HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS

EXPERIMENTAL REPORT
Physic II – PH1026

Student name: Ngô Hải Đăng

Student ID: 20202785
Class: CTTT KT Điều khiển TĐH-HTĐ 01 – K65
Lab class: Thứ 4-12/12- PH1026
Group: 04
 Experimental Report 1
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE, CAPACITANCE, INDUCTANCE
AND RESONANT FREQUENCIES OF RLC USING OSCILLOSCOPE

Student name: Ngô Hải Đăng

Student ID: 20202785
Class: CTTT KT Điều khiển TĐH-HTĐ 01 K65
Group: 04

I - Experimental result

1. Resistance measurement
Parameter
f (Hz) R x =R0 (Ω)
Trial
1 500 1200
2 1000 1140
3 1500 1100
2. Capacitance measurement
Parameter CX=
1
(F)
f (Hz) ZC =R0 (Ω)
Trial 2 πf R0
1 1000 1000 1.592×10−7
2 2000 570 1.396×10−7
3 3000 350 1.516×10−7
3. Inductance measurement
Parameter R0
f (Hz) Z L =R0 (Ω) LX= ( H)
Trial 2 πf
1 10000 1000 1.592×10−2
2 15000 1500 1.592×10−2
3 20000 1800 1.432×10−2
4. Determination of resonant frequency
Parameter Series in RLC circuit Parallel in RLC circuit
Trial f series (Hz) f ¿ (Hz)
1 3429 3417
2 3420 3420
3 3428 3412
II – Data Processing
1. Resistance measurement
3

∑ R xi
R x = i=1 =1147(Ω)
3

√
3

∑ (R x ¿ ¿i−Rx )2
i=1
s . d= ≅ 41¿
3
s .d
S . D=∆ R x = ≅ 14
√3
Hence,
R x =1146 ± 14 (Ω)
2. Capacitance measurement
3

∑ C xi
C x = i=1 =1.501× 10−7 (F)
3

√
3

∑ (C x ¿ ¿ i−C x )2
s . d= i=1
≅ 8.069 ×10−9 ¿
3
s.d
S . D=∆ C x= ≅ 0.047 × 10−7
√3
Hence,
−7
C x =(1.501± 0.047) ×10 (F)
3. Inductance measurement
3

∑ L xi
L x = i=1 =1.539 ×10−2 (H )
3

√
3

∑ (L x ¿ ¿ i−L x )2
s . d= i=1
≅ 0.754 ×10−3 ¿
3
s.d
S . D=∆ L x = ≅ 0.044 ×10−2
√3
Hence,
−2
L x=(1.539 ± 0.044)× 10 (H )
4. Inductance measurement
a) Series RLC Circuit
 3

∑ f seriesi
f series = i=1 =3425.7( H z )
3

√
3

∑ (f series ¿ ¿ i−f series )2

i=1
s . d= ≅ 4.0(Hz)¿
3
s .d
S . D=∆ f series = ≅ 2.3( Hz)
√3
Hence,
f series =3425.7 ± 2.3(Hz)
b) Parallel RLC Circuit
3

∑ f ¿i
f ¿= i=1 =3416.3(H z )
3

√
3

∑ (f ¿ ¿¿ i−f ¿ )2
i=1
s . d= ≅ 3.3 (Hz)¿
3
s.d
S . D=∆ f ¿ = ≅ 1.9(Hz)
√3
Hence,
f series =3416.3 ±1.9 (Hz)
c) Theoretical result:
- Theoretically, we can calculate the resonant frequency of RLC circuit by the
1
formula f 0= . With C=1.501 ×10−7 (F ); L=1.539× 10−2 ( H ); we get:
2 π √ LC
1
f prediction= =3311.4 ( Hz)
2 π √ LC
The theoretical result of resonant frequency is approximately equal to the
directly measured results. We can see that the RLC circuit (with properly small
resistance) becomes a good approximation to an ideal LC circuit.
 Experimental Report 2
MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE SOLENOID WITH
FINITE LENGTH

Student name: Ngô Hải Đăng

Student ID: 20202785
Class: CTTT KT Điều khiển TĐH-HTĐ 01 K65
Group: 04

I - Experimental result
1. Investigation of the magnetic field at the position along the axis of solenoid
B(x)
Table 1
I=0.4(A)
x (cm) B(mT) x(cm) B(mT) x(cm) B(mT)
1 1.37 11 1.86 21 1.86
2 1.62 12 1.86 22 1.85
3 1.74 13 1.86 23 1.85
4 1.79 14 1.87 24 1.84
5 1.82 15 1.87 25 1.83
6 1.83 16 1.87 26 1.80
7 1.84 17 1.87 27 1.75
8 1.84 18 1.87 28 1.64
9 1.85 19 1.87 29 1.44
10 1.86 20 1.86 30 0.98
2. Measurement of the relationship between the magnetic field and the
current through the solenoid – B(I)
Table 2
x=15(cm)
U(V) I(A) B(mT)
0.15 0.69
0.20 0.95
3 0.25 1.17
0.30 1.40
0.35 1.63
0.40 1.88
0.45 2.12
6
0.50 2.36
0.55 2.59
0.60 2.83

