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Intro-to-Philosophy Q2 Module 4b Final

Education (Caraga State University)

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11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Introduction to the
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 2 – Module 4b:
The Human Person In Society: Social Interaction & Social Systems

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Introduction to the Philosopy of the Human Person – Grade 11


Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 4b: THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY:
SOCIAL INTERACTION & SOCIAL SYSTEMS
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.

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trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright
holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education


Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module


Writers: Jamaica R. Quisil
Editors: Maria Eula Pauline A. Elumir
Reviewers: Gemma F. Depositario,Ed.D.
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: James B. Caramonte
Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Rosela R. Abiera
Fay C. Luarez, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D. Maricel S. Rasid
Nilita L. Ragay, Ed.D. Elmar L. Cabrera
Carmelita A. Alcala, Ed.D.

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

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11

Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human
Person
Quarter 2 – Module 4b:
The Human Person In Society:
Social Interaction & Social Systems

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person - 11


Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Human Person In Society:
Social Interaction & Social Systems!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by


educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher


This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person 11


Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Human Person In Society:
Social Interaction & Social Systems!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or


What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to


check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be


What’s New introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent


practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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This is a task which aims to evaluate your


Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the


module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in


developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful


learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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What I Need to Know

“So we live in two worlds: one characterized by social exchanges


and the other characterized by market exchanges. And we apply different
norms to these two kinds of relationships. Moreover, introducing market
norms into social exchanges...violates the social norms and hurts the
relationships. Once this type of mistake has been committed, recovering
a social relationship is difficult.”
– Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational

In this module, social systems will be introduced to you, so as, how


human relations are transformed by social systems, the difference
between transactional and personal relationships and how society
enables an individual to become a better person.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Explain how human relations are transformed by social systems. PPT11/12-IIg-7.3

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

• Define what a social system is and how to analyze it;


• Discuss how human relations are transformed by social systems; and
• Evaluate the transformation of human relationships by social systems and how
societies transform individual beings.

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What I Know

Pre-Test

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read the questions below and write the letter of the correct answer in
your activity notebook.

1. This philosopher believes that society is organized based on the “consent of


the governed”.
A. Thomas Hobbes C. John Locke
B. Jean Jacques Rousseau D. Jon Rawls
2. It is an agreement among individuals to sacrifice some of their wants and submit
to a higher authority.
A. general will C. natural state
B. self-interest D. social contract
3. According to this philosopher, mankind in their natural state, are governed by
desire which leads to conflict among individuals.
A. Thomas Hobbes C. John Locke
B. Jean Jacques Rousseau D. Jon Rawls
4. David Gauthier described people’s __________ as a significant factor in
building and maintaining societies.
A. freedom C. opinion
B. self-interest D. freewill
5. This philosopher believes that humans naturally seek a just and fair society
because of self-interest.
A. John Locke C. David Gauthier
B. Jon Rawls D. Thomas Hobbes
6. This is an organized or patterned set of relationships among individuals and
groups that compose a society.
A. social group C. social institutions
B. social classes D. social system
7. How does society enable an individual to become a better person?
A. Society recognizes the capability of the persons to develop, and provides
its members with opportunities to better themselves.
B. Society, through the establishment of norms, influences an individual ability
to define genuine relationships and interactions.
C. Society can contribute to individual’s decisions and actions making them
catalyst of change.
D. All of the above
8. This philosopher considered persons in their natural states as more cooperative
and reasonable, and that society is formed through the consent of the
individuals that organized it.
A. John Locke C. David Gauthier
B. Jon Rawls D. Thomas Hobbes

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9. A social system is composed of two or more individuals, which are called


___________.
A. actors C. social groups
B. social classes D. all of the above
10. This philosopher believes that people are the ones who organized society and
established an authority or government, in extreme cases, the government is
able to impose its will on the people.
A. Thomas Hobbes C. John Locke
B. Jean Jacques Rousseau D. Jon Rawls

What’s In

In the previous lesson, we learned about the different social relations and their
corresponding interactions in the society. In this module, we will dive deeper into the
different types of systems found in the society.

LET’S READ & PONDER

Directions: Read the situations below and write your answers in your activity
notebook.

