111

Questions 3
 3 Answers

Answers to Specimen Examination Paper

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
b d c c d d b b c b d c
3

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Answers

c d a c c b b c d b a

112
 Answers
3
Debrief to Specimen Examination Paper

1. b. (See CAP 696 Section 1, General Notes, Page 3).

3
2. d.

Answers
C = 1706 - 517 = 1189
A-B
% MAC =
C ×100

724 - 517
= 1189 × 100 = 17.4%

3. c. (See CAP 696 Section 1, General Notes, Page 3).

4. c. See CAP 696 Section 4 - MRJT1 Page 5. Note the values have been placed in
reverse order.

5. d. See EU-OPS 1, Subpart J 1.605.

Load
6. d. Max running load =
Min Length

Therefore min length = 500 kg / 350 kg /m = 1.428 m

Thus, anything shorter than 1.428 m will exceed the maximum running load. Max

LoadMin Area
distribution load =

Therefore min area = 500 kg/300 kg/m2 = 1.66 m2

Thus, any area less than 1.66 m2 will exceed the max floor intensity.

Using the above, only boxes 3 and 4 meet the distribution load requirements but the
load must be placed with its longest length parallel to the longitudinal axis to meet
the running load requirement.

113
 3 Answers

7. b. Ramp Fuel mass = 20 100 l × 0.78 = 15 678 kg

Take-off fuel Fuel = 15 678 – 250 {start/taxi} = 15 428 kg

remaining = 15 428 – 9250 = 6178 kg
From CAP 696, MZFM = 51 300 kg
3
Answers

1. MZFM –DOM = 51 300 – 34 930 = 16 370 kg

2. MSTOM is lower than PLTOM thus

MSTOM – DOM – TO Fuel = 62 800 – 34 930 – 15 428 = 12 442 kg

3. PLLM is lower than SLLM, thus

PLLM - DOM - Fuel Remaining = 54 200 – 34 930 – 6178 = 13 092 kg

Allowable TL = lowest of 1, 2 or 3 above = 12 442 kg

8. b. The Maximum Structural Landing Mass is set by the manufacturer to meet with the
Design Limit Loads (DLL) of the structure. If exceeded, the structure will be
subject to excessive fatigue and could even be permanently damaged.

9. c. 1. Stick forces at rotation will increase [weight is fwd of wheel rotation].

2. Range will decrease but endurance will increase [ both will decrease].
3. Gliding range will reduce [gliding range is not affected by weight].
4. Stalling speed will increase [stalling speed increases with weight].

10. a. Wrong. You will still believe it to be the speed you calculated because you are
unaware of the error.
b. Correct. VMU will be later (the extra mass will prolong the point of minimum lift-
off).
c. Wrong. You will pull the stick back to rotate at the speed you originally
calculated.
d. Wrong. They will all occur later.

11 d. the CG is behind the rear limit (review the Principles of Flight notes on Static
Margin. If the CG were positioned on the neutral point and the aeroplane was
disturbed in pitch by a gust of wind, it would retain the new attitude because the
moments about the CG would all equal one another.)

12. b. Wrong. The manufacturer sets the limits not the position.
c. Correct. Within the range set by the manufacturer.

13. c. Stabiliizer trim applies a balancing moment (about the CG) but does not move the
CG position.

14. d. Oceanic means there are no obstacles to consider. Though we have an unlimited
runway the high elevation of the airfield will result in a low air density. Also,
the time, being at the hottest part of the day, will
further reduce the air density. The reduced density will seriously reduce
the engine performance limits. Weight would be limited in order to achieve a
suitable climb gradient.

114
 Answers
3
15. a. 1.3VS
= 180 kt, therefore VS 180 = 138.46 kt
= 1.3
New VS = Old VS × √(New weight/Old Weight)

3
= 138.46 × √ (320 000/285 000) = 146.7 kt

Answers
Assuming the aircraft continues to fly at 1.3VS its new speed will be: 146.7 ×

1.3 = 190.7 kt

Naturally, drag will increase and range (nautical miles per kg of fuel) will
decrease).