3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical magnetic field

Table 3
I=0.4(A)
x (cm) B(mT)
0 0.80
15 1.86
30 1.00

II – Data Processing
1. Relationship between the magnetic field and the position of the probe inside
the solenoid
 Realtionship between B-x
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
B(mT)

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

x(cm)

Comment:
The graph show that the magnetic field inside a solenoid depends on the positio
n of the probe inside. The magnitude of the magnetic field increase from x=0 to
x=10, and then stable until x=25,then decrease with exact the same pace as it in
crease. The graph is symmetric around the point x=15 (cm).

2. Relationship between the magnetic field and the applied voltage

Realtionship between B-I

3

2.5

2
B(mT)

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

I(A)
Comment:
The graph shows that the magnitude of the magnetic field and the voltage has a
linear relationship. But in this case, the resistance is unchanged, so the current
also has linear relationship with the voltage. So, we can see that relationship
between the magnetic field and the applied current is also linear.

3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical magnetic field

We have:
μ0 μ r
B= . I . n0 (cos γ 1−cos γ 2 )
2
In this case, μr =1
N 750
n 0= = =2500
L 300 ×10−3

I 0=I √ 2=0.4 √ 2=0.566 ( A )

x
cos γ 1= 2 2
√ R +x
−L−x
cos γ 2= 2
√ R +( L−x )2
D 40.3
R= = =20.2 (mm)
2 2
+) x=0(cm), cos γ 1=0, cos γ 2= -0.998
μ0 μ r 1.256 ×10
−6
B= . I . n0 (cos γ 1−cos γ 2 )= ×0.566 × 2500×(0+ 0.998)=0.89(mT )
2 2
+) x=15(cm), cos γ 1=0.991, cos γ 2= -0.991
μ0 μ r 1.256 ×10
−6
B= . I . n0 (cos γ 1−cos γ 2 )= ×0.566 × 2500×(0.991+ 0.991)=1.76(mT )
2 2
+) x=30(cm), cos γ 1=0.998, cos γ 2= 0
μ0 μ r 1.256 ×10
−6
B= . I . n0 (cos γ 1−cos γ 2 )= ×0.566 × 2500×(0.998−0)=0.89 (mT )
2 2

Comparison between theoretical values and experimental values

x (cm) Btheoretical(mT) Bexperimental (mT)

0 0.89 0.80
15 1.76 1.86
 30 0.89 1.00

Compare with the obtained result in the experiment:

The result from the experiment is approximately close the theoretical values. The
different due to the uncertainty of the instruments used.

Experimental Report 3
INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRIC OSCILLATION OF RL AND RLC
CIRCUITS
Student name: Ngô Hải Đăng
Student ID: 20202785
Class: CTTT KT Điều khiển TĐH-HTĐ 01 K65
Group: 04

I - Experimental result
1. Resistance and inductance of the coil
1.1 Without core

I without core

U without core
 Slope without core
V s =4.88 (V )
I 0=0.81( A)
Slope = 728
The resistance of the coil:
V S 4.88
R L= = =6.02(Ω)
I 0 0.81
Coil inductance:
VS 4.88 −3
LW /O = = =8.28 ×10 (H )
I 0 × S 0.81 ×728
1.2 With core
 I with core

U with core

Slope with core

V s =4.86 (V )
I 0=0.83( A )
Slope = 411
The resistance of the coil:
V S 4.86
R L= = =5.86(Ω)
I 0 0.83
Coil inductance:
 VS 4.86 −3
LW /O = = =14.2× 10 (H )
I 0 × S 0.83 × 411
Explain: After putting the core inside the coil, the coil’s inductance is significantly
increase (from 8.28 mH to 14.2 mH). This phenomenon occurred because the core
has higher permeability than the air, so magnetic field can be transferred through
the core easier, thus the coil inductance increase.
2. Free oscillation of the RLC circuit
2.1 Frequency
The current in RLC circuit