SITUATION 1:
A very good friend of yours visits you and your family in your house. Your
mother, delighted by her presence, cooks her best dish for her. Your friend loved the
whole lunch that she kept complimenting your mother for being such a good cook. At
the end of her visit, she expresses her gratitude to the whole family. Before she leaves,
she approaches your mother and asks, “How much will I pay you for the lunch you
cooked for me?”

SITUATION 2:
You are going through a very rough time. You feel so down that you need
someone to talk to. You send a text message to your friend asking her if she could
come over to make you feel better. Your friend gives you a call then tells you she will
be there in 20 minutes. You are so happy to see her, you give her a big hug, then pour
your heart out. After crying to her for a good 30 minutes, she gives some comforting
words. You finally say that you feel so much better. Your friend then says, “That’s good
to know. Now we’re done, could we settle my expenses for this – 20 pesos for the
phone call, 35 pesos for the tricycle ride going to your place, 20 pesos for all the tissue
paper you drew from my tissue pack, and 10 pesos for the time I lost to working
productively because I have to come here. Thanks.”

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Guide Question: Write your answer in your notebook.


1. What would be your mother’s reaction to your friend’s gesture?
2. What would be your reaction/s to your friend after she says those words?
3. Is there something wrong with the friend’s response to your mother’s
hospitality?
4. Why do you think it is wrong? Is asking for payment always wrong? When do
you think is it appropriate?

What’s New
Directions: Read the questions below and write your answers in your
activity notebook.

1. What is a social system?


___________________________________________________________

2. Are social systems necessary? Why or why not?


___________________________________________________________

3. How are social systems able to control the actions of individuals? Relate it
to your experiences.
___________________________________________________________

4. Is being part of the social group help improve human relations? Why or why
not?
___________________________________________________________

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What is It

THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

During the Enlightenment, social philosophers pondered on the natural laws


that govern human societies, and in their discussions, several philosophers put forth
their theories regarding the formation of societies.

Enlightenment philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean


Jacques Rousseau were among the most prominent social theorists who tackled the
origins of human society. To fully understand the true character of society, they
imagined humans as living in a so called “nature state,” removed from modernity and
civilization. Examining humans in their natural state afforded these philosophers an
opportunity to discuss the origins of society and relate them to other concepts such as
man’s intrinsic nature and liberty. Various views emerged to explain the developments
that brought about the emergence of human society.

For Thomas Hobbes, people in their natural states are governed by their
desires and these often lead to conflict with their fellowmen. Society, therefore, is the
means by which people seek to control their natural tendencies and impose order.
Individuals who establish societies enter into a “social contract” – an agreement
where individuals sacrifice an amount of their freedom and submit to a higher authority.
In this way, society is able to function and meet the needs of many, ensuring the
survival of humanity.

John Locke proposed his own ideas on social contract with a different
assumption. Unlike Hobbes, Locke considered persons in their natural states as more
cooperative and reasonable, and that society is formed through the consent of the
individuals that organized it. This concept is known as the consent of the governed.
Locke’s social contract is a covenant among individuals to cooperate and share the
burden of upholding the welfare of society. Also, the authority established to rub
society should reflect the ideals of the people who organized it. Should this authority
fail to uphold its obligation or live up to the ideals of the people, it will be discarded and
replaced with a new one.

Jean Jacques Rousseau’s ideas on the social contract led him to advocate the
concept of the “general will”. Rousseau believed that even if the people are the ones
who organized society and established an authority or government, in extreme cases,
the government is able to impose its will on the people. This is based on the
assumption that the people have empowered the government to act on their behalf,
and that is considered to be the best judge of what is most beneficial for society.

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More recent views on the social contract give emphasis to individual decision-
making in society. John Rawls redefined the social contract and explained that human
beings approach social cooperation in a rational manner in order to meet their
individual self-interest. Rawls introduced a version of the natural state which he called
the original position to explain social formation. He imagined humans as having a
“veil of ignorance,” or no knowledge of one’s own characteristics such as gender, race,
or social status. In this state, humans would naturally seek a just and fair society in an
effort to look out for their own interest. David Gauthier described people’s self-interest
as a significant factor in building and maintaining societies. People choose to
cooperate since the actions of individuals in meeting their individual needs also further
the interests of other members of society.