16. c The datum does not have to be between the nose and the tail. (The datum can be
anywhere in front of, on or behind the aircraft so long as it is on the longitudinal
axis of the aeroplane).

17. c. TOM = DOM + Traffic Load + Fuel Load. But,

Traffic Load + Fuel Load = Useful Load.
Thus, TOM = DOM + Useful Load, Rearrange formula, UL = TOM – DOM

18. b. To simplify M&B calculations. See CAP 696 page 4.

19. b. See EU-OPS 1 Subpart J 1.620, para f.

20. c. 2, 3, 4 and 5 only.

In this example the performance limitation is not stated and could be anything from
a runway length restriction, a sloping runway, an obstruction limitation and/or
altitude/temperature limitations. The aeroplane might sustain a burst tyre, brake
fade, and/or brake fire as a result of heavy braking. Tyre temperatures might exceed
limits and delay the take-off time even if they do not burst. The climb slope for
obstacle clearance during a go-around might be reduced. As the landing is below the
MSLM, the structure itself should not suffer direct damage providing the aeroplane
comes to a stop without hitting anything.

21. d. See CAP 696 Section 1, General Notes, Page 3, Para 4.1.

22. b. The pilot calculates the amount of fuel to jettison to reduce the mass to a safe level at or
below the RLM. (Before jettisoning the fuel the pilot should attempt to declare an
emergency if time permits and advise Air Traffic Control of his intensions).

115
 3 Answers

23. a. When attempting this sort of question the golden rule is to work out the fuel states
first. Once the fuel states are known you can simply use the three formulae to
determine the answer.

TOF = 9700 + 1200 + 1400 = 12 300

3

FR = 1200 + 1400 = 2600

Answers

DOM = 34 900
MZFM = 53 000
RTOM = 62 800
RLM = 54 900

Formulae

1. MZFM – DOM = 53 000 - 34 900 = 18 100

2. RTOM – DOM – TOF = 62 800 - 34 900 - 12 300 = 15 600
3. RLM – DOM – FR = 54 900 - 34 900 - 2600 = 17 480

Allowable TL = Lowest of 1, 2, 3 Above = 15 600 kg

Actual TL = PAX + Baggage = (130 × 84) + (130 × 14)
Actual TL = 12 740 kg

Difference Between Allowed TL and Actual TL = Underload

Cargo That Can Be Taken = Underload

Cargo = 15 600 – 12 740 = 2860 kg

116
Chapter

4
Index

117
 4 Index
4
Index

118
 Index
4
Drag and Fuel Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . 26
A Dry Operating Index (DOI) . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Additional Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Dry Operating Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Allowable Take-off Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Alternate (Diversion) Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
E
Area Load Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58 71
ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effects of Increasing Aeroplane Mass....
34 29