T=0.0018 (s)
−3
LW /O =8.28 ×10 (H)
C=10 ×10−6 (F)
The frequency based on the graph:
1 1
f measured = = =555.6( Hz)
T 0.0018
The frequency based on theoretical calculation:
1 1
f prediction= = =553.1(Hz)
2 π √ LC 2 π √ 8.28 ×10−3 ×10 × 10−6
Comparison:
∆ f =|f prediction −f measured|=|553.1−555.6|=2.5(Hz)
2.2 Energy
The total energy in RLC circuit:
1 2 1 2
U =U C +U L= C V + L I
2 2
Comment:
- After stopping the electric power, the energy of the circuit does not decrease
rapidly to zero, it reduces to zero over a short period of time.
- The energy of oscillations of the coil and the capacitor are damped oscillations.
The difference in phase of them is 180 degree.
Explain:
- The energy of the circuit loses by the heat of the resistor at rate i 2 R
-The graph of total energy is steepest at the time that the magnetic energy reaches a
local maximum because in these times, the current through the coil is highest, and
the loss of energy is mainly due to the resistance of the coil (∆ Q=i 2 R ).

Experimental Report 4
VERIFICATION OF FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Student name: Ngô Hải Đăng
Student ID: 20202785
Class: CTTT KT Điều khiển TĐH-HTĐ 01 K65
Group: 04

1. 1200 turn coil:

* Graph
 North:

 South:

 North-South:
 North-North:

 South-South:

2. 150 turn coil:

* Graph
 North:

 South:

 North-South:
  North-North:

 South-South:

* Comment and explanation:

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
- A voltage is induced in a circuit whenever relative motion exists between a
conductor and a magnetic field and that the magnitude of this voltage is
proportional to the rate of change of the flux.
∆ϕ ∆(BA)
V induced =−N =−N
∆t ∆t
So, we have:
+) Comparison between the first voltage peak and second voltage peak:

- The two-voltage peak has opposite sign corresponding to the direction of the
magnetic field line’s rate and direction of change. According to Faraday’s Law, the
induced electromotive force acts in the direction that opposes the change in
magnetic flux.
- Also, the magnitude of second voltage peak is greater than that of the first
peak.This can be explained by the motion of the magnet bar. When the magnet is
released to fall through the coil, its motion is free fall. Therefore, the velocity of
the bottom pole when it falls through the coil is larger than that of the top pole.
This means the change in magnetic field increases in time, and according to the
Faraday’s Law above, this result in the greater magnitude of the second peak.

+) The shape of the graph

- Both graphs are approximately symmetric about the point when ∆ ϕ B=0 (rate of
change of the magnetic field flux equals zero). This can be explained by Faraday’s
law, which states that the induced voltage through the wire induces a current that
creates a magnetic flux in the direction opposing the change in flux, and the fact
that the magnetic field line going in/out the north and the south pole of the magnet
are the same.

+) Comparison between two coil

-The maximum voltage for the coil with more turns is higher than the one with
fewer turn, because the magnitude of voltage is proportional to the number of turns
Δϕ
in the coil, as shown in the equation: V induced =−N Δt
 Experimental Report 5
INVESTIGATION OF TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRONMAGNETIC
WAVE (MICROWAVE)

Student name: Ngô Hải Đăng

Student ID: 20202785
Class: CTTT KT Điều Khiển TĐH-HTĐ 01 K65
Group: 04

1. Investigation of straight-line propagation of microwaves

Observation:

 When the receiver is aligning with the rail (the transmitter and receiver are
facing each other), the voltmeter shows the maximum value.
 When the receiver moves far from the rail (in a plane perpendicular to the rail),
the value of volt-meter decreases.
Conclusion:
 Microwave propagates best in straight line.

2. Investigation of penetration of microwaves

Observation:
 When a dry absorption plate (electrical insulator) is put between transmitter
and receiver, the voltmeter slightly decreases.
Conclusion:
 Microwave can penetrate through the dry absorption plate.
 Not all the microwaves will penetrate through the dry absorption plate, a part
of them will be absorbed by the absorption plate.

3. Investigation of screening and absorption of microwaves

Observation:
 When a reflection plate (electrical conductor) is put between transmitter and
receiver, the voltmeter shows a value that very small compared to the value
when the absorb plate is absent. In this case, the voltmeter shows a value
approximate 0 (0.01).
Conclusion:
 Most of microwave will not go through the reflection plate.
4. Investigation of reflection of microwaves
Observation:

Reflector angle (° ) Incidence angle (° )