Although there are variations on the social contract theory, perhaps one
common feature they all have is the fact that the different individuals enter into a kind
of agreement with one another to form a society. Individual members put aside their
self-interest in order to create a community where they may live in harmony with
others. It is important to note that in a society, one is not compromised for the sake of
the other; the individual is not in any way violated for the sake of the community and
vice versa. Only a society which endures the development of the individual and his or
her community may be considered a proper and humanizing society.

What Is a Social System?

A social system is an organized or patterned set of relationships among


individuals and groups of society. It consists of a group of individual actors interacting
with each other in a situation that has at least a physical or environmental aspect.
These actors are motivated in terms of tendency toward “optimization of gratification”
and whose relations to their situations, including to each other, is defined and
mediated in terms of system of culturally structured and shared symbols.

There are four factors that make up a social system and the relationships
involved in forming it. First, a social system is composed of two or more individuals,
which are called actors. Second, the actors interact with one another physically or in
an environment. Third, the interaction is goal-directed, which means that they are
interacting because they have a goal to achieve. Fourth, the relationship is mediated
by shared symbols.

Hence, social organizations are social systems because they are made up of
individuals interacting for a common goal, where each has a part or function. Families,
organizations, societies, communities, and cultures are recognized as social systems.

Social systems are regarded as open systems. That is, the individuals in a
social system have regular interactions with their environing systems (or the external

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environment). The environing systems include cultural and personality systems,


behavioral and other systems of the organism, and the physical environment.

Analysis of Different Social Systems


The social systems theory is a theoretical scheme which articulates or
describes a field of system, in relation to another which is equally a part of the same
broader fundamental system. According to the American sociologist Talcott Parsons,
social systems analysis must involve three logically independent but also
interdependent bases or axes of variability. These basis are the following:
1. A distinction between the structural and the functional
2. A distinction between the two dynamic processes of maintaining system
equilibrium and structural change in the system
3. The hierarchy of relations of control

Structural and Functional Mode of Analysis

The concept structure focuses on the patterns of the system, which may be
regarded as independent of the lower-amplitude and shorter time-range fluctuations
in the relationship of the system to its external situation. It thus designates the features
of the system which can, in certain strategic respects, be treated as constants over
certain ranges of variation in the behavior of other significant elements of the
theoretical problem.

Let us apply this concept in Philippine society. Since its creation, the Philippine
Constitution has remained the basis of governance. In this constitution, all of these
remain constant: division between the legislative and the executive branches of the
government; the independent judiciary; the separation of church and state; and the
basic rights of personal liberty, assembly, and property.

The functional reference related to the problem of mediation between two


fundamental sets of exigencies: (1) those imposed by the relative constancy or
“givenness” of a structure and (2) those imposed by the givenness of the environing
situation external to the system. Thus, its interest is to analyze how activities are
coordinated so that these activities do not affect one another in a negative way and
instead contribute to the system. The motivations for social systems to function well
should also be adequate.

What Parsons meant by environing situations here is not the physical


environment but the behavior and personalities of the individuals within the social
system and the relevant cultural systems.

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How does society enable me to become a better person?

Although society greatly influences the development of the self, the human
person still has freedom to choose not to be fully defined by his or her background or
society. We have the freedom to rise above our circumstances and make ourselves
into something different or better. For instance, a child who grew up in the slums or
squatters area can exert effort, and eventually become successful and achieve a
better life. A person who comes from a family of doctors may feel that he or she has a
different calling in life and thus may choose not to pursue a career in medicine. Some
Filipinos have even decided to renounce their citizenship to become citizens of other
countries. As much as we are influenced by our surroundings, our physical limits, and
our society, our personality still provides us an opportunity to transcend and define
ourselves on our own terms.

Society recognizes the capability of the persons to develop, and provide


its members with opportunities to make themselves better. Effective and efficient
public service, education, and the maintenance of peace and order are some of the
ways society ensures that we are able to have productive lives and realize our
potential. Through its various institutions, society endeavors to develop well- adjusted
and productive members who can make significant contributions to it. Social systems
are in place to ensure the welfare of the person in society through the various
institutions and groups, society strives to recognize and promote their individual dignity
of persons and guarantees that they are able to live harmoniously with others.