4
B Electronic E q u i p m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Index
EU-OPS 1 - Extract.................................................................................................................................................... 1
Baggage
EU-OPS 1, Subpart ........................... 71
J................................................................................................................................................................. 25,
Balance Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 34
Basic Empty Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Block Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
F
Body Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Final Reserve F u e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Bulk Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 First Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
C Flap Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Fleet Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
C ................................. 71 Flight Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Calculating the Underload Using the Floor Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Formulae...................................................... 64 Food and Duty Free Trolleys . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Calculating the Underload Using the Load and Fuel Load Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Trim Sheet............................................................66
Calculation of Fuel Mass......................................36
G
Calculation of the Basic Empty Mass and CG Gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Position............................................................ 39 Glide Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Calculation of the Loaded Mass and CG Graphical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Position for Large Aircraft..............................63 H
Calculations (MRJT1)...........................................64
CAP 696................................................................... 29 Hydrostatic Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Cargo............................................................. 71 K
Cargo Compartments........................................ 56 Kilograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Cargo Handling................................................. 56
Cargo Handling Systems.......................................56 L
Centre of Gravity (CG)........................................26, Landing CG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
29 Last minute change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Centre of Gravity Limits...................................29 Light Twin Piston / Propeller Aircraft (MEP1)
CG ON AFT LIMIT................................................. 28 60
CG ON FWD LIMIT............................................28 Limitations.................................................... 25
CG Outside the Aft Limit.................................28 Limitations for JAR - Medium Range Twin Jet
CG Outside the Forward Limit............................ 27 73
CG Position as a Percentage of Mean Aerodynamic Chord Linear / Running Loads.................................... 58
(MAC)................................................................................. 48 List of Basic Equipment........................................34
Club/Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Litres............................................................. 36
Compiling a Document (Load Sheet) . . . . 63 Load and Trim Sheet (MRJT1).............................71
Concentrated Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Loaded Mass and CG Position for Light Aircraft
Containerized Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 ......................................................................... 41
Contingency Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Loading Index................................................... 30
Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Loading Manifest - MRJT1..................................68
D Load Spreaders......................................................58
Longitudinal Axis (Centre Line).......................29
Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Longitudinal Stability.......................................28
Design Limit Load (DLL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Design Ultimate Load (DUL) . . . . . . . . . . . 25

119
 4 Index

M Running Load.................................................... 62
Mail............................................................ 71 S
Manoeuvrability............................................ 26 Safety Margins.................................................. 26
MASS................................................................ 34 SEP1 CG Envelope................................................... 45
Mass Values for Baggage....................................5 Single-Engine Piston / Propeller Aircraft (SEP1)
Mass Values for Crew......................................... 4 .................................................................................60
4

Mass Values for Passengers and Baggage . 4 Specific Gravity ( S G ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Index

Maximum Structural Landing Mass (MSLM) . Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

26 Stabilizer Trim Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Maximum Structural Take-off Mass (MSTOM) Stalling Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
26 Start and Taxi Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Maximum Structural Taxi Mass...........................31
Maximum Taxi Mass (MTM);.............................26 T
Maximum Zero Fuel Mass (MZFM);..................26, Take-off and Landing Distances . . . . . . . . 26
31 Take-off CG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Medium Range Jet Twin (MRJT1).......................60 TECHNICAL L O G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Minimum Equipment List.................................35 TR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
MOMENT..................................................... 34 Traffic L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Movement of CG in Flight...............................28 Transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
O Trip Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Operating Mass.....................................................31 U
Operations Manual............................................ 25 UD Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Out of Limit CG Position................................. 26 Undercarriage Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
P Useful L o a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Palletized Cargo....................................................56 V
Passenger Classification.......................................... 3 V1 Decision Speed, VR Rotation Speed, V2 Take-off
Passengers.............................................................71 Safety Speed........................................................ 26
Passenger Service Equipment...............................34 W
Pax................................................................. 71
Pax C........................................................................ 71 Weigh-bridge Scales.............................................35
Pax F......................................................................... 71 Weighing Equipment........................................ 35
Pax Y........................................................................ 71 Weighing of Aircraft......................................... 34
Payload.......................................................... 31 Weighing Procedures..............................................6
Performance...................................................... 26 Weighing Schedule...............................................34
Pounds........................................................... 36 Wing Root Stresses...............................................26
Q
Quantity Mass Conversion Chart......................... 37
Questions for SEP1, MEP1 and MRJT1.................78
R
Ramp Mass............................................................31
Range and Endurance..........................................26,
28
Rate of Descent.....................................................26
Repositioning of the Centre of Gravity............49
Repositioning of the Centre of Gravity by
Adding or Subtracting Mass............................53
Repositioning of the Centre of Gravity by
Repositioning Mass............................................. 50