30 61
40 82
50 102
60 120
 When the arrow is the bisector of 2 rails (the reflector angle is equal to the
incidence angle), the voltmeter shows maximum value.
Conclusion:
 Microwave reflects best when perpendicular bisector of the reflection plate is
the bisector of an angle created by the transmitter and receiver.
 When the microwave reflects, the angle of incidence equals the angle of
reflection.
5. Investigation of refraction of microwaves
Observation:
 When the angle created by 2 rails is 132 °, the voltmeter shows the maximum
value.
 As-turning the receiver to different angle, the value of volt-meter decreases.
Conclusion:
 Microwave refracts best with angle of 132 °
6. Investigation of diffraction of microwaves
Observation:
 When the single slit plane is put in the rail, the value on the voltmeter increase
 When the plate is between the probe and the transmitter, the value on the
voltmeter is approximate 0.
 When the probe is moved on the horizontal plane, the value slightly increase
Conclusion:
 Microwaves has diffraction properties.
7. Investigation of interference of microwaves
Observation:
 When the probe is moved parallel to the plate, the value on the voltmeter is
oscillating. Number of maxima = 3
Conclusion:
 Microwave has property of interference.

8. Investigation of polarization of microwaves

Observation:
 When the grating is aligned horizontally, the value on the voltmeter is slightly
decreasing
 When the grating is aligned vertically, the value on the voltmeter is
approximate zero
 When the grating is aligned at 45° , the value on the voltmeter is higher than
vertical case, but lower than horizontal case
Conclusion:
 When we put a polarization grating between transmitter and
receiver, the microwave(electromagnetic) will be polarized.

Because the vertical wave is electric wave, and the receiver’s signal we receiver is
Voltage.
Therefore:
 With vertical polarization grating, only the vertical wave can go through. The
receiver’s signal is big.
 With horizontal polarization grating, only the horizontal wave can go through.
The receiver’s signal is very small (approximate to 0).
 With 45° inclined polarization grating, a part of vertical wave and horizontal
wave can go through. The receiver’s signal is smaller than when we use
vertical polarization grating and bigger than when we use horizontal
polarization grating.
9. Determining wavelength of standing waves

f x 1(mm) x 2(mm) x=x 1- x 2 (mm)

1 55.8 46 9.8
2 56 45 11
3 55.6 45.5 10.1
* Data processing:
1. Wavelength:
3

∑ xi
x= i=1 =10.30 (mm)
3

√
3

∑ (x ¿¿ i−x)2
i=1
s . d= ≅ 0.51 ¿
3
s.d
S . D=∆ x= ≅ 0.29 (mm)
√3
λ=2 × x=2 ×10.30=20.60(mm)
∆ λ=∆ x=0.29(mm)
Hence, λ=20.60 ± 0.29(mm)
2. Frequency of the microwave:
8
c 3 × 10 9
f= = −3
=14.56 × 10 (Hz)
λ 20.60 ×10

√( )( )
∆ λ 2 ∆c 2
∆ f =f × +
λ c

∆ f =14.56 × 109 ×
√( 0.29 2
20.60
+ ) (
10 2
3 × 108 )
=0.20 × 109 (Hz)

Hence, f =(14.56 ±0. 20)× 109 ( Hz)

Experimental Report 6
 DETEMINATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO OF AIR BASED ON
CLEMENT DESORME’S METHOD

Student name: Ngô Hải Đăng

Student ID: 20202785
Class: CTTT KT Điều khiển TĐH-HTĐ 01 K65
Group: 04

*Data sheet:

H=250(mm)
Parameter H
L1(mm) L2(mm) h=L2−L1(mm) γ=
Trial H−h
1 260 204 56 1.29
2 260 205 55 1.28
3 259 204 55 1.28
4 256 202 54 1.28
5 261 206 55 1.28
6 258 204 54 1.28
7 260 205 55 1.28
8 259 203 56 1.29
9 261 205 56 1.29
10 258 203 55 1.28

* Data processing:
1. Calculate figures for h:
10

∑ hi
h= i =1 =55.1(mm)
10

√
10

∑ (h¿ ¿i−h)2
i=1
s . d= ≅ 0.7( mm)¿
10
s .d
S . D=∆ h= ≅ 0.2(mm)
√10
 Hence, h=55.1± 0.2(mm)

2. Calculate figures for γ

H
The formula:γ = H−h
H 250.0
γ= = =1.28
H−h 250.0−55.1

∆ γ =γ ×
√( h)
∆h 2
=1.28×
√( )
0.2 2
55.1
≅ 0.01

Hence, γ =1 .28 ± 0.01

*Comparison and conclusion:

- Theoretically, we can calculate the specific heat ratio of air by using the formula
i+2
, where i = 5 which is the Degree of Freedom (DOF) of ideal gas (in this case
i
it is air). Hence, we get:
i+ 2 5+ 2
γ= = =1.40
i 5
- The experiment result is a bit different from the theoretical result due to
instrumental uncertainty, observational uncertainty and environment uncertainty.