A part from choosing not to be fully defined by society, persons can also
undertake to contribute to society through their decisions and actions. One
important way a person can contribute to social change is by enacting his or her social
responsibilities as well. A son or daughter is expected to respect and obey his or her
parents and elders and help each member of the family. A parent is expected to
provide for the needs of the family and raise his or her children well. A student is
expected to study well and participate fully in school activities. A citizen is expected to
support democratic values and cooperate with members of the community and other
institutions to uphold the welfare of the community and uphold the common good. You
embody all these roles and therefore should do your utmost to uphold the
responsibilities that go with them. All members of society are expected to do their
share in upholding the values and goals of their respective societies and ensure that
their society continues to be oriented toward what is good and beneficial for all.

An individual’s action can also cause great changes in society. Previously, it


was thought that only “great”, “influential”, or “powerful” individuals can bring about
change in their respective societies. We often equate social change to the actions of
heroes, political figures, and famous personalities. However, the numerous
opportunities provided nowadays by improved technology and access to information
have given ordinary people the means to be sources of social change themselves.

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You may have heard of stories that have gone “viral” on the Internet. Many of these
stories come from ordinary citizens who call attention and sometimes prompt the
government and related institutions to take action. Another way that individuals can
bring about social change is by organizing themselves into groups that advocate
certain causes. Organized action is often the best means to bring about changes in
society, and the concerted effort of many groups often bring about a social
movement, which is a large-scale action done by various groups and organizations in
pursuit of a common goal to bring about change.

Are you a member of an organization that upholds a social cause? Have you
ever taken the initiative to call attention to problems in your community? What social
issues are you most passionate about? Do you see yourself making a significant
contribution to society in the future? Taking action to bring about positive changes at
home and in your community is one way that you will be able to fulfil your role as a
productive member of society. In taking action to bring about positive changes in our
society, we are able to fulfil our purpose as human beings who are living and
interacting with our greater community and working toward achieving the greater good.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
Directions: Read the questions below and write your answers in your activity
notebook.
1. How does society enable its members to develop and achieve well-being?
2. How can individuals contribute to bring change in society?
3. How can you uphold the common good in your perspective societies?
4. What positive changes have occurred in your community? What brought
about these changes?

What’s More

MY IDOL, MY INSPIRATION!

Task 1: Choose a photo of an individual, group or an institution that has significantly


influenced you throughout your life. You can look for this picture in old newspapers,
magazines or books that are available in your homes. Describe the positive influences
they had on your development as a person. Paste the photo and write your answers
in your activity notebook.

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What I Have Learned

KWL CHART

Directions: Fill in the K and W columns before studying the topics of this lesson. Fill
in the L column after studying these topics. In your activity notebook, copy and answer
the table below.

K W L
What I know about the What I want to know What I learned about the
social interaction and about social interaction social interaction and
social system and social system social system

What I Can Do

Task 2: READ & REFLECT

Different Social Relations and Their Corresponding Interactions: Jurgen


Habernas

According to Habernas, there are different kinds of social relationships. They


differ by virtue of kind of interaction that takes place between individuals. For purposes
of simplification, let us divide social relationships into two main kinds: 1) personal; 2)
transactional. Relationships are personal where interactions are based on mutual
regard for each other as persons. As such, interactions in personal relationships are
defined by cooperation rather than by competition. The focus of personal relationships
is the preservation and development of mutual regard for each other. Relationships
are transactional where interactions are based on a great other as means for attaining
one’s goals. In ordinary terms, transactional relationships are where persons are
“used,” not necessarily in the derogatory sense, but to help one attain his goals or
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succeed in his plans. Because the focus of a person using another as a means for
attaining his goals is his success, then transactional relationships usually “suspend”
the deeper reality that the other persons, not just mere object for one’s own benefit. In
other words, in transactional relationships, we put aside personal matters in our
interactions, In most cases of transactional relationships, the atmosphere is
competitive.