120
PERFORMANCE
ATPL GROUND TRAINING SERIES
 I Introduction
I
Introduction

cx
xii
 Introduction I
Contents

I
Introduction
ATPL Aircraft Performance

1. Performance - Introduction...................................................................................................................1
2. General Principles - Take-off.............................................................................................................19
3. General Principles - Climb.................................................................................................................41
4. General Principles - Descent..............................................................................................................91
5. General Principles - Cruise...............................................................................................................107
6. General Principles - Landing............................................................................................................147
7. Single-engine Class B Aircraft - Take-off........................................................................................167
8. Single-engine Class B - Climb.........................................................................................................181
9. Single-engine Class B - En Route and Descent................................................................................189
10. Single-engine Class B - Landing....................................................................................................201
11. Multi-engine Class B - Take-off.....................................................................................................213
12. Multi-engine Class B - En Route and Descent...............................................................................227
13. Multi-engine Class B - Landing......................................................................................................235
14. Class A Aircraft - Take-off.............................................................................................................245
15. Class A - Additional Take-off Procedures.....................................................................................287
16. Class A - Take-off Climb...............................................................................................................299
17. Class A - En Route..........................................................................................................................317
18. Class A - Landing...........................................................................................................................345
19. Revision Questions.........................................................................................................................355
20. Index...............................................................................................................................................403

iii
 I Introduction
I
Introduction

iv
 Chapter

1
Performance - Introduction

Definitions........................................................................................................................................ 3
Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................... 11
EU-OPS Performance Classification...................................................................................................... 17
Performance Expressions........................................................................................................................ 17

v
 1 Performance - Introduction
1
Performance - Introduction

2
 Definitions Performance - Introduction
Absolute Ceiling The altitude at which the theoretical rate of climb, with all engines operating at
1
maximum continuous power, is reduced to zero feet per minute

Accelerate-stop Distance Available The distance from the point on the surface of the aerodrome at which

1
the aeroplane can commence its take-off run to the nearest point in the direction of take-off at which the

Performance - Introduction
aeroplane cannot roll over the surface of the aerodrome and be brought to rest in an emergency without the risk of
accident. It is equal to TORA plus any available stopway.

Aerodrome Any area of land or water designed, equipped, set apart or commonly used for
affording facilities for the landing and departure of aircraft and includes any area or space, whether
on the ground, on the roof of a building or elsewhere, which is designed, equipped or set apart for
affording facilities for the landing and departure of aircraft capable of descending or climbing
vertically, but shall not include any area the use of which for affording facilities for the landing and
departure of aircraft has been abandoned and has not been resumed.

Aerodrome Elevation The elevation of the highest point of the landing area.

Aerodrome Reference Point The aerodrome reference point is the geographical location of the
aerodrome and the centre of its traffic zone where an ATZ is established.

Aerodynamic Ceiling The altitude, in unaccelerated 1g level flight, where the Mach number for
the low speed and high speed buffet are coincident.

Aeroplane A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from
aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.

Aircraft A machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than
the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface.

Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) This is a value assigned to an aeroplane to show its load force.
The aircraft classification number must be compared to the pavement classification number (PCN) of
an aerodrome. The aircraft classification number may exceed the pavement classification number by
as much as 50% but only if the manoeuvring of the aeroplane is very carefully monitored, otherwise
significant damage may occur to both the aeroplane and the pavement.

Airframe The fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, aerofoil surfaces (including rotors but
excluding propellers and rotating aerofoils of engines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their
accessories and controls.

Air Minimum Control Speed The minimum speed at which directional control can be
demonstrated when airborne with the critical engine inoperative and the remaining engines at take-
off thrust. Full opposite rudder and not more than 5 degrees of bank away from the inoperative
engine are permitted when establishing this speed. VMCA may not exceed 1.2VSI or 1.13VSR.

Alternate Airport An airport at which an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airport
becomes inadvisable.