo f- Ht
=p-2×10-7
n
Ein
Kw =
¢+4 Cry
→

10-14=(-2×10-+14)
a-
1,0¥ .

Ctn = 52×10-7
Ct
1¥? = 52×10-7
 0 "
as
8 as

qq.Hr.com I
re%→ .