Two types of Interaction in Society


How one treats the other in
Social Relation Kind of Interaction
social relationship
Transactional Instrumental or
Strategic As an object, a means for
Action attaining one’s goals (Subject-
object)
Personal Communication Action As a fellow Subject, a fellow
person (Intersubjective)

The Table above shows that transactional relation is treating the other as an
object, a means for attaining one’s goals. That is why it is described as instrumental
or strategic action. In contrast, personal relation is treating the other as a fellow
subject, a fellow person and the action is termed as communicative action.

REFLECTION:
Do you have relationships that have been compromised because of money
or power? Have you been able to revert back to a purely personal relationship after
that? How can you preserve and shield the relationships that matter to you most
from the interest of money and power? Write your answers in your activity notebook.

Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read the questions below and write the letter of the correct answer in
your activity notebook.

1. This philosopher believes that society is organized based on the “consent of


the governed”.
A. Thomas Hobbes C. John Locke
B. Jean Jacques Rousseau D. Jon Rawls
2. It is an agreement among individuals to sacrifice some of their wants and submit
to a higher authority.
A. general will C. natural state
B. self-interest D. social contract

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3. According to this philosopher, mankind in their natural state, are governed by


desire which leads to conflict among individuals.
A. Thomas Hobbes C. John Locke
B. Jean Jacques Rousseau D. Jon Rawls
4. David Gauthier described people’s __________ as a significant factor in
building and maintaining societies.
A. freedom C. opinion
B. self-interest D. freewill
5. This philosopher believes that humans naturally seek a just and fair society
because of self-interest.
A. John Locke C. David Gauthier
B. Jon Rawls D. Thomas Hobbes
6. This is an organized or patterned set of relationships among individuals and
groups that compose a society.
A. social group C. social institutions
B. social classes D. social system
7. How does society enable an individual to become a better person?
A. Society recognizes the capability of the persons to develop, and provides
its members with opportunities to better themselves.
B. Society, through the establishment of norms, influences an individual ability
to define genuine relationships and interactions.
C. Society can contribute to individual’s decisions and actions making them
catalyst of change.
D. All of the above
8. This philosopher considered persons in their natural states as more cooperative
and reasonable, and that society is formed through the consent of the
individuals that organized it.
A. John Locke C. David Gauthier
B. Jon Rawls D. Thomas Hobbes
9. A social system is composed of two or more individuals, which are called
___________.
A. actors C. social groups
B. social classes D. all of the above
10. This philosopher believes that people are the ones who organized society and
established an authority or government, in extreme cases, the government is
able to impose its will on the people.
A. Thomas Hobbes C. John Locke
B. Jean Jacques Rousseau D. Jon Rawls

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13
Student’s answers may vary.
Note: Teacher may set his or her own grading criteria.
Most Essential Learning Competencies
TEACHERS GUIDE
Student’s answers may vary.
Note: Teacher may set his or her own grading criter
776 Aurora Blvd, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
Brenda B. Corpuz, et al., 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.
BOOK
Student’s answers may vary.
Note: Teacher may set his or her own grading criteria.
References
Rubrics for Photo Journal
Structure and content -----------------5points
Creativity----------------------------------3points
Reflection---------------------------------3points
__________________________________
TOTAL -------------11points
IDENTIFICATION Answers for What I Know and Assessement
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. D
8. A
9. A
10. B
Answer Key
lOMoARcPSD|40233712
lOMoARcPSD|40233712

References

BOOK

1. Aleli M. Caraan, DIWA Senior High School Series: Introduction to the Philosophy
of the Human Person (Makati City: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC, 2016),
pages 128-129, 130 -131.

2. Brenda B. Corpuz, BSE, MAEd, PhD, Ruben A. Corpus, AB English-Philo, MA


Philo, LIB, PhD, Maria Lovelyn Corpuz-Paclibar, AB Philo, MA Philo, & Socrates
O. Paclibar, AB Philo, MD., Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person
(Quezon City, Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2016), pages 119-122.

3. Roberto D. Abella, M. Div., D. Min., Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human


Person (Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2016), pages 114 -125, 124-126.

TEACHERS GUIDE
Most Essential Learning Competencies

14

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental


Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117


Email Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
Website: lrmds.depednodis.net